PRACTICE N 06: OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIERS

Cristian Camilo Daz Pieros, Crystian Geovanny Numpaque.
School of electrical engeenering, La Salle University. Bogot, Colombia.
ccdiaz19@gmail.com
cnumpaque07@unisalle.edu.co


ABSTRACT

Operational amplifiers are used in various applications such as
filters or other amplifier circuits, various types of amplifier
configurations as investors, not investors, integrators and
others. Depending on the use made of the amplifier can be
designed with certain gains to achieve the desired effect.



KEYWORDS:

Inverting output, gain, amplifier, integrator, derivator.

GENERAL GOAL
Design and implement different configurations
with different types of operational amplifiers.


SPECIFIC GOALS


Gain for different configurations.

Observe the behavior of the voltage signal at the
input and output circuit.
Understand the function they perform operational
amplifiers in each configuration.



I. INTRODUCTION


Today while technology is making strides, and
technological innovations appear every day in all
existing fields, the bulk of people only look at the new
features that brings a certain element, and do not realize
that these devices function in a certain way through so
small elements, which are located between the
amplifiers. Since these amps function is vital to meet all
electronic devices that we know work the way they do.
Below we will enter the world that contains the
amplifiers, their functions and most importantly, in their
applications.


II. THEORICAL FRAMEWORK


Operational amplifiers are integrated circuits which
serve to amplify voltage signals. They are very useful in
developing circuits. An operational amplifier has two
inputs, inverted (-) and non-inverting (+), and an output
Vo. The symbol of an amplifier is shown in the
following figure:

FI G N01. OPERATI ONAL AMPLI FI ER SYMBOL


The terminals are:
V +: non-inverting input
V-: inverting input
VOUT: Output
VS +: positive supply
VS-: negative supply




NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER



FI G N02. NON I NVERTI NG AMPLI FI ER

The input signal is applied to the non-inverting (+)
input. The output is applied back to the inverting(-)
input through the feedback circuit (closed loop) formed
by the input resistor R1 and the feedback resistor Rf.
This creates ve feedback as follows. Resistors R1 and
Rf form a voltage-divider circuit, which reduces VO
and connects the reduced voltage Vf to the inverting
input. The feedback is expressed as


The band pass filters are classified as either narrow
band or broadband. A narrowband filter is one that has
less than one tenth of the resonant frequency.
The difference of the input voltage, Vin and the
feedback voltage, Vf is the differential input of the
opamp. This differential voltage is amplified by the gain
of the op-amp and produces an output voltage expressed
as

INVERTING AMPLIFIER

FI G N03. I NVERTI NG AMPLI FI ER

The output impedance of both the non-inverting and
inverting amplifier configurations is very low; in fact, it
is almost zero in practical cases. Because of this near
zero output impedance, any load impedance connected
to the op-amp output can vary greatly and not change
the output voltage at all.
The input signal is applied through a series input
resistor R1 to the inverting input. Also, the output is fed
back through Rf to the same input. The non-inverting
input is grounded. An expression for the output voltage
of the inverting amplifier is written as



FOLLOWER VOLTAGE

FI G N04. FOLLOWER VOLTAGE

The most important features of the voltage follower
configuration are its very high input impedance and its
very low output impedance. These features make it a
nearly ideal buffer amplifier for interfacing high-
impedance sources and low-impedance loads.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
The function of a subtractor is to provide an output
proportional to or equal to the difference of two input
signals.

FI G N05. DI FFERENTI AL AMPLI FI ER



The output voltage of the differential amplifier can be
expressed as


INTEGRATOR
An op-amp integrator simulates mathematical
integration which is basically a summing process that
determines the total area under the curve of a function
ie., the integrator does integration of the input voltage
waveform.

FI G N06. I NTEGRATOR

The output voltage is given by

Where VC (t=0) is the initial voltage on the capacitor.
For proper integration, RC has to be much greater than
the time period of the input signal.

DIFFERENTIATOR
An op-amp differentiator simulates mathematical
differentiation, which is a process of determining the
instantaneous rate of change of a function.
Differentiator performs the reverse of integration
function. The output waveform is derivative of the input
waveform. Here, the input element is a capacitor and
the feedback element is a resistor.

FI G N07. DI FFERENTI ATOR

The output voltage is given by


MATERIALES:

Protoboard.
Conductors
Signal generator
Osciloscoppe
Multimeter
Capacitor
DC source
Operational amplifiers LM741



III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AMPLIT
UDE
FRECUE
NCY
DESIG
NED
VALU
E
OBSER
VED
VALUE
INPUT
SIGNA
L
6.10 501.1
OUTP
UT
SIGNA
L
14.6 501.3
VOLT
AGE
GAIN
15 14.7


INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AMPLIT
UDE
FRECUE
NCY
DESIG
NED
VALU
E
OBSER
VED
VALUE
INPUT 5.89 500.4

SIGNA
L
OUTP
UT
SIGNA
L
5.04 500.1
VOLT
AGE
GAIN
15 15.5

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
AMPLIT
UDE
FRECUE
NCY
DESIG
NED
VALU
E
OBSER
VED
VALUE
INPUT
SIGNA
L
6.2 499.1
OUTP
UT
SIGNA
L
6 497.4
VOLT
AGE
GAIN
0.99

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
AMPLIT
UDE
FRECUE
NCY
DESIG
NED
VALU
E
OBSER
VED
VALUE
INPUT
SIGNA
L
6.5-6 500
OUTP
UT
SIGNA
L
0.4 497.4
VOLT
AGE
GAIN


INTEGRATOR AMPLIFIER
FI G N08. I NTEGRATOR AMPLI FI ER


DERIVATOR AMPLIFIER


FI G N09. DEI VATOR AMPLI FI ER



IV. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

For configurations where the gain had in
mind, it was observed that depended directly
on the resistance values with which they
work. Furthermore in both shunt
configuration as integrator was observed
that the waveform was obtained at the
output of circuit is directly related to the
capacitance values to be used, as was the
largest between capacitor, but is appreciate
the effect it had on the resultant wave.
Significantly, when mount the integrator
circuit and shunt is important to understand
how to connect the capacitor. It was also
observed that the variations in the measured
values obtained at the output of the circuit,
were due to not work with the exact values
of the resistors, which influenced a small
percentage in the output circuit.



V. CONCLUSIONS

It was carried out the design and
implementation of the different
configurations that exist in the operational

amplifiers, taking into account the guidance
given for this practice.
Therefore gains were obtained for closed loop
configurations where owed into account this
criterion; it was observed the behavior of
each configuration to make changes in the
values of resistors and values of applied
voltage and frequency.
It was also observed that the use of operational
amplifiers can get very large gain values, which serves
for certain applications that require a large
amplification.





VI. REFERENCES


[1]SEDRA A., SMITH K., Circuitos Micro electrnicos.
Cuarta edicin. Editorial.University Oxford. Mxico. 2002

[2] DORF, SVOBADA. Circuitos elctricos. Sexta
edicin. Editorial Alfa Omega. Mxico. 2006

[3] BOYLESTAD, ROBERT. Introduccin al Anlisis
De Circuitos. Decima edicin. Editorial Pearson.
Mxico. 2004

[4] JAEGER R, BLALOCK T. Diseo de Circuitos
Micro electrnicos. Segunda Edicin. Mc Graw Hill.
Mxico. 2005.