Ahlin Yanant No 4

T*sme,ftm; aemfa0;jrefrmaumfrwD
(Norwegian Burma Committee) . &HyHkaiG axmufyHhulnDrSKjzifh

vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ okawoeESifhavhvma&;Xme u
xkwfa0jzef@csdygonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
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&Jjrifhausmf
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okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)
P.O Box (294)
Chiang Mai University Post Office
Chiang Mai, 50202, Thailand
http://www.dpnsburmese.org
http://ahlinyanant.wordpress.com
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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qufEG,fr_ordkif;udk avhvmwJhtcg 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJh EdkifiHa&;
taqmufttHak wGtjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGukd vufct H odtrSwjf yK=uwmudk awG@&w,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG ay:xGef;p tapmydkif;umvawGrSmawmh olwdk@udk apwemh0efxrf;
yk*~vdutpnf;t¶Hk;awG voluntary private associations tjzpf owfrSwfcJh=uw,f?
'gayr,fhvnf; aemufydkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf vdktyfwJh trsm;jynfoloHk; taqmuf
ttHak wG public utility tjzpf ajymif;vJ vufcv H mcJ=h uw,f? 'Dtcsuu f kd r=umcifu
jzpfay:cJh=uwJh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;=uwJh vufawG@jzpfpOfawGu oufaojyae
ygw,f?
vGefcJhwJh &mpkESpfw0ufausmfu ynm&SifwpfOD;&J@ xif&Sm;cJhwJh tqdkwpf&yf

&Sdw,f? “EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu 'Drdkua&pDudk zefwD;cJh=u+yD;/ acwfopf'Drdkua&pDpepf
[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGa=umifh &Sifoefae=uw,f” vdk@ tJh'Dynm&Sifu wifjycJhw,f?
'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG[m aomhcsufusr_&Sdw,fqdkwJh tJh'Dt,ltqudk
tjcm;acwf+ydKifynm&SifawGuvnf; vufcHcJh=uw,f? topfay:xGef;p 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH
awG&J@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; rl0g'a&;qGJolawG/ 'Drdkua&pD cdkifrmwnfwHha&; }udK;yrf;aewJh
EdkifiHawGu rl0g'a&;qGJolawGuvnf; oabmwlcJh=uw,f? vufawG@rSmvnf; 'Drdk
ua&pD tajccdkifae+yD;jzpfwJh EdkifiHawGrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG[m rjzpfrae &Sd&r,fh EdkifiHa&;
taqmufttHkawGtjzpf eufeuf¶d_if;¶d_if; tjrpfwG,fae+yD;jzpfovdk/ ta&S@Oa&myESifh
urBmhtjcm;a'oawGu jzpfxGef;p'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pD vlr_taqmuf
ttHk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;eJ@ A[kEdkifiHa&;pepf political pluralism az:xkwfa&;
twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfcsufwpf&yftjzpf vufcH=uwmudk awG@&w,f?
'gayr,fh wcsdefwnf;rSm vuf&Sdwnf&SdaewJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@ pGrf;aqmifr_eJ@

ywfoufvdk@ a0zefr_awGvnf; xGufay:aeygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@ &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;yHk
awG vkyfyHkudkifyHkawGa=umifh tJh'Dvdk a0zefr_awG ay:xGufvmwm jzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwD
1
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf
awG[m olwdk@&J@ rlvwm0efawGjzpfwJh udk,fpm;jyKjcif;/ v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;jcif;/ jynfolawG&J@
vdvk m;csuEf iS hf tjrifoabmxm;awG pkpnf;az:xkwjf cif;qdw k hJ tvkyaf wGe@J ywfoufv@kd
pGr;f aqmifEidk pf rG ;f usqif;vmwJt h wGuaf =umifvh @kd qd=k uw,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf ud, k pf m;
vS,af vmif;awG &SmazGaz:xkwjf cif;/ ygvrD efEiS hf tpd;k &zG@J pnf;jcif; pwJh vkyif ef;wm0efawG
udkawmh ausaus¹yGef¹yGef xrf;aqmifae=uw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@ vkyfief;
aqmifwmawGe@J ywfoufv@kd tajccHtm;jzifh ESprf sKd ;cGjJ cm; Edik w f ,f? ud, k pf m;jyKr_tydik ;f ESihf
taqmufttHkqdkif&m zGJ@pnf;r_tydkif;wdk@ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pD wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;
twGuf tJh'Dvkyfief;ESpf&yfudk xrf;aqmif&mrSm a0zefolawG&J@tqdkt& udk,fpm;jyKr_
vkyfief;wm0efydkif;rSm wm0efraus t&nftaoG; usqif;r_jzpfaeayr,fh udk,fpm;jyK
'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm t"duuswJh taqmufttHkawGtjzpf wnf&SdaewJh olwdk@&J@ tcef;
u¾ uawmh tcdik t f rm&Sad eqJv@kd qd=k uw,f? tJ'h v
D kd Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _
taetxm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJh vufawG@tajctaeu acwfopf'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm
olwdk@&JŒ tcef;u¾/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGtay:xm;wJh tjrifoabmxm;awG ajymif;vJvm
wmudk jyqdkaejcif;yJvdk@ avhvmod&Sd&ygw,f?
'gt
h jyif Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGEiS hf ygwpD epfw@kd &@J pGr;f aqmifra_ wGtay: jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;
r_awG/ tJh'Duwqifh 'Drdkua&pD&J@ t"dy`g,feJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif; EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@
tcef;u¾awGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ tjiif;yGm;r_awG oabmuGJvGJr_awGvnf; ay:aygufv#uf
&Sdaeygw,f? ygwDawG&J@ pGrf;aqmif&nfavsmhusvmjcif;tay: jypfwifa0zefr_awG/ ygwD
EdkifiHa&;awGtay: rESpf+rdK@r_awG/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGESifh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGtay: rauseyf
r_awG/ olwdk@&J@ udk,fpm;jyKEdkifr_pGrf;&nf tm;enf;vmr_awG/ wm0efcHr_ wm0ef,lr_ESifh
w&m;0ifr_qdkif&mjy\emawG tp&SdwmawG[m 'Drdkua&pDESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepf taqmuf
ttHkqdkif&m wefbdk;awGeJ@ ywfoufwJh pHE_ef;,lqcsufawGtay: wenf;tm;jzifh rlwnf
v#uf&Sdaew,fvdk@ qdk=uygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;wifjycsufawGrSm EdkifiHa&;
ygwDawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ tJh'Dvdk a0zefr_awG &Sdaeayr,fhvnf; olwdk@&J@ tcef;u¾rygbJ
udk,fpm;jyK'Drdkua&pDpepf &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;vnfywfEdkifwJh om"u wpfckckudk avhvm
wifjywmrsdK;udkawmh rawG@&ao;ygbl;?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;awGudk avhvmqef;ppf+yD; 'Drdkua&pD

t,ltqESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@ tjyeftvSef qufEG,fr_udk avhvmzdk@ vdktyfa=umif;
wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f?
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2
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf

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EdkifiHa&;ygwD. tpueOD;
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tjzpf pwifay:xGef;csdefu ‚if;wdk@udk vlwpfOD;csif;pD. tusdK;

pD;yGm;rsm;tm; zHk;v$rf;oGm;rnfh odk@r[kwf trsm;pk. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_
wpf&yftjzpf rSwf,lcJh=uonf? ,if;odk@ rSwf,lr_rsm;t& EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; wnf&Sdr_
onf *|efavmhcf. EdkifiHa&;'\ewGif tajccHaom vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmESifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ ±lqdk;. 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;tajccHrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
qef@usifuGJvGJaeonf[k qdk=uonf? tqdkyg taemufOa&my a&S;&dk;tpOftvm
vpfb&,f tawG;tac:rsm;u xdktcsdefumv (19&mpktv,ftxd wnf&SdcJh=uaom)
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; apwemh0efxrf;yk*~vdutpnf;t¶Hk;rsm; voluntary private
associations tjzpfom owfrSwfxm;cJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
*smrefvrl a_ &;odyyH` nm&Sif rufupf 0f ufbm . avhvmwifjycsut f & Edik if aH &;

ygwDrsm;rSm ay:xGef;pumvY txufwef;v$mvluHkxHrsm;. tpkta0;qdkonfh
yHko¾mefxuf rydkcJh? odk@aomf aemufydkif;wGif vlxk'Drdkua&pDt,ltq Mass
Democracy a&S@wef;a&mufvmr_ESifhtwl EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfolwpfOD;csif;pDt=um;
wdkuf&dkufqufoG,f&ef vufawG@t& rjzpfEdkifonfhtajctaewGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;.
wnf&Sdr_rSm EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;jynfolwdk@t=um; =um;cHqufpyfonfh taqmuf
ttHrk sm;tjzpf w&m;0ifr_ jzpfvmcJo h nf? od@k jzpf&m vlx'k rD u
kd a&pDay:xGe;f vmr_a=umifh
cdik rf mtm;aumif;onfh tjrJwrf;tzG@J tpnf;yHo k ¾meftjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwyD pkH o
H pf jzpfay:
vmcJhonf[k rufufpf0ufbm u wifjycJhonf?
3
t*FvefEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ordkif;udk tajccH+yD; rufufpf

0ufbm u avhvmwifjy&mwGif tpueOD;Y EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm t&pPwdkca&pD
aemuf v d k u f r sm; od k @ r[k w f txuf w ef ; v$ m vl u H k x H r sm;. ygwD r sm;omjzpf u m
vlwef;pm;tusdK;pD;yGm; odk@r[kwf rdom;pkaqGrsdK;tpOftvm odk@r[kwf t,l0g'
wpf&yf&yftay:tajccHI zGJ@pnf;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf rlvtpwGif e,fajra'o
tvdkuf tzGJ@cGJrsm;jzifh pepfwuspnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tjrJwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;
r[kwfao;ay? a&G;aumufyGJumvrsm;wGif ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;r_&Sd+yD; ygvDrefudk,fpm;
vS,frsm; tqifhwGifom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&Sdonfh tajctaersdK; jzpfonf? ygvDref
wGif;&Sd ygwD0ifwpfOD;u ygwDA[dkacgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l+yD;/ a'oqdkif&m ygwD
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufpyfa&;udk vkyfaqmifonf?
vlxktajccH'Drdkua&pDtoGifodk@ ajymif;vJvmjcif;a=umifh 'Drdku&ufwpf

toif;tyif;rsm; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmcJh+yD;/ tzGJ@tpnf;,E W,m;rsm; zGH@+zdK;vmr_u
vnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tESpfom&ESifh toGifo¾mefudk ajymif;vJapcJhonf? ,cif
yHkpHa[mif;ESifh ododomomyif uGJjym;vmcJhonf? ygvDrefjyifywGif ygwDwm0efukd
tcsdefjynfhxrf;aqmifonfh ygwDacgif;aqmif EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; &Sdvmonf? xdkolwdk@u
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;,E , W m;udk pDrx
H ed ;f csKyfEikd of nfh vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sKd ; &&Sv
d m=uonf? xd@k tjyif
ygwDudk,fpm;jyKI ygvDreftwGif; a&muf&Sdaeaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; =uyfrwf
xdef;csKyf=uonf? 19&mpkaESmif;ydkif; t*FvefEdkifiHtajctae/ txl;ojzifh bmrif[ef
tkypf k (Birmingham Caucus) ay:xGe;f vmonfh jzpf&yfrsm;udk =unfyh gu A[dck sKyfuikd rf _
tm%mrSm vltenf;i,f.vufodk@ usa&mufum aemufqHk;wGif ygwD. xdyfqHk;
acgi;f aqmifxo H @kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;onf? ygw, D E,W m;wpfcv k ;kH onfvnf; ygwaD cgi;f aqmif
. xl;c|efxufjrufr_ESifh udk,f&nfudk,faoG;tay: vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; tajcjyKvm&onf?
0ufbm. avhvmoHk;oyfcsuft& 'Drdkua&pDpepf &Sifoef}uH@cdkifa&;twGuf

cdkifrmtm;aumif;+yD; wm0ef,lr_&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_rsdK; rjzpfraevdktyfonf?
Ttqdkudk aemufydkif;wGif *sdK;Zuf&$rf;yDwm uvnf; vufcHcJhonf? tu,fI EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifr_ cdik rf mtm;aumif;jcif; r&Sv
d #i/f ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f udik w
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AsL±dkua&pDu tzGJ@tpnf;,E W,m;udk v$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfonfh EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mudk
tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? jynfolvlxkudk wm0efcH&ef rvdkonfh
tm%m&tkyfpkozG,f tvdktavsmuf jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? odk@jzpfI AsL±dkua&pD t&m&Sd
rsm;udk =uyfrwfuGyfuJ&eftwGuf jynfolvlxkudk wm0efcHrnfh oduQm&Sdaom EkdifiHa&;
4
acgif;aqmifrsm; vdktyfonf[k qdkonf? 0ufbm. 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m; t,ltq
wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm aomhcsufusaom taqmufttHkrsm;tjzpfomru acwfopf
'Drdkua&pDtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom tajccHrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf?
'kwd,urBmppft+yD; tDwvDESifh taemuf*smr%Dwdk@Y 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf

wnfaqmuf&mwGif 0ufbm. t,ltqtay:tajccHI EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. w&m;0if
wnf&rdS E_ iS hf vdt
k yfru
_ kd zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'jzifh twdtvif;az: jy owfrw S v f mcJo h nf?
aemufydkif;wGif Oa&myor*~tygt0if EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGifvnf; tajccHOya'
jyifqifcsufrsm;jzifh tvm;wl vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uonf? r=umcifu 'Drdkua&pD toGif
ajymif;cJhaom Oa&myawmifydkif;ESifh ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;Y 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaxmif
&mwGif tajccHtjzpf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;t=um; vGwfvyfpGm ,SOf+ydKifEdkifonfh a&cHajrcH
rsm;udk zefwD;jcif;jzifh yHkaz:=uonf? odk@jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;
pepf. t"dutajccHtjzpf owfrSwfjcif;onf trsm;vufcHvmonfh 'Drdkua&pD
oabmw&m;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@ tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKvmjcif;
onf A[k0g'&Sifoefjcif;/ EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh ,SOf+ydKifjcif;wdk@udk EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;jzifh csdefxdk;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf?
'kwd,uBmppf+yD;umv EdkifiHa&;ygwD yHko¾mefrsm;
ppft+yD;umv taemufOa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESifh tuGJuGJtjym;jym;

jzpfaeaom rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;twGif; pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm vGefpGm ta&;ygcJhonf? taemufOa&myygwDpepfrsm;
pepfwuswnfaqmufa&;ESifh wnf+idrfa&;twGufvnf; rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJh
=uonf? ynm&SifwpfOD;. tqdkt& taemufOa&myygwDpepfrsm; uspfvpf cdkifrm
vmjcif;wGif t"duusaom tcsufrSm vlxkygwDrsm; mass parties ay:xGef;vmjcif;
jzpfonf?
19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;Y tapmqHk;ay:xGef;vmonfh vlxkygwDrsm; mass parties

rsm;u wpHkw&m vGwfvyfonfh a'oqdkif&m ygwDXmecGJrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;onfh tajccHudk
pwifvmcJh=uonf? ygwDzGJ@pnf;r_wGif a'oygwDXmecGJrsm;ESifh uvyfpnf;rsm;udk ygwD
wckvHk;. tpdwftydkif;rsm;ozG,f owfrSwfvmcJh=uonf? ygwDzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk
wGif ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf? xufatmufqufqHa&;pDqif;r_jzifh pnf;&Hk;a&;
5
tqift h qift h =um; tcdik t

f rmcsw
d q
f ufru
_ kd xm;&Sv
d m=uonf? atmufajcrS txuf
tqifhodk@ tqifhqifh udk,fpm;jyKr_&Sdvm=uonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@rsm;udk yHkrSef
tm;jzifh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGef*&ufrsm;wGif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyf+yD; ‚if;wdk@u wzef
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGef*&ufrsm;odk@ wm0efcH=u&onf? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGef*&ufrsm;udk
atmufajcygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fapv$wf
olrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;usif;y=u&onf? odk@jzpf&m atmufajcygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
udk,fpm;jyKaom EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m uGef*&ufrsm;rSm ygwD. tjrifhqHk;aom tm%mydkif
tzGJ@tpnf;tqifh jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh 1950 vGefumvrsm;txd vlxkygwDrsm;
rsm;udk w&m;0ifr_t&SdqHk;aom ygwDyHko¾meftjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJh=uonf
odk@aomf tqdkyg vlxkygwDyHkpHonfyifv#if EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHko¾mefrsm; wjznf;

jznf;toGiful;ajymif;jcif;jzpfpOfY =um;umvtqifhwpfcktjzpf &Sdaejcif; jzpfonf[k
ynm&SiftcsdK@u 1960 vGefumvrsm;wGif wifjyvm=uonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm
a&mifpHktoGifEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; catch-all parties yHkpHodk@ ajymif;vJvm=uonf[k
qdk=uonf? tpOftvmyHkpH EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: (odk@r[kwf) 0g'wpf&yf&yfay:wGif
tajccH&yfwnfjcif;rsdK;r&SdawmhbJ/ tawG;tjrifaygif;pHktm; udk,fpm;jyK&ef ta&mif
taoG;pHkjynfolrsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;pkpnf;onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfvm=uonf[k
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? vlxkvlwef;pm;tv$mpHk. axmufcHr_ yl;aygif;yg0ifr_&&Sda&;ESifh
a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif&&Sda&;wdk@twGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;AsL[mrsm; t+ydKiftqdkif cif;usif;=u&m
wGif 0g'tawG;tac:rsm;tay: &yfwnf pnf;&Hk;r_rsdK; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfvmonf?
xdk@tjyif ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tqifhtqifhwGifvnf; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmiftkyfpk. pkpnf;
cdkifrmr_tay: ydkItm;jyKvm&m ygwD0ifwpfOD;csif;pD. tcef;u¾rsm; wjznf;jznf;
avsmhenf;vmonfudk awG@vm&onf? xdk@a=umifyif EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSmvnf; ygwD
acgif;aqmifr_rsm;t=um; a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&a&; +ydKifqdkifr_tjzpfodk@ ododomomyif
ajymif;vJvmonf? rwluGJjym;onfh vlr_vlwef;pm;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; pnf;&Hk; v_H@aqmf
jcif;/ udk,fpm;jyKjcif; r[kwfawmhay? TwGif xdkuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;r_yHko¾mef tajymif;
tvJrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@t=um; tpOftvmt& tcdkif
trm csdwfqufaer_yHkpHrS ygwDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmft=um; qufqHa&; ydkrdk tm;aumif;
vmonfh tajctaeqDo@kd a&G@vsm;r_ukd xif[yfaejcif; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyfvm=uonf?
ygwDyHko¾mefrsm; toGifajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOfY r=umrDumvrsm;u ay:xGef;

vmaom toGiyf pkH o
H pf wpfrsKd ;udv
k nf; awG@jrif=u&onf[k ynm&Sirf sm;u qd=k uonf?
6
xdkyHkpHudk “umw,fygwDrsm;” cartel parties [k ac:onf? xdkodk@aomygwDrsm;rSm
rdrdwdk@ygwD &yfwnf&Sifoefa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk (jynfol@b¾mrS
taxmuftyHhcH,ljcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifrD'D,mrsm;udk toHk;jyKcGifh&&Sdjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk)
pnf ; rsOf ; pnf ; urf ; rsm;ES i f h t nD &,l o H k ; pG J E d k i f c G i f h & S d = uonf ? vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; ES i f h
EdkifiHawmft=um; aygif;ul;wHwm;ozG,f taetxm;xuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnf
aqmufr_ taqmufttHktwGif; aygif;pyfyg0ifaeonfh taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm
=uonf? vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. toHk;cHud&d,mtjzpfxuf EdkifiHawmf. at;*sifhrsm;
ozG,f jzpfvm=uonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHko¾meftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESiyhf wfoufI avhvmr_rsm; a&;om;wifjyr_rsm; trsm;tjym;

xGufay:vmonfESifhtr# ygwDyHko¾mefrsm;tm; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm; owfrSwfjcif;/
oufqdkif&m trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmaom 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm;ESifh
qufEG,faer_rsm;tm; a0zefqef;ppfjcif;wdk@udk avhvmEdkifayonf? xdktcg rwluGJjym;
aom ygwDyHko¾meftrsdK;rsdK;tm; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHawmft=um; ‚if;wdk@.
qufqHa&;tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;owfrSwf=uonfudk awG@&onf? xdk@tjyif tqdkyg
yHkpHrsm;onf rwluGJjym;aom 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm;ESifh rnfodk@ rnfyHk qufpyfae=u
onfudkvnf; avhvmwifjy=uonfudk awG@&onf?
19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;ESifh 20 &mpktpydkif; t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJay;ydkifcGifh

r&Sdao;aom txufwef;v$mvluHkxHygwDrsm;acwfY EdkifiHa&;wGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom
t,ltqrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;[lonfh wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsufjzpf+yD;/
xdt
k usKd ;pD;yGm;udk az:aqmifa&;rSm tpd;k &. wm0efjzpfonfqakd om t,ltqjzpfonf?
tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; ruf'DqdkeD,H Madisonian t,ltqu EdkifiHa&;wGif *dk%f;
tkyfpkrsm;/ ygwDrsm; wnf&Sdr_u vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. pkaygif;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf
v#uf &Sdonf[k ±_jrifonf? xdkt,ltqESifh qef@usifv#uf acwf+ydKifynm&SifwpfOD;.
wifjycsufwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;qdkonfrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;jr‡ifhwifa&; OD;wnf
csujf zifh vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;. pkpnf;nD!w
$ af om tpkta0;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyrJG sm;[lonf
udk,fpm;jyKr_udk a&G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ/ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? tajccH
tm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHawmfESifh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESpf&yfpvHk;wGif yg0if
ywfoufolrsm;. aumfrwDrsm; jzpf=uonf[k qdkonf?
7
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tqifhqifhajymif;vJvmonfh jzpfpOfwGif txufwef;v$m

vluHkxHygwDrsm;toGifrS tpOftvm t& vlxkygwDrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmonfhtcg
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[lonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; oufqdkif&m udk,fpm;jyKvlwef;pm;
wpf&yf&yf odk@r[kwf vlr_tkyfpkwpk. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;wnfaz:aqmifa&;twGuf
jzpfvmonf? Todk@aom tajctaewGif 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqt& EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm
tajccHtm;jzifh wdwdususydkif;jcm; owfrSwfxm;aom vlwef;pm;rsm; odk@r[kwf vlr_
tkyfpkrsm;t=um; tm%m+ydKifqdkifr_jzpfvmonf? odk@jzpf&m ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm
rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;jyK&m twef;tpm; tkyfpk. udk,fpm;vS,fwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&onfh
ae&myif jzpfonf? ygwD&nf&G,fcsufrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;az:aqmifa&;xuf
vlwef;pm; vlr_tkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;udk,fpm;jyKa&; jzpfvmonf? Todk@aom tajctae
atmuf w G i f ygwD 0 if t rsm;tjym; pk a qmif ; a&;qd k o nf r S m vnf ; Ed k i f i H a &;toH
tm;aumif;pGm az:xkwfa&;twGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;t& vdktyfcsufr#omru 'Drdkua&pD
t,ltqwpf&yfjzpfaom ygww D pf&yf. w&m;0ifr_ legitimacy of the party ESiv hf nf;
qufEG,fv#uf&Sdonf? tqdkygw&m;0ifr_uvnf; ygwDqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif
aomfvnf;aumif;/ rl0g'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif; vlrsm;pk. wdkuf&dkuf
yg0ifaxmufcHr_ twdkif;twmay:wGif tajccHtm;jzifh rlwnfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh vlxkygwDyHkpHonf jynfolrsm;tm; cdkifrmtm;aumif;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
t=um; a&G;cs,Ef ikd af pjcif;jzifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmftay:wGif
aomfvnf;aumif; xdef;csKyfEdkifcGifhudk &&Sdaponf?
xdkodk@aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; twef;tpm;wpf&yf&yf tkyfpkwpfpkpktm;

udk,fpm;jyKonfh ygwDtoGifo¾mefrsm;ESifhqef@usifv#uf ajymif;vJay:xGef;vmaom
EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHkpHwpfrsdK;rSm ta&miftaoG;pHk udk,fpm;jyKygwDrsm; catch-all parties
jzpf=uonf? xdkodk@aom ygwDtrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;&mY
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; udk,fpm;jyK&ef ypfrSwftkyfpk (vlwef;pm;§vlr_tkyfpk) [lI r&Sd
awmhay? rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;rSm a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJaeonfhoabmobm0&Sd+yD; axmuf
cHr_onfvnf; tpOftjrJ yHkaor&Sdwwfojzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdkif;u t+ydKif csOf;uyf
pnf;&H;k Edik o
f nf[al om t,ltqtay: tajccHonf? Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS tajccHtm;jzifh
jynfolrsm;. axmufcHqENrJ&&Sda&;twGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; +ydKifqdkifr_yif jzpf
onf[lI cH,lonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onfvnf; rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;t=um; a&G;cs,f
jcif;xuf acgif;aqmiftm; a&G;cs,fjcif;oabmqD ydkI tav;uJvmonf? odk@jzpf&m
ygwDrl0g'vrf;pOfrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwf&mwGif ygwD0iftrsm;pk. yg0ifywfoufr_ESifh axmufcH
8
r_onfvnf; ta&;ygonfh taetxm;wGif r&Sdawmhay? xdktajctaeESifh qufpyf
aeonfh 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrSm vGwfvyfpGmpkpnf;xm;onfh tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;t=um;
tav#mhtwif;tay;t,ljzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufonfh EdkifiHa&;jzpfonf? ygwDrsm;
onfvnf; tusdK;pDyGm;tay:tajccHI r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ tjrJajymif;vJaeonfh yHkpHrsdK;udk
awG@&onf?
r=umao;aomq,fpkESpfrsm;wGif “umw,fygwD” cartel parties rsm;[k

ac:qdkowfrSwfonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHko¾mefopfwpfrsdK;tm; avhvmaz:xkwf wifjy
vmonfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd aom ygwrD sm;t=um;wGif Edik if aH &;. yifu, kd o f abmonf
twwfynmu|rf;usifr_e,fy,fwpf&yftoGif skilled-profession jzpfvmonf?
a&G;aumufyGJ+ydKifqdkifr_rsm;rSm tuef@towfjzpfvmonf? udk,fpm;jyKEdkifpGrf; odk@wnf;
r[kwf rl0g'rsm;. xda&mufEikd pf rG ;f wd@k tay: &nf!e$ ;f I +ydKifqikd rf r_ sKd ;xuf pGr;f aqmif&nf
tjynfhjzifh xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcef@cGJr_ t&nftaoG;tay: t+ydKiftqdkiftm;xkwfr_
rsm; jzpfvmonf? Tod@k aomtajctaeonf wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; ta&;yg
r_ESifh ywfoufI pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_ ajymif;vJonfh jzpfpOf tqifhwpfckqDodk@ ul;ajymif;&m
Y aemufcHa=umif;csif;&mwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf? xdktcsufrSm ,cktcg EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom taqmufttHkrsm;tjzpf vufcH
owfrSwfvm=ujcif;udk qdkvdkonf? Todk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay: vufcHr_yHkpHajymif;vJ
vmjcif;a=umifh ygwDrsm;. ygwDwGif;a&;&mrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf. yg0ifywfoufr_ tcef;
u¾ ododomom wdk;jrifhvmjcif;udk awG@jrif=u&onf? txl;ojzifh odomxif&Sm;
onfrSm ygwDrsm;tm; jynfol@b¾mrS &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhjcif;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;. pnf;&Hk;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: EdkifiHawmfu Oya'rsm; jyXmef;I pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf
rsm; wdk;jrifhvkyfaqmifvmjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf? TonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm; ajymif;vJvmonfh oabmudk az: jyonfhtcsufrsm;yif
jzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; apwemh0efxrf;yk*~vdutpnf;t&Hk;rsm;
tjzpfxuf 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh trsm;jynfoloHk;ukefwpf&yfozG,f
yd k I vuf c H o wf r S w f v m=uonf ? 'D r d k u a&pD E d k i f i H a &;pepf t m; yH k r S e f u sif ; yaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ygwDpHk0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif=uonfh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk tjzpf
trsm;u em;vnfvufcH=uonf? odk@jzifh T±_axmifht& EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkvnf;
'Drdku&ufwpf,E W,m;. tpdwftydkif;tjzpf owfrSwfvm=u+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD[lonf
tajccHtm;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf Edik if aH wmfu jznfq h nf;ay;onfh 0efaqmifrt _ jzpf
owfrSwf±_jrifvm=uayonf?
9
'Drdkua&pDESifh udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jy\em
acwfopf'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tcef;rSm ukefvGefcJhaom

q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ododomomyif ajymif;vJvmcJhonfudk awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh
udk,fpm;jyKr_pGrf;&nftydkif;wGif odomxif&Sm;pGm tm;enf;vmonfudk awG@&onf?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepftm; tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; udk,fpm;jyK
'Drdkua&pDpepf. t"duZmwfaumif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay: EkdifiHom;jynfolrsm;.
,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_rSmrl wjznf;jznf; avsmhusvmonfudk awG@jrifae&ayonf? avhvmr_
ppfwrf;rsm;t& a&S@wef;a&muf pufr_xGef;um;onfh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh ygvDrefrsm;tay: jynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_
twdkif;twmrSm ukefvGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ododomom usqif;vmonfudk
awG@jrif&onf? wcsdefwnf;wGif acwf+ydKif'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;&mY qENcH,lyGJrsm;
tygt0if wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_rsm;udk ,cifumvrsm;xuf ydkI toHk;jyK
vmonfukd awG@&onf? qENwltkyfpkrsm; Interest Groups . v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh =oZm
oufa&mufr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmonfudkvnf; awG@jrifae&onf?
Todk@jzifh 'Drdkua&pDwGif t"duZmwfaumif tajymif;tvJjzpfr_ (ygwDrsm;rSonf
EdkifiHom;jynfolwpfOD;csif;pDESifh qENwltkyfpkrsm;qDodk@ajymif;vJvmjcif;) u ygwDrsm;.
udk,fpm;jyKpGrf;&nfudk xdcdkufvmcJhonf? jynfolrsm;. qENoabmxm;tjrif pkpnf;
a&;wm0efudk udk,fpm;jyKxrf;aqmifaecJhaom ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm arS;rdSefvm
cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHrsm; tajccHtm;jzifh toGifajymif;vJ vmonf
[k qdk&ayrnf? vufiif;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtoGifopfwpfrsdK;
ay:xGef;vmjcif;udk jyqdkaeonf[k ,lq&ayrnf? rl0g'rsm;a&;qGJ csrSwfa&;vkyfief;pOf
wGif EdkifiHom;jynfolrsm;u wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;r_enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ qENwltkyfpkrsm; odk@r[kwf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;
udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifvm=uonfudkvnf; awG@jrifae=u&ayonf? odk@aomf rJqEN&Sif
jynfolrsm;. a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf cHxm;&jcif; r&Sdaom tqdkyg qENwltkyfpkrsm;
Interest Groups u rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&SdvmouJhodk@jzpfvm&m Todk@
aom 'Drdkua&pDwGif udk,fpm;jyKjcif; wm0efcHjcif;wdk@ESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwfzG,f
jzpfvm&awmhonf?
tcsKyftm;jzifh qdk&aomf acwfopf'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;.

taetxm;rSm 0da&m"d toGiaf qmifv#uf &Sad eonfuakd wG@&onf? Ttajctaeonf
10
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm aomhcsufusonfh t"dutaqmufttHkrsm;
tjzpf wnf&Sdaer_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD&Sifoefa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh vkyfief;wm0eftcsdK@udk
xrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf; usqif;vmaer_wdk@udk w+ydKifwnf; &ifqdkifae&jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpf
onf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. aomhcsufusr_udk tajccdkif+yD;jzpfonfh
taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;Y eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faev#uf&Sdonfh ygwDrsm;.
vufawG@om"ursm;u tcdkiftrm oufaoxlaeayonf? wwd,vd_if;[k qdkae=u
aom xGef;opfp'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wGif EdkifiHa&;
ygwrD sm;. tcef;rSm ydI
k yif ta&;ygvmonfukd awG@jrifae&ayonf? od@k jzpf&m Edik if aH &;
ygwDrsm;.tcef;u¾ yg0ifjcif;r&Sdv#if 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; vlr_taqmufttHktjzpf
owfrSwf&efyif cufcJayvdrfhrnf[k qdk=uonf? ,ae@umv 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif
udk,fpm;jyKjcif;qdkonfrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vufcHxm;=uonfh tajccHrlwpf&yf
jzpfonf? yx0Dtaetxm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; vlOD;a&t&aomfvnf;aumif;
ao;i,fonfh +rdK@jyEdkifiHrsm;ESifh udkufnDonfh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHudk ,cktcg e,fajr
us,f0ef;+yD; vlOD;a&tqaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdonfh trsdK;om;EkdifiHawmfrsm; odk@r[kwf
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfEdkifrnfh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHodk@
toGifajymif;&mY udk,fpm;jyKjcif; tajccHudk vufcHvm=ujcif;jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfxlaxmif&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;

Y ta&;ygonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾udk tav;xm;I EdkifiHawmf taqmuf
ttHk,E W,m; zGJ@pnf;vnfywfa&; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;omru jynfol@qENoabmxm;
rsm; pkpnf;a&;/ udk,fpm;jyKa&;ESifh wm0efcHr_&Sda&;wm0efrsm;udk pGrf;tm;jynfh xrf;aqmif
Edkifrnfh jynfol@0efxrf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ay:xGef;vm&ef vdktyfa=umif; avhvm
rSwfom;&ygonf?
aemfZdk;
&nf!$ef;
Ingrid van Biezen, "How Political Parties Shape Democracy", Center for
the Study of Democracy (University of California, Irvine) Year 2004 Paper
04-16.
11
Edik if aH &;&HyakH iGqikd &f mrl0g'/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf

'Dru kd a&pD &Sio f efzŒHG _zKd ;a&;
aZmfaZmfxGef;
vGwfvyfyGifhvif;+yD; +ydKifqdkifr_&Sdaom 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHa&;pepfwGif cdkifrm
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12
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13
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taxmuftuljyKrnf/ rnfodk@aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh taxmuftuljyKrnf tp&Sdonf
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14
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pepftaqmufttHkrsm; tm;enf;aeao;onfh tajctaersdK;wGif ydkI vdktyfonf?
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onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzihfvnf; tqdkygt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyKI +ydKifbufrsm;
tm; +ydKifyGJtwGif;rS z,fxkwfwwf=uonf? xdk@tjyif xdkodk@aom ygwDrsm;taejzifh
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tjrpfrsdK;rSm twdkuftcHrsm; r&Ekdifonfh tkyfcsyfa&;tm%mESifh aiGa=u;pDrHcef@cGJcGifh
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ay;jcif;/ rvdkolrsm;udk ta&;,ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfwwf=uonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf
tcdkiftrmtjrpfwG,faeonfh wdkif;jynfrsdK;wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ygwD&HyHkaiG
tay: tm;jyKI yk*~dKvfa&;=oZmwnfaxmifjcif;rsm;/ tm%mcsKyfudkifjcif;rsm;/ ygwDwGif;
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15
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EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;+ydKifqdkifr_rsm; ESifh 'Drdkua&pD
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txdef;tuGyfrJhjcif;/ xda&mufr_uif;rJhjcif;ESifh vlwpfpk. tusdK;udkom OD;wnfjcif;rsdK;udk
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taqmufttHkrsm; vnfywfjcif;uvnf; tESpfom&rJhyHko¾mefom jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
tqdk;qHk;taejzifh txufu csKyfudkifonfh ,E W,m;rsm;om jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?
jynfolrsm;taejzihf rdrdwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh qufpyfywfoufaerSom

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ta&;ygr_wGif udk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;u tc&musaeonfudk awG@&onf? w&m;0ifr_&Sd+yD;
16
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qufoG,fr_udk cdkifrmtm;aumif;aponfh enfvrf;wpfoG,fvnf; jzpfonf? ygwD.
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17
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18
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tajctaewpf&yfwGif &nf¶G,fcsuftrsdK;rsdK;twGuf tpdwfydkif;pHkjzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh
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aZmfaZmfxGef;
&nf!$ef;
Johnston, Michael (2005): Political Parties and Democracy in

Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Political Finance Policy,
Parties, and Democratic Development, National Democratic Institute for
International Affairs (NDI), Washington, DC.
19
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rSm/ tar&duef&ŒJ pGuzf ufra_ wG pdwrf csr;f ajr@z, G &f m awG@c&hJ w,f? vufwiftar&durSm
tar&duefu tar&dueftrsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;udpP/ tar&dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udpPawGeJ@
0ifa&mufpGufzufavh&SdcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJh tpkd;&rsm;ukd wcg
wcg v_dufpm;òydvJoGm;apcJhygw,f?
22
'Drkdua&pDtzl;b0rSmyif aºuGusoGm;&wJh vufwiftar&du&Sd wkdif;jynfawG
rSm tar&duef&JŒ 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_u uif;vGwfcJhr,fqkd&if/ 'Dxufykdaumif;wmu
oufqkdif&mEkdifiHawG&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; ueOD;ajcvSrf;awGrSm tifeJ@tm;eJ@ &dk;&dk;
om;om; axmufyHhr_ ay;cJhr,fqkd&if 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttkHawG wjznf;jznf; tcsdefrD
jzpfay:aeavmufyg+yD? 'gawmif 'Drkdua&pDtjynfht0 jzpfrjzpfawmh taotcsm ajym
EkdifOD;r,f r[kwfyg? tqkd;qkH;jzpf&yfwpfcku vlxkukd,fpm;ðyygwDrS vuf0J,drf;orwukd
ðzwfcszkd@ 1954 rSm tar&duefaxmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDu v#KdŒ0Suf0ifa&mufpGufzuf
cJhwmygyJ?
od@k aomf qkAd ,
D uf,el , D òH yduo
JG mG ;jcif;eJ@twl A[kOd a&myeJ@ abmvwpf a'o
awGrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;awG wnfaqmufzkd@ tvsiftjref v_yf&Sm;cJh=u
w,f? 'gt h jyif tar&dueJ@ Ekid if w
H umtokid ;f t0kid ;f u vufwiftar&dueJ@ tjcm;ae&m
awGrmS tm%m&Sipf epfawGudk p+yD; qef@usicf w hJ ,f? urBmah e&mtrsm;pkrmS 'Dru dk &ufwpf
tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; zGH@òzd;vma&; taxmuftulay;cJh=uygw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;eJ@ tkdif'D,mawGukd taxmuftulay;cJhwJh
EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtiftm;pkawG vl@orkdif;rSm ay:aygufcJhwm[m
'DavmufwcgrS rsm;rsm;pmpm; r&SdcJhygbl;? 20 &mpk aemufqkH;q,fpkESpfrSm 'Drkdua&pD
zG@H òzd;wk;d wufz@kd twGuf ar#mv f ifch sut f vm;tvmawG tvGet f &Sed af umif; wk;d wufc+hJ yD;/
urBmhEkdifiHa&;&moDxJrSm tvGef}uD;rm;wJh tjzpftysuftajymif;tvJawG jzpfcJhygw,f?
wyfeJ@ &J tay: xdef;csKyfr_
ppfwyfeJ@ &JwyfzGJ@ukd 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fxm;wJh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;&JŒ

xde;f csKyfra_ tmufrmS xde;f rxm;Ekid &f if/ 'Dru
dk a&pDEidk if aH &; tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG zG@H òzd;vmzk@d /
=um&SnfcHzkd@qkdwm rjzpfEkdifygbl;?
'Drkdua&pDukd jyifyu +cdrf;ajcmufpGufzufr_xuf jynfwGif;u acgif;aqmifawG
a=umifh jzpf&wJhtE W&m,fu ykdrkdqkd;0g;apEkdifw,f? t"rRzdESdyf&ufpuf/ t&nftcsif;
nH@zsif;/ w,loefvGef;wJh acgif;aqmifrsKd;awGa=umifh wdkif;jynfu tqdk;oHo&mxJ w0J
vnfvnf jzpfaewwfygw,f? wyftiftm;/ &Jtiftm;awGokH;+yD; ESdyfuGyfwmrsKd;awGygyJ?
'Drkdua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fxm;wJh vlxkukd,fpm;vS,fu ppfwyfeJ@ &Jukd xdxd
a&mufa&muf xdef;xm;Ekdif&if 'Drdkua&pDc&D;twGuf tpaumif;oGm;yg+yD? jynfol@
udk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ trdef@wm0efudk av;pm;vkdufem&mu usifhom;& t&kd;pGJoGm;Ekdif
ygw,f? t&yfzufxdef;csKyfr_awG tm;aumif;vmzdk@ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGuvnf;
tm;pdkuf=u&ygr,f? t&yfzuf=oZmranmif;&ifawmh 'Drkdua&pD[m arS;rSdefaerSmygyJ?
23
A[kdtar&du&JŒ 0rf;enfp&maumif;wJh orkdif;a=umif;ukd jyef=unfh&if 1948-

1982 umvtwGif; *GgwDrmvm/ t,fvfqmAm;'kd;/ [Gef;'l;&yfeJ@ EkdufuGm&mumEkdifiH
awGrSm tpkd;&aygif; (47)zGJ@wufvmwJhteuf oHk;ykHESpfykHxufrenf;wJh EkdifiHawGrSm
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ wufvmwJhtpkd;&awG r[kwfyJ tm;vkH;vkdvkd
ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhwmawGcsnf;ygyJ?
jrefrmEkdifiHqkd&ifvnf; 1958 uxJu ppfwyfvufxJ tm%ma&mufoGm;wm
ckxdygyJ? vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm OD;aqmifyg0ifwkdufckdufcJhwJh vufeufukdifwyfzGJ@awGukd
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh t&yfzuftpkd;&u yg;eyfvdrfrmpGm ukdifwG,fxdef;csKyfzkd@
róud;pm;bJ/ t&yfzufEidk if aH &;eJ@ a'G;a&m,Suwf if vkycf w hJ t
hJ rSm;awGa=umifh tckxd =urRm
iif cJ&h wm jzpfw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;t&yfzufEidk if aH &;xJ ppfwyf0if±y_ rf u
_ kd cGmrcsEikd rf u
_
t"du jy\emygyJ?
aumpwm&DumEdik if u H awmh wpfrsK;d ygy?J 1950 uxJu vufwiftar&durSm
'Drkdua&pD&JŒ vrf;jy=u,f tvif;a&mifjzpfcJhw,f? tjcm;vufwiftar&duEkdifiHawGrSm
ppfwyfu r=umc% tm%modrf;wwfovdkyJ olvnf; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cH&r_udk
&ifqdkifcJh&+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& psefav#m&zl;ygw,f? odk@aomf 1950 rSmawmh aumpwm
&Dum u tJ'h aD b;tE &W m,fudk tH=oavmufp&maumif;atmif ±kwjf cnf;ajymif;vJypfEidk f
cJhygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpforwu xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&JpGef@+yD; ppfwyfukd zsufodrf;ypfEkdif
cJhygw,f?
aumpwm&Dum &JŒ erlemvrf;pOfukd b,fEkdifiHurS rvkdufcJhygbl;? b,fEkdifiH
rSvnf; tJ'Dvkd jzpfrvmcJhbl;? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGukd wnfaqmufr,f/
=um&SnfcHatmif vkyfr,fqkd&if wyfeJ@ &Jtay: t&yfzufu =oZm&Sd&Sd xdef;csKyfEkdifzkd@
tvGefta&;}uD;w,fqkdwm aumpwm&Dumu oifcef;pmay;ygw,f?
ya'ompHk,Ofaus;r_rsm;t=um; aygif;pnf;Edkifjcif;
,Ofaus;r_tm;jzifh tawmftoifhtrsKd;wljzpfaer,f ('grSr[kwf) trsm;pk

rwluGJjym;+yD; oD;oef@&yfwnfaewJh ,Ofaus;r_awGt=um; jyif;jyif;&S&S yÉdyuQr&SdwJh EkdifiH
rsKd;awGrSmom 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHawG ykd+yD; zGH@òzd;Ekdifygw,f?
,Ofaus;r_awG[m bmompum;/ ukd;uG,fwJhbmom/ vlrsKd;uGJjym;r_/ vlrsKd;pk
ukd,fykdifvuQ%mrwlnDr_/ a'ouGJjym;r_eJ@ tawG;tac:t,ltquGJjym;r_awGtay:
tajccH jzpfxGef;vmwwf=uygw,f? “olwkd@” eJ@ “igwkd@” qkdwJh pum;vkH;awGukd tvGef
tu|H tkyfpkzGJ@ cGJcGJjcm;jcm; vkyfajymw,f? oli,fcsif;/ taygif;tazmf/ tdrfaxmifzuf/
24
tdrfeD;csif;/ {nfhonfpwJh yk*~Kdvfa&;t& qufoG,f=uwJhtcg rdrdtkyfpkwGif;u vlawGukdyJ
OD;vSnfh qufqH=uw,f? tpOftvmyGJawmfusif;y+yD; rdrdtkyfpke,fedrdwfukd owfrSwf
abmifuef@xm;wwf=uw,f? enf;vrf;aygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ jzpfxGef;vmwJh ,Offaus;r_awG
uae b0aexdkifr_yHkpHawGjzpfvmw,f? avS}uD;ay:avSi,fwif/ wkdif;jynf}uD;twGif;
wkdif;jynfi,fwnfovkd jzpfvm=uygw,f?
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JG jzpf
aygufxGufvmwwfygw,f? bmomw&m;/ bmompum;eJ@ ausmif;0wfpkH0wfqifjcif;
wkd@vdkudpPawGutp oD;oef@ cGJvkyfvm=uw,f? yÉdyuQqdk&mrSm ynma&;rSm wef;wl
nDr# oif=um;cGifh r&wm/ vlrsdK;pkwpfpkeJ@wpfpk cGJjcm;qufqHwm/ tpkd;&u bmoma&;
(okd@r[kwf) bmoma&;qkdif&m tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGukd taxmuftulay;wm ray;wm
awGtxd yg0ifygw,f?
tJ'DvkdeJ@ tkyfpkwpfpku usifhokH;wJhvkyf&yfu tjcm;wpktwGuf apmfum;&efp
ovkd jzpfoGm;w,f? wm;jrpfwmawG vkyfapcsifvmw,f? ukd,f0efzsufcswm/ EGm;owf
wm/ rvkHwvHk0wfwm pwmrsKd;awGrSm tjrifoabmxm; rwl=ubJ/ tkyfpktvkduf
awmif;qkdr_awG/ udk,fhtkyfpk udk,fh&dk;&myHkpHeJ@ ukd,faezdk@ ykdifeufe,fajrawmif;qdkr_awG
&Sdvmw,f? EkdifiHa&;abmiftuef@awG/ t,ltqawGyg ygvmygawmhw,f?
tJ'DvkdudpP&yfawGu 'Drkdua&pDa&;rSm txl;jy\em&yf jzpfvmwwfygw,f?
oD;jcm;,Ofaus;r_wpfcu k dk vkv
d m;olrsm;u olw@dk &ŒJ Ekid if aH &;awmif;qkcd suaf wG/ rlusi0hf wf/
euf±_dif;wJh bmoma&;,kH=unfcsuf/ ,Ofaus;r_&dk;&mtpOftvm xdef;odrf;a&;/ tkyfpk
&Siof efa&; pwmawG wnf+yD; awmif;qkv d m=uw,f? olw@dk awmif;qkcd suaf wG[m tay;
t,l tavsmt h wif;vkyrf &atmifukd ta&;}uD;w,fv@dk ,lqxm;=uw,f? tusK;d quf
u aphpyf!E‡d id_ ;f vd@k r&awmhwmyg? &d;k &mtpGt J vrf;,H=k unfcsuu f kd enf;enf;tav#mah y;
vdkuf&if vlrsdK;wkHk;r,f/ wdkif;jynfysufr,fqdk+yD; taoudkifxm;wwf=uygw,f?
okd@ESifhwkdif +idrf;csrf;wJh'Drkdua&pDjzpfpOfrSmawmh EkdifiHa&;yÉdyuQajz&Sif;&mrSm
aphpyf!d‡E_dif;jcif;/ tay;t,l tavsmhtwif;vkyfjcif;qkdwmawG r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfygw,f?
&ifhusuf+yD; wnf+idrfwJh 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;rsm;rSm jyif;xeftpGef;a&mufwJh ,Ofaus;r_
yÉdyuQawGukd a&SmifEkdifwJh tpDtrHawG vkyfxm;Ekdif=uygw,f? Oyrm ,Ofaus;r_ yÉdyuQ
awG jynfol=um;rSm }uD;}uD;rm;rm; jzpfcJh&ifawmif/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;
vkyfief;awGuwqifh em;vnf&if;ESD;r_ &,lEdkifzdk@/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awGukd aphpyf!d‡E_dif;Ekdifzkd@
vrf;zGifhay;xm;+yD; EkdifiHa&;jy\embufqD ul;roGm;atmif wm;qD;xm;=uw,f? ,Of
aus;r_ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ wnf&SdaewJh tar&du/ qGpfZmvef/ b,f*sD,H/ e,fomvefeJ@
uae'grSm txl;ojzifh jrifomygw,f?
25
wdik ;f jynfwjynfrmS 'Dru
kd a&pDtwGuf tcgtcGio
hf mapr,fh tcif;tusi;f awG
&Sdr,fqdk&if ,Ofaus;r_uGJjym;r_a=umifh jzpfvmr,fh qdk;0g;wJh EdkifiHa&;tusdK;qufawGudk
ydk+yD;xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifygw,f?
aysmf0ifaygif;pyfjcif;
'DyHkpHuawmh tar&duef&JŒ aysmf0iftdk;}uD; Melting Pot ygyJ? 1848-1920

twGif; tar&durSm v$rf;rkd;aewJh ,Ofaus;r_u +AdwdefEkdifiHu ajymif;a±$Œvm+yD; tajccs
aeolvljzLawG tckdiftrmwnfaqmufxm;wJh ,Ofaus;r_ jzpfaew,f? +Adwdefr[kwfwJh
bmompum;rwl/ vlrsKd;rwl/ wjcm;a'ou ajymif;vmwJhvlawGeJ@ tJ'D,Ofaus;r_wkd@
xdyfwkdufwkd; &ifqkdifcJh=uygw,f?
1910 a&mufawmh tar&durSmaewJh vljzLig;a,mufrSm wpfa,mufu
wjcm;wkid ;f jynfrmS arG;zGm;vmolawG jzpfw,f? rdbawGrmS vJ av;a,mufrmS wpfa,muf
u jynfyEdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm arG;vmolawGjzpfw,f? okd@aomf r=umygbl; tar&dua&muf+yD;
rsKd;qufwpfquf ESpfquftwGif;rSmyJ olwkd@u xyfarG;vmwJh rsKd;qufopfawG[m ,Of
aus;r_aysmf0iftdk;}uD;xJ aygif;pyfoGm;=uw,f? olwkd@qkdif&m bdk;pOfabmifqufaecJhwJh
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ ,Ofaus;r_awGudk wpkw H &m wG,w f maeonfw h idk f tar&duefEidk if t
H ay: Ekid if H
a&;t& opPmxm;vm=uw,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjzpf&jcif; trsKd;om;a&; trSwf
vuQ%mudk *k%f,lwwfvm=uygw,f?
xke@J xnfe@J 0ifa&mufvm=uolawGudk wpkv H ;Hk twkid ;f twmtm;jzifh ,Ofaus;
r_ ul;pufaysm0f ifomG ;w,f qkad yr,fh tar&duefv@l tzG@J tpnf;rSm vlrsK;d a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_
qkid &f m uGjJ ym;euf±id_ ;f r_awGukd &ifqidk w
f ;dk wJt
h cg ,Ofaus;r_ aysm0f ift;kd rSmawmif jy\em
awG ay:vmcJhygw,f?
tar&durSm &Sn=f umpGmaecJw h hJ a'ocHvrl sK;d rsm;eJ@ vljzLwk@d t=um; &ifqidk af wG@
=uwJt h cg ,Ofaus;r_aysm0f ifaygi;f pyfwmawG arhaysmufomG ;+yD;/ twif;t"rR ae&mjyefcs
xm;r_ oD;jcm;cGJaeckdif;r_ pwmawG jzpfvmw,f? wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ra&mufrD tar&durSm
a&S;OD;rqGuxJu aevmwJh tif'D;,ef;awGvkdyJ/ tvGefrsm;jym;wJh tmz&duef-tar&d
uef aus;u|efawGeJ@ olwkd@&JŒom;pOfajr;qufrsm;ukd tar&duefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;taeeJ@
tar&duef,Ofaus;r_xJ aysmf0ifaygif;pyfEkdifatmif rwwfEkdifcJhygbl;?
vlrsKd;uGJjym;wmukd tajccH+yD; t"rRykHoGif;xm;wJh ZmwfcGJjcm;r_eJ@ aus;u|ef
pepfu aysm0f ifaygi;f pyfjcif; vG,v f ,G u f u l rl jzpfatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJyh gw,f? v,f,m
vkyfief;eJ@ &xm;vrf;awGrSm tm&Su vmtvkyfvkyf=uwJholawGukdvnf; ,Ofaus;r_
aysm0f if aygi;f ul;atmif rvkyaf y;Ekid cf yhJ g? b0aexkid rf y_ pHk H tajccHutp uGjJ ym;wJh tar&d
26
uefawmifykdif;om;awGeJ@ ajrmufykdif;eJ@taemufykdif;jynfe,faeolawGt=um;rSm wjynf
axmifxJ twlaeoltcsif;csif;t=um; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;jcif;[m jyefaphpyfr&awmhyJ/ xdef;
csKyfr&awmhwt hJ xd jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? aemufq;kH ajz&Si;f r&awmhyJ jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmuf
avmifoGm;&wJhtxdygyJ?
jynfwiG ;f ppfu av;ESp=f um+yD; vltajrmuftrsm; aoqk;H cJ&h w,f? awmifyidk ;f
u ±_;H edr+hf yD;/ u|epf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f ypfonfw
h idk f yÉdyuQu r+yD;qk;H cJyh g? awmifyidk ;f &JŒ oD;jcm;
,Ofaus;r_eJ@ vlr_taqmufttkHtwGif; tmz&duef-tar&duef jynfolrsm;ukd +cdrf;
ajcmufwm/ t=urf;zufwmawGeJ@ vufatmufcHðyjrJ ðyxm;cJhygw,f? 20 &mpktukef
rSmawmh tar&duef&JŒ orkdif;0if aysmf0ifaygif;pyfa&;vkyf&yf[m wjznf;jznf;rsm;vmwJh
“[pfpfyef;epf” awGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif ukdifwG,fEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;bl;qdkwm xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; awG@&ygw,f?
'Dru
dk &ufwpfusiphf OfatmufrmS ,Ofaus;r_yÉdyuQawGudk +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f ukid f
wG,f ajz&Si;f Ekid yf grh vm;qkw d m oHo,&Szd , G f tajctae qdu k af ew,f? ,Ofaus;r_aygi;f pkH
xGef;um;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf tar&du[m qufzGH@òzd;vmrSmvm;/ ,Ofaus;r_
axGjym;r_uwqifh ykdtqifjrifhwJh tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_/ onf;cHr_eJ@ vkdufavsmr_wkd@ukd
arG;xkwfay;EkdifwJh wpfckwnf;aomvltzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf wnf&SdEdkifrvm;qdkwmuawmh
qufapmifh=unfh&ygOD;r,f?
trsm;oabmt& qkH;jzwfjcif;
qGpfZmvef/ b,f*sD,HeJ@ e,fomvefwkd@rSm xl;jcm;csufudk,fpDeJ@ ol@tvkdvkd

yÉdyuQjzpfvmEkid wf hJ ,Ofaus;r_awG &Syd gw,f? tJ'ED idk if aH wG&ŒJ tawG@tóuHuae oifcef;pm
&Ekdifwmuawmh ygvDrefeJ@ uufbdeufwkd@rSm qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
oabmwlnDr_ w+ydKifeufxJ&rS jzpfr,fqkdwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfawG zefwD;Edkifr_ygyJ?
trsm;tm;jzifh ygwDtrsdK;rsdK; tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK;t=um; !$ef@aygif;yHkpHeJ@ tm;vkH; oabmwlnD
wJh rl0g'awG xGufay:vmapEdkifw,f?
vlenf;pktkyfpk&JŒ uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd ododomom
xdckdufEkdifw,fqkd&if tpkd;&qkH;jzwfcsuf[m ygvDrefeJ@ uufbdeufrSm trsm;oabmwl
nDr_ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ &,lzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? vlrsdK;pk}uD;&J@ v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_uae vGwf
ajrmuf+yD;/ uufbdeufeJ@ ygvDrefrSm tkyfpkwpfpkcsif;pD&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu yGifhvif;wJh
oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufwpfck twnfðycsrSwfvmEdkifw,f?
tJh'DqkH;jzwfcsuf[m oD;jcm;vlenf;pk ,Ofaus;r_tkyfpk tenfqkH;wpfck tusKd;
pDyGm;ukd xda&mufpGm udk,fpm;ðyEkdif&ygr,f? tJ'Dvdk acsmacsmarmarmjzpfvmatmif
27
ygvDreftrwfawGu ygvDreftwGif; tkyfpkwpfckcsif;&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,fawGtm;vHk;udk
r#r#ww ukd,fpm;ðyzkd@ taotcsm pDppf&ygw,f? uufbdeufrSmvnf; tkyfpki,f vlrsdK;
pki,fawG&@J uk, d pf m;vS,af wG yg0ifapw,f? vlenf;pk/ ,Ofaus;r_ rwlwhJ tkypf w k pfcck si;f
pD&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,fawG uufbdeufrSm rdrdwdk@ oabmrwlwJh ay:vpDawGtay: “ADwkd”
okH;cGifh&vm=uw,f?
rwluGJjym;wJh vlrsdK;pki,fawG/ tkyfpki,fawGt=um; !$ef@aygif;vkyfzdk@u
acgif;aqmifawGrSm ajyajyvnfvnf vkyfEkdifpGrf;&nf &Sd&ygr,f? tay;t,lvkyf&mrSm
jrifhrm;wJh onf;cHpdwf &Sd=u&ygr,f? yÉdyuQawGeJ@jy\emawG&JŒ tajzukd aphpyf!d‡E_dif;
az:xkwf&mrSm aemufvkdufawG&JŒ oabmwlnDr_&atmif pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sd+yD; av;pm;
xkdufwJh acgif;aqmifrsKd; &Sd&r,f? yef;wkdifeJ@ wefzkd;owfrSwfjyXmef;csufawGu oabmwl
nDcsu&f Ekid af vmufatmif tus,t f jyef@oabm aqmif&ygr,f? csucf si;f cGx J u
G rf ,fqw kd hJ
awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk rawmif;jzpfatmif wGe;f yk@d ay;Ekid w
f hJ trsK;d om;a&;pnf;vH;k r_ wefb;kd
trSwfvuQ%mawG &Sd&ygr,f? t=urf;zufenf;/ awmfvSefa&;enf;awGukd z,f &Sm;EkdifwJh
'Drkdu&ufwpf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;awGtay: ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf vdkufem=uzdk@ vdkygr,f?
oD;jcm;vGwv
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,Ofaus;r_ uGm[csuf odyfeuf±_dif;+yD; ajz&Sif;r&Ekdif=u&if enf;vrf;wpfcku

oD;jcm; cGJaexdkifcGifh ay;xm;+yD;/ olwkd@ trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%m xdef;odrf;EkdifwJh ukd,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifhukd tvkHtavmufay;+yD; oD;oef@EkdifiHa&;,lepftjzpf owfrSwfay;&ygr,f?
wcsKdŒaomtajctaersKd;rSm z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfu ajz&Sif;enf;wpfrsKd; jzpfEkdif
ygw,f? oD;jcm;tpkd;&tjzpf vGwfvyfaomjynfe,f (State)/ jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o
(Province) pojzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwf+yD; rwluGJjym;wJh tkyfpkawG vufcHEkdifavmufatmif
vkHavmufwJh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhawG ay;&rSmyg?
“qGpf”[m vlrsKd;aygif;pkH&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfygw,f? rwluGJjym;wJh vlenf;pk
,Ofaus;r_tkyfpkawGudk e,fajrowfrSwfay;+yD; aexdkifcGifhay;wm&,f/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh
ydkif;jcm;xm;ayr,fh wwdkif;jynfvHk;&J@ trsdK;om;a&; vuQ%mwefbdk;awGeJ@ z,f'&,f
jynfaxmifpk awmifhwif;cdkifrmr_udk qGpfZmvefu jyoygw,f? odk@aomf qGpftwGuf
jzpfEdkifayr,fh tjcm;EkdifiHawGtwGuf toHk;0ifrS 0ifygvdrfhr,f?
'ghxuf t&SdefvGef+yD; rwlnDwJh ,Ofaus;r_awGt=um; aphr&wma=umifh vHk;0
vGwfvyffa&; (Independence) txd awmif;qkdvmr_awG &Sdwwfygw,f? odk@ESifhwdkif 'Drkd
u&ufwpf pHE_ef;awGeJ@ &ifhusufvm+yDqdk&if EdkifiHwEdkifiHuae +idrf;csrf;pGm ESpfjcrf;uGJ
oGm;wm odyfjy\em r&SdEkdifbl;vkd@ xifygw,f? Oyrm - qGD'ifeJ@wGJaewJh aemfa0;[m/
28
vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD; &mpkwpfckeD;yg; wGJae+yD;/ 1905 rSm vGwfvyfa&;ukd +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
&cJhygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkwJh e,fajrydkifeufwpfckxJrSmyJ ,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHk
rsdK;EG,fpk aygif;pHkjzpfae&if vGwfvyfa&;twGuf cufcJ=urf;wrf;r_awG jzpfvmapygw,f?
Quebec jynfe,fu uae'guae cGx J uG +f yD; vGwv
f yfa&;vkcd siaf yr,fh tJ'jD ynfe,fxrJ mS
uae'gEkdifiHom;tjzpfeJ@om qufaecsifolawG/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymolawG/ tjcm;u
0ifvmolawG &Sdaeygw,f? ykdifeufe,fajrt& cGJxGufEkdifw,f qdkayr,fh/ EkdifiHa&;t&
±_yfaxG;aeygw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwpf ,Ofaus;r_tay: ,kH=unfcsuf
20 &mpktwGi;f 'Dru dk a&pDtpk;d &awG r=umc% +ydKvJuswm &Sad eayr,f/h wcsKŒd

aom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG[m &ifqkdif&wJh tcuftcJt=uyftwnf; rkefwkdif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd
jzwfausmfEkdifcJhygw,f? wcsdK@u w}udrfru t}udrf}udrf jzwfausmfEkdifcJhwmyg? jyif;xefwJh
,Ofaus;r_ujJG ym;r_a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJah b;tE &W m,fudk ausmjf zwfEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsKŒd
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG[m ,cifuxufykd+yD; tE W&m,fv_dif;'%fawGukd cHEkdif&nf&Sdvmw,f?
wcsKdŒEkdifiHawGrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawGa=umifh t=uyftwnf;
tcuftcJawGukd ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;Ekdif+yD;/ wcsKdŒ'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG bma=umifh rausmf
jzwfEkdif&wmvJ? txufuwifjycJhwJh 'Drkdua&pDukd taxmuftulðywJh ta&;ygwJh
tajctaeay;r_ t&yf&yf&Sdjcif; r&Sdjcif;ay: rlwnfaeygw,f? aemufwpfcku acgif;aqmif
eJ@ aemufvkdufjynfolawGu 'Drkdu&ufwpf tkdif'D,m/ wefzkd;eJ@ vkyf&yfawGukd xufxuf
oefoef axmufc=H uw,fq&dk if tJ'w D idk ;f jynfrmS wnf+idrw f hJ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;tvm;tvm
awG ykad umif;onfxuf aumif;vmrSmyg? tJ', D =Hk unfcsuef @J pdwaf eoabmxm;awG[m
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ ,Ofaus;r_xrJ mS pGwJ ifepf0ifaewJu h mvrsK;d rSm xufoefpw d cf s&wJh axmufcrH _
awG ykdvmrSm aocsmygw,f? rsKd;qufwpfqufrSwpfquf pdrfh0ifysH@ESH@aerS ykdckdifrmygvdrfh
r,f? wenf;ajym&&if 'Dru dk &ufwpfEidk if aH &;,Ofaus;r_udk ykid q f idk af e+yDv@dk ajymEkid yf gw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwpfEdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_u jynfolawGukd atmufygtajctaeawG
vufcH,kH=unfhvmapygw,f?
- 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ EkdifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_[m vkdvm;wJh yef;wkdifjzpfw,f?
- wyfeJ@ &Jtay: xdef;csKyfcGifhukd a&G;cs,fcHxm;&wJh acgif;aqmifrsm;vuf0,f tjynfht0
xm;&r,f?
- jynfol=um;wGif jzpfay:wJh oabmxm;uGJvGJr_/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifuGJjym;r_wkd@ukd pdwf&Snf
onf;cH&r,f?
29
- tajccHusaom 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm; wnf&Sd&r,f? (ta&G;cs,fcH
uk,
d pf m;vnfrsm;/ vGwv f yfr#waom a&G;aumufyrJG sm;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:a&;om;
ajymqkdcGifhrsm;/ owif;&Ekdifonfh trsKd;rsKd;aom enf;vrf;rsm;/ toif;tzGJ@qkdif&m
ukd,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EkdifiHom;wpfOD;taejzifh us,fjyef@pGm yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh
wdk@jzpfygw,f)
aps;uGufpDyGm;a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_
orkdif;qkdif&m ±_a'gifhuajymr,fqkd&if 'Drkdu&ufwpf,kH=unfr_/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf

,Ofaus;r_w@dk e@J eD;eD;uyfuyf qufpyfaewJt h &muawmh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfv@dk qkEd idk f
ygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawG jzpfay:vmatmif taxmuftultrsm;}uD;
ay;EkdifwJht&mu aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;yJjzpfw,f? t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukd
EkdifiHawmf (State) u rykdifbJ yk*~vduykdifrsm; jzpf&ygr,f?
odk@ESifhwdkif 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ aps;uGuft&if;&Sifpepfwkd@tay: tjiif;yGm;p&mawG
vnf; &Sdygw,f? aps;uGuft&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;atmufrSm vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_awGeJ@twl
wif;rmr_awG &Sdaevdk@ygyJ? pD;yGm;a&;rSm nDr#r_awGr&Sd&if EkdifiHa&;wef;wl&nfwl &zkd@ rjzpf
Ekdifygbl;? okd@aomf wzufuvnf; aoG;pkyfwJh t&if;&Sifpepfukd ykd,Ofyg;atmif 'Drkdua&pD
u vkyfaqmifay;Edkif+yD;/ wqifhjrifhwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf jzpfvmapEdkifygw,f? EkdifiH
a&;taqmufttkaH wG zG@H ®z;vmzk@d / xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid zf @dk uv
dk nf; aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;a=umifh
zGH@xGm;vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u taxmuftulay;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@®z;r_ESifhtwl
'Drudk a&pDa&;ukd OD;aqmifr,fh ynmwwf vlvwfwef;pm; tiftm;awmifw h if;vmwmu
vnf; jiif;r&ygbl;?
w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;eJ@ umv&Snf=um&xm;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@[m 'Drkdua&pD
a&;udk taxmuftulðywJh zufwmawGygyJ/ tcsKyfqdk&&if txufaz: jyyg tajctae
awGeJ@twl 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawG zGH@®z;&Sifoefatmif vkyf&ygr,f? ay:vpD
rdwfumrsm; taeeJ@ wdkif;jynfb,fvdktajctae b,fvdktaetxm;&Sd&Sd 'Drkdu&ufwpf
a&cHajrcHawG&vmatmif tajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifae=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
0if;jrifharmif
&nf!$ef;
On Democracy by Robert A. Dall

Political Theory by Andrew Heywood
30
odu
k Ef ikd 0f if;
zGŒH òz;r_/ armf'efEu

dk af Z;&Si;f ESihf
'Dru
dk a&pD
pum;csD;
,ckpmpk. tusO;f qkv d &dk if;rSm 'Dru

dk &ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Si;f rsm;ukd vG,v
f ,
G f
ulul wnfaqmufI r&Edkif? vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_aemufcHtaetxm; tcif;tusif;
aumif;rsm; wnf&SdrSom jzpfxGef;Ekdifonf[k qkdygonf? okd@ESifhwkdif pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;r_ESifh
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u xkdtifpwDusK;&Sif;tajccHrsm; vrf;a=umif;rSefodk@ a&mufatmif
wGef;ykd@ay;+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDpepfonfvnf; wkd;wuftvkyfjzpfvmEkdifrnf[k qkdygonf?
rpfcsD*efwuUokdvf EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQ Ronald Ingle Hart ESifh *smrefEkdifiH
a&; ody`H ygarmuQ Christian Wetzel wkd@ESpfOD;. zGH@òzd;r_qkdif&m ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsuf
rsm;tay: tajcðya&;om;onf h 'Modernization, Cultural Change and
Democracy' pmtkyfrSxkwfEkwf azmfjyygonf?
&Dquf&Sif;=um;rS ar#mfvifhcsuf
1985 ESifh 1995 ckESpft=um;wGif wkdif;jynftrsm;tjym; 'Drkdua&pDpepfqD

0kef;'kdif;}uJ ul;ajymif;cJh=uonf? 'Drkdua&pD. tem*wfrSm urBmtESH@ ya'omyif ayguf
awmhrnfhES,f tljrL;p&myif? okd@aomf ,cktcg tESD 'Drkdua&pDpef;yGifhr_u 'Drkdua&pD
,kwaf vsmh usqif;r_ democratic recession ukd wurBmvk;H twkid ;f twm o,fvm+yD;/
'Drkdu&ufwpf blaygif;tcsKdŒ aygufukefonf?
b*Fvm;a'h±Sf/ Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;/ zdvpfykdif/ ¶k&Sm;/ xkdif;ESifh AifeDZGJvm;wkd@wGif
'Drkdua&pDbufjyefwyfacgufr_awG óuHae=u&onf? bk±Sftpkd;&. tD&wfESifh tmz*ef
epPwef 'Drkdua&pDwifykd@xlaxmifa&; óud;yrf;csufrSm ESpfEkdifiHpvkH;ukd 0¶kef;okefum;
ukd,fusKd;eJp&mawG csef&pfcJhonf? w¶kwfESifh ¶k&Sm;wkd@uvnf; tiftm;yg0gwkd;csJŒjy&if;
31
tar&duukd bufòydifpufykef;ckwfvmonf? 'ga=umifhyif avhvmoltrsm;pku 'Drkdua&pD
rSm a&csdeftjrifhqkH;trSwfa&mufcJh+yD; qufrwufawmh[k tuJjzwf=uonf? jyefðywfus
oGm;rnfvm;?
xkdokd@ tvG,fwulaumufcsufqGJvkdufv#if wufwufpifvGJoGm;rnf? trSef
rSm ,ae@wurBmvkH;&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tajctaet&yf&yfu ykdrkd¶_yfaxG; eufeJ
onfh tcif;tusif;jzpfpOfukd axmufjyaeonf? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;ukd
b,fae&m b,ftcsdefrSmjzpfjzpf tvG,fwul xlaxmifI r&Ekdifqkdonfh owif;qkd;u
ajy;aeonfhwkdif ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ukefqkH; vufr_difcsp&mawmhr[kwfay? vlr_a&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r_tajctae used ;f aor_atmufwiG f 'Dru dk a&pDu &Sio f efjzpfxeG ;f zG,f &Sad eonf?
bk±Sftpkd;&u xkdvufawG@tcsufukd vspfvsLðy+yD; tD&wfrSm 'Drkdua&pD tyif
pkduf&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? t"du tD&wfjynfwGif;vkHòcHa&;udpPukd OD;pGm rwnfaqmuf?
'Drkdua&pD opfyiftm; ukdufzsuf0g;rsKdzsufqD;r,fh ,Ofaus;r_tajctaeqkd;rsm;ukd
rwGufqEkdifbJ acgufxm;ypfcJhonf? xkd@a=umifhyif plygyg0g}uD;crsm pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_ESifh
*k%foduQmusqif;r_ukd tusKd;&vm'ftjzpf r±SLEkdifru,fEdkif 'kwf'kwfxdcHpm;ae&onf?
okd@aomfvnf; owif;aumif;rsm;&Sdygao;onf? 'Drkdua&pD jzpfxGef;ay:ayguf
Ekid o
f nfh tajctaersm;rSm ‘armf'efEu dk af Z;&Si;f ’ jzpfpOfwiG f &Sad eonf? vufawG@om"u
trsm;pkt& armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u 'Drkdu&ufwpfa&cHajrcH tm;aumif;aponf? armf'ef
EkdufaZ;&Sif;rSm pufr_jzpfxGef;r_ESifh qufpyfaeonfh vlr_tajymif;tvJ tiftm;pkyif
jzpfonf?
armf'efusr_u vlr_b0e,fy,ftm;vkH;ukd pdrfh0ifxkd;azgufwwfonf? u|rf;
usifr_qkdif&m tvkyftukdifopfrsm;tm; o,fvmrnf? òrdŒjyjzpfxGef;r_/ ynma&;tqifh
jrifhrm;r_/ ysrf;r#oufwrf;jrifhwufr_/ tvsiftjrefpD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_rsm;tm; ,laqmif
vmrnf? vlr_b0ESifh EkdifiHa&;tifpwDusK;&Sifrsm; tajymif;tvJ&Sdvm+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;wGif
vlxkyl;aygif;yg0ifr_ jrifhvmrnf? a&&SnfY 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOftay: yGef;wD;
vm+yD; 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif; vkyfxkH;rsm;tay: u|rf;0ifvmEkdifrnf?
'Drkdua&pD. c&D;&SnfrSmvnf; t+rJtwuftus avmu"HESifh? ESpfq,f&mpk
tpwGif 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynf vufwqkyfpmcef@om&Sd+yD; ,ae@ E_ef;pHESifh=unfhv#if
rufavmufp&mr&Sad y? yxrurBmppftjyD;wGif 'Dru dk a&pDta&twGurf sm;vm+yD;/ aemuf
xyf twufumvrSm 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;csdef jzpfonf? wwd, ta&twGuf '&a[m
wkd;yGm;csdefrSm ppfat;tqkH;owfcsdefyif? twufwpf}udrfjzpfwkdif; tusu xyf=uyf
vkdufaeonf?
,ckEpS qf ,fw
h pf&mpktpwGif wif;jynf'h rD u dk &ufwpfEidk if H 90 cef@&rdS nf[k ,lq
&ygonf? 'Drkdua&pDtrsm;pku tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfaomfvnf; òcH=unfhv#if +idavmufzG,f
32
tuGuf &Sdygonf? armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u a&&SnfwGif 'Drkdua&pD aqmifusOf;ay;Ekdif
onfqkdonfh tuGufyif?
Taumufcsuft& w¶kwfESifh ¶k&Sm;wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u taygif;
vuQ%moGifjyifrsm;&Sdaejcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? a&SŒvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh
'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;pepfrsm; ay:xGufvmOD;rnfh tvSnfhtajymif;rsm;ukd qkdvkdonf?
'Drkdua&pDtwGuf usD;vef@pmpm; jzpfae&ef rvkd? armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifh 'Drkdu&ufwkduf
aZ;&Sif;wkd@ ykdrkd&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wGJzufvm+yD; a&SŒquf'kdif;erpfjzpfzG,f &Sdaeygonf?
r[m'Dbdwf
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; t,ltqta=umif;ajym&v#if wkwfxrf;ajym&rnfh &Snf

vsm;onfhorkdif;a=umif; &Sdaeonf? q,fhukd;&mpkESifh ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;rSm armf'ef
EkdufaZ;&Sif;tay: rufpf0g'oDtkd&Dt& yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifhudk private property
zsufodrf;ypfvkdufv#if acgif;ykHjzwfr_/ vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_ESifh yËdyuQawGcsKyf+idrf;oGm;rnf[k
qkdxm;onf? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tc&mr¾dKiftusqkH; ‘wpfOD;csif; vGwf
vyfpGmykdifqkdifcGifh’ukd ‘EkdifiHykdifðyjcif;’ESifh tm;yg;w& tpm;xkd;ypfcJh=uonf?
‚if;eJ@òydifbuf t&if;&Sift,ltqwGifrl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vlaer_tqifh
twef;jrifhrm;ap+yD; 'Drkdua&pDukd OD;wnfaprnfqkdonf? ppfat;acwfwavsmufvkH;
xkdarmf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; tjrift,ltqESpfck taota=u òydifqkdifcJh=uonf? okd@aomf
1970 jynfhvGefrsm;wGif uGefjrLepf0g' wef@&yfpðyvmonf? rnfonfhpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ESifh
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;onfvnf; qif;&Jonfhwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif ay:xGufvmjcif;r&Sd?
pdwful;,Of ,lwkdyD,m;tjrifrsm;vnf; aemufxyfzGH@òzd;vmjcif; r&Sd? xkdumvwGif a0zef
olrsm;u armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;oDtkd&D aoqkH;oGm;+yD[kyif qkdcJh=uonf?
ok@d aomf ppfat;+yD;oGm;csed rf pS I armf'efEu dk af Z;&Si;f t,ltqrSm vlrb _ 0opf
rsm;qDodk@ 0ifvmjyefonf? oDtkd&DAm;&Sif;ykHpHtopfESifhtwl *vkdb,fpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_
vrf;a=umif;ukd ykHazmfvmonf? ,cifykHpHa[mif;udk tcGHc|wfvJ+yD;/ armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;
t,ltqopfu usm;rwef;wlnrD #r/_ 'Dru dk &ufwpf+idr;f csr;f a&;oDt&dk pD onfh ,Ofaus;r_
tajymif;tvJjzpfpOfrsm;tay: rD;armif;xkd;jyvmonf?
vl@orkdif;a=umif;ukdjyef=unfhv#if umvtykdif;jcm;trsm;pktwGuf enf;ynm
wk;d wufru _ aES;auG;vGe;f tm;}uD;onf? tpm;tpm wk;d wufxw k v
f yk rf u
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acsmifydwfn‡yfaecJhI vlaer_tqifhtwef;rsm; wufrvmcJh? vl@orkdif;wavsmufwGif
tqkd;0J=oCoHo&mxJ w&pf0J0JaecJhonfu rsm;onf?
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xkd@aemuf tajctaeu pufr_awmfvSefa&;/ pOfqufrjywf pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wuf
r_wkd@ESifhtwl pwifajymif;vJvmonf? t&if;&Sifa&m uGefjrLepfAm;&Sif;ESpfckpvkH;ukd
ukdifv_yfvmonf? tkdif'Dtkdavmf*sDrsm;u oJoJrJrJ òydifqkdifae=uaomfvnf; ESpfckpvkH;u
pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ESifh vlr_wkd;wufr_ukd uwdu0wfðy=uv#uf/ EdkifiHa&;wGif vlxk
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wwd,urBmrS zG@H òzd;qJEidk if rH sm; armf'efEu dk af Z;&Si;f vrf;a=umif;aemufygvmatmif tòydif
pnf;¶kH;=uonf?
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oDtkd&Du qufajymonfrSm csrf;omaom taemuf'Drkdua&pDrsm;u ‘"g;raemufydwf’
Ekid if rH sm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ ppfa&;tultnDrsm;jzifh wk;d wufatmifvyk af y;Ekid rf nf?
armf'efwefzkd;awG oGwfoGif;ay;Ekdifrnf[k qkdxm;onf?
okd@ESifhwkdif 1970 jynfhvGefrsm;wGifrl ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm;u csrf;om ºuG,f0r_
ESifh 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf rnfodk@r# wkd;wufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm
jrifawG@vm=uonf? taxmufyHhcHwkdif;jynfrsm;rSm ukd,fpGrf;ukd,fprsm; wkH;oGm;+yD;
,kH=unfpdwfrsm; taiG@ysHukefonf[kyif a0zef=uonf?
xdk@tjyif EkdifiHjcm;rSDckdr_ oDtkd&D dependency theorey bufuvnf; t}uD;
tus,f a0zefra_ wG ðyvmonf? ‚if;wk@d tjrift& csr;f omonfh Ekid if }H uD;rsm;ESihf ukeo f , G f
jcif;u qif;&JonfEh idk if rH sm;tay: acgi;f ykjH zwfaoG;pky+f yD;/ vko d vkd xde;f csKyfcs,v
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t&if;&Sifpepf tm;enf;nHhzsif;r_a=umifhom rGJ&ygonf[k ,kd;pGyfonf?
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jzpfvmcJhonf? wwd,urBmrS trGJEkdifiHrsm;rSm t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD;rsm;. acgif;ykHjzwfr_
atmufrSvGwfatmif *vkdb,faps;uGufrsm;rS jyefqkwfcJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf oGif;ukef
tpm;xkd; ay:vpDusifhokH;+yD;/ jynfwGif;jzpf a&m*gxcJh=uonf?
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ta[moduHjzpfa=umif; txift&Sm;yif? usK;bm;/ jrefrmESifh ajrmufukd&D;,m;wkd@ukd
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TwGif csdefoD;u bufjyefvmonf? armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; oDtkd&Dopftay:
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xkid 0f rf/ awmifu&dk ;D ,m;wk@d . 'Dru
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wkd;wufr_ jzpfvmaponf? (2) vlom;&if;jrpftay: &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;ESifh hi- tech ukef
ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyf&ef vkyfom;tiftm; pkaqmif;jr‡ifhwifjcif;u jyef&csuf }uD;}uD;ESifh
ynmwwfvlvwfwef;pm;tv$m us,fjyef@vmaponf? (3) vlvwfwef;pm; tiftm;
yDjyifvkHavmufvmv#if tqifhjrifhpufr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf txda&mufqkH; EkdifiHa&;
pepfjzpfaom vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDay:xGef;Ekdifrnf? TonfrSm ,cif zGH@òzd;a&;oDtkd&D
rsm;ESifh rwlonfh armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; Am;&Sif;topf jzpfygonf?
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oGm;rnfqkdonfudkvnf; rar#mfvifh=uawmhay? pufr_jzpfxGef;r_uae uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh
zufqpfpepf ay:xGufvmEdkifonfudk tm;vkH;jrifawG@ cHpm;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?
rnfo@dk qadk p/ armf'efEu
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txm;oufaotrsm;jym;u azmfjyaeonf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;
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vmrnfqkdonfh aw;oGm;? okd@ESifhwkdif ,cifarmf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; oDtkd&DAm;&Sif;a[mif;rsm;
ukdvnf; ae&maygif;pkH ðyjyifzmax; jyefo&ef vkdtyfygrnf? ,if;udk atmufygtcsuf
wkd@u jyaeonf?
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wpfbufwnf; a¶GŒaewmrsKd;r[kwf? jzpfpOfu *&yfrsOf;auG;uJhodk@ trSwfyGKdifhrsm;
tqifq h ifh wufomG ;jcif;rsK;d om jzpfonf? armf'efEu dk af Z;&Si;f tqifw
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35
pufr_jzpfxGef;r_u t"dutajymif;tvJjzpfpOfwpfckqD OD;wnfoGm;+yD; AsL¶kd
ua&pDpepf/ txufatmuftm%mykdifpepf (hierarchy) / A[kdOD;pDpepf/ bmoma&;
ryg avmuDoufouft,lESifh ¶kd;&mtpOftvmrS ody`Henf;usqifjcifr_awGqD ckeful;
EkdifcJh=uonf? aemuf pufr_vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tqifha&mufonfhtcg aemufxyf
rwljcm;em;onfh ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; wayG@wykdufo,fvmonf? AsL¶kdu
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vrf;a=umif;opfrsm;qD tav;uJvmonf?
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oabmxm;uGJr_tay: &ifhusufonf;cHEkdifpGrf;udk tm;aumif;aponf? rdrdtjrif azmfjy
EkdifcGifhtm;aumif;r_u qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;Y vlxkyl;aygif;yg0ifr_rsm;udk jzpfvmaponf?
xdk@tjyif armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u [kd;,cif 'kH&if;qD aemufa=umif;jyefoGm;zG,f
r&Sday? 1930 ckESpf *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefESifh pydefwkd@Y urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf Great
Depression 0if o nf h t cg tm%m&S i f p epf r sm; ajrmif ; xJ o d k @ vd r f h u soG m ;wmrsKd ;
&SdcJhonf? okd@aomf armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;vrf;a=umif;ay: jyefI zufwufEkdifcJh=uonf?
tvm;wl ,ck óuHawG@ae&onfh pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u 21 &mpk&JŒ urBmhpD;yGm;
ysufuyf tajcrsKd;qkdufcJhv#if urBm}uD;wGif tm%m&SifpepfESifh jyifya=umufa&m*grsm;
tay: ¶kef;uef &ifqkdif&r_topfawG quf&SdaeOD;rnf?
'kwd,/ ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJESifhqkdifonfh orkdif;udpP? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u
vlxk. urBmhtjrifus,frnfhtajymif;tvJrsm; o,fvmrnfqkdaomfvnf;/ vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;wGif qufcH&&Sdxm;onfhtarGukd vkH;0z,fxkwfypfzkd@ cufygrnf? y¶kdwufpwifh/
uufovpf/ tpPvrf/ uGefzsK;&SyfESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wkd@ wpfckcku ykHazmfxkqpfxm;onfh
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wwfonf?
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t=um; tjyeftvSef¶kef;qGJr_awG&Sdae+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wefzkd;pepfu xkd¶kef;qGJr_
tay: a&mifjyef[yfaewwfonf? bmoma&;ESihf rsK;d EG,pf x k ;Hk pHrsm; uG,af ysmufjcif;xuf
¶kef;ºuGwkef@jyefjcif;u rsm;ygonf? pufr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vlxkrsm; ykdIcsrf;om ykdI
ynmwwfvmrnf[k qdEk ikd af omfvnf; nD!w G af om *vkb d ,fpaH wmf0if ,Ofaus;r_wpfck
zefqif;a&;rSm vG,fulrnf r[kwfay? ,Ofaus;r_tarGu azsmufzsufr&atmif xl;jcm;
pGm pGJ+rJ&SifoefvGef;vSonf?
wwd,/ armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u a&S;,cifuuJhodk@ taemufZmwfoGwfoGif;r_
westernization rsLd; r[kwfawmhay? pufr_jzpfpOfu taemufY pwifcJhaomfvnf;
ukefvGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif ta&SŒtm&Su urBmhwkd;wufr_E_ef; tjrifhqkH;Y &Sdaeyg
36
onf? *syefu ysrf;r#vl@oufwrf;&Snfjcif;ESifh acwfrSDr_oGifjyifvuQ%mtcsKdŒY urBmukd
OD;aqmifaeonf?
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pufr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif; tar&duuJhodk@ykHpHrsm;om jzpfvmrnf r[kwfay? vufawG@
wGif tar&duefv@l tzG@J tpnf;rSm tjcm;0ifaiGjrifv h @l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;xufyif ¶k;d &m tpOf
tvmwefzkd;rsm;tm; xdef;odrf;vGef;vSonf?
pwkwW/ armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u 'Drkdua&pDqD tvkdtavsmuf a&mufoGm;rnf
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aZ;&Sif; wkd;wufjzpfay:vmygrnf? *sD'DyDwpfOD;csif;0ifaiG jrifhrm;r_u 'Drkdua&pD tvG,f
wul xkwfvkyfay;Ekdifrnfr[kwfay? 0ifaiGjrifhI 'Drkdua&pD jzpfpwrf;qkdv#if ul0dwfESifh
tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;EkdifiHwkd@rSm 'Drkdua&pDarmf',fvfrsm; jzpfae=uayvdrfhrnf? ‚if;wdk@rSm
armf'ef EkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfxJ c|if;csufvkdjzpfaeonf?
okd@ESifhwkdif pufr_vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ay:xGef;r_u 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd
wGef;ay;rnfh vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJrsm; ,lvmygonf? todynm vl@
tzGJ@tpnf; knowledge society rsm;rSm ukd,fhbmomawG;ac:EkdifpGrf;&Sdr_ESifh txmus
aeonfh tqifhjrifhynmwwfvlxkr&SdbJ aumif;pGm rvnfywfEkdifay? EkdifiHom;rsm;.
0ifaiGESifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;jrifhvmv#if rdrdqENaz:xkwfajymqkdr_wefzkd;rsm; self-
expression values wufvmrnf? zdtm;ay;rcHvkdbJ vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fr_ ckefrif
vm+yD; EkdifiHa&;ykd; ºuGwufvmrnf?
TtrSwyf KG id u hf dk a&mufvmv#if 'Dru
dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f ukd a&Smif&mS ;&ef cufomG ;
ayrnf? vlxku wHcg;us,fus,f ykdzGifha&; zdtm;ay;awmif;qkdvm+yD;/ ,if;wkd@tm;
a&Smif&Sm;v#if wefzkd;}uD;pGm ay;qyf&ayvdrfhrnf? &SdESifh+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;t[kefrsm;vnf;
udpPacsmukefrSm aocsmonf? xkdodk@ txufwef;tqifhrsKd;a&mufvmv#if armf'efEkduf
aZ;&Sif;u 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; pnfyifay:xGuf&eftwGuf vlr_a&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; o,faqmifvmayrnf?
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif; oDtkd&D. yifrtkdif'D,mtESpfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ESifh enf;ynm
zGH@òzd;r_awGu vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mtajymif;tvJ vkdufzufnD!Gwfr_
[mrkdeDtpkHukd o,faqmifay;r_jzpfonf? xkdtkdif'D,mukd oufaoom"u trsm;pku
axmufcHaeonf?
pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vlxk.,kH=unfr_rsm;/ wufºuGEkd;=um;r_ tajymif;tvJrsm;
ESifh trsm;}uD;qufpyfaeonf? xdkta¶GŒtajymif;u bmoma&;/ tvkyftukdif/ arG;
zGm;E_e;f / usm;ru¾pHEe_ ;f rsm;tay: oabmxm;ykH xyfajymif;aponf? xkt d a¶GŒawGuyif
xkESifhxnfESifh 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;awmif;qkdr_rsm; }uD;xGm;vm+yD; 'Drkdua&pD
37
wkd;wuftvkyfjzpfvmzG,f&Sdygonf? wqufxJyif ppfyGJESifh uavuacs usyef; tðytrl
rsm;ukd jynfolu ESpf+cdKufjcif; r&Sdawmhay?
wefzkd;rsm; qef;ppfjcif;
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u vlxk&JŒurBmhtjrifESifh Ekd;=um;v_yf&Sm;r_wkd@ukd rnfodk@

ajymif;vJEkdifoenf;? vlxk. wefzkd;pHE_ef;xm;r_ESifh oabmxm;tjrifrsm;tay:
wurBmvk;H twkid ;f twmESihf qmaA;aumuf=unfo h nf? 1981 ESihf 2007 ckEpS t
f =um;wGif
The World Values Survey ESifh European Values Study tzGJ@ESpfzGJ@aygif;I
urBmhvlOD;a& (90)&mckdifE_ef; ukd,fpm;ðyEkdifrnfh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmukd ppfwrf;aumuf,l
cJhonf?
&vm'frsm;t& vlxk. ,kH=unfcsufESifhwefzkd;rsm;u EkdifiHtoD;oD;uGmjcm;ykH
udk azmfjyaeonf? tcsKdŒwkdif;jynfrsm;Y vlxk (95)&mckdifE_ef;u bk&m;ocif God rSm
olw@dk b0wGif tvGet f a&;ygonf[k qd=k uonf? tcsKd @widk ;f jynfrsm;Y oH;k &mckid Ef e_ ;f uom
ta&;}uD;onf[kqkdonf? tcsKdŒvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif (90)&mckdifE_ef; a,muFsm;rsm;u
rdef;rrsm;xuf tvkyf&cGifh &Sd&rnf[k ,kH=unf=uonf? tcsdK@wGif (8) &mckdifE_ef;uom
tvm;wl awG;ygonf?
wkdif;jynftoD;oD;t=um; jcm;em;onfh&vm'frsm;u ‚if;wkd@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.
pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_tqifh tedrfhtjrifhESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf q,fEG,faeonf? 0ifaiGedrfhwkdif;jynf
rsm;rS vlxku csrf;omonfhwkdif;jynfrsm;rS vlrsm;xuf bmoma&;ESifh usm;/ r cGJjcm;r_
tpOftvmrsm;tm; ykdrkdESpfouf tav;xm;onf?
aemufxyf qmaA;rsm;.azmfjycsuft& csrf;omonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
vlxkESifh qif;&Jonfhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlxkt=um; EkdifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;
pHE_ef;xm;ykH/ urBm=unfh=unfhjrifykHawG trsm;}uD;uGmjcm;onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESpfrsKd;
=um; uGmjcm;ykHrSm 'kdifar;&Sif;ESpfbuf jzpfaeonf? 0ifaiGedrfholrsm;bufu ¶kd;&mtpOf
tvm wG,fzufxm;+yD;/ csrf;omolrsm;u bmoma&;ryg avmuDoufouf qifjcifwkH
w&m;uJonfh wefzkd;rsm;om ukdifxm;=uonf? 0ifaiGedrfholrsm;u &Sifoefa&; survival
omawG;+yD;/ csrf;omolrsm;u rdrdtjrifqENazmfxkwfr_wefzkd;rsm; self- expression
values ukd vufukdifðy=uonf?
¶kd;&mxkH;wrf;tpOftvmbufrSm avmuDoD;oef@qifjcifwkHw&m; 'kdifar;&Sif;
bufo@dk ta¶GŒonf pku d yf sK;d a&;vl@tzG@J tpnf;rS pufrv
_ @l tzG@J tpnf;ta±GŒESihf qufpyfae
onf? pdkufysKd;a&;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm ¶kd;&mukdif+yD; bmoma&; tav;xm;vGef;onf?
aumif;uifbkHESifh edAŠmefpum; =uyf=uyfajymonf? tm%m&Sdolukd c,0yfwGm;+yD; Zmwd
38
ykn trsK;d om;a&;rme c|ejf rvGe;f onf? wu,fawmh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif acwfrv DS m
+yD; avmuDoef@oef@ qifjcifawG;ac:EkdifpGrf;jrifhygrS t¶kd;pGJp¶kdufvuQ%mrsm; ajymif;vJ
acsc|wfEkdifygrnf?
rdrd&Sifoefa&;tjrifrS rdrdqENazmfxkwfr_ukd wefzkd;xm;r_qDta¶GŒonf pufr_
vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wkd;wufvmr_ESifh pyfqkdifaeonf? 'DudpPu i,f¶G,fonfhrsKd;quf
rsm;rSm &Sifoef&yfwnfa&; ylyifp&modyfrvkdbJ }uD;jyif;cGifh&vmv#if vGwfvyfpGm
azmfxkwfr_ wefzkd;awGukd tm¶kHus+yD; ,Ofaus;r_ta¶GŒ jzpfvmonf?
&Sifoefa&;ukdom wefzkd;xm;olrsm;tzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;/ ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&mvkHòcHa&;ESifh
"avhxkH;wrf;wkd@ukd t"du OD;pm;ay;onf? rdrdtjrifqENazmfxkwfcGifh wefzkd;xm;ol
rsm;rSmawmh vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdEkdifr_/ rl0g'qkH;jzwfcsufrSm yg0ifvkdr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usif
umuG,fr_/ usm; r wef;wlnDr#a&;wkd@ukd OD;pm;ay;=uonf? rsKd;EG,fpkvlenf;pk/ EkdifiHjcm;
om;/ rdef;rvsm/ a,muFsm;vsmwkd@tay: onf;cHem;vnfay;zkd@ óud;pm;onf?
rdrdtjrifazmfxkwfr_wefzkd;rsm; tm;}uD;vmv#if vlxk.wpfOD;csif;vGwfvyf
cGifhtay: jrwfEkd;r_jrifhvmrnf? ,kH=unfr_ESifh onf;cHr_ ,Ofaus;r_awG wufvmrnf?
xkdaumif;jrwfr_rsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf toufwr# tc&musygonf? pkdufysKd;a&;rS
pufr_/ pufr_rS pufr_vGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;a&mufatmif vrf;a=umif;wnfhay;Ekdif+yD; 'Drkd
u&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd OD;wnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf?
zGH@òzd;r_ESifh 'Drkdua&pD
vGefcJhaom ESpfig;q,favmufu vlr_ynm&Sif rmwifvpfyfquf axmufjycJh

onfrSm csrf;omaomEkdifiHawGu qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;xuf 'Drkdua&pD ykdjzpfzG,f
&Sdonfqkdaomtcsuf jzpfonf? ol@tqkdrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jiif;ckef=u&onfhwkdif
cyf r qd w f 0ef c H & rnf h om"ursm; &S d a eonf ? pD ; yG m ;a&;zG H @ òzd ; r_ u 'D r k d u a&pD u k d
OD;wnfaponfhjzpf&yfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
pufr_acwftapmykdif;umvwGif tm%m&SifEkdifiHtcsKdŒrSm 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;
uJhodk@yif wkd;wufr_E_ef;jrifhcJhonf? okd@aomf pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ trSefwu,fusdef;aor_
tqifha&mufaev#if/ 'Drkdua&pDu &Sifoefckdif+rJrSmjzpf+yD;/ tm%m&Sifpepfajrmif;xJodk@
xkd;pkdufrnf r[kwfay?
xkda=umifhyif 1990 umv 'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;cJhonfh wkdif;jynftrsm;pkrSm
0ifaiGtv,ftvwf wkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfaeonf? 0ifaiGjrifh wkdif;jynfrsm;uawmh 'Drkd
ua&pD&&Sd cHpm; pHpm;ae=u+yD; jzpfonf? 0ifaiGedrfh wkdif;jynfrsm;rSmawmh tm%m&Sifu
t+rD;qGJxm;vkd@ ¶kef;xGufae&wkef;yif?
39
ppfwrf;rsm;t& aumufcsufqGJEkdifonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vlr_ taqmuf
ttkHqkdif&mtajymif;tvJ structural changes ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tajymif;tvJukd
o,fvm+yD; 'Drkdua&pDukd OD;wnfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[kqkdonf? vlr_taqmufttkH
tajymif;tvJrSm t"du todynmu¾ knowledge sector jrifhrm;vmjcif;yif?
,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtajymif;tvJwGif txl;ojzifh rdrdqENtjrif azmfxkwfr_wefzkd;rsm;u
tc&musonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;ajymif;vJrt _ ay: ppfyrJG sm;/ pD;yGm;a&;uyf/ tifpwDusK;&Si;f u¾/
acgi;f aqmifyidk ;f wk@d u =oZmv$r;f rk;d wwfonf? ok@d aomf taqmufttkyH idk ;f ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
tajymif;tvJu 'Drkdua&pD ay:xGef;&Sifoefa&;wGif t"dutusqkH; zufwmrsm; jzpfae
onf?
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u ynma&;tqifhjrifhrm;r_ESifh vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_
vkdtyfonfh tvkyftukdiftiftm;pkrsm; o,fvmrnf? todynm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
ay:xGef;vmv#if vlxku rdrdukd,fykdif }uHqwDwGifEkdifrnfh tvkyftukdifrsm;ESifh tom;
usvm+yD; txufatmuf wif;=uyfonfh tkyfcsKyfykHpepfrsm;ukd ar;cGef;xkwfvm=urnf?
xdxda&mufa&muf 'Drkdua&pD
1985 ESifh 1995 ckESpft=um; jzpfay:cJhonfh 'Drkdua&pDaygufuGJr_twGif;/

'Drkdua&pDa¶G;aumufyGJrsm; urBmtESH@zuf&Sif jzpfcJhonf? ppfat;acwftqkH;owfr_u
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd vrf;zGifhay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? tpOD;ykdif;wGif vGwfvyfr#w
onfh a¶G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f yjcif;rSm 'Dru dk a&pDyq
J o
dk nfth jrif tpk;d &wkid ;f rSm &Scd =hJ uonf?
okd@aomf r=umrDyif 'Drkdua&pDopftrsm;pkrSm t*wdjcpm;r_ xkESifhxnfESifh
óuHawG@=u&onf? 'Drkdua&pDukd tvkyfjzpf xda&mufaprnfh Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; rule of law
usio hf ;Hk r_ c|wòf cHusc=hJ uonf? 'DvEdk iS hf ,ae@tcg ‘a¶G;aumufyJG 'Drudk a&pD’ ‘ujym;rsK;d pyf
'Drkdua&pD’/ ‘tm%m&Sif'Drkdua&pD’/ ‘nmwmygaw; 'Drkdua&pD’/ ‘tEkwfpkwf*kwfpkwf
'Drkdua&pD’ rsKd;awG aygufvGwfyJpm;qefpGm ay:xGufvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh xda&muf
tusKd;&Sdrnfh 'Drkdua&pDESifh a0avav'Drkdua&pDt=um; cGJjcm;zkd@vkdygrnf?
'Drkdua&pD. wu,fhtESpfom&rSm omrefEkdifiHom;rsm;ukd tiftm;yg0g&Sdapzkd@
jzpfonf? xda&mufaom 'Drkdua&pDrSm a¶G;aumufyJGqkdif&mudpPxuf ausmfvGefpOf;pm;
&rnfh E_e;f pHawG&adS eonf? a¶G;aumufyJG 'Dru dk a&pDudk ae&mwumrSm vkycf siv f yk Ef idk rf nf?
okd@aomf a&ay:qDvlpku tm%mukd jynfol@vufxJ wu,fv$Jray;v#if a¶G;aumufyGJ
'Drkdua&pD wm&SnfrcH? yvkHoGm;OD;rnf?
xda&mufpGrf;aqmif&nfjrifhonfh 'Drkdua&pDwGif pD;yGm;a&;t&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh
40
vlxk. us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ukd usm;uefay;Ekdifrnfh t&HtaqmufttkH
zGH@òzd;&ef vkdygrnf? xkd@a=umifhyif rdrdtjrifqENxkwfazmfr_ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wefzkd;rsm;
onf EkdifiHa&;tifpwDusK;&Sif;wkd@ESifh trsm;}uD;ywfoufqufEG,faeygonf?
wnf+idrfaom 'Drkdua&pDrsm;Y rdrdtjrifqENxkwfazmfr_ tm;aumif;jcif;ukd jy
onf? okd@aomf vufwiftar&duwkdif;jynftrsm;pkrSm 'Drkdua&pD pGrf;aqmif&nfnhHol
rsm; jzpfae=uonf? ta=umif;rSm vlxktjrifqENtm;aumif;+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
ykHrSef&Sdaomfvnf;/ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_u pkwfjywfaeI jzpfonf?
tD&efEkdifiHonfvnf; pGrf;aqmif&nfnHhEkdifiHyif? oDtkdca&pDac: bmoma&;
tpkd;&u vlxkqEN&Sdonfxuf 'Drkdua&pDukd trsm;}uD; ESdrfhcsxm;onf? tD&efjynfol
rsm;. vkdvm;axmufcHr_ tm;aumif;aomfvnf; vl@rvkdifEkdifiHa&;ykHpHtqifhrSmyif
aomifwifaeonf?
tD&efeJ@ajymif;jyef qkdufy&yfpf/ tufpwkd;eD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ ykdvef/ vwfAD;
,m;ESifhvpfola&;eD;,m;wkd@wGifrl jynfol@qENxufyif 'Drkdua&pDa&csdefjrifhEkdifiHrsm;
jzpfvm=uonf? Oa&my,leD,HtzGJ@0ifukd,fpDjzpfvmjcif;u 'Drkdua&pD vrf;a=umif;rSef
a&mufatmif trsm;}uD; taxmuftul&cJhonf[k qkd&rnf?
rdrtd jrif xkwaf zmfrt _ m;aumif;jcif;u 'Dru dk a&pDudk OD;wnfaponf[k jzpf&yf
om"uawGu !$efjyonf? 1990 ckESpfwGif tm%m&SifEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonfh ta¶S@*smr%D
ESifh csufukdpvkdAmuD;,m;wkd@Y vlxk. azmfxkwfajymqkdr_wefzkd;tqifh jrifhvm=uonf?
t"du tajymif;tvJjzpfaponfhzufwmrSm EkdifiHa&;pepfr[kwfay? xdkESpfEkdifiHonf
uGefjrLepfurBmY pD;yGm;a&;jrifhrm;onfh EkdifiHrsm;jzpf=u+yD; ynma&;tqifhjrifhr_ESifh
zlvHka&;pepf wkd;wufxda&mufjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
rdrdtjrifazmfxkwfcGifh wpwptm;aumif;vmv#if tm%m&Sifpepf. w&m;
0ifr_ legitimacy ukd wku d pf m;òzdzsuyf pfEidk o
f nf? tm%m&Sit
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k ufu ppfwyf/ vkx
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&Jwkd@jzifh 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;olrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf; todynmu¾ESifh enf;
ynmzGH@òzd;r_ukd ydwfqkd@xm;&ef a&&SnfwGif tcuftcJ óuHawG@=u&rnfom jzpfonf?
armf'ef r[mAsL[m
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;topfY us,fjyef@onfh EkdifiHwumqufqHa&; teufrsm;

ygvmonf? yxrqkH; tqifhjrifh'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHtcsif;csif; tb,fa=umifh ppfyGJrsm;
rjzpfEkdifonfudk &Sif;jyonf? xdkudpPukd t'rfprpfwdk@/ tifrmEl&,fuef@wkd@u pwif
ajymjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; r=umcifu ðyvkyfxm;onfh okawoetcsuftvufrsm;u
vwfvwfqwfqwf axmufcHaejyefonf?
41
vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDrSm q,fhukd;&mpktapmykdif; pay:uwnf;u tjcm;t,l
0g'rsm;ESifh ppfyGJrsm; w&pyfwkdufckdufcJhjcif;rsm; &Sdonf? okd@aomf vpfb&,ftcsif;csif;
rnfonfhtcgwGifrS ppfrcif;cJhay? 'Drkdua&pD ysHŒESHr_rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;ysHESHr_yif? xkdodk@aom
'Drkdua&wpf+idrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfrSm armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u o,fvmonfh ,Ofaus;r_
tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh[k qkd&ygrnf?
orkid ;f tapmykid ;f umvrsm;wGif 'Dru dk a&pDtcsi;f csi;f ppfjzpfcjhJ cif;rsm; &Syd gonf?
okd@aomf u|efpepfzsufodrf;r_/ rJay;EkdifcGifhus,fjyef@vmr_/ usm; r wef;wltcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfh 'Drkdua&pDpHE_ef;rsm; yDjyifqifhuJ wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr# tcsif;csif;
ppfrcif;&aumif;rSef; odvm=uonf? ppfukd vufcHEkdifr_enf;vm+yD;/ vlxku ay:vpDrsm;
tay: =oZmv$r;f rk;d Ekid v f monf? od@k EiS hf armf'efv@l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;Y ,Ofaus;r_ tajymif;
tvJrsm; jrifhwwfvmonf?
ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsufrsm;t& 0ifaiGjrifh wkdif;jynfrsm;rS vlxkrSm 0ifaiGedrfh
wkdif;jynfrsm;rS vlxkxuf jyifya=umufa&m*g Xenophobia pGJuyfr_ enf;onf?
0ifaiGjrifholrsm;u ‚if;wdk@wkdif;jynf ppfrufðyrSmukd rvkdvm;ay? 0ifaiGedrfholrsm;rSm
xpfueJ&Sd ppfwkduf&ef toifhjzpfaewwfonf?
xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;+yD; 'Drkdua&pDrsm;onf EkdifiHtcsif;csif;qufqHa&;wGif
+idrf;csrf;pGmðyr_ykHu qif;&Jonfhwkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh trsm;}uD;uGmjcm;vmonf? zGH@òzd;+yD;
'Drkdua&pDrsm;Y jynfwGif;ppf trsm;}uD; avsmhyg;oGm;+yD;/ trGJwkdif;jynfrsm;wGifrl
wdkufcdkufae=uqJyif?
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;oDtkd&Dopfu tar&duefEkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g' trSm;uae
oifcef;pm,lonf? 'Drkdua&pDukd ae&mwkdif;wGif tvG,fwul xlaxmifI r&Ekdifonfudk
odvmonf? 'Drkdua&pDu vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcif;tusif; aocsmr_atmufYom
pnfyifEkdifa=umif; owdrlrdvmonf?
q'rf[lpdef zefwD;cJhI vlrsKd;pktuGJt+yJrsm;&Sdaeonfh tD&wfY 'Drkdua&pD
xlaxmifa&;rSm rvG,fula=umif; jrifvmcJh=u+yD;/ q'rf±_H;edrfh+yD;aemuf vkHòcHa&;
ukdifwG,fykHrsm;wGif r[mtrSm;awmfykHrsm;a=umifh t&Suftkd;uGJ&onf? wpfOD;ukd wpfOD;
tjyeftvSe, f =Hk unfr/_ onf;cHem;vnfrr_ sm;&Srd o S m jynfow l @kd Y vkòH cHr&_ o
dS nf[k cHpm;Ekid f
rnf? oHo,rsm;/ vufw@Hk jyefrE_ iS hf &efvrdk r_ sm;jzifh zsuq f ;D ypfcx
H m;&onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;
wGif 'Drkdua&pDtyif pkduf&ef/ &Sifoef&ef rvG,fay?
&&Sxd m;onfh a'oppfwrf;rsm;t& tD&wfY jyifyEkid if aH =umufa&m*g tjrihq f ;Hk
tqifhodk@ a&mufaeonf? jyifya=umufa&m*gtay: ppfwrf;aumufykHY EkdifiHjcm;om;
rsm;ukd rdrdtdrfeD;em;jcif;tjzpf vufcHvkdpdwf&Sdovm;[k vlxktm; ar;cGef;xkwf=unfh
onf? EkdifiH(80)cef@wGif ppfwrf;,l=unfh&m EkdifiHjcmom;rsm;ukd rdrdtdrfab;wGif rdwfaqG
42
tjzpfjrifcsifonfh &mE_ef;wufvmonf? okd@aomf tD&wf/ ygupPwefESifh ZifbmabGom;
wkd@rSm vkH;0 wl;wl;cg;cg; jzpfaeonf? wqufwnf;wGif ‚if;wkd@Y rdrdtjrifqEN xkwfazmf
ajymqkdEkdifcGifhESifh vkHòcHa&;r&Sdr_ukdvnf; ppfwrf;ujyaeonf?
pD;yGm;a&;z@GHòzd;r_rSm 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJtwGuf tajccHususarmif;ESif
rnfo h l jzpfaeonf? tar&duefrmS pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;r_ OD;aqmifay;&ef vkv d monf? usK;bm;
uJhodk@ EkdifiHukd txD;usefypfxm;rnfhtpm; 'Drkdu&ufwpftajymif;tvJrsm; o,faqmif
ay;&rnf? ydwfqkd@r_tcsKdŒ z,f&Sm;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ESifh xdawG@qufqHr_rsm; tm;aumif;
atmif xlaxmif&rnf? vlxk. rdrdtjrifqENxkwfazmfcGifhwefzkd; tm;aumif;vmjcif;u
tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;ukd csdeJ@apygonf?
avhvmoltrsm;pku w¶kwpf ;D yGm;a&;xºuGvmr_udk vef@ae=uonf? ok@d aomf
xkdodk@wkd;wufr_u a&&SnfY taygif;vuQ%maqmifygvdrfhrnf? w¶kwf. }uD;rm;onfh
Ekid if aH wmf ,E &W m;vufwaH tmufwiG f 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f toGijf yifrsm; ay:xGuaf e+yD
jzpfonf? csDvD/ ykdvef/ awmifukd&D;,m;ESifh xkdif0rfwkd@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;ouJhodk@
w¶kwfwGifvnf; xkxnfjzifh rdrdtjrifqENazmfxkwfEkdifr_ tqifhjrifhvmae+yD jzpfonf?
tD&efwGifvnf; vl@rvkdifwpfpkEkdifiHa&;jzpfaeaomfvnf; vlxk. 'Drkdu&ufwpfa&csdef
jrifhvmaeonf?
w¶kwfuGefjrLepfygwDomru/ tD&efbmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;yg ppfwyfESifh
&JvkHòcHa&;ukd xdef;csKyf+yD; 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh
ray:ayguaf tmif wm;qD;xm;onf? ok@d EiS w hf idk f vpfb&,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f wHcg;zGi&hf ef xkEiS hf
xnfESifh zdtm;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ rnfr#=um=um awmifhxm;Ekdifrnfenf;? pD;yGm;a&; ðywf
uscH+yD; vlxkaoa=upaw;&ef rnfr# &if;&Jrnfenf;?
w¶kwfESifh tD&ef. wkd;wufºuG,f0r_u tar&duef trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;
jzpfaejyefonf? armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;oDtkd&Dtvkdt& wurBmvkH;.pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ukd
tar&du u tm;ay;óudqkd&vdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ aqmifusOf;&mY tcuftcJrsm;
¹yGef;wD;aeaomfvnf; a&&Snftaygif;vuQ%m aus;Zl;ðyr_rsm; &Sdaernf?
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;u tjrifoabmxm;rwlr_tay: ykdrkdonf;cHr_/ jyify
a=umuf a&m*gavsmhusr_ESifh aemufqkH; 'Drkdu&ufwpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ay:xGuf
vmapvdrfhrnf?
odkufEdkif0if;
Ref: - Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy
- How Development Leads to Democracy (Foreign Affairs)
43
urBmudk ajymif;vJaponfh 1979 ESihf 1989

aZmfjrifah usmf
Ek d i f i H a &;a&mpG u f w J h b moma&; xºuG v mr_ t a=umif ; / uG e f j rLepf v G e f

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ta=umif;eJ@ armf'efacwfukd ckwfarmif;aewJh ‘avq,fzJ,m;’
pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;awG em;vnfcsi&f if axGvu D mvDawGe@J acgi;f ajcmufcrH aeyge@J ? urBm
wcGif +yJ+yJpifatmif ajymif;vJapcJhwJh 1979 eJ@ 1989 ckESpf&JŒ jzpf&yfawGukdyJ jyefajymif;
pOf;pm;=unfhyg?
1979 ckESpf[m EkdifiHwuma&;&mrSm xl;jcm;wJh orkdif;pmrsufESmopf zGifhvSpf
EkdifwJhESpfyg? tD&efrSm &Sm;bk&ifukdðzwfcs+yD; t,mwkdvmckdareD tm%m&vmwJhaemuf
urBmt h pPvmrfawmfveS af &;tcif;tusi;f wcGiv f ;Hk ajymif;vJapwJEh pS ?f qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D u
H
tmz*epPwef a&aoacsmif;xJ usK;ausm0f ifa&muf+yD; =urRmiifjcif;u uGejf rLepftifyg,m
aowGif;wl;zkd@ pcJhwJhESpf?
0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsmu +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpftkyfpkukd ºuGapmif;
apmif; jzpfatmif yifhay;cJhwJhESpf? rm*&ufoufcsm&JŒ =oZmu taemufEkdifiHa&;rSm
tajymif;tvJawGjzpfap±kHr#ru/ aemufquf aps;uGuf*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd ykHaz:
ay;EkdifcJhygw,f?
ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efaygvf(2)&JŒ 1979 ckESpf aEG&moD ykdveftdrftjyef
omoemðyc&D;u ta&SŒOa&myeJ@ A[kdOa&myrSm 1989 txd qufwkdufqkdovkd
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDtul;tajymif;awG ay:xGufapcJhw,f? 1979
rSmyJ wdef@a&Smifyif;u uGefjrLepfw±kwfjynf urBmhaps;uGufxJ0ifzkd@ yxrqkH; ajcvSrf;awG
pvSrf;cJhwJh ESpfjzpfygw,f?
44
a,bl,stjrifrmS awmh oufcsm[m t,mwkv d m/ wde@f w@dk e@J rywfoufovkd
ykyfeJ@vnf; qufEG,fr_udpP r&SdwJhykHyg? Ekd@ayr,fh olwkd@OD;aqmifwJh rwluGJjym;wJh vlxk
toD;oD;ukd csdwfqufvrf;opfxGifay;&mrSm wlnDcJh=uw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;
EkdifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u v$rf;rkd;xm;wJh ±kyf0g'qefwJh wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfukd ukd,fhenf;
ukd,fh[efeJ@ arSmufvSefypfzkd@ pwifcJh=uw,f?
ppfat;acwfrSm óuHawG@&wJh pD;yGm;a&;xkdif;r_dif;r_/ AsK±kdua&pD,E W,m;
atmufrSm rGef;usyfr_/ A[kdOD;pD;pepfeJ@ tpkd;&&JŒ vufwHcsJŒum;vGef;r_wkd@atmufuae
±kef;xGuf+yD; ‘orkdif;ed*kH;’ yef;wkdifqD vlom;awGcsDwufzkd@ oufcsmwkd@wawGu t±Sdefjr‡ifh
ay;cJhw,f? 1979 ckESpf tajymif;tvJjzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGay:atmif
aphaqmf+yD;/ qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepf/ armf0g'/ qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vuf,mtm%m&Sifpepf
awGukd qef@usifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f?
1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGu ppfat;acwfrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJepf0if
aewJh ‘bkH0g'/ vlwef;pm;nDr#a&;/ qkd&S,fvpfrkcsatmifjrifa&;’ tdyfrufpdwful;awGukd
wkdufckdufypfygw,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@ pum;vkH;awGukd urBmhjynfolawG wef;wef;pGJ jzpfae
&wmvnf; yxrurBmppft+yD; Oa&mytifyg,mòydvJr_/ ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;/ 1929 r[m
pD;yGm;a&;uyfe@J 'kw, d urBmppfatmifyw JG @dk uae arG;xkwvf udk w
f hJ tjrifawGr@dk ygy?J aemuf
ukdvkdeDpepfysufokOf;r_eJ@ urBmtESH@ rwfpf0g'D tpkd;&rsm; jyef@ESH@r_u 'DtjrifawGukd xyf+yD;
avmifyifh csJŒum;ay;ygw,f?
okd@aomf 1970jynfhvGefESpfrsm;a&mufawmh vlxkawGu [ef"gwfckwf avvkH;
xGm;wJh tjrift,ltqawGukd pdwfukefae+yD? ESvkH;om;rJh wzufaygufwapmufuef;
tkyfpkawG&JŒ ukd,fhwkdif;jynfxJ tHacsmfwJht,ltq ±kdufoGif;r_ukd atmfa=umvefae+yD?
±kd;&m,Ofaus;r_wefzkd;/ ,kH=unfukd;uG,fr_eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawG zsufqD;+yD; ±kyf0g'oufouf
awG twif;rsKdcsckdif;r_ukd jyefaxG;tHvm=u+yD?
'Dvedk @J 1979 ckEpS f wefjyefawmfveS af &;awG&ŒJ &vm'fa=umifh wvGq J yH ifaumif;
“,lwkdyD,m;’ pdwful;awGukd acgufxm;+yD;/ vufawG@usr_eJ@ ±kd;&mwefzkd;awGukd aygif;pyf
zGifhqkd&if; 'Duae@urBmrSm aexkdifvm=uygw,f?
vG,fvG,fav;awmhr[kwf
1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;rsm;&JŒ atmifjrifr_u ae@csif;ncsif; bGm;bGm;}uD;

ay:xGuv f mrsK;d r[kwyf g? vrf;opfudk OD;aqmifazguo
f rl sm;tzk@d tqJc&H csuu
f renf;yg?
&Sm;bk&if&JŒvlawGu ckdareDukd acwfaemufjyefqGJ bmoma&;orm;}uD;vkd@ pGyfpGJygw,f?
45
wdef@&JŒ&efolawmf vuf0JpGef;awGu ol@ukd t&if;&Sifv_dif;pD;olvkd@ wHqdyfuyfygw,f?

qkdAD,ufwkd@u olwkd@ukd jyefcswJh tmz*efrl*sma['ifawGukd t±kd;&ifhya'o&mZf}uD;awG
vkd@ acgif;pOfwyfygw,f? ykyf&rif;}uD;uawmh ukdvkdeDvufopf}uD; jzpf&jyefygw,f?
rm*&ufoufcsmukdawmh ol@twkduftcHawGu azgufjyefol/ +Adwdefukd zsufqD;r,fholvkd@
rausrcsrf; jzpfae=uw,f?
1979 Zefe0g&D (1)&uf urBm}uD;taetxm;uvnf; 'Dv&dk ydS gw,f? qkAd , D uf
rwfpf0g'u tuJqwfayr,fh t&m&mukd atmifyGJqifEkdifawmhr,fh[ef? pDtkdifat
okH;oyfcsufu armfpukdtpkd;&ukd pD;yGm;a&;a&m ppfa&;yg plygyg0gwpfckvkd ,lqxm;wm
a=umifh/ tar&dueforw *sifrDumwm&JŒ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;tzGJ@u zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHawGqD
qkdAD,ufusL;ausmfrSmukd pkd;&drfylyefae&wJhtcsdef/ tar&duefwkd@&JŒ 'kdrDEkdoDtkd&Du
AD,uferfuae eDum&m*Ggtxd ratmifjrifwJhtcsdef?
wu,fvkd@rsm; tJh'DtcsdefrSm wpfOD;OD;u ykdvefu ykyfeJ@ tmz*efolykefawG
a=umifh a&SŒvmr,fEh pS af wGrmS qkAd ,
D uf}uD; urBmZh mwfcaHk y:uae ðydqif;oGm;&vdrrhf ,fv@dk
ajym&if/ 0kdif;t[m;cH&rSm taotcsmyg?
'geJ@ ajymif;jyef tJ'Dhumv w±kwfuGefjrLepfAm;&Sif;ukdawmh csdeJ@eJ@ jzLzwf
jzLa&mfrkd@ urBmhplygjzpfvmr,fvkd@ b,folrS wpfray;yg? armf0g'Drsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_
awmfvSefa&; vqkwf&ufawGjzpfae+yD; w±kwfvlxkcrsm y&da'0rD;avmifòrduf cHpm;
ae&csdefrkd@ygyJ? 1978 'DZifbmrSm wdef@a&Smifyif;u tajymif;tvJvkyfzkd@ tpkd;&ay:vpD
taeeJ@ ‘vufawG@uswJh tcsuftvufawGxJuae trSefw&m;&Sm=u’ vkd@ a=unm
vkdufygw,f?
'Dvkda=unmayr,fhvnf; t&ifu b,fuGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfrS ukd,fhbmom
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf&if; atmifjrifzl;wmr&Sdvkd@ txifr}uD;=uyg? Oyrm- 1950 jynfhESpf
awGrSm qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif c±l;acsmhAf&JŒ pwmvif=oZmòzdcs ajymif;vJr_awGvkyfayr,fh
&vm'fqkd;awGeJ@ olyJ yufvufvefoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ armf=oZmukdòzdr,fh wdef@ukd
odyfxifrxm;=uyg?
wu,f=uawmh wdef@u c±l;acsmhAfeJ@ uGmjcm;ygw,f? armfpDwkef; avmif;&dyf
uae owd&Sd&Sd yg;yg;eyfeyf ±kef;xGufcJhygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifykdif;
uae ESpf}udrftxkwfcH&ayr,fh 1977 rSm ZmwfckHay: taotcsm jyefwufvmEkdifol?
armfuG,fvGef+yD;csdefeJ@ av;OD;*kd%f; tzrf;cH&+yD;csdefrSmvnf;/ armfukd t&rf;uma&m
odumQ csypfwmrsK;d rvkyb f J vufawG@uswhJ jy\emcsO;f uyfre_ @J pwifcw hJ ,f? urf;±k;d wef;
awGrSm txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkHawGzGifh&if; tar&dueJ@ w&m;0ifoHwrefqufqHa&;ukd 1979
rSmyJ pwifcJhygw,f?
46
oufcsm/ a&*iftaemufwcGif
tJ'Dhtcsdef taemufu wkdif;jynfawGrSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpft&dyfxkd;aewmygyJ?

t&if;aps;uGufppfppfukd vufa&Smifxm;+yD; tpkd;&u¾ vufwHajcwHu wjznf;jznf;
csŒJ &if; yk*v
~ u d ykid q
f idk cf iG ahf wG usK@H aew,f? 1945 ckEpS f +Adwed af vbmygwu D pcJw h hJ qk&d ,
S f
'Drkdu&ufvrf;a=umif;eJ@ Oa&mywcGifvkH; 0JvfzJ,m;awG tav;uJaew,f? usef;rma&;
apmihfa&Smufr_/ yifpifpm;axmufyHhr_/ or0g,r/ EkdifiHykdifpuf±kH pwmawGeJ@ EkdifiHawmfu
vlxkukd zGm;zGm;}uD;ozG,f apmifha&SmufwJh nanny state rsKd;awG jzpfaew,f?
1979 a±G;aumufyGJuaep+yD; rm*&ufoufcsmu 'gawGtukefvkH; ajymif;jyef
vSefypfw,f? ppf+yD;acwf ESpfaygif;(30) tom;usaewJh +Adwdo#EkdifiHa&;ukd oufcsmu
Am;&Si;f topf csed ;f ypfw,f? ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f tcGeaf wGav#mch s+yD; Ekid if yH idk v
f yk if ef;awG
yk*~vduvufxJ pa&mif;w,f? wdef@a&Smifyif;ukd jrifovkdyJ oufcsmukdvnf; t}uD;
tus,f ajymif;vJEdkifr,fh olvkd@ xifrxm;=u?
oufcsmu +Adwdeftzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;awGru pdwf"gwfawGyg topfjr‡ifhwifzkd@
vkdtyfae+yDqkd+yD; aqmf=ovkyfaqmifygw,f? oufcsm&JŒ aoG;opfavmif;r_u 1979
tar&duefa±G;aumufyGJqD ul;pufoGm;+yD; a&mfe,fa&mifu *sifrDumwmukd tEkdif,l
vkdufEkdifygw,f? a&*ifu 1980 rSmyJ tajymif;tvJawG pcsDygw,f?
tar&du[m +Adwdef&JŒ qkd&S,fvpfeJ@ t&if;&Sifa&mpyfwJh pD;yGm;a&; (mixed
economy) ykHpHrsKd; b,fwkef;urS r[kwfayr,fhvnf;/ 1979 rwkdifrD tar&du[m
'Duae@vkd jyif;&S&S *vkdb,ft&if;&SifrsKd; r[kwfao;yg? yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifh ray;ao;wJh
EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;tcsKdŒ &Sdaeygao;w,f? EkdifiHa&;&yf0ef;rSm qkd&S,f,drf;olawGu 'keJ@a';?
1929 urBmph ;D yGm;a&;ukd u,fr ay;wJh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Si+f yD; *|eaf reyfued ;f &JŒ tpk;d &0ifuidk f
ay;a&; rufc±kd=oZmuvnf; rao;?
ol@wynfh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif *|efuufeufof*Jvfba&of (John Kenneth
Galbraith) &JŒ taemufu aumfykda&;&Sif;awGeJ@ qkdAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfpepf[m tem*wf
wcsdefcsdef aygif;qkHpnf;oGm;r,fqkdwJh pdwful;awGuvnf; v$rf;aewkef;? 'geJ@ aumif;bGKdif
rif;om;a&*if wufvmjcif;u *vkb d ,fvudk af Z;&Si;f vrf;a=umif;ukd pwnfay;vku d w f ,f
qkd&ygr,f?
47
ckdareDeJ@ ykyf
tD&efu t,mwkdvmckdareDuawmh wrsKd;womom? ckdareDu urBmhrlqvif

awmfvSefa&;ukd wif;rmwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ ykHazmfaeol? 1979 rwkdifrD q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm
ta&SŒtv,fykdif;EkdifiHa&;rSmu tm&yf}uD;pkd;a&;0g'/ qkd&S,fvpf,drf; bwfof0g'
(Baathism)/ rwfpf0g' pwJh avmuDoufouf tkdif'D,mawG acgif;axmifaeygw,f?
rsKd;aphcsp tpPvmrf0g'DawGtzkd@ tJ'Dht,l0g'awGukd trsm;}uD;avhvm+yD;wJhaemuf
tm;r&=ubl;? txl;ojzifh tpPa&;eJ@ taemufukdvkdeDvufopf0g'&JŒ pdefac:r_ukd
'Dt,ltqawGeJ@ vkH;0 rausmfEkdifrSef; oabmaygufvmcJh=uw,f?
okd@ayr,fh aemufykdif;jzpfxGef;vmr,fh tpPvmrfawmfvSefa&;awGu rwfpf/
vDeif/ armfwkd@&JŒ t,ltqawGuae oaE<wnfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rwfpf0g' tm;aumif;
pOftcgu ynm&SiftcsKdŒ/ acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒ[m rdrdbmoma&;eJ@ rwfpf0g'ukd wef;!‡d
azgufxGufzkd@ óud;pm;wmawG&Sdw,f? tD&efrSmvnf; ynmwwf tvD&S&uDqkd&if vuf0J
tkdif'D,mawGeJ@ tpPvmrftajccH0g'ukd a&morar$+yD; wrefawmf rkd[mruftvkdus
vlr_nDr#a&;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sda&;awGqD jyefoGm;zkd@ aqmf=ocJhygao;w,f?
'DvkdeJ@ 1979 rSm tar&duefukdifxm;wJh ‘&Sm;’ ukd ðzwfcs+yD;wJhaemuf
t,mwkdvm ckdareD tm%m&vmawmh taemufu rsufvkH;jyL;ukefw,f? ckdareD[m
vuf0J,drf; trsKd;om;a&;wyfOD;tzGJ@eJ@ eD;pyfolrkd@yg? okd@aomf ckdareDu tpPvmrfurBmh&JŒ
*E<D}uD;jzpfcsifol/ bmoma&;,kH=unfcsufeJ@ urBm}uD;ukd ajymif;ypfcsifol? ckdareD&JŒ
tpPvmrf oDtkdca&pDu rlqvifurBmrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufaewJh acwfopf
trsK;d om;Ekid if w
H pfck vrf;a=umif;ukd jycJw
h ,fv@dk qk=d uygw,f? 'Dvrf;a=umif;ukd tD&efu
1979 rSm pwifcJhwmvkd@ qkd&r,f?
ckdareDtm%m&wJh 1979 rSmyJ tjcm;tpPvmrfwkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
tv_yft,rf;awG jzpfukef+yD? aqmf'Dtma&AD,rSm w,loeftpPvmrf vufeufukdif
tkyfpku rufumu AvD}uD;ukd ESpfywfavmuf 0ifodrf;xm;vkd@ aoG;xGufoH,kdr_awG
jzpfcJhw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmvnf; rlqvifvli,ftkyfpkawGu tar&duefukd qJa&;
wkdif;xGm&if; vrf;ay:xGufukefw,f? vpfAsm;rSm tar&duefoH±kH; jymjzpfwJhtxd rD;±_dŒ/
ygupPwef tpPvrfrmbwfòrdŒrSmvnf oH±kH;0ifwkdufvkd@ tar&duefESpfa,muf aooGm;
w,f? tmz*efu vli,fawGuawmh qkdAD,ufwyfeD&JŒ usK;ausmfr_ukd jyefwkduf&if;
‘*vkdb,f *sD[wf’ bmoma&;ppfyGJukd aºuG;a=umfvm=uygw,f?
aumif;+yD? ykyfuaum? ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; tajcpkduf&m a&mr AmwDuef
ausmif;awmfukd EkdifiHa&;zufwmwpfcktjzpf vufrcHEkdifbl;vkd@ qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif
48
*sKd;Zufpwmvifu ajymygw,f? wcgu pwmvifu ykyfukd avSmifajymifzl;w,f?
“ykyfvm;/ ol@rSm wyfawG b,favmuf&Sdvkd@vJ”?
1979 aEG&moDrSm *|efaygvf(2) ykdvefukd orkdif;0ifc&D;pwifawmh 'g[m ykdvef
ukd ajymif;vJapr,fh ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ (Solidarity) ay:xGufvmr,fvkd@
b,folrS wGufq rxm;yg? ta&SŒeJ@ A[kdOa&mywcGifrSm t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG
jyefvnfE;dk xvmr,f/ aemufq;Hk uGejf rLepftifyg,musq;Hk r_udk OD;wnfapr,fv h @dk b,fol
rS rrSef;qcJh=uyg?
orkdif;ynm&Sif wifrkdoD*gweftuf&Sfu “ykyf rygbJ 1980 ykdvefaoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;rjzpf/ ykdvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; rygbJ a*:bmacsmhAf
vufatmuf qkAd , D uf&ŒJ ta&SŒOa&myay:vpD xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rajymif;vJ/ tJ'hD tajymif;
tvJawGrjzpfbJ 1989 uwWDygawmfvSefa&;awG qufwkdufrjzpf” vkd@ qkdygw,f?
qkdAD,ufukd tmcHwJh ykyf*|efaygvf&JŒ bmoma&;E_d;qGr_ t"duaomhcsufu
‘t=urf;rzufa&;’yg? 1979 ckEpS f ZGev f ol&ŒJ ykvd efu;dk &uf tvnftywfc&D;twGi;f rSm/
ykdvefvlxk(13)oef;u vrf;rawGay:xGuf+yD; ol@ukdóudqkd=uw,f? 'g[m uufovpf
ausmif;awGukd t+rJ'kuQay;aewJh qkdAD,ufukd wkduf±kduftmcHr_ygyJ?
qk&d &if- 1979 ckEpS f jzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfveS af &;&JŒ ta&;ygyu Hk dk ajymae
ygw,f? &Sm;/ armf/ qkAd , D ufe@J taemufw@dk rS uk,
d ef nf;uk,d [f efe@J trSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f
awmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfzGifhaer_ukd/ ckdareD/ wdef@/ oufcsmeJ@ ykyfwkd@u
urBmv h rf;a=umif;ukd jyefwnfah y;w,f? wefjyefawmfveS af &;tkypf [ k m a&S;±k;d vrf;a=umif;
jyefajymwJh uGefqmaA;wpfawG jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f?
okd@aomf 1979 ckESpf&JŒ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tarGuae oifcef;pmay;wmu
‘vlxk[m t+rJwrf;tem*wfukd ar#mfvifhxm;w,f/ obm0ukd ausmfvGefzsufqD;wm/
±kd;&mtpOftvmwefzkd;awGukd zsufqD;+yD; tarSmifxJoGif;wm/ ±kyf=urf;ZmwfoGif;wm
rsK;d ukd onf;rcHEidk b
f ;l ’ qkw
d mygy?J ,ae@armf'efacwf[m 1979 wefjyefawmfveS af &;uae
oifcef;pm,lp&m trsm;}uD;&Sdygao;w,f?
1989
1989 ckESpf ZGefv (3)&uf paeae@ ae@vnfcif;? tD&efacgif;aqmif}uD;

t,mwkv d mckad reD&ŒJ use;f rma&;tajctaeu r[efawmhyg? noef;acgi;f ,HrmS wD[&D ef
a&'D,kdu touf(86)ESpf&Sd ckdareD uG,fvGefa=umif; a=unmygw,f?
49
wD[D&efòrdŒpHawmfcsdefu òrdŒawmfayusif;xuf (3)em&DcGJ aemufusygw,f?

tD&efu vltkyf}uD;awG acgif;aqmif}uD; ckdareDtwGuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;r_jyzkd@ vrf;ay:
xGufvmwJhtcsdefrSmu w±kwfEkdifiHayusif;òrdŒ&JŒ we*FaEGae@ eHeufcif;rSm tm;vkH;
ajcmufjcm;aecsdefyg? w±kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfu wD,efrif&ifjyifay:u qENjy
ausmif;om;awGukd aoG;acsmif;pD; &Sif;vif;aecsdefyg?
wD[&D efe@J ayusi;f rSm aomurD; avmifòrduaf ewJah e@rmS yJ/ ykvd efrmS u ar#mv
f ifh
csufa&mifjcnf poef;wJhae jzpfygw,f? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ tvkyform;tzGJ@/
t&yfbuftzGJ@tpnf;awG pkaygif;xm;wJh twkduftcHawGu tm%m& ykdvefuGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@ pm;yGJ0kdif; pwifaqG;aEG;wJhae@?
qkdAD,ufwyfawGu 1956 rSm [efa*&D/ 1968 rSm csufukdqvkdAmuD;wkd@ukd
0ifa&muf+yD; uGefjrLepfqef@usifwJh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGukd 0ifa&mufusK;ausmf acsr_ef;yg
w,f? okd@aomf 1989 rSm ta&SŒOa&myavxku ajymif;vJoGm;+yD? qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif
a*:bmacsmhAfukd,fwkdifu ygwD&JŒ p±kdufa[mif;awG pGef@ypf+yD; zuf&SiftopfvJ0wfaecsdef?
'ga=umifhrkd@ ykdvefvlxk&JŒ vef;qef;Ekd;ºuGr_tay: qkdAD,ufwkd@ toJrrmEkdifawmhbJ
vufykduf=unfhae&ygw,f?
ZGef(4)&ufae@ ykdvefa±G;aumufyGJusif;yvkd@ rJa&wGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;tzGJ@atmifEkdif+yD; ygvDrefrSm ae&mtrsm;pk &cJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;uwnf;u
uGJjym;+yD; trm±GwfxifaewJh Oa&myukd tqkH;owfzkd@ pwifyg+yD? oHuefvef@um&JŒ oHr_d
awGukd pwifE_wf=uyg+yD? tajymif;tvJjzpf&yfawGu uGefjrLepfòydus±kHr# r[kwfbJ
EkdifiHwumpepf}uD;wckvkH;ukd aemufykdif;tESpf(20)vkH; oGufoGufcg,rf;apcJhygw,f?
rmvfwDaumfykda&;&Sif;awG/ enf;ynmqef;opfr_awG/ ,kH=unfcsuftopfawG ay:xGef;
vmzkd@ wmplay;vkdufygw,f?
tar&dueftpkd;& ay:vpDXmeu ynm&Sif z&efppfzlul;,m;rm;u National
Interest r*~Zif;rSm ‘orkdif;ed*kH;’ tufaq; a&;ygw,f? “u|Ekfyfwkd@jrifawG@ae&wm
ppfat;acwftqkH;owf±kHr# r[kwfbl;? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;acwforkdif;umv +yD;qkH;±kHr#
ruao;bl;? orkdif;wpfckvkH; tqkH;owfoGm;wmyg? vlom;xk&JŒ tkdif'Dtkdavmf*sD tDaAmf
vl;&Sif; tqkH;rSwfyGKdifhukd a&mufoGm;wm? taemufvpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDu vlom;xk&JŒ
aemufqkH;tpkd;&ykHpHukd a&mufvmwm’vkd@ a&;cJhygw,f? aemufESpftenf;i,frSm ol@
pmtkyf xGufvmygw,f?
1989 rSm urBmu h eG jf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGu olw@dk a±$a&mifae@&ufawG ukeq f ;Hk
awmhr,fqkdwm odae=u+yD? pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJ@ taemufukd ajrjrLyfypfr,fh aºuG;
a=umfoaH wG avxJ vGiahf ysmufomG ;+yD? tar&duef/ taemufOa&myeJ@ *syefw@dk &ŒJ owif;
50
enf ; ynmawmf v S e f a &;u qef ; opf w D x G i f r _ r sKd ; pk H e J @ rk d ; ay:wuf a ecsd e f taemuf
bpfZpfeufpfvkyfief;awGu ta&SŒukd tkyfpD;zkd@ jyifqifaecsdefrSmyJ? qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif
a*:bmacsmhAfeJ@ tvufZef'g; ,mwkdvufAfwkd@u t&if;&Sifpepf tEkdif&oGm;+yDqkdwm
oabmaygufvkduf=uygw,f? tem*wWdq&mawmfzvmeJ@ zlul;,m;rm;wkd@u wwd,
v_dif;u awmif;qkdvmwJh tkdifwDzGH@òzd;r_twGuf vkHavmufwJh tajccHtaqmufttkH
(infrastructure) r&Sdvkd@ uGefjrLepfwcGifvkH; òydvJawmhr,fvkd@ edrdwfzwfaeygw,f?
EkdifiHawmfpGufzufr_ vufwHtvGef
ppfat;acwfqkd&mrSm tkdif'Dtkdavmf*sDòydifqkdifr_/ ppfa&;EkdifiHa&;òydifqkdifr_/

Ekid if }H uD;rsm;eJ@ ol@r[mrdwf Ekid if iH ,fav;awG=um;u bufa±G;r_awG &S=d uygw,f? ok@d aomf
ppfat;tqkH;owf+yD;aemuf EkdifiHvufwHawG&JŒ wkduf±kdufxdef;csKyfr_ ‘jyifyzufwm
okH;ck’u EkdifiHwumpepftay: ykHazmfvmygw,f?
yxr zufwmu ‘*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;’ac: EkdifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ bpfZpf
eufpfvkyfief;rsm; aygif;pnf;vmr_? 1989 ckESpfuwnf;u *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;[m
urBmhzGH@òzd;r_twGuf tcsuftcsmrSm &SdaecJhw,f? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;u umvwkdwkd
twGif; vlawGukd tcGifhtvrf;awGay;/ urBmhbpfZpfeufpfvkyfief;&SifawG jzpfap±kHr#ru/
r[mAsK[mtcif;tusif;opfawG o,fvmygw,f? *vkdb,f qyfyvkdif;csdef; (supply-
chains) pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm w±kwfyg0ifvm+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDukd tzwfq,fEkdifcJh
ygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGif; xdawG@qufqHr_rsm;vm+yD;/ tjyeftvSef,kH=unf
av;pm;r_twGuf ‘todynm’[m tc&mtusqkH;qkdwm jrifvm=uygw,f?
'kw, d Ekid if v
H ufwjH yifyzufwm (non-state factor) uawmh 1989 uwnf;
u urBm}uD;ukd ykHazmfaewJh ‘bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf0g'’yg? 'gu rkd;ay:uusvmwm
awmh r[kwf? 1979 ckESpf tD&efrSm ckdareDtm%m&csdefu pwif+yD;/ 1989 azazmf0g&DrSm
qkdAD,ufwyfawG tmz*efepPwefu jyefqkwfcGmr_txd yg0ifygw,f? aemufykdif; *sD[wf
ppfyGJtwGuf wGifwGifatmfvm+yD; EkdifiHwumt=urf;zuf0g'/ tpPvmrfrpfzufqpf0g'
urBmhZmwfckHay: wufvmygw,f?
wwd,zufwmuawmh rajymr+yD; urBm}uD;ukd ajymif;vJapcJhwJhenf;ynmyg?
yDpDuGefjyLwmu 1989 uwnf;u taemufu vlawGvufxJrSm a&mufae+yD;/ rkdbkdif;
zkef;u vlaer_tqifhtwef; azmfjycsufyg? uGefjyLwmyg0geJ@ tifwmeufu *vkdb,f
vkdufaZ;&Sif;&JŒ a'gufwkdifjzpfae+yD; aemufykdif;jzpfvmr,fh awmfvSefa&;rsm;twGuf
tokH;0ifqkH;vufeuf jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
51
tajymif;tvJ oifcef;pmrsm;
1979 jzpf&yfrsm;t+yD; ESpf(30)t=um/ 1989 tajymif;tvJrsm;+yD; ,ae@

ESp(f 20)t=umrSmawmh urBm}uD;u Ekid if w H umykpH oH pfudk &SmazGaeygw,f? urBmph ;D yGm;a&;
xkdif;r_dif;usqif;r_ ‘&Dquf&Sif;’a=umifh t&if;&Sifpepf&JŒ qkd;±Gm;csufawGukd a0zefae=ujyef
yg+yD? vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDeJ@ tar&duefeD,kduGefqm;aA;wpfwkd@&JŒ b0ifav[yf avmfrm
r_awGudk vuf!;d_ xk;d ae=ujyef+yD? vGwv f yfaom ukeo f ,G af &;eJ@ *vkb
d ,ft&if;&Sipf epfudk
arwWm ryGm;Ekdif=uawmhyg?
zlu,l m;rm;uk,d wf idk v
f nf; ‘vrf;qk;H vrf;cGtar&du’ pmtkyef @J pvk@d t&if;&Sif
pepf&JŒ tm;enf;csufawGtay: 0efcHcsufawG &Sdvmygw,f? tpkd;&0ifu,f r a&; rufc±kd
ay:vpD ‘udef;0g'D’ *sKd;Zufpwpfvpfwkd@u tkdiftrftufzfeJ@ t&if;&Sifpepfukd axmufjy
vmygw,f? urBmh ‘pyd’u jrefvGef;ygw,f? 1979/ 1989 awmfvSefa&;awGa=umifh
uGefjrLepfpepf òydusvkd@ 0rf;omvkH;qkd@=u±kH&Sdao; *vkdb,ft&if;&Sif bmvJ b,fvJawG
wavS}uD; wufvmjyef+yD?
a&SŒvmr,fh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGtwGu/f r=umao;wJh tESpf (20)avmufu
tcsKd;tauG@ tv_yftcwfawG jyef=unfhzkd@ vkdtyfygr,f? bmvifwHwkdif;òydusr_/ ±k&Sm;
tajymif;tvJ/ a&*ifoufcsm/ wD,efrif&ifjyif/ rif'Jvm;-'Duvyf/ urBm'D;,m;rS
AD,uferf qkwcf mG r_/ tifwmeufueG , f uf (World Wide Web)? ,ae@acwfòydiu f rBmrSm
qufvuf &Sifusef&pfzkd@u urBmhtajymif;tvJ tv_yftcwfawGukd aphikrdzkd@ vkdygr,f?
opfwpfyifeJ@ uG,fraebJ awmtkyfwpfckvkH; òcH=unfhzkd@vkdygr,f? &Snf=umwJh awmf
vSefa&;awGaemufrSm wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awG vkdufygwwfygw,f?
aZmfjrifhausmf
&nf!$ef;?
Foreign Policy (May- June 2009)

Shifting on Its Pivot by Michael Elliot
52
pDtikd af t tar$Z,m;ESihf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;armf',f

&JE,
G rf ;dk
urBmhZmwfckHrSm tif'kdeD;&Sm;&JŒ wrlxl;wJh tajymif;tvJ tcsKd;tauG@awGukd
armf',fwpfrsK;d vk@d ,lq=uygw,f? t"dutcsuu f tm%m&SiEf idk if rH sm; ajcrukid rf d vuf
rukdifrdeJ@ xGufaygufydwfvmwJhtcg tif'kdeD;&Sm;ykHpHukd avhvmovkdvkd/ twkckd;&rvkdvkd?
aemufa=umif; c%jyefvkduf=u&atmif? tif'kdeD;&Sm;ukd 'kwd,urBmppf t+yD;
upvkd@ orwqlumEkdu OD;aqmifygw,f? wkdif;jynftusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,fvGef;vkd@
qlumEkdeJ@ csrf;omwJhEkdifiH}uD;rsm; vkH;0rwnfha&;cs rwnfh? EkdifiHykdifodrf;+yD; qif;&Jom;
awGukd "ejyefcGJa0zkd@ óud;pm;wJh ‘a&mfbif[k’pwkdif qkd&S,fvpfpepf? EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;
&efykHaiGtzGJ@ tkdiftrftufzfeJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@ukd taemuftusKd;pD;yGm;vufa0cHawGvkd@
ypfypfESpfESpfpGyfpGJ jiif;y,fxm;ol?
qlumEkd[m rsKd;cspftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwpfa,mufyg? uGefjrLepfr[kwfayr,fh
wufºuGoltzGJ@0ifokH;oef;ausmf&SdwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ wGJtvkyfvkyfaeol? 'Dawmh
tar&duefeJ@ +Adwdo#tpkd;&awGu qlumEkdtkyfcsKyfa&; tqkH;owfypfzkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;yg+yD?
tajctaetcGifhtvrf; om&ifomovkd qlumEkdukd udpPwkH;atmif okwfoifypfzkd@
pDtkdifatukd txufyk*~Kdvfrsm;u !$ef=um;xm;+yDaygh?
tpOD; vky}f uHz@dk óud;pm;r_awGu tk;d eif;cGuef if; trSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f eJ@? 1965
ckESpf atmufwkdbmrSmawmh wu,fhtcGifhtvrf;u ay:vm+yD? pDtkdifatóud;ukdifxm;wJh
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ql[mwkdu tm%modrf;zkd@ pvkyf+yD; vuf0Jtkyfpkukd tjywf&Sif;ypfzkd@ 'kH;qkdif;
xGufvmygw,f? t"duuswJh vuf0Jacgif;aqmifrsm;pm&if;ukd pDtkdifatu v#KdŒ0Sufzkdif
ðypk+yD;/ ql[mwkdvufxJ tyfvkdufygw,f?
aemufyifw*Gef ppfXmecsKyfuae vkdtyfwJh vufeufeJ@ qufoG,fa&;puf
tv#Hty,f ‘atm’ ay;xm;wmrkd@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;ppfwyf[m a0;vHvGef;wJhu|ef;awG
uawmif vSrf;qufoG,fEkdifygw,f? ql[mwkdu woa0rwdrf; pDtkdifatckdif;wJhtwkdif;
‘ajzmifypfa&;pm&if;yg’ vuf0Jav;ig;axmifukd ol@ppfwyfapv$wf+yD; '&=urf; awmeif;
vkdufygw,f?
53
tar&duefoH±kH;u ql[mwkdeJ@tzGJ@&JŒ ykHrSefwkd;wufr_tpD&ifcHcsufawG &ae

ygw,f? owif;awG 0ifvm&if olwkd@vkdcsifwJh vlemrnfpm&if;ay: rSifeD=uufajccwf
vkdufa&m? tif'kdeD;&Sm;wpfEkdifiHvkH; pdwfóudufokwfoifcs,fvS,faewmrkd@ pDtkdifat
twGuf auseyfp&m}uD;aygh?
atmfya&;&SifrSmygcJholwpfa,mufjzpfwJh *smumwm&Sd tar&duefoH±kH;rS
‘a&mbwfa*srmwef’ qkdolu aemufESpfq,fhig;ESpft=umrSm *sme,fvpfwpfa,mufukd
ajymjyw,f? “ql[mwkd ppfwyfukd t}uD;tus,f ykHatmulnDay;cJhwm? olwkd@uvnf;
vltrsm;}uD; owfay;w,f? b,fol@ xyfvkdcsifao;ovJomajym? usKyfvufawGrSm
awmif aoG;awG ayusHvmovkdrsKd;yJ pm&if;awGu? pDtkdifattwGuf trSwfawGaygh?”
ajzmifypf&r,fhpm&if;twkdif;ru óuH&musyef; av#mufypfowfwmuvnf;
pDtkdifattwGuf tqpfygyJ? ql[mwkdu bmoma&;ausmif;om;awGukd tokH;cs+yD;
wm0efawG ay;vmw,f? bmoma&;ausmif;u vli,fawGudk ppfwyfu x&deef if armif;
ay;+yD; aus;±Gma'otoD;oD;u uGefjrLepfawGukd wHrsufvSnf;odrf;zkd@ !$ef=um;csufeJ@
v$wfvkdufw,f?
wkid ;f rfr*~Zif; owif;axmufwpfa,mufa&;wmu “bmoma&;ausmif;om;
awG[m taysmv f ;Hk awGe@J aemufvu dk af emufygawG pkac:=uw,f? "g;awGv, G /f ajcmufv;Hk
jyL; cg;csdwf/ ykckH;ay: wif;ykwfwif+yD; ay;tyfwJhwm0ef}uD;tay: tpGrf;ukef ausyGef=u
w,f? wpfvtwGif; oef;wpf0uf aooGm;w,f? vlwpfaxmifu vlwpfoef;ausmfukd
tcsdefwkdwkdtwGif; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf=uygw,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;uGefjrLepfawmawG
tajymif&Sif;ypf=uw,f? jrpfawGacsmif;awGrSm tavmif;awGay:avmeJ@ ydwfqkd@aevkd@
a&a=umif;c&D;oGm;vmr_awG &yfxm;&w,f”vkd@ azmfjyygw,f?
tif'kdeD;&Sm;&JŒjzpf&yfukd wpfurBmvkH;u apmifh=unfhaecsdefyg? pdwf0ifpm;p&mu
ql[mwkd&JŒ &ufpufr_wifrubl;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk bmuav®rŒ u,fvDazmeD;
,m; wuUokdvfu arG;xkwfvkdufwJh tif'kdeD;&Sm;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftkyfpk&JŒ xl;jcm;qef;
us,fwJh u¾ukdvnf; 0kdif;=unfhae=u&w,f?
ql[mwkdu vuf0JawG okwfoifz,f&Sm;&mrSm vufoHajymif xda&mufw,f?
ok@d aomf wbufrmS ukv d b H ,
D m wuUov dk q
f if; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sit
f yk pf u
k dk ae&may;vku d f
w,f ? ol w k d @ uk d Ek d i f i H w umu ‘bmuav rmzD ; ,m;’vk d @ trnf a y;xm;w,f ?
bmuavjyef vli,ftkyfpku wkdif;jynftem*wftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfopfawG
jyifqif a&;qGJygawmhw,f?
bmuavrmzD;,m;tkyfpk[m zkd'fhazgifa';&Sif;taxmuftyHheJ@ 1956 ckESpfrSm
p+yD; tar&durSm ynmEkd@pkd@cJh=uwm? olwkd@jyefa&mufawmh tif'kdeD;&Sm;wuUokdvf&JŒ
54
pD;yGm;a&;ynmXmerSm taemufwkdif;pwkdif abm*aA'ynmawG twk,l xlaxmif=u
w,f? okawoepmwrf;awGvnf; yvlysH xGufvmygw,f?
aemuf zkd'fhazgifa';&Sif;u *smumwmrSm ausmif;wpfausmif; wnfaxmifzkd@
ya&mzufqmawG apv$wfvkdufygw,f? azgifa';&Sif;&JŒ &nf±G,fcsufu qlumEkd ðywfus
oGm;+yD;aemuf tif'kdeD;&Sm;ukd OD;aqmifr,fh vli,fawGukd x&defeifay;zkd@ygyJ? qlumEkdukd
ðzwfcswkef;u yg0ifcJhwJhvli,fawGu zkd'fhazgifa';&Sif;&JŒ axmufyHhr_& ausmif;om;awG
jzpfvm+yD; ausmif;y&0%frSmvnf; acgif;aqmifawGaygh?
bmuavrmzD;,m;tkypf u k ql[mwk&d ŒJ ppfwyfe@J eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;aygi;f tvkyf
vkyf=uw,f? uGefjrLepfawG acgif;raxmifEkdifatmifeJ@ tm%modrf;tpkd;&opftwGuf
tpDtpOfopfawG a&;qGJay;ygw,f? bmuavrmzD;,m;wkd@u abm*aA'ta=umif;
euef;wpfvkH;rodwJh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ql[mwkdtay: trsm;}uD;=oZmv$rf;rkd;xm;Ekdifygw,f?
vli,fynm&Sifrsm;u abm*aA'oifcef;pmawGukd ql[mwkd tdrfrSm em;
axmifzkd@ wdwfacGeJ@ toHzrf; óud;pm;&Sif;jyay;w,f? olwkd@xJu wpfa,mufu *k%f,l
pGm eJ@ “orRwql[mwkd[m usaemfwkd@tzGJ@awGeJ@awG@&if em;axmif±kHrubl;/ rSwfpkawG
csa&;w,f? ppfwyfacgif;aqmifykdif;ukdvnf; usaemfwkd@u vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&; EkdifiHa&;
tcif;tusi;f awG &Si;f jy&w,f? a&SŒoGm;oifw h hJ vrf;a=umif;awG csjy&w,f? aemufawmh
ql[mwku d ,dk wf idk u
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k dk b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/
ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t}uHay;/ tar&duefoHtrwfpwmawG cef@xm;vkduf
ygw,f?
bmuavrmzD;,m;tkyfpku tkdif'Dtkdavmf*sDykdif;ukd t&rf;E_duf avhvmcJhol
rsm; r[kwfyg? 'ga=umifh tpGef;a&muf yÉdyuQawGeJ@ EkdifiHawmfykefuefvkdpdwfawG t±Sdef
owfEkdifcJh+yD; vufawG@tvkyfjzpfr,fh vrf;a=umif;qD av#mufEkdifcJh=uw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?
0g'a&;&mawGtwGuf tcsed u f ek cf rH aetm;? aps;uGut f &if;&Sipf epfudk olw@dk avhvmawmh
tpkd;&0ifrpGufzufa&;qkdwJh oabmw&m; olwkd@jrif=u&w,f? okd@ayr,fh tif'kdeD;&Sm;
jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&; pDrcH ef@c&JG mrSm tpk;d &u¾ ta&;}uD;w,fv@dk olw@dk ,k=H unfxm;w,f?
bmuavjyeftkyfpku EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolawGtay: tvGefoabm
oum, aumif;aewmawmh r[kwyf g? tar&dueforwepfqifajymzl;wJh “ta&SŒawmif
tm&S t}uD;rm;qkH; owWKwGif;eJ@ a&eHokduf&Sd&m tif'kdeD;&Sm;”ukd rkdif;wl;/ a&eHpkyfcsifol
awGu irf;irf;wuf?
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qkdif&mOya'awG taocsmjyXmef;+yD;rSom EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGukd
0ifcGifhðyygw,f? trsKd;om;t&if;&SifawGtwGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;ygw,f? a=u;eD/
eDu,f/ opfrm/ &mbm/ a&eHapwJh tif'edk ;D &Sm;&JŒ obm0"eawGudk urBmah &eHurk % ` aD wGe@J
55
rkdif;ukr`%D}uD;awG=um; Oya'eJ@tnD cGJa0vkyfukdifcGifhðyygw,f?

okd@aomf wbufrSm ql[mwkdu ykefuefxºuGr,fholukd wifóudvufOD;r_,l+yD;
zdESdyfygw,f? ºuGr,fhvlawGukd OD;ESdrfcsKd;ypfwm[m tcif;t}uD;tus,fjzpfrvmatmif
umuG,fwm;qD;enf;yJvkd@ oabmykduf+yD; &uf&ufpufpufygyJ? ol@ESdyfuGyfr_u t=uif
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ql[mwkdeJ@ bmuavrmzD;,m;t=um; yl;wGJtvkyfvkyfEkdifr_yJ? &vm'fu tpkd;&
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ywf0ef;usifxJ pD;aysmf0ifapEkdifcJhygw,f? pifumyl0g&ifh acgif;aqmif}uD; vDuGrf,luawmh
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qkdovkd ig;yg;arSmufoGm;cJh&w,f? aqGrsKd;nmwum aumif;pm;a&;0g'ajrmif;xJ xkd;
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acG;rom; igwkd@acG;rom;’ ygwJh? (He may be a son of a bitch, but our son of a
bitch)? ql[mwkd/ yDEkdacs;/ rm;ukd@pf/ q'rf[lpdefwkd@[m uGefjrLepfukd &Sif;ay;r,fh
tar&d u ef a cG ; rom;awG y gyJ ? csD v D / b&mZD ; / bk d v D A D ; ,m;/ tm*sif w D ; em;wk d @ rS m
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56
pepf a&mufatmifoGm;wJhpepf? csDvDu yDEkdacs; uGefjrLepftvGefrkef;+yD; tar&duef
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGeJ@ vkH;cJhwmrsKd;yg?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf ql[mwkdwkd@/ yDEkdacs;wkd@ 'kuQywfvnf0kdif;+yD; tm%mu
qif;oGm;cJh&+yD;wJhaemuf/ ,ae@ olwkd@ukd qufcHolawGvufatmufrSm EkdifiHawG tawmf
ukd ‘vef;’ aeyg+yD? orw,m'f[, dk Edk &dk ŒJ tif'edk ;D &Sm;[m ta&SŒawmiftm&SrmS 'Dru
dk a&pD
pef;yGifhaeorkd@ vl±kdao&Sif±kdaoygyJ?
tif'kdeD;&Sm;armf',ftwGuf twkduftcHawGukd ESdyfuGyfowfjzwfr_u ppfat;
acwfrSm jzpfygw,f? tck (21)&mpkrSm aps;uGuft&if;&SifpepfeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDoGm;zkd@ tJ'Dvkd
owfjzwfzkd@ vkdtyfygovm;? jzpfaumjzpfEkdifygŒrvm;? aemuf&&SdwJh oifcef;pmwpfcku
tar&dueftpkd;&rsm;[m olwkd@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufqkd tm%m&Sifrsm;eJ@ tcsdefra±G;
vuf0g;±kdufzkd@tqifoifh/ vkdtyf&if olwkd@ukd opPmcHolukdawmif xkd;au|;okwfoifypfzkd@
toifhygyJcifAsm;?
&JE,
G rf ;dk
Ref: The Shock Doctrine by Naomi Klein
Free to choose by Milton Friedman
ÐÐÐÐÐ
tvif;&eHŒ*sme,foŒkd 'Dru
kd a&pDavhvma&;/ Edik if w
H nfaqmufa&;qdik &f mavhvma&;ESihf
ywfoufaom pmrlrsm;udk atmufyg vdypf mtwdik ;f pmwdu k rf w
S qifah omfvnf;aumif;/
tD;ar;vfjzifah omfvnf;aumif; ay;ydŒk Edik yf gonf? ay;ydŒk &mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESihf
qufo,
G &f ef vdypf mtjynft
h pHu
k kd wygwnf; xnfo
h iG ;f ay;apvdyk gonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand

E-mail: <zawzawhtun@dpns.org>
57
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tjywftowfatmifyGJ&cJhjcif;[m wdkif;jynf&J@ a&G;aumufcHEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm tvSnfh
tajymif;wpf&yf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'Drh wdik cf if *syefEikd if &H @J ygvrD ef'rD u
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&SdcJhygw,f? vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (LDP) tay: vl}udKufenf;vmr_/ wdkif;jynf
pD;yGm;a&;usqif;aer_eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tay: jynfolvlxk&J@ rauseyfr_awG wdk;yGm;vmr_ pwm
awGa=umifh twdkuftcHygwDtwGuf tcGifhtvrf; yGifhoGm;cJhwmyg? 2007 a&G;aumufyGJ
rSmuwnf;u 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D 'dik ;f ,uf Diet (parliament) &J@ txufvw $ af wmfrmS
trsm;pkae&mudk &xm;cJhygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdefupvdk@ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudk tvm;tvm
&Sdw,fvdk@ jrifae=uyg+yD? 'Dvdk *syefEdkifiHa&;tvSnfhtajymif;u tar&duef-*syef
r[mrdwfqufqHa&;tay: oufa&mufr_awG jzpfvmEdkifygw,f? txl;ojzifh vHk+cHKa&;
qdkif&mudpPawGrSm jzpfygw,f? 0g&SifweftaeeJ@ ol@&J@ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;rSm
t"du r[mrdwfjzpfwJh *syef[m a'owGif;tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD&J@ ta&;ygwJh
tajccHjzpfw,fvdk@ r=umc% az: jyaecJhwmyg? 'ga=umifh tckvdk tajymif;tvJrSm
0g&SifweftaeeJ@ ol@&J@ *syefeJ@qufqHa&;yHkpHudkvnf; ajymif;vJ&vdrfhr,fvdk@ avhvm
oHk;oyfolawGu ajymae=uygw,f?
wygwD}uD;pdk;r_ odk@r[kwf “1955 pepf”
'kwd,urBmppft+yD; q,fpkESpf[m *syefEdkifiHa&;rSm &_yfaxG;+yD; twdkuftcdkuf

t+ydKiftqdkifrsm;wJhumv jzpfcJhygw,f? tJh'Dvdk tawG;tac:0g'a&;&m tuGJuGJ
tjym;tjym;jzpfaewJh tajctaeuae 1955 rSmawmh a&S;±dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf
vpfb&,fygwDeJ@ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDwdk@ aygif;vdkuf=u+yD; vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
(LDP) tjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? tJh'Dvdkuae q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm wygwD}uD;pdk;wJh *syef
58
EdkifiHa&;tajctae tpjyKcJhwmyg? *syefa&;&mu|rf;usifolawGu tJh'Dtajctaeudk
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um;wpfpf u ol@&J@ 1999 ckESpfxkwf ‘*syefEdkifiHa&;,kwWd’ The Logic of Japanese
Politics pmtkyfrSm 1955 pepfudk yHhydk;aewJh a'gufwdkif av;ck&Sdw,fvdk@ axmufjycJh
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awGtay: vlxk&J@ wnDw!$wfaxmufcHr_/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@ tusdK;wltkyfpkrsm;
csdwfqufaer_/ tm%mawmifhwif;wJh tcGifhxl;cH AsL±dkua&pD,E W,m;wdk@ jzpfygw,f?
tpOD;ydkif;rSm LDP udk v,form;awG/ ukefonfawGeJ@ vkyfief;&Sifav;awGu
axmufcHcJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh 1970 vGefESpfrsm;tukefydkif;rSmawmh LDP [m tpOf
tvm uGefqmaA;wpfygwDtoGifuae vlxkvlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHk &J@ axmufcHr_&wJh
acwfay: ta&mifaoG;pHkygwD catch-all party tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;
evHxla&;/ pufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief; tvsiftjref}uD;xGm;a&;eJ@ tom;wiftrsdK;om;
xkwfukefwefbdk;jrifhwufa&; pwJh OD;wnfcsufawGtay: tav;xm;cJhwma=umifh
jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHr_udk &cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
1993 ckESpfrSm LDP [m umvwdkwc% tm%mvufv$wfcJh&ygao;w,f?
tm%m&vmwJh &SpfygwD!$ef@aygif;tpdk;& oufwrf;wpfESpf rjynfhcifrSmyJ LDP u
*syefqdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@aygif;+yD; !$ef@aygif;tpdk;&tjzpf tm%mjyef&vmcJhw,f? 1994
ckESpfrSm *syefygvDrefuae a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk jyifqifwJh Oya'udk jyXmef;vdkufw,f?
,cifpepft&qdv k #if atmufvw $ af wmftwGuf c&dik w
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trwfae&mawGtwGuf a'o}uD; (11)ckuae tcsdK;usudk,fpm;jyKwJhOD;a&tvdkuf a&G;
aumufay;&ygw,f? tJh'Dvdk ajymif;vJvdkufwJh a&G;aumufyGJpepfu ESpfygwDpepf
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pm;oH;k olawG t}udKufajymif;cJ+h yD
a&G;aumufyGJpepfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf+yD; (15)ESpft=um tckawmh *syefrSm

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aps;uGuftajctaeajymif;aewm/ jynfolawG tjcm;topfwpfckckudk vdkvm;aewm
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60
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64
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&J@ tjcm;uav;awG c%av; =unhfcGifhay;ygw,f? e,fESif'%fcH&awmh wdef@[m usefZD
jynfe,f&J@ v,fxGefpuf puf&kH=urf;jyifay: yifyifyef;yef; tvkyfvkyf&+yD; vufeufudkif
tapmifht=uyfeJ@ tus,fcsLyf apmifh=unhfcHxm;&ygw,f? wdef@ZeD;u ylzefta=umif;
=um;&awmh &ufaygif;rsm;pGm idkaºuG;ygw,f? “olr aovkeD;yg; pdwf"gwfawG usqif;
cJh&ygw,f” vdk@ aemufawmh jyefajymjyygw,f? wdef@[m ol@&J@ csdaewJhom;eJ@ awG@r&
atmif wm;jrpfcHxm;&ovdk/ tjcm;uav;awG bmjzpfaew,fqdkwmvnf; ol odcGifh
r&ygbl;? wcg ol@om;ti,fav; iwfjywfpkwfjywf+yD;/ vrf;ay:aysmufoGm;awmh/
wdef@[m puf&kH=urf;jyifay: t&kyf}udK;jywf ykHvJusoGm;ygw,f?
1971 ZlvdkifvrSm csdaewJh om;}uD; ylzefa&mufvmawmh wdef@crsm pdwf
v_yf&Sm;vGef;vdk@ wkefwkef&D&D? ol@om;}uD; ao&Gmu jyefxvmovdkygyJ? usefZDjynfe,f&J@
jcpfjcpfawmuf ylavmifjyif;jywJh &moDatmufrSm ylzef&J@ '%f&mtemw&awGudk wdef@
udk,fwdkif ,k,jyKpkygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm;[m wdef@b0twGuf emusif
tcg;oD;qkH; tcsdefygbJ?
aomuzdtm;awGeJ@ wif;=urf;jynfhaevdk@ nn tdyfruffqdk;awGeJ@ a,mif,rf;
atmf[pfvef@edK;wwfygw,f? odk@aomf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm;u w&kwf
uGefjrLepfygwD (CCP) ta=umif; jyefpOf;pm;zdk@ wdef@udk wGef;tm;ay;ygw,f? &vm'fu
awmh armf0g'eJ@ pwmvif0g' vrf;a=umif;uae olausmcdkif;zdk@ pwifjzpfwmygyJ?
armfuG,fvGefwJhaemufawmh w&kwfjynf&J@vrf;a=umif;udk olajymif;ypfcJh
ygw,f? e,fESif'%fb0rSm pum;wvkH; wyg' r[bJ qdwfqdwfaecJhw,f? usef;rma&;
vdkufpm;w,f? EdkifiHa&;ZmwfckHay: jyefwufEdkifzdk@ tcGifhta&; olacsmif;aecJhygw,f?
67
rwfpf 0g' jyKjyifajymif;vJol
e,fESif'%fb0eJ@ ESpfESpft=um 1971 ckESpf pufwifbmrSmawmh ar#mfvifhcsuf

a&mifjcnfoef;vmygw,f? wdef@om;}uD; ylzef u a&'D,dk uvd&if;/ vd_if;wdk owif;v$ifh
csufwpfck zrf;rdygw,f? tJ'Dhtcsdef EdkifiHjcm;a&'D,dkowif; em;axmif&if axmif'%f
tjypf}uD;rSe;f od&ufe@J tazeJ@taru ylzef pdwcf sr;f omatmif cGijhf yKxm;wmyg? Edik if jH cm;
toHv$ifhu vmwJh ryD0dk;w0g; owif;u wdef@udk tvGeftHhtm;oifhapygw,f? armf&J@
vufr&G@H “vifaAsmif” av,mOfysufvdk@ ao+yDwJh?
tpdk;&u vifaAsmif aoqkH;r_owif; rayguf=um;atmif *&kwpdkuf xdef;csKyf
ygw,f? ESpfvavmuft=umrSmawmh zkH;zdr&awmhbJ owif;pmrSm azmfjyygw,f?
“vifaAsmif” rSm 0g&ifh&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;awGtay: ESdyfpufwJh &mZ0wfr_awG &Sdw,fvdk@
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;eJ@ wGJazmfjyygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;umv
usL;vGefcJhor#twGuf “armf” u “vifaAsmif” tay: ykHcsvdkufw,f?
aemuf OuUXarmf&J@ &dk;om;r_azmfjywJh 0g'jzef@ pDpOf=uw,f? “armfu &Jabmf
a[mif;awGtay: vifaAsmifvdk 'kuQray;bl;? owfrjypfbl;”? wdef@a&Smifyif;qDu
oabmwlaxmufcHcsuf vm,lawmh/ wdef@u vkH;0 wkH%Sdbma0 cyfrqdwf?
wdef@[m ol@tdrfrSm jyefaexdkifcGifh&awmh/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGr_awG azmfjy&if;
vifaAsmif vkyfcJhor# ay:ay:wifwif jypfwif a0zefygw,f? ESpf&uft=umrSm armfhqD
yxrqk;H t}udrf pma&;+yD; tvkyaf wmif;ygw,f? armfvnf; ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;tay:
aemifw&+yD;/ y,fzsufae+yDvdk@ ol ,lqrdygw,f? odk@aomf armhfqDu jyefpmrvmyg?
“'kwd,t}uD;rm;qkH; t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;vdkufol” tjzpf vlod&Sif=um; a=unm
xm;+yD;olukd ae&mjyefcsxm;zdk@ armf cHwGif;rawG@yg? 1972 ckESpf arvrSm csLtifvdkif;
uifqma&m*geJ@ aoaumifaygif;vJjzpfaewmawmif wdef@udk jyefrac:yg? “csL” r&Sd&if
w&kwfjynf}uD;udk pDrHudkifwG,fEdkifr,fholu “wdef@” yJ r[kwfygvm;?
'ghxuf armfu 0ef[Gef0rf udk &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;vdkufygw,f? 0rf[m &Sef[dkif;
olykefacgif;aqmifjzpfcJh+yD;/ ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;u xGufvmolyg? touf 37 ESpf
t&G,f a&cJ&dkufrsufESmeJ@ &mxl;irf;oljzpfygw,f? armfu ol@udk yDuif;ac:xm;+yD;
x&deef if ay;ygw,f? wESpaf vmuft=um 1973 ckEpS f =o*kwv f rSm csL aemufu eHygwo f ;kH
ae&mudk cef@xm;vdkufygw,f?
0rf[m vufawG@rSm csL&J@ ajcz0g;aemufxyf=uyf rrSDEdkifcJhyg? txl;ojzihf
EdkifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;/ {nfhonfacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qkH&if tdk;eif;cGufeif; ajcmufayguf
awGajym+yD;/ t&Suftdk;uGJ&wm t}udrf}udrf? 'ga=umifhyJ 0rf aemufrSm t&Hoifh ulnD
68
r,fhol &Sdzdk@vdkw,fvdk@ armfpOf;pm;ygw,f? csL &J @ uifqm a0'em qdk;&Gm;vmwJh 1973
ckESpf azazmf0g&DrSm wdef@udk yDuif;jyefac:vdkufygw,f? 'kwd,0ef}uD;csLyf&mxl;eJ@
EdkifiHjcm; u acgif;aqmifawGudk {nfhcHzdk@ jzpfygw,f? wdef@[m pum;enf;vdk@ csLavmuf
ta&mifrxGufayr,fh/ ol@vkyf&nfudkif&nf/ [efyef/ pm&dwW/ jzwfxdk;Om%fwdk@u
ausmf=um;ygw,f?
aemufwESprf mS csL &J@ use;f rma&;u qd;k 0g;vGe;f ae+yD? armfu wde@f tm; ppfwyf
udk udkifwG,fcdkif;zdk@ qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf&ygw,f? ppfwyfu armfhudk ykefuefr,fwuJuJ
jzpfaecsdefrdk@/ wyfudk wnf+idrfatmif xdef;csLyf}uD;=uyfedKifr,fh wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*~Kdvfu
wdef@yg? 'Dvdk yg0gtrsm;pk wdef@vufxJ xdk;xnfh&wmvnf; armf tzdk@ rwwfomvdk@
pGef@pm;&wmyg?
rSefoifhoavmufawmh rSefw,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? wdef@[m armf ouf&Sd
xif&Sm;&SdpOf b,fawmhrS eHygwfwpfae&mudk pdefrac:cJh? armf uG,fvGef+yD;aemufrSmvnf;/
b,fawmhrS yk*~Kdvfa&;qefqef r±_wfcscJh? armf &J@ vrf;pOftarGtrsm;pkudkyJ jyKjyifzdk@
tm;xkwfcJhygw,f?
tm%m&+yDqkd&ifyJ wdef@[m ol@ udk,fykdifvkyfief;tpDtpOfawG pwifygawmh
w,f? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;trSm;rsm;udk jyefzmax;ygw,f? tjypfay; jzKwfcs
cHxm;&wJh &Jabmfrsm;udk &mxl;ae&m jyefcsay;ygw,f? pdwf"gwfawG jr‡ifhay;w,f?
,Ofaus;r_ tarGawG rzsufqD;zdk@ aqmf=ow,f? vlaer_tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhwifedKifatmif
}udK;pm;w,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vJ wde@f ukd rwfp0f g'udk jyefvnfjyifqifol (revisionist) tjzpf
a0zef=uygw,f?
armfu ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk 1949 ckESpf ygwDtm%m&+yD;uwnf;u
ol@&J@ r[m}uD;jrwfwJh atmifyGJvdk@ jrifygw,f? 'ga=umihf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rSm
ta&;ygcJhol ol@ZeD; tygt0if av;OD;udk r¾dKifzGJ@jyD; wdef@udk wefjyef xdef;csLyfxm;w,f?
'Dav;OD;tzGJ@[m av;OD;*dk%f;tjzpf emrnf}uD;vmygw,f? av;OD;*dk%f;[m armf&J@
udk,fydkif*dk%f; jzpfjyD;/ ol@ ay:vpDawGudk vdkuftaumiftxnfazmfwJhtzGJ@ jzpfygw,f?
csL eJ@ wdfef@ t=um; jyefaygif;xkwf
1973 ckESpf aEGOD;&moD yDuif;udk jyefa&mufuwnf;u wdef@uvnf; ppfwyf

OD;pD;csLyf rm&S,fa&;eJ@ 0ef}uD;csLyf csLtifvdkif; wdk@udk r[mrdwfzGJ@+yD;/ armfeJ@ av;OD;*dk%f;u
ol@ukd r,SOef ikd af tmif wefjyefxed ;f !‡x
d m;ygw,f? tJ'h D ok;H OD;twGrJ mS wde@f eJ@ rm&S,af &;u
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rSm jzKwfcscH&+yD;/ csLu armfeJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? csLuvnf;
69
armhf=oZm avmif;&dyfu rxGufEdkifawmh armf +idKjiifr,fhol rnfol@udkrqdk &Sif;ay;rSmyg?

csL@rSm qefa0&SD qdkwJh arG;pm;orD; wa,muf&Sdygw,f? &k&Sm;pum;jyef
odyfaumif;vGef;+yD;/ pwmvif tygt0if &k&Sm;acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;eJ@ awG@cJhw,fvdk@
armfu oHo,&Sdvdk@ axmifcsxm;ygw,f? armhfZeD; r'rfarmfuvnf; uav;ru
odyfvSvGef;awmh rvdkrkef;xm;ygw,f? csLlu aumifrav;eJ@ twlae cspf}udKufaewmudk
trsm;u us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ odxm;ayr,fh aumifrav;udk u,fwifzdk@ vuf!_d;awmif
rn$ef&Jygwl;?
wdef@u csL@udk at;pufpuf qufqH+yD;/ armfuG,fvGef+yD;aemufrSm “csL[m
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; ol@ ESvkH;om;eJ@ qef@usifbuf trsm;tjym;
vkyfcJhw,f” vdk@ ajAmifzGihfcsygw,f? odk@aomf b,fvdkyJ wdef@ ajymajym vlxku csL@udk
cGifhv$wf=uygw,f?
{+yDv (9)&uf yDuif;udk jyefa&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ csLudk oGm;awG@=uygw,f?
olwdk@ pum;ajymaqG;aEG;wm ckESpfem&D=umygw,f? yk*~Kdvfa&; &if;ESD;r_awG &Sdwma=umifh
a&m/ csLu ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;trSm;awG 0efcHwma=umifhom olwdk@ ESpfOD;=um;
at;cJaewmawG t&nfaysmu f somG ;ygw,f? tJ'h t
D csed u
f pvd@k r[mrdwaf wG jyefjzpfomG ;
vdkufwm?
'g[m ta&;ygwJh ajymif;vJr_udk wmplzdk@ ordkif;0ifrSwfwdkifjzpfygw,f? ta&;
ygwJh yk*~Kdvf}uD;ESpfOD;[m ppfwyft}uD;tuJ rm&S,fa&;eJ@yg aygif;rdoGm;ygw,f? armf&J@
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm ol@&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;awG r[mrdwfzGJ@ roGm;Edkifa&; ydwfyif}udK;pm;r_[m
usKd;ysufoGm;ygjyD?
ZGwfwifr,fh wdef@
vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf uwnf;u wde@f [m ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;tusiq hf ;kd awG ajrcsz@kd
}udK;pm;&if;/ vlaer_ tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhzdk@ vkH;yrf;ygw,f? armfvufatmuf ESpfq,fhig;ESpf
jynfch sed rf mS jynfot l rsm;pk[m tqk;H pGef qif;&JraJG wr_ 'kut Q 00 eJ@ aexkid af e=u&ygw,f?
tcGifhxl;cHqdkwJh +rdK@jya'orSmawmif tpm;/ t0wfeJ@ ae@pOfokH; r&Sdrjzpf ypPnf;&m&Sif
cGJwrf;u qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;yJ?
tbdk;/ tbGm;/ om;orD;eJ@ ajr;jrpftxd rsKd;qufokH;ck[m tcef;usOf;av;xJ
jyGwf=uyfn‡yfae+yD;/ armfvufxuf +rdK@jyvlOD;a&u oef;(150)ausmfxd wufvmygw,f?
tdr&f mopfwnfaqmufr_ r&So d vkd xde;f odr;f r_vnf; r&Syd gw;l ? aus;&GmawGrmS tiwfab;
qdkufae+yD;/ +rdK@awmfrsm;rSm olawmif;pm;awGeJ@ jynfhaeygw,f? wdef@&J@ vlaer_tqifh
70
twef ; jrif h r m;a&;aqmif & G u f r _ u d k armf u rD ' D , maºuG ; a=umf o H e J @ wd k u f y gw,f ?
“qd&k , S v f pf0g'&J@ aygi;f yifjrufyifawGu t&if;&Sipf epf&@J oD;ESaH wGxuf ydak umif;ygw,f”
qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHyg?
wdef@u q,fpkESpfwpfckeD;yg; ydwfyifxm;wJh pmtkyf/ tEkynmeJ@ azsmfajzr_awG
jyefziG ahf y;zd@k }udK;yrf;ygw,f? csucf si;f yJ &ky&f iS u
f m;wcsKd @ukd vlxt k wGuf azsmaf jzzd@k cGijhf yKcJh
ygw,f? r=umc%vnf; ole@J armf&@J ZeD;wd@k &efjzpfwwf+yD;/ wde@f u atmf[pf&if; pm;yGx J k
ygw,f? 'grsKd; armfrS vGJvdk@ b,folrS vkyf0Hhwm r[kwfygbl;?
armfu wdef@ &J@ a&S@a&mufr_awG &yfzdk@ vkyfygw,f? 1975 ckESpf edk0ifbmvrSm
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkif pdkufxlzdk@ ygwDqkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef wdef@
udk awmif;qkdygw,f? wdef@u ygwD0g&ifhau'g(130)a&S@arSmufrSm jiif;y,f&kHrubl;/
t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif; a0zefygw,f? armfu ol@tpDtpOf vufavsmhvdkuf&+yD;/ wdef@udk
z,frS jzpfrSmudk oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f?
csL eJ@ rm&S,af &;wd@k uawmh armfe@J ody+f yD; xdyw f ukd rf wd;k zd@k wde@f ukd ajzmif;zs&if;/
[efjyt}udKufajymqdk+yD; armfaowJhtcsdefapmifhzdk@ wdkufwGef;=uw,f? odk@aomf wdef@u
apmifhraeEdkifyg? armfudk yk*~Kdvfa&;t& rxdcdkufbl;qkd&if/ olvkyfaewmawGudk armf rsKdcs
atmif olwGef;Edkifw,fvdk@ wGufcsufygw,f?
armf&J@ t&dSef=oZmvnf; arS;rSdefvmaeygw,f? avjzwfa0'emu vnf
acsmif;eJ@ twGif;ydkif;txd 'kuQay;+yD; pm;zdk@ aomufzdk@ cufcJaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@
vrf;pOftay: aoonftxd acgif;rmrmeJ@ &yfoGm;zdk@ qkH;jzwf+yD;om;yg?
csL &J@ psmye
1976 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (8)&ufrSm armf wpcef; jyefxygw,f? ta=umif;u

wdef@&J@ t"dur[mrdwf csLtifvdkif; touf 78 ESpfrSm tedpPa&mufoGm;vdk@ jzpfygw,f?
csufcsif;qdkovdk armf v_yf&Sm;ygw,f? wdef@udk jzKwf tus,fcsLyfxm;+yD;/ vlod&Sif=um;
&_wfcsygw,f? w+ydKifeufxJ ppfwyft}uD;tuJ rm&S,fa&;udkvnf; &mxl;uae &yfqdkif;
xm;vdkufygw,f?
csLae&m qufcHzdk@ armfu vlrodwJh &mxl;tv,ftvwftqifh&Sd [Gm*dkzef
udk cef@xm;vdu k wf ,f? ppfwyf twGuvf nf; tqifeh rd hf Adv
k cf sLyf cseZf v
D ed ;f udk cef@ygw,f?
'Dvdk rsufESmopfawG a&G;cef@&wmu av;OD;*dk%f;xJu a&G;vdkuf&if ygwDeJ@ ppfwyfu
ykefuefrSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f?
71
Edk@ayr,fh csL&J@ psmye[m armf&J@w&kwfjynfrSm b,fwkef;urS rjzpfcJhzl;wJh

vlxktjrifazmfxkwfr_udk azmufcGJvdkufygw,f? csLaoqkH;+yDqdkwmeJ@ vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm
idkaºuG;&if; aq;&kHuae ocsFKdif;qD o,faqmif&mvrf;wav#muf vlawG azG;azG;v_yfae
ygw,f? tvsLv d sLd xGuv
f mwJh vltyk af wGu yef;acGawG/ uAsmawGe@J wD,efrif&ifjyifrmS
,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk ±_wfcs=uygw,f?
av;OD;*dk%f;u qENjyolawG/ rD;yef;azmufolawGeJ@ wdef@emrnf aºuG;a=umfol
awGudk aoG;ajrusatmif zdESdyfypfygw,f? ygwDwGif; oabmuGJvGJolawGeJ@ jynfolawG
yl;aygif;rdoGm;wmrdk@ armftzdk@ tvGefwkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh wdef@udk
aetdrftus,fcsLyfrS yDuif;&J@ +rdK@pGefwpfae&mqD ajymif;a&$@xdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f?
wdef@udk t&ifuvdk &uf&ufpufpuf tjypfray;&Jawmhygbl;? 'guvnf; ol@udk
cspv f @kd r[kwb f /J ppfwyfwiG ;f wde@f axmufco
H l tiftm;pku tm;}uD;vmaevd@k yg? Zlvikd f
(19)&ufae@rSmawmh wdef@udk tdrfjyefaecGifhjyKvdkufygw,f? wdef@udk xdef;odrf;xm;r_u
okH;vom=um+yD; rdom;pkeJ@vnf; aecGifhjyKygw,f? wdef@uawmh vGwfvGwfcsif;yJ ol@
pdwful; tdrfrufawGeJ@ w&kwfjynf}uD;twGuf ,kH=unfpdwfjyif;jyif;eJ@ jyifqifaeyg+yD?
armf&J@ aemufqkH;ae@rsm;
armf&J@ b0ae0ifcsdefrSm ,cif ol@&J@ vkyfazmfudkifzuf &Jabmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;

tm;vkH;eD;yg; uG,fvGefukefyg+yD? trsm;pku ol@vufcsufa=umihfyg? wdef@wa,mufyJ
a'gifa'gifjrnf usef;rmouf&SifjyD; ol@udk rD;ar$;aeygw,f? wdef@udk ol@rdom;pkeJ@twl
oufawmifhoufomaecGifh ay;xm;&ygw,f? 'gudk armf pdwfrcsrf;omEdkifygbl;? ol
tdyf,mxJ vJcsdeftxd wdef@udk vufpm;acs &Sif;ypfvdkpdwfu qmavmifjyif;jyaeygw,f?
tvdkrjynhf rauseyfpdwfawGu armfhudk v_dufpm;aew,f? q,fpkaygif;rsm;pGm
qlygyg0gEdkifiH}uD;jzpfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhayr,fh txrajrmufcJhbl;? t%kjrLAkH;&Sdayr,fh aiGxyf
rvdu k Ef ikd cf b
hJ ;l ? wdik ;f jynf&@J pufrv
_ yk if ef;tajccHyikd ;f u yku
H s,ikd ef @J ae+yD? avwyfav,mOf
awGu rdk;ay: aumif;aumif;rysHedKif? a&wyfuvnf; wdk;wufrvm? udk&D;,m;ppfyGJrSmu
t}uD;tus,f txdem?
1974 ckESpfwkef;u ol@udk,fol wwd,urBm&J@ acgif;aqmifvdk@ qGJwifajymwm
&Sdygw,f? urBmokH;ck &Sdw,fvdk@ ol@bmom t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdvdkuf+yD;/ &k&Sm;ukd z,fxm;/
ol[m qif;&JrGJawwJh wwd,urBm&J @ acgif;aqmifjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@udk,fol
trGJurBm&J@acgif;aqmif &mxl;cef@cJhayr,fh qkyfqkyfudkifudkif OD;aqmifr_ rjyoedKifcJhyg?
72
1975 ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;rSm crmeDtpdk;& tm%m&atmif t"du yg0ifulnD
cJhygw,f? crmeDacgif;aqmif ydkvfaygh [m armf0g'D jzpf+yD;/ oltm%m&cJhwJh okH;ESpfwm
twGif; uarBm'D;,m;jynfol av;ykHwykH aocJhygw,f? vlOD;a& (6)oef;&SdwJh wdkif;jynfrSm
1.5 oef;ausmf pkaygif;v,f,mpcef;awGrSm toufqkH;&SLH;cJh=uygw,f?
urBmhqlygyg0g jzpfvma&;&nfrSef;csuf txrajrmufvdk@ }udwfrEdkifcJr& jzpfae
ayr,fhvnf; ol@&J@ tkyfcsLyfr_ rSm;oGm;r_a=umifh jynfoloef;(70)ausmf +idrf;csrf;wJh
umvrSm aoqk;H cJ&h wmudak wmh wcsuw f av aemifwr&yg? ol&@J twdwu f atmifjrifr_
awGeJ@ vuf&Sd qkH;±_H;r_awGt=um; awmifpOfa&r& tem;&dSoludk ajym&if; rsuf&nfawGus
idkaºuG; aewwfygw,f?
armfta=umufqkH;u ol@udk tm%modrf;rSmudkyg? 'ga=umihfvJ r'rfarmf&J@
av;OD;*dk%f;udk zsufqD;ypfr,fh wdef@a&Smifyif;eJ@ ol@vlawGudk xdef;odrf;ajcmufvSef@aewm
jzpfygw,f? ol@udk qufcHr,fholvnf; rxm;awmhyg? t&ifu vifaAsmifudk tm%m
trsm;pkay;cJhovdkrsKd; b,foludkrS ray;awmhyg? olaooGm;&if w&kwfjynftem*wf
bmjzpfvmrvJvdk@ ar;&if “aoG;rdk;awG&GmEdkifw,f? udpPt00awmh aumif;uifbkHom
odrSmyJvdk@” qkdygw,f?
1976 ZlvdkifvrSm &ufpfwm pau; 7.8 &SdwJh ajrivsif yDuif;eJ@ tjcm;+rdK@}uD;
rsm;rSm v_yfcwfoGm;ygw,f? vl (6)odef;ausmf aoqkH;+yD; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tkd;rJhtdrfrJh
[mvm[if;vif;rSm tdyf=u&ygw,f? armfuawmh ol@xkH;pHtwdkif; jyifyu tultnD
vufurf;r_awGudk y,fcs&if; aoqkH;olpm&if;udkvnf; trsm;}uD; avsmhcsa=unmcJhyg
w,f? 'Dx h ufq;kd wmu rD', D muae “tysut f qD;yk=H um;uae wde@f a&Smifyif;udk &SK@cH s=u”
vdk@ 0g'jzef@aqmf=ojcif;ygyJ?
pufwifbm(8)&ufae@rSmawmh “igaeraumif;bl;/ q&m0efawG oGm;ac:”
vdk@ ol@ eyfpfrav;udk aemufqkH;pum;ajym&if; arhajrmoGm;ygw,f? 1976 ckESpf
pufwifbm (9)&uf noef;acgif,HrSm armf uG,fvGefoGm;yg+yD? aoG;acsmif;pD;zdk@
jy\emawG wykH}uD; vufprowfbJ xm;cJhygw,f? b,fvdk&Sif;p&m tcuftcJawG&Sd&Sd
wdef@a&Smifyif; twGufawmh w&kwfjynf tdyfrufopf pwifzdk@ vrf;yGifhoGm;yg+yD?
0ihfxef;
Ref: - Enfeebled Mao Hedges His Bets

- 58 Last Days of Mao
73
&Jjrifah usmf
wD,efrifa&Smch f ESihf ql't

kd &if;&Sipf epf
ayusif;+rdKŒ wD,efrif&ifjyif tpkvkduftòyHvkduf vlowfyGJ[m 2009 ZGefv
(3)&uf/ (4)&ufrSm tESpf ESpfq,fwif;wif; jynfhcJhyg+yD? 1974 ckESpf ay:wl*D&JŒ tajymif;
tvJupvkd@ wurBmvkH;rSm 'Drkdua&pDta&;awG v_yfv_yf±G±Gjzpfvm+yD; awmiftar&du/
ta±SŒOa&myEkdifiHawGukd ul;pufoGm;ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHjzpf
+yD; aemufESpfrSm wD,efrifta&;tcif;jzpfcJhygw,f? aemufykdif; bmvifwHwkdif;+ydK/
qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk urBmhajrykHay:rS aysmufuG,fr_eJ@ ppfat;acwftqkH;owfoGm;+yD;
urBmhtcif;tusif;awG ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f?
w±kwf&JŒ vuf&Sdtaetxm;u &ifwxdwfxdwfeJ@yg? jynfe,fawGrSm qENjyr_
awGjzpfaew,f? tESpf(20)jynfhtwGuf txdrf;trSwfyGJawG rvkyfEkdifatmif wD,efrif
&ifjyiftjynfh vkòH cHa&;tapmift
h =uyfawG csxm;cJw h ,f? Ekid if jH cm;{nfo
h nfawGudk 0ifayguf
awGrmS taocsm &SmazGppfaq;w,f? owif;axmufawG armif;xkw/f tifwmeufawGudk
ydwfqkd@? 1989 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;olawGukd w±kwfppfwyfu &uf&ufpufpuf
aoG;pGef;apcJhwJh jzpf&yftay: uGefjrLepfygwDukd,fwkdifu xdwfvef@ajcmufjcm;aewkef;ygyJ?
q,fpkESpfESpfckausmf wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; tHhbeef; wkd;wufcJhayr,fh w±kwf
tm%mykdifawG ol@vlxkukd t+rJa=umufvef@aewkef;yg? ZGefv ESpfywfvnf ra&mufcif
uwnf;u wD,efrifta&;cif;rSm yg0ifco hJ al wG&ŒJ rdom;pkawG/ aoqk;H cJo h al wG&ŒJ rdcifawG/
vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olawGukd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;w,f? jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;u
ajr,m/ v,f,m/ tvkyform;/ tkd;tdrf&ykdifcGifh awmif;qkdolawG a&SŒaeawGukd zrf;qD;
axmifcsw,f?
74
w±kwforkdif;ukd rSefrSefuefuefavhvmzkd@vnf; ausmif;om;awGukd cGifhrðyyg?
1989 ckESpf tpkvkduftòyHvkduf owf+yD;uwnfu ppfwyf+ydKuGJ+yD; tm%modrf;r,fvkd@
xifa=u;trsKd;rsKd;ay;cJhayr,fh bmt&dyfta,mifrSm rjrif&yg? urBm}uD;uvnf; pef;yGifh
vGef;wJh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;aemufyJ oJoJrJrJvkdufae+yD;/ vlxktay: zdESdyfr_awGukdawmh
‘vkyfae=uyJav’ qkd+yD; *±k%moufrd[ef?
[la,mifbef;/ ausmufusd,ef/ abmifawmif
tpjyefaumuf&&if 1978 rSm wdef@a&Smifyif;tm%m&+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG

'&pyf vkyfcJhygw,f? 1986 usawmh wdef@&JŒ !$ef=um;csufeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,efu
EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJzkd@ jzpfEkdifacs qef;ppf&r,fh vkyfief;tzGJ@ukd xlaxmifcJhygw,f?
t"duta=umif;uawmh ygwDu tvGeftu|Hukdifxm;wJh A[kdOD;pD;pepfukd ajzavsmhzkd@?
aemuf ygwDwGif;rSmvnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rvkyf&if pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
a&SŒra±GŒEkdifbl;’qkdwJh t,ltq uJvmvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;}uD; wdef@ukd,fwkdifvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGtay:
tawmfu h dk owd}uD;}uD;xm; vkyaf e&csed yf g? 1987 'DZifbmrSm uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxG
twGif;a&;r_; ‘[la,mifbef;’ukd wdef@u twif;z,fxkwfypfvkdufawmh jy\emawGu
pvmygw,f? [lu vpfb&,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;xktay: oabmaumif;
vGe;f ol? vlvwfwef;pm;tv$meJ@ ausmif;om;xkt=um; a&yef;pm;vGe;f +yD; ykEH ydS x f wk af 0
cGifhawG tm;ay;vGef;awmh ygwDwGif; a&S;±kd;pGJ ±kyf=urf;0g'Dtkyfpk&JŒ +idKjiifapmif;ajrmif;r_
cHae&ol?
okd@aomf [l&JŒ ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;ae&mqufcHwJh ‘ausmufusd,ef’
eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf ‘abmifawmif’ wkd@uvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vrf;a=umif;aemufyJ
waumufaumuf qufvkdufygw,f? q&mwynfhESpfa,mufu vpfb&,fynmwwf
t&m&SdawG pkpnf;+yD; ygwDukd EkdifiHawmfuae cGJxm;zkd@/ tm%muef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;
(Checks and Balances) pwifz@dk / ygww D iG ;f 'Dru
dk a&pD &&Sad pzk@d / atmufajcvlxtk wGuf
t&yfom;ykdifcGifhawGay;zkd@ aqG;aEG;apygw,f?
ausmufusd,ef&JŒ awG;ac:csufu &Jwif;ygw,f? urBmhwkdif;jynftrsm;pkxuf
vlOD;a&xlxyfwJh w±kwf&JŒjynfe,fawGrSm t+ydKiftqkdifa±G;aumufyGJawGvkyf+yD; jynfol@
uGef*&uftppftrSef zGJ@zkd@txd t}uHðyw,f? ausmufusd,ef&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifu
w±kwfrSm vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDjzpfzkd@txdawmh r[kwfyg? ykdrkdyGifhvif;tjrifus,f wm0ef
,lr,fh Liberalized Communist System ay:xGef;apzkd@ygyJ?
75
wpfESpft=umrSm ausmuf&JŒvkyfief;tzGJ@u ygwDukd tpD&ifcHygw,f? ‘ta&;

ay: EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfzkd@ vkdukdvkdtyfae+yD’ qkdwJhtcsuf? 'geJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@
tzGJ@[m odyfvpfb&,fjzpfvmawmh wdef@a&Smifyif;u owday;&+yD? “usKyfwkd@ tm%m
&Sifpepfukd rpGef@v$wfEkdifbl;? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; pdwful;pdwfoef;twGuf ae&mray;
ao;bl;? vufawG@usus pOf;pm;=u” ygwJh?
ygwDA[kdaumfrwDu 1987 ckESpf atmufwkdbmrSm tpD&ifcHpmu wifjywJh
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; tajccHtcsuaf wGudk oabmwloifo h avmuf wlc=hJ uygw,f? tvkyf
pzkd@ aqG;aEG;csufuawmh 1988 txd qufaewkef;yJ? okd@aomf 1989 ckESpf {+yDvrSm
ygwD&JŒ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymifvJa&; tpDtpOfawG yvkHoGm;ygw,f?
ðzwfcscHvkduf&wJh [la,mifbef; ESvkH;a&m*geJ@ uG,fvGefr_ukd EkdifiHawmfpsmye
vkyfay;zkd@ ayusif;wuUokdvfu ausmif;om;awG/ vli,fawG/ q&mq&mrawGeJ@
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay: tpmra=uolrsm;u pwifqENjy=uw,f? ausmif;om;awG
uvnf; EkdifiHa&;vkdufavsmr_tajctaeay: tcGifhtcgaumif;,l+yD; wD,efrifrSm
qENjyyGJawG qufvkyfvmw,f?
jcpm;r_awGudk atmf[pf±w _ cf s/ tajccHOya'u tmrcHxm;wJh vGwv f yfciG ahf wG
awmif;qk=d u? aemufq;Hk ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ ynmwwftyk pf ak wGt=um; pkpnf;
rdvm+yD; w±kwf+rdKŒ}uD; (434)+rdKŒu vlxkokH;ykHwpfykHausmf yg0ifvmw,f? ayusif;+rdKŒ}uD;
wpfckxJuwif &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm qENjyaer_u w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDukd aoG;av
ajcmufjcm; apyg+yD?
qENjyyGJawGqD 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,ef vma&mufem;csw,f? qENjyyGJawG
&yfay;zkd@ arwWm&yfcHw,f? ar(20)&ufae@rSm rm&S,favm xkwfjyefygw,f? ZGef(4)
&ufae@rSmawmh wD,efrif&ifjyifay: wifhwm;awGeJ@ eif;0if &Sif;xkwf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;
r_}uD;ukd aoG;v$rf;atmif acsr_ef;ypfcJhygw,f?
oabmxm;}uD;wJh ausmufusd,efukdvnf; &mxl;uðzwf+yD; aetdrf tus,f
csKyf xm;vkdufygw,f? tjcm;vpfb&,f ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;awGvnf; ðywfoGm;+yD;/
ausmuf&JŒwynfh ‘abmifawmif’ukd ckESpfESpf axmifcsypfygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm ta&SŒ
Oa&myeJ@ qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm uGefjrLepf0g'+ydKqif;ukefwm jrif&awmh w±kwfacgif;aqmif
awGu 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#tay: wif;wif;&if;&if; ESdyfuGyfygw,f? rDac;vf
a*:bmacsmh&JŒ y,f&DpxGdKufumeJ@ *vyfpaemh trSm;rsKd; rjzpf&atmif w±kwfenf;
w±kwf[efeJ@ pcef;oGm;csif=uygw,f?
76
z±kdufref;&JŒ =oZm
1989 ckESpf azaz:0g&DrSm csDum*kdwuUokdvfrSm tar&dueftpkd;&Xmeu

0g&ifah y:vpDru d u f m z&ef@ppfzu l ,
l m;rm;ukd zdw+f yD; aqG;aEG;yGv J yk yf gw,f? zlu, l m;rm;&JŒ
a[majymcsuf acgi;f pOfu “u|Eyfk w f @dk orkid ;f ed*;Hk qD csO;f uyfae+yD;vm;” qkw d m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdef pmtkyfrxGufao;yg? ‘t&if;&Sifpepfvrf;a=umif;[m v,fjyifqifoGm;ovkd
&Sif;ae+yD? atmifyGJ[m aºuG;a=umfvkd@ &ae+yD? wwd,vrf;qkdoleJ@awmif avukefcH
jiif;raeeJ@awmh’ vkd@ ajyma[moGm;ygw,f?
zlul,m;rm;ajyma[m+yD;vkd@ ESpfvt=umrSm ayusif; wD,efrif&ifjyif
'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfoGm;awmh ynm&SifavmurSm zlul;,m;rm; emrnf
aygufoxuf aygufoGm;ygw,f? zlul,m;rm;u 'Drkdu&ufwpfðyjyifajymif;vJr_eJ@
vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_[m cGJjcm;r&wJh tr$mjzpfpOfygwJh?
okd@aomf w±kwftpkd;&u aps;uGufyJ zGifhr,f? vpmE_ef;xm; vkyfcawG/ t&yf
&yfaps;E_ef;awG tpkd;&u 0ifrpGufbJ zGifhxm;ay;r,f? EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_jzpfwJh
a±G;aumufyGJawGeJ@ t&yfbuftcGifhta&;awGukd jywfjywfom;om; ukdifwG,fygw,f?
'g[m 1978 wdef@a&Smifyif; tm%m&+yD;uwnf;uae uae@txd w±kwfoGm;wJh rl0g'
ygyJ?
1980 rSm wde@f u EkAd ,fq&k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif rDvw f efz±kud rf efudk w±kwjf ynf
zd w f v k d u f y gw,f ? ygwD x d y f w ef ; t&m&S d w pf & mausmf / ygarmuQ a wG e J @ tpk d ; &Xme
t}uD;tuJawGukd t&if;aps;uGuf tajccHoDtkd&D oifjyay;zkd@yg? z±kdufref[m tpkd;&u
aps;uGufxJ 0ifcs,fvS,fwmukd rkef;&mrSm emrnf}uD;+yD;/ csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukdvnf; óud;ukdif
ðyjyifajymif;vJay;aeol jzpfygw,f?
z±k d i f r ef & J Œ t,l t qu Ek d i f i H a &;ðyjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG [ m uH p D r H & myJ
(incidental) ? &nf±G,fvkyfaezkd@awmif vkdtyfcsifrS vkdtyfr,f? ta&;}uD;wmu
aps;uGufeJ@ ukefoG,fr_ukd csKyfrxm;zkd@yJvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'gu w±kwfaygvpfAsL±kdtzGJ@ukd
cHwGif; awG@apygw,f? ygwDu tm%mukd wif;wif;qkyfxm;&if; yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifheJ@
rsm;rsm;xkwf rsm;rsm;pm;ok;H / rsm;rsm; wify@dk whJ (consumerism) pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;ukd zGichf sif
aeygw,f?
wdef@vkdcsifwmu aygvpfAsL±kdvlwpfpku uGefjrLepfpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHukd
xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifovkd/ 'DvlwpfpkuyJ t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHa&;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;
Ekdif&r,f? vlxkb0eJ@ vlaer_pwkdifawG vef;vmap&r,f? yDEkdacs;atmufu csDvDeJ@
tawmfqifwlovkd? tdrfeD;csif; pifumylarmf',fukd ykHpH,laewm jzpfygw,f? oHr%d
77
vufoD;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_ukd zdESdyf+yD; aps;uGufpepfukd oGm;ygr,f?

t&ifuwnf;u zdESdyfr_[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ wdef@u vkH;0 ,lq
xm;ygw,f? armfvufatmufrSmu twkdif;tqrJh ðzwfxkwfoef@pifa&;awGvkyf/
0g'jzef@,E , W m;atmufrmS vlxt k m;vk;H xdwv f ef@aecJ&h wm? tvkyo
f rm; ta=umif;cH
+yD; blZGm&Sif;vif;a&; acgif;pOfwyfcJhw,f? wdef@acwfrSmu pGwf&rf;um;wmrsKd; r[kwf
awmhbJ/ zdESdyfr_rSm tEkynmygvm+yD? armfacwfrSm yk*~Kdvfa&;=oZmxlaxmifr_atmufrSm
±l;a=umifa=umifaecJh&+yD; wdef@acwfrSmawmh tifpwDusK;&Sif;toGif ykdaqmifvmygw,f?
vlxku txkduftavsmuf tdyfa&;00eJ@ csrf;om&m &vmygw,f? okd@aomf ygwDeJ@
tpkd;&ukd ay:wiftHwk&ifawmh aor,fhom}uH?
wdef@&JŒðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu atmifjrifr_awGa=umifh ay: jyLvm jzpfygw,f?
1983 rSm EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ wHcg;zGifhvkdufw,f? tvkyform;awGukd ygwDu xdef;csKyf
rxm;awmhbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfykdifcGifh ay;vkdufygw,f? v,form;awGu olwkd@
b0 olwkd@ykdifqkdifvm+yD; +rdKŒ}uD;awGwuf a&mif;0,f=uw,f?
1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdif;rSmawmh vlóudufrrsm;wJh vrf;a=umif;awG wdef@
azmfaqmif&+yD? t&if;aps;uGufoGm;zkd@ tpkd;&&JŒ aps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfr_awG y,fzsufay;
vkduf&awmh t&yf&yfukefaps;E_ef;awG rkd;ay:axmifwufukefw,f? EkdifiHykdifpuf±kHawGu
odef;oef;csDwJh tvkyform;awG av#mhypfawmh tvkyfvufrJh v_dif;xoGm;w,f? aygufol
eJ@ ±_H;ol=um; qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[r_ }uD;vmygw,f?
1988 rSmawmh aps;E_ef;vGwfvyfcGifhay;r_&JŒ aemufjyef±kdufcsufawG ygwDu
t}uD;tus,&f ifqidk &f +yD? jcpm;r_e@J aqG;rsK;d nmwumaumif;pm;a&; (nepotism) tay:
us,fus,favmifavmif toHawG xGufvm+yD? aps;uGufwHcg;zGifhwm[m vlxktwGuf
rygbJ/ ygwDt&m&Sd}uD;awGeJ@ olwkd@ygwemrsm;twGufvkd@ a0zefvm=uygw,f?
*k±k}uD;vnf; ru,fEkdif
aps;uGufpepf prf;oyfr_a=umifh tE W&m,fE_wfcrf;0 a&mufvmawmh *k±k}uD;

z±kdufrefukd w±kwfjynf vmvnfzkd@ w&m;0ifzdwf&+yD? z±kdufrefu ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; ausmufusd,efeJ@ ESpfem&Davmuf tpkd;&rD'D,ma&SŒrSm aqG;aEG;=uw,f? &Sef[kdif;
aumfrwD&JŒ ygwDtwGif;a&;r_;/ aemif orwjzpfvmr,fh usefZDrif;eJ@vnf; pum;awG
wavS}uD; ajym=uw,f?
78
z±kdufref&JŒ ausmufeJ@ usefukd ay;wJh t}uHOm%fu csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukd ay;cJhwJh
[mygyJ? ‘zdtm;awGukd OD;r!$wfeJ@/ rsufawmifrcwfeJ@’ (don't bow the pressure
and don't blink) ? yk*v ~ u
d toGiaf jymif;a&;awG qufomvky/f vkt d yf&if qlyu G rf al wGudk
zdESdyfoifhwm zdESdyf?
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okd@aomf 'Dhxuf av;eufr_awG&Sdaeygw,f? 1989 qENjyyGJukd OD;aqmifcJhol wpfOD;jzpfwJh
0rf[Gmu ol@&JŒ 'China's New Left' pmtkyfrSm ckvkda&;ygw,f?
“qENjyyGJrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om;awGwifru/ puf±kHtvkyform;awG/
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z±kdufrefeJ@ aygif;+yD; cGmcsaewm? tJ'Dh tajymif;tvJ'%f rcHpm;Ekdif=ujcif;u 1989
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- The Shock Doctrine by Naome Klein

-The Spirit of Democracy by Larry Diamond
- The Economist, May 2009
83
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(2)
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Ahlin Yanant No 4

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T*sme,ftm; aemfa0;jrefrmaumfrwD

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EkdifiHa&;&HyHkaiGqdkif&mrl0g'udpPonf EdkifiHa&;jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;jzpfonfh

Johnston, Michael (2005): Political Parties and Democracy in

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On Democracy by Robert A. Dall

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