States of Matter

A. The Kinetic Theory

1. All matter is composed of
small particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions).
2. They are in constant,
random motion.
3. They constantly collide
with each other and with
the walls of their container.
 B. Phase Properties
Particle Properties
Phase Proximity Energy Motion Volume Shape
Solid close little vibrational definite definite
Liquid close moderate rotational definite indefinite
Gas far apart a lot translational indefinite indefinite
C. Other States
1. Solids with particles in repeating
geometric patterns are crystals.
Those with particles arranged
randomly are amorphous.
2. Plasma
a. Hot, ionized gas particles.
b. Electrically charged.
c. Most common state in
D. Thermal E x p a n s i o n
1. Particles in any state expand
when heated (generally).
2. Examples of solids:
a. Expansion joints
b. Power lines
c. Thermostats
3. Different materials expand at
different rates.
 4. Mercury and alcohol
are liquids that expand
in thermometers

5. Air expands when

heated (becoming less
dense)
6. Water reaches
maximum
Ice particles density
are farther apartatthan
about
4 C.
liquid water (so it floats).