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orkdif;oifcef;pmrsm;ukd ‘Ekid if aH wmf’qkw d hJ pum;vk;H [m “2008 tajccHOya'”rSm
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Auy(A[k d ) cHOya'”ukd toufoGif;ay;zkd@twGuf vkyfwJh‘a&G;
(1) Armjynf.yx0Dtaetxm;u aumufy’JG jzpfw,f? tJ'D ‘a&G; aumufy’JG u ay:vmr,fh
(3) rsuaf rSmuf Ekid if aH &;jrifuiG ;f u
olrsm;eJ@rwl/ wrl xl;jcm;onf? T xl; v$waf wmf pnf;a0;wJh yxrqk;H ae@rmS 2008 tajccHOya'
tm;&p&m r&Sdyg? ‘etz’u t
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wkud t f cHrsm;ukd “jynfytm;uk;d yk
t}urd }f urd f &cJ+h y?D t*Fvyd f ukv
d edk D jzpfchJ xm;+yD; jzpfw,f? (yk'rf -441-=unf)h
qde±f ;dk ”/ “tqk;d jrif0g'rD sm;”/ “jynf
zl; onf? t*Fvyd ef @J *syefudk uyfaygi;f +y;D tm%mwnfwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf EkdifiHawmfukd
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vnf; ‘etz’ukd w±kw-f ukvm;
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aemufvkduf[k ykwfcwfaeonf?
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awGcsn;f jzpfuek +f yD? w rsK;d om;vk;H
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t&Su&f p&m jzpfuek +f yD? tjyef t
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awmh tjyeftvSef w&m;cHtjzpf
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ovkd ,ck orkid ;f wausmh jyefvnfae EkdifiHawmfukd ppftkyfpku ‘w&m;0if’ukd,f pm;
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‘2010 a&G;aumufyGJ’+yD;wJhaemuf “ppftm%m&Sif
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(3) vlajymif;wmuawmh rkcs vkyf=uvdrfhrnf? tm%m
odr;f ppfacgi;f aqmif“Akvd af e0if;”u vl0wfvu J m “orRw OD;ae
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toufe@J tck Akv d o f ef;a&$&@J toufudk wGu=f unfyh g?)
aumvm[v qefqef owif;wcku “2008 tajc
cHOya't& wufvmr,fh ‘orRw’[m tenf;qk;H (5) ESpaf wmh
S xf m;a=umif; =um;&
onf? [kwrf [kwf raocsmyg? jzpfEidk af csawmh &So d nf?
OD;ae0if;u OD;pef;,kudk orRwoufwrf;twkid ;f at;
aq;acsmarG@pGm vlajymif;ay;cJhwmrsKd; jzpfcsif=urSmyg? (1988)
uvkd ‘18’&ufcH orRw ajymif;&wmrsKd; jzpfcsif=urSm r[kwf?
‘orRw’vlajymif;vlv$J vkyf±kHeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xdef;
r&awmhv@dk Akv d af pmarmifukd tm%modr;f ckid ;f &wmrsK;d ukv
d nf;
jzpfcsi=f urSm r[kwyf g?
'gayrJh ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSmu tajymif;tvJawG
jzpfwwfonf?
š “1947 tajccHOya'”u (15)ESpf cHonf?
š “1974 tajccHOya'”u (14)ESpf cHonf?
š “2008 tajccHOya'”u b,favmufcrH vJ?
apmif=h unf=h u&rnf?
(4) “1947 tajccHOya'”wkef;u vltajymif;tvJ b,f
avmuf &Scd o hJ vJ? 0ef}uD;csKyftajymif;tvJ enf;enf;yJ &So d nf?
d nf? OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG (xnfw h u G cf siw
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onf? ‘Akdvf’u ‘OD;’ ajymif;wJhvlcsnf; jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;u
pvkdufwm a'gufwm(OD;)armifarmiftxd tawmfrsm;onf?
wGu=f unf=h uyg?
“2008 tajccHOya'”t& ‘etz’u vltajymif;
tvJawmh vkyv f rd rhf nf?
(5) rajymif;vJrmS u “ppftm%m&Sipf epf” jzpfonf? tm%m
&Sifpepf usifhokH;wJhenf;emrSmawmh tajctaeukdvkduf+yD; t
ajymif;tvJuav;awG &Sw d wfonf? 'Dvdk ‘enf;em’ ajymif;wm
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d nf; &Sad eonf? taES;eJ@tjref olw@dk xifovkd r[kww f mukd
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1990 wke;f uom ppftyk pf k t jzpfae+yD? tqifroifv h #if ppfyyJG ifjzpfEidk f tajrmufoH jyef=um;vmae&+yD?
ajrmftjrif &Scd v hJ #i/f jynfo@l qENudk av;pm; onftxd wif;rmae+yD? · ppftiftm;jyyGJ}uD;awG tm
cJv h #if ‘trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;. · ‘trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;’ r &Syifv,fjyifawGrmS ay:ae+yD?
tajccHudk &&Su d m ‘jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;’ ajymESifh ‘trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwf
ukd wnfaqmufEidk cf v hJ rd rhf nf? Armjynf. a&;’ &&Szd @dk yif cufae+y?D 1990 u jynfol (ESp)f
tem*wfawmufajymifvrd rfh nf? xkpd Oftcg u vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m ay;tyfcH&onfh rdrwd @dk enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfudk
u Ekid if w H umhtajctaeonf tckvkd r NLD ESihf ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG qdw k mu jyefvnfoHk;oyf=u&awmhrnf? 0uFygxJ
[kwfao;? ArmjynftwGuf tcgtcGifh ‘a&G;aumufay;cH&onf’qdkwhJ }uHhzGH@wkd@ 0Jvnfaevk@d rjzpf? enf;y&d ,m,f vrf;pOf
aumif;jzpfco hJ nf? Armjynfta&;ukd pdwf xdyw f udk wf ;dk aeav+yD? ukd &Sm=u&ygrnf? ok@d ro S m vk&d myef;wkid o f @dk
0ifpm;onfh tiftm;}uD; Ekid if rH sm; wnD · EkdifiHwum htajct aeu a&mufygvrd rhf nf?
w!Gww f nf; &Sad eonft h csed jf zpfonf? vnf; tajymif;tvJ}uD; ajymif;vJch+J yD? vrf;pOfopf&Smzkd@ qEN&Sdv#if 0kdif;
okd@aomf tcgtcGifhaumif;ukd Armjynfta&;u ukvor*~pifjrifhay: 0ef;+yD;&Smv#if vrf;pOfrSefawG@ygvdrfhrnf?
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eJ@xiG &f rnfu h pd rP sm;u ykqed ef @J aygu&f rvkd · urBmph ;D yGm;a&;uyfuvnf;
jzpfc+hJ yD? vlra_ &;/ Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&; tusyt f wnf; (3)
· jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;eJ@ tm;vH;k ok@d yif ul;ajymif;pjyKae+y?D Oa&my vrf;pOfopfudk wk;d wk;d wdww f w
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cJ+h yD? jzpfum t&yfuyl g vl0idk ;f ygvyk af e&+yD? vufykduf=unfhaerSm r[kwfvkd@ wkd;wkd;
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(1) ‘1900’jynfw h ek ;f u Armjynf t*Fvyd f Arm vrf;r}uD;ukd jzwfawmufvkduf tmqD,(H 10) Ekid if u H rsuaf rSmufacwf tif tm;
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hJ m (14) ESpf &S+d y?D tJ'ED pS rf mS w,f? (,k;d ',m;u tJ'aD umif;r_a=umifh }u;D Ekid if aH wG&@J rsupf u d s cHae&csed f jzpfaejyefv@dk y?J
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w±kwjf ynfudk wOD;wnf;ykid f ukv d edk t D jzpf ukd ulcv hJ @dk &E©ypdk mcsKyfrmS ol@udk t*Fvyd f wk@d pojzifh wk;d yGm; vmae+yD?
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cJ=h uw,f? (8) Ekid if u H olw@dk vcdk siw f hJ t =opaw;vs/ e,l;ZDvef/ tar&duef/ ±k&Sm;/
csuftcsma'oawGukdyJ txdef;odrf;cH (2) ta&S @ awmif t m&S r S m Armjynf Oa&my pojzifh tm;vk;H u tmqD,u H dk pdw0f if
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aemufawmh *syefu ta&S@ bl;? tif'cdk sKid ;f em; (tck AD,uferf/ avm/ w,f?
ajrmufa'o}u;D wckv;Hk ukd odr;f yku d x f m; uarBm'D;,m;)a&m/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;a&m (b±k olwkd@csif; tay;t,l wnfhae&if
&muae avmbwuf+yD; (1937) rSm w Ekid ;f tygt0if) u ppfeif;rcH&bl;? vuf awmh Armjynfu e,f±kyfjzpfrSmyJ? tay;t,l
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w,f? w±kwt f pk;d &uvnf; wku d yf JG wyGJ puFmylu wcgyJ ppfeif;cH&wmyg? Arm yJ? ajy;rvGwb f ;l ? tmqD,(H 10)Ekid if rH mS olrsm;
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awmftxd odr;f yku d w f ,f? yifv,furf; (*syefqu D ppfavsmaf =u;&awmh tenf; nyfrmS aocsmw,f?
±k;d wef; wckv;Hk vnf; ol@atmuf a&muf qk;H yJ? tJ'gu Akv d af tmif}uD;wk@d av#mh
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uif;ukd ajy;+y;D twGi;f ykid ;f rSm avSmifyw d rf d (3) 'Dta=umif;awG jyefazmfae&wmu
ae+y?D tJ'aD wmhrS t*Fvyd -f tar&duefu
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aemifrSmvnf; 'DvkdyJ vkyfae=urSm
&J@ OD;wnf&efolukd xkd;ESuftykyfcszkd@
“eHygwf0rf;” avmufyJ vkyw f m jzpfw,f?
yg?

Akvd o f ef;a&$ eHygw0f rf; jzpfawmh (5) wcsK@d u “v$waf wmfxrJ mS ar;cGe;f xar;
a&SmifwJhtvkyf tJ'tD vkyu f adk wmif &J(ykvyd )f Akv
cif&aD vmufuydk J vkyaf pw,f? wGi;f (1)u
d rf LS ;csKyf vk@d &r,f”xif=uw,f? r&ygb;l ? 25µaom
ppfAkdvftrwfawGu ikdufaezkd@ v$wfawmf
rvkyaf wmhb;l ? wufwm r[kwb f ;l ? cyf=urf;=urf; trwf
ppfAvdk ef @J yJ pum;Ekid v f &k wm jzpfrmS yJ?
(4) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGv J kyf&if EkdifiHjcm; “v$waf wmf”&J@ ‘em,u’vkyo f &l @J
xG e f ; aomf owif;axmufawGyg zdwf&w,f? jynf “awmf-wef-wdw”f vkyw f myJ cH&rSmyJ?
wGi;f owif;pmq&mukd rD;aoayr,fh olw@dk orRw/ 'k-orRw qkw d mu “v$wf
ukad wmh rD;raobl;? rajzcsiw f ahJ r;cGe;f ar; awmf”wufrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
vm&if ‘awmufwahJ cG;eif;’jzpfrmS a=umuf ppftyk pf qk w dk m rykid &f if bmrS rvkyf
w,f? ygbl;? yk'fr(63)rSm twdtvif; a&;xm;
aemufwa=umif;u olwkd@u ygw,f? orRw/ 'k-orRw v$waf wmftrwf
“ppfa&;tjrif” ody&f w dS ,f? a&S@rmS bm jzpfae&ifawmif v$wfawmfu EkwfxGuf+yD;
(1) “eHygw0f rf;”a&Smifwt hJ vkyu f “owif; vkyfr,fqkdwmukd b,fawmhrS }uKd+yD;
jzpf&rwJ?h
pm &Sif;vif;yG”J yJ? Akdvfae0if; rvkyfcho
J vkd rajymbl;? tvpftiku d f zrf;+y;D vkyw f myJ?
Akv
d af pmarmif/ Akv
d o f ef;a&$w@dk vnf; rvkyf
bl;? (Akv
d o
f ef;a&$uawmh a&S@u vlawGvdk
awmif awmifpOfa&r& rdef@cGef;&Snf ray;
bl;?) armifp;l prf; rajz0Hw h ahJ r;cGe;f

(2) 1962 tm%modr;f +yD;pu Akv d af tmif ‘a&G;aumufyGJ’t+yD;rSm armifpl;prf; bmajymrvJqkdwm apmifh
}uD;u ol@t}uHeJ@ol Akdvfae0if;“owif; cJyh gw,f? *sme,fwapmifrmS awmh ‘awG@qaHk r;jref;’wm awG@ &w,f?
pm&Si;f vif;yG”J vkyzf @dk owif;pmq&mawGudk ol@oabmu &Si;f w,f? “uk, d phf w
d }f uKdurf S vkyEf idk pf rG ;f rS r&Sd
zdww f ,f? Akv d af e0if;u rwwfomvk@d tJ'D wm/ ay:vmr,fhtay:rSmyJ vufcHaqmif&Guf&awmhr,f”vkd@ ajzcJh
tpnf;ta0; vmw,f? owif;pmq&m w,f?
awG&@J a&S@rmS ol@val wGudk bma=umifh qwf “trsK;d om;oifjh rwfa&;qkw d m pum;vk;H vSw,f? tkid 'f D
aqmh+yD; “owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJ” vkyf& ,mvSw,f? vufawG@Eidk if aH &;rSmawmh cufvw S ,f”vk@d ajymw,f?
wmvJvkd@ }udrf;armif;w,f? aemufawmh b,fvedk nf;vrf; taumif;qk;H jzpfEidk rf vJ ar;wmrSmawmh rar;oifw h hJ
aqmif}h uD;atmif}h uD;eJ@ pifjrifah y:u ol@ae ar;cGef;yJqkd+yD; a&SmifoGm;w,f? 'g[m ar;or# &J&}J uD; ajzavh&SdwhJ
&mrSm xkid w f ,f? “cifAsm;wk@d u bmar;csif armifp;l prf; vufa&SmifomG ;wmyJ?“a=umufygw,fqrdk S a=umif}uD;eJ@
wmvJ”vk@d bkpum;ajymawmh OD;tke;f cif wk@d ”rvkyyf ge@J v@dk ajymcsi[
f ef &Sw
d ,f?
(Armhacwf)u “Akv d af e0if;æcifAsm;wk@d u
zdwv f @dk vmwm/ cifAsm; ajymp&m&S&d ifajym/
rajymbl;qk&d if jyefr,f? tvkyyf surf cHEidk f
bl;?”vk@d jyef+yD; bkawmw,f? tJ'aD wmh
ae0if;u rdepftcsKd@=umatmif xkdifae+yD;
jyefxu G o f mG ;w,f?
ppftyk pf k eHygw0f rf;wkid ;f owif;pm
&S i f ; vif ; yG J u k d a&S m if = uygw,f ? wD u k d
5
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(opfvGifrif;) tjrif enf ; emeJ @ vuf a wG @
(1)‘a&G;aumufy’JG +y;D oGm;+y?D a&G;aumufyJG 0ifchJ r_udk wcsKd @
tjrifrSef&=uw,f? wcsdK@uawmh 'DwcsDacsmwkdifwufwm r qHk; w}udrfusif;yrSmqkdawmh wESpfwcgawmh jzwfawmufa&;
atmifjrifayr,fh aemufwcsDqkd&if wkdifxdyf a&muf&r,fvkd@ tqked @J ar;cGe;f ar;cGihf &Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,f? 'Davmufygy?J rJc&JG wJh tqifh
tm;wif;aew,f? (wkid x f yd rf mS csw
d x
f m;wJh ‘qk’u ‘2008 tajc txd ra&mufEidk yf gb;l ?
cHOya'’yg)? v$wfawmfoufwrf; 5 ESpf? wESpfrSm 1 }udrfavmuf
(2) ‘a&G;aumufy’GJ r0ifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif wcsdK@ pum;ajymcGihf ar;cGe;f ar;cGihf &rSmyg? 'gu yHrk eS t f ajctaerSm yHrk eS f
uawmh aemufwufr,fh tpkd;&vufxufrSm ‘pD;yGm;a&;vkyf vkyrf ,fh tpnf;ta0;vkyEf idk rf yS J 5 }udraf jymcGihf &wmjzpfr,f?
uGu’f uav;rsm; ay:aumif;&J@ xifaew,f? ‘}uzhH @HG tpk;d &’ uvnf; txl;tajctaeay:vk@d ‘ta&;ay: v$waf wmf’tpnf;
‘etzppf t pk d ; &’&J @ pD ; yG m ;a&;ay:vpD y J vk y f r S m yg? abmif ; ta0;/ ‘txl;tpnf;ta0;’usi;f y&&ifawmh ewfoufaºuovkd
bDc|wv f udk ±f ekH @J bmrSajymif;vJrmS r[kwyf gb;l ? ‘ykad e+rJusm;ae+rJ’ trwfoufaºu&vdrrhf ,f?
yJ jzpfrmS yg? (5) xGucf mG oGm;wJh t*Fvyd ‘f ocif’xuf aemufvmwJh
pD;yGm;a&;orm;wk@d trwfjzpfvmvk@d wcsKd @wav pD;yGm; *syef‘rmpwm’u =urf;w,f&rf;w,fqw dk mukd ae@csi;f ncsi;f odEidk f
a&;/ ukefoG,fa&;/ b¾ma&;Xmeqkdif&m 0ef}uD; 0efuav;awG cJhayr,fh t*Fvdyfukr`%DawGjzpfwJh bHkabbm;rm;/ pwD;b&m;
jzpfvmwm &SEd idk yf gw,f? ay:vpDuawmh ajymif;p&m r&Syd gb;l ? om;pwJh e,fcs@J urk % ` aD wG&@J ae&mukd 0if,v l mwJh *syefurk % ` aD wG
(3) AsL±ku d &ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sipf epfudk usio hf ;kH ukdawmh aemufawmfawmf=umrS awG@&ovkdyJ wESpf ESpfESpfqkd&if
wmrSm abmif;bDyJ 0wfxm;xm;/ ykqkd;yJ qD;xm;xm;/ vkyf awmh }uHzh @HG tpk;d &&J@ pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD ±kyv f ;kH ay:rSmyg?
enf;vky[ f efuawmh bmrS xl;rSmr[kwyf gb;l ? AsL±kud &ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sipf epfqw dk mu trsKd ;
xl;Ekid w f mu ‘v$waf wmf’xJrmS &oH;k cef@reS ;f acs (bwf om;t&if;&Siaf wGudk ae&may;avhr&Syd gb;l ? taoowfygw,f?
*su)f wif&if (trwf) wa,mufwavu jzwfawmufa&;tqkd pD;yGm;a&;t& ol@vufatmufudk oGi;f Ekid &f if oGi;f r,f? roGi;f Ekid &f if
wifEkdifr,f? ar;cGef;wcsdK@ ar;Ekdifr,f? 'gayrJh rJc&GJ wJhtqifhxd r ESrd ef if;ypfvu dk w f myJ vkyaf vh&ydS gw,f?
a&mufEidk b f ;l ? tpk;d &ygw&D @J tmus,w f hJ trwf&@J taigut f irf; ar#mv f ifo
h vkd jzpfrvm&if pdw"f mwfrusyge@J ? AsL±ku d &uf
t+cdr;f tajcmuf cH&p&m &Sw d ,f? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sipf epfudk wku d zf suzf @dk jynfob l ufu &yf
(4) ‘v$waf wmf’ yHrk eS f tpnf;ta0;u wESprf mS tenf; wnfyg? }udKqkad eygw,f? ?

umwGef;

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6
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D kd ±SL;wdu
k w
f ikd ;f pmtkyf/ pmayESifh rSwfcsuf
uduk w
f hJ vlawGu 'kw,d rsKd ;quf&hJ trm
oHk;oyfcsuf cHawGy?J tm%modr;f +y;D ‘aumifp’D zG@J wm
[m ae0if;&Jt h }ut H pnfy?J tdraf pmifw
h ek ;f
(2 ) tJ'}D udw0f ikd ;f rSm Adv k af tmif}uD;ygykH u ‘aumifp’D rzG@J ygb;l ? 'gayrJh I.C awmh
r&bl;? 1962 tm%modr;f yGJ }upH nf&mrSm &Sdw,f? wdk;wdk;wdkifyifazmfawGyJaygif;+yD;
olrygbl;vdk@ajymwm[m vdrfwmr[kwf }udw0f ikd ;f vkyw f myg? ae0if;u tJ'rD mS ol@
Edkifbl;? wu,frygwmyJjzpfr,f? Adkvf pdwu f ;l udk ajymjywmyJ?
ae0if;u qd&k , S v f pfygwD oHa,mZOf&w dS h J ‘eHygw0f rf;’rSmu I.C tjyif rD;
'k w d , rsd K ;quf p pf t k y f p k ol@ukd r,Hak wmhb;l ? 1962 tm%modr;f yGJ zdkacsmifuufbDeuf kitchen cabinet
(1962 - 1988) t+yD; xkwjf yefwhJ awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if vnf; &Spd +rJjzpfw,f? K.C u ZeD;r,m;
(17)OD;pm&if;rSmawmh ol@emrnf 'kw, d ae eJ@orD;om; ygavh&w dS ,f? ae0if;u a':cif
pk d ; at; &muygvmw,f? 'guawmh wyfxu J t aroef;ao+y;D uwnf;u .K.C rSm r,m;
( 1 ) 'kw, d rsKd ;qufu yxrrsKd ;quf (1947 a&;ygwhJ ppfAdkvftm;vHk;udk a=unm&wJh udk rxnfah wmhb;l orD;utc&myJ? rq
-1961)&Jh tarGcrH [kwb f ;l / yxrrsKd ;quf “olc;kd aoazmfn”d‡ vkyef nf;t&vkyw f myg? v 26 ESpo f ufwrf;rSm I.Caw/G K.C awG
ppftyk pf u k qd&k , S v f pfygwu D zefw;D wJh ppf Adv
k w f ef,q k ikd uf ppf&w J yfukd udik f trsm;}uD;ajymif;cJw h ,f? tJ'gawGukd t
tkypf yk /J 'kw, d rsKd ;qufu Adv k af e0if; zefw;D aewJh Adv k jf zpfv@kd eHygwf (17)rSm ygvmwmyJ? us,rf a&;awmhb;l ?
wmjzpfw,f? 'DrmS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;jzpfwmu ppf
zefw;D w,fv@kd qw kd mu vl,kH w }uD;twGi;f aomifwif+yD; (ae0if;&J@acgi;f ( 4 ) ae0if;[m aemufq;kH awmh I.C rSm
pke@J }uw d 0f ikd ;f aqG;aEG;+y;D azmfxw k v f u kd w f m aqmifjzpfcw hJ )hJ Adv
k pf =um&J@ apmifah &Smuf ol@‘tdraf wmfygi,fu|eaf wG’udyk J ,Hak wmh
udk ajymwmyg? r_ccH &hJ olawGjzpfwhJ *syefppfausmif;qif;awG w,f? 88 rSm vlxt k ºkH ur_uvnf; 'Da&
yxrppftkyfpku *syefacwfrSm uvnf; 'kw, d rsKd ;qufrmS ae0if;tm;xm; jrifw
h ufvmae+yD? 'Dtcsed rf mS ppftyk pf k w
oaE<wnfw,f? arG;zGm;vmwmu udk wJh ta&;ygoal wGy?J tpd;k &zG@J awmhvnf; wd,rsKd ;qufukd ae0if;u arG;xkwcf w hJ myJ?
ausm+f ird ;f (jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D ) &Jt h rd u f }uw d f ta&;}uD;wJh0ef}uD;XmeawGudk udkifcdkif; 'Dupd aP wmh twGi;f odawGa&;aewJh Web
0dik ;f rSm aqG;aEG;+yD; azmfxw k w f myJ? (tar w,f? Site awGrmS ygae+yD?
&dueftrsKd ;orD;a&;wJh Making Enemies ausmif;om;awG&Jh “'Drdkua&pD orRwjzpfaewJh a'guw f m armif
pmtkyrf mS =unfyh g )? 'kw, d ppftyk pf u k awmh cHwyf}u;D ”udk (7)&ufZv l ikd rf mS acsre_ ;f +zKd zsuf armifu I.C r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh ol@qD
Adkvfae0if;tdrfu }udwf0dkif;aqG;aEG;&mu cJw
h m olw@kd y?J olw@kd u (7)&ufZv l ikd f ta&; u tm%mudk (e0w)ppftyk pf u k v$, J l
ay:vmwmjzpfw,f? }uw d 0f ikd ;f aqG;aEG;yGu J kd tcif;rSm b,fou l t"duw&m;cHvJ qdk awmhrmS rd@k today;wJo h abmeJ@ }uw d 0f ikd ;f
twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f }udw0f ikd ;f vd@k ajym&rSmyJ? wm od=uygw,f? 'gayrJh pdwo f mcs b,f xJrmS ac:xnfx h m;wmyJ? (wcsKd @‘^m%f
yxrrsKd ;quftrsm;pku ta0;od@k awmhrS zGiahf jymrSmr[kwb f ;l ? a&;zd@k qw kd mu }uD;&Si’f awGu a'guw f marmifarmif orR
vGifhukef+yD/ usefwmu Adkvfatmif}uD;eJ@ a0;ao;w,f? w jzpfcsed w f ek ;f u ud, k b hf ufu wif;vGe;f
Advk w f ifazyJ? 'DEpS af ,mufuvnf; apmif w,fv@kd wifjyw,f? enf;y&d,m,frmS ;
ae=uw,fqdkwmudk Adkvfae0if;odw,f? ( 3 ) 'g[mAdv k af e0if;&Jh twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f w,fv@kd wifjyw,f? wu,fu olw@kd t
Adv
k af tmif}u;D u BEDC *d% k ;f Advk w f ifaz (inner circle) tajymif;tvJyJ? I.C wGi;f ydik ;f tajctaeudk rodv@kd yg? ae0if;&Jh
u QMG *d% k ;f / olw@kd u pm;cGuv f ak e=u [mta&;}uD;ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf I.C eJ@ K.C u qif}uH}uHaewmudk rod
wm? 'kwd,rsdK;qufrSm 'DESpfa,mufudk rSm ppftm%m&Siu f b,fo@l u, kd w
kH ,f =uvd@k yg? xm;ygawmh)
xnfah y;xm;ayr,fh Adv k af e0if;u ,Hw k m b,fo@l urkd ,Hb k ;l qdwk mudk azmfjyaewm ae0if;&J@ aemufq;kH I.C rSm yg
r[kwb f ;l ? Adv k af tmif}uD;u jrefjreft&m jzpfw,f? olawGu Adv k af usmx f ifvkd Adv k {f udv k kd vl
usw,f/ Adv k w f ifazu enf;enf;=um=umcH rqvppftm%m&Sipf epf }uD;pd;k awGyjJ zpfw,f? t*Fvyd &f @J wyfrmS Adv k af e
w,f? olwdk@ESpfa,mufu wapmif;ap; wJuh mv 26 ESprf mS I.C tajymif;tvJ 0if; 'kwyf&if;rSL;vkyw f ek ;f u wyf=uyfawGy?J
eJ@rsuaf cs;yg? t}udr}f udrjf zpfcw hJ myJ? tJ'D I.C awGuykd J 'ga=umifh ‘tdrfawmfygi,fu|efawG’vdk@
usew f rhJ sKd ;qufawGu pdev f iG v f kd ppftyk pf v k @kd owfrw S &f rSmjzpfw,f? tm ajym&wmyg?
rsurf eS w f ifO;D vdk ae0if;&Jh waZmufuef;yg; %modr;f +yD;rS olc;kd aoazmfnd‡ cH&olawGukd
uGuo f m;awGy?J udak usm+f idr;f ud, k u hf , kd f ppftyk pf 0k ifv@kd ajymvd@k r&ygb;l ? 0g;vH;k &Snf ( 5 ) 'kw,d rsKd ;qufrmS pmtkypf mwrf;a&;
ud, k f }udK;qGcJ saocsiaf vmufatmif n‡O;f eJ@ord ;f ±du
k of vdk jzpfomG ;vdrrhf ,f? cJo
h l (2 )OD;yJ&wdS ,f? Adv
k af pmjrifeh @J a'guf
yef;cJo h u l (=um;&&if,pkH &mawmif r&Sb d ;l ) 7 wmarmifarmif/ Adv k af pmjrifu
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ysucf ge;D rS a,mifw;D a,mifw orRw jzpfol atmif}uD;/ Adv k w f ifazwd@k }uD;pd;k aewmqdk vnf; ra&;=uygb;l ? (Adv k af e0if; bke;f awmf
yJ? olw@kd u ppftyk pf x k cd u
kd ef pfematmif r awmh tvdv k akd e&if; qd&k , S v f pftyk pf &k hJ t bG@J a'guw f marmifarmif a&;wmawmh &Sd
a&;ygb;l ? Adv k af pmjrifu h bmrS ra&;bl;/ rmcHawGjzpfvmw,f? 'g[molw@kd &@J xl;jcm; w,f)? tar&dueftrsKd ;orD;eJ@ awG@wek ;f u
a'guw f marmifarmifu t*Fvyd pf meJ@yJ a&; csuyf ?J yJ olw@kd tmacsmifvu kd v f @kd tJ't D rsKd ;orD; pm
w,f? jrefrmbmomjyef r&Sb d ;l ? &S&d ifvnf; Advk af e0if; ‘rqv’wpifaxmif tkyrf mS zwf&w,f? Adv k af rmifarmif&@J 'dik , f m
pmaypdppfa&;u cGihf jyKrSm r[kwb f ;l ? awmh olw@kd [m 'kw, d rsKd ;quf ppftyk pf 0k if &Dta=umif;vnf; od&w,f?
Adv k af pmjrifph mtkyu f xkwaf 0cGihf awG jzpfvmwmyJ? pmtkyrf a&;=uwJt h a=umif; em;
&w,f? udv k ekd aD cwf ppfuikd ;f ausmif;om; Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ Adv k af tmif}uD; b,f vnfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDacwfvdk “ighnD
v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f udk AvH;k AaxG; a&;w,f? 'g olwpfw&m;cHvq J wkd hJ tjiif;yGm;r_ (7 &uf ausm+f ird ;f rif;i,fygao;w,f” “rif;om;udk
yJ? ol@tudkt&if;(&Jabmfodef;wef) bm Zlvikd u
f pd )P rSm olw@kd vnf; eHygw (f 3) w&m;cH }uD;aumif;” “'Drdkua&pDajymif;jyef” a&;
a=umifh b,foal wGajcxd;k vd@k *syeftowf awG jzpfvmw,f? toHvi$ ±hf rkH mS pcef;cs+yD; vd@k r&rSe;f odygw,f? “ppfAsL±du k &ufacwf”
cH&ovJ qdw k mawmif ra&;bl;? wa,muf teD;uyfuyG u f aJ eolawGu olw@kd y?J Adv k f rSm ppfAv kd af wG&@J *wk af y: "m;0Jaewmodv@kd
(armifaqGoufxifw,f)urS a&;wmawG@ atmif}u;D &J@ pmwrf;wapmifrmS Adv k af usmpf ;kd cGiv hf w $ yf gw,f? udx k eG ;f pdeef @J Adv
k af t;az
& ao;w,f? ukd w&m;cHtjzpfa&;wm awG@z;l w,f? Adv k f tr_wrJG mS Adv k af t;azyJ ao'%fusw,f?
olw@kd bmawGa&;+y;D bmawGajym ausmpf ;kd u jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D / Adv k af pmjrifu h Adv
k t f ek ;f ausmjf rifh jrefjrefao'%fusw,f?
w,fqdkwmudk tus,fra&;awmhygbl;? jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D vkyaf ewmqdak wmh olw@kd tJ'v D kd ppfc±kH ;kH u cyfjrefjref aygaygavmavm
+cHKiH+k yD;yJ oH;k oyfygr,f? olw@kd &@J xl;jcm;csuf udwk &m;cH eHygw (f 3) vd@k ac:r,fq&kd ifvnf; ao '%fcsaevd@k ra&;rSe;f odygw,f? aAGr,l
u ‘rwfv(*syefzufqpf) awmfveS af &;’ ac:Edik yf gw,f? &ufygb;l ?
wke;f u *syefrmS a&mufaew,f? 'Dawmh olwdk@rsdK;qufu ppfeJ@awmfvSef Adkvfae0if;&Jh a'gotdk;aygufuGJr_
AuyeJ@ rxdawG@ rqufqzH ;l bl;? ausmif; a&; udk jzwfoef;zl;wJh a&S@raD emufro D al wGy?J ta=umif;u urBmodyg? 'g@tjyif ud, k ahf ygif
om;b0uyJ qufqHxdawG@zl;=uw,f? 'ga=umifw h pHw k &mawmh jynfov l x l ek @J eD;pyf ud, k v f eS af xmif&if; anmifjrpfw;l ykwo f ifO
wcsKd @u BIA umvrSm qufqzH ;l w,f? zl;w,f? ( 88 )tHºk ur_umvuvnf; rsKd ;cspf ay:rSmvnf; olw@kd a=umuf=uayvdrrhf ,f?
Armjynfjyefa&muf+yD; wyfxjJ yef &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;qd+k y;D aumif;r_jyKczhJ ;l w,f? ( 7 ) Auy u 'Dupd u P akd &;wmuvnf; 26
a&mufawmhvnf; qd&k , S v f pfppftyk pf ek @J yJ 'ga=umifh olw@kd ut kd uJjzwf&mrSm ESpw f muGuv f yfukd cserf xm;&pfcchJ siw f mw
qufqHxdawG@&w,f? jynfwGif;ppfu wzufowfusv@kd rjzpfygb;l ? t}uHorm; a=umif;/ ppftyk pf rk sKd ;qufawG&hJ tm%m ‘t
vnf; jzpfae+y?D &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f csKd @e@J *syef tuGuo f rm; Adv k af e0if;&J@ toH;k csc&H ol arGvyJ$ ’JG awGa=umifh wdik ;f jynfb,favmuf
rSmtwlaomifwifcw hJ hJ &Jabmf&b J ufwcsKd @ rsm;vd@k vnf; owfrw S Ef ikd wf t hJ ydik ;f &Sw
d ,f? emcJh+yDvJqdkwm odapcsifvdk@ wa=umif;
uvnf; awmxJa&mufae+y?D wyfxrJ mS u a&;ygw,f?
pk d ; at;

‘aomif ; wef a iG p uU L ’ xk w f a wmh r ,f q d k w J h o wif ;

'D o wif ; rS e f E d k i f w ,f ? ae0if ; vd k w&m;r0if a =unmwJ h e nf ; ud k oef ; a&$ rvk y f 0 H h b l ; ? ae0if ; enf ; u ae@cif ;
a=umif a wmif vl ± d k u f + yD ; vk , l w J h e nf ; yJ ? yxrt}ud r f w k e f ; u ppf t k y f p k 0 if x d y f o D ; wOD ; ud k ta&;,l & w,f ?
uef x ±d k u f w a,muf u ol y k e f x +rd K @od r f ; w,f ? aemuf q H k ; t}ud r f u sawmh ‘88 vl x k t H k º ur_ ’ jzpf a pw,f /
peuf w H w ck rD ; ±d _ @ ovd k jzpf o G m ;w,f ? rqv Zmwf o d r f ; awmh w myJ ?
oef ; a&$ e nf ; u ‘at;"m;jy’ wd k u f w J h e nf ; yJ ? ‘ok n ’ wd k ; ay;wJ h e nf ; yJ ? &mwef u d k ok n wd k ; ay;
vd k u f a wmh axmif w ef j zpf w ,f ? axmif w ef u d k a&S @ u *%ef ; ajymif ; ay;wJ h e nf ; eJ @ (5000) wef xk w f + yD ;
+yD ? 'D w cgawmh aemuf u ok n wvH k ; yJ wd k ; ay;zd k @ &S d w ,f ? 'ga=umif h rS e f E d k i f y gw,f ?
aemufwa=umif;uvnf; rm&S,favmacwfrSm vkyfxm;rS jzpfr,f? aemifrSm ‘v$wfawmf’ ay:vm
&if t&pf & S n f a wmh r ,f ? aemuf w uf v mr,f h ‘tpd k ; &’ ud k v nf ; 'k u Q a y;ovd k j zpf r S m pd k ; &d r f v d r f h r ,f ?

8
 ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
[m 1988 wke;f u b,ftqifeh @J bmwm0efawG xrf;cJo h al wG vJ
ppf t k y f p k t quf q uf u d k qdw k mudyk =J unfyh g?
oH k ; oyf c suf (3) olw@kd rsKd ;qufu pmtkyx f wk o f rl sm;w,f? bm a=umifrh sm;
ovJqw kd m pOf;pm;=unfah wmh olw@kd u vuf&pdS pftyk pf (k etz)eJ@
tqifajyolrsm;jzpfv@kd qw kd m awG@&w,f? olw@kd u e0wtzG@J 0if
awG jzpf=u±Hrk ubl;/ &if;eD;olawGvnf; jzpf=uvd@k qw kd m awG@&
w,f? Adv k o f ef;a&$e@J vnf; tqufquf qufqcH o hJ al wGjzpfv@kd
tyd;k usKd ;+y;D om;vnf;jzpfw,f? Adv k af rmifat;eJ@uawmh wausmif;
wnf;xGuo f jl zpfv@kd omomxd;k xd;k a&;Edik =f uw,f? Adv k x f eG ;f =unf
wwd , rsd K ;quf p pf t k y f p k (rH&k mG )&J@ pmtkyu f q
kd &kd if ‘etz’u ppfausmif;wuf olrsm;&J@ “vuf
pGpJ mtky”f vdjk zpfatmif vkyaf y;aeyHak y:w,f? wwd,t}urd af wmif
(1988 - 2010)
jyef±u kd +f y;D xkwaf e&w,f=um;w,f? Adv k f oef;a&$e@J Advk af rmifat;
bke;f awmfb@JG awGuvnf; trsm;}u;D a&;xnfx h m;=uwmyJ/ }uKd uf
pk d ; at;
=uayvdrrhf ,f?
Adv
k cf ifneG @f qef@usiaf &;wke;f uvnf; olw@kd wyl;waygi;f
wnf; jzpfc=hJ uwmr[kwv f m;?
(1) ay:vmyHu k wrlx;l w,f? ae0if;ppftyk pf &k @J e*dpk rD u H ed ;f u
“1974 tajccHOya'”abmifxu J ae+y;D tm%mqufco H l a&G;
cs,af y;oGm;zd@k jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifyh J pdev f iG uf kd qufco
H l tjzpf
a&G;w,f? (18) &ufycJ w H ,f? a'guw f marmifarmifukd tm
%mqufco H tl jzpf a&G;jyefw,f? olvnf; =um=um rcHEikd b f ;l
qdw
k mudk odvmawmh ae0if;u tJ't D csed rf mS ppfwyf&@J OD;pD;csKyf
jzpfaewJh Adv k af pmarmifukd “1974 tajc cHOya'” abmifxu J
r[kww f ehJ nf;eJ@ “tm%mv$”J vdu k wf myJjzpfw,f? abmifukd
wrifcsKd ;azmuf+yD; “tm%mv$”J cJ&h wmjzpfw,f?
'gayrJh jy\emu &Sad ew,f? ppfwyfO;D pD;aeolawGukd
‘tm%mtarG’v$aJ y;&ovdk wzufuvnf; rqv ygwv D ikd ;f
xJu vlawGuv kd nf; ‘Edik if aH &;tarG’v$aJ y;+y;D (wpn) trnfe@J
ygwzD @JG ay;cJ&h wmyJ? (tck a&G;aumufyrJG mS tJ'D ‘tarGcH ESpOf ;D ’
&efapmifae=u+yD )

(2) tm%mtarG&vdu k of al wGu wwd,ppftyk pf k jzpfvm

ayr,fh olw@kd u tawmfu h kd 0gEo
k al wG jzpfaew,f? ‘yxr
ppftyk pf ’k ‘'kw, d ppftyk pf ’k wd@k vrkd [kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umifh 'kwd
,tkypf v k kd rD;raobl;? c%c% tkypf v k ukd f jzKwfypf&wmawG
jzpfaewmyJ? (e0wa[mif;awGukd tkypf v k u kd f jzKw&f wm=unf/h
Adv
k cf ifneG @f ‘axmufvrS ;f a&;*d% k ;f ’udk tkypf v k ukd jf zKwf&wm
=unf/h tckwavm etz(a[mif;)awGukd tkypf v k u kd f jzKwaf e&
wmud=k unf?h )
wjcm; vlord cHwhJ ta=umif;vnf; &Sad e=uyHak y:w,f? 0ef}uD;
ppftyk pf q
k w
kd mu ppfwyfukd trSjD yKae&wmjzpfw,f?
jzpfpOfu tr_tcif;rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ‘etz’ tm%mydik rf sm; u
ppfwyfqw kd muvnf; twif;usyq f ;kH AsL±du k a&pD,E©&m; jzpf
Adv
k x
f eG ;f =unfukd oify;kH acs vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf ay;xm;yHak y: w,f?
w,f? tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf jzKwfypf&wmawGrsm;vmawmh
wdkif;rSL;b0eJ@ 0ef}uD;b0rSm pkaqmif;xm;wJh OpPm"eawG wyHk
topftopfawGukd wd;k jr‡ihf cef@xm;&w,f?
wyif&Sdvdk@ olu pmtkyfudkt±_H;cH+yD; xkwfEdkifw,f? 'gavmuf
&Sif;atmif erlemuav; ay;ygr,f? tckoef;a&$/
ukeu f spm;&dwu f awmh uav;rke@f z;kd ay;oavmufy?J tukecf EH ikd f
armifat;wd@k / ppftyk pf rk mS eHygwf (3)/ eHygwf (4)/ eH ygwf (5) wd@k
w,f?

9
 ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
(4) “ppftyk pf rk sKd ;qufawG”a&;or#ukd (wm0eft&) Auy u ‘Edik if aH &;tm%m’udk ppfAv kd t
f aeeJ@ &,lwmxuf pDymG ;
zwfygw,f? ud, k &f nfaoG;wmawGukd cGiv hf w $ w
f phJ wd ef @J zwfw,f? a&;vkyif ef;&Sif taeeJ@ &,lwb hJ ufukd ul;ajymif;aeovm; pOf;pm;p&m
olwdk@ra&;bJxm;wmu bmvJ? b,f[mudkazmh+yDa&;ovJ? yg? (pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siaf wGukd }uzhH @HG trnfe@J a&G;aumufyJG 0ifcikd ;f ae
b,f[mukzd +d yD; a&;ovJ? tm%mydik af wGukd rodrom bmawG wmvnf; &Sad e+yD )
ynmay;ovJ? b,fupd u P akd zsmufxm;ovJ/ tJ'gawGukd odcsiv f @kd ‘Adkvf’uae‘OD;’ajymif;+yD; tm%m&atmifvkyf&wmudk
wtkyrf usezf wfygw,f? pdwrf od;k roef@ jzpfv@kd vm;? 'grrS [kwf urBmw h rd ;f !Gwrf e_ @J tnD vkycf sif
Advk x f eG ;f =unf(rH&k mG )&Jh 'kw, d wGu J kd ar#maf ew,f? &Spf wmvm;awmh rodyg?
av;vH;k umvu jy\emtenf;qH;k jzpfatmif olb,fvkd udik f aemufpOf;pm;zd@k &w dS mu ppftyk pf t k qufqufu wdik ;f jynf&@J
wG,fcJhw,fqdkwJh r¾yfwdkifwufjywJhudpP b,fvdka&;xm;o toufaoG;a=um pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wdik ;f udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyrf ad tmif
vJqdkwm odcsifvdk@yJ? ppfudkif;vlowfyGJudpP b,fvdka&;ovJ? vkyw f m +y;D ajrmufatmifjrifc+hJ y/D “2008 tajccHOya'”u t"Ge@f &n S f
rE©av;rSm b,fvu kd ikd w
f ,G cf ohJ vJ pwmawG odcsiw f ,f? wnfwef@awmhrnf/ 'ga=umifh ‘Edik if aH &;tm%m’twGuf pdwyf pl &m
yxrwGrJ mS ygwhJ rH&k mG &mZ0wf0ef &Sm;ud;k ta=umif; zwff r&Sad wmhv@kd wu G +f yD; om;orD;awGukd pD;yGm;a&;vdik ;f vdu k cf ikd ;f aewm
&w,f? (4)wef;ausmif;om;&J@ b0u tjzpftysuu f kd ppfAv kd f vnf; jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
}uD;tjrife@J a&;xm;wmyJ? ol@om;rufe@J taygi;f ygawG ajymavh
&Sw d hJ wjcm;bufuvnf; jrif=unfah pcsiw f ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u jynf (3) Edik if aH &;tm%m&Jh aomhcsujf zpfwhJ orRwtm%m/ OD;pD;csKyf
ol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvfapmarmif tm%m/ umuG,af &; jynfxaJ &; e,fpyfa&;tm%mawGrmS pdwcf s&+yD
(a&$b)kd / Adv
k x f eG ;f =unf(ppfuikd ;f )wd@k u &Sm;ud;k ta=umif; b,fvkd jzpfv@kd wjcm;Edik if jH cm;a&; pD;yGm;a&; tm%mawGuykd g &,lz@kd }upH nfwm
ajymcJ=h uovJ? olw@kd e@J b,fvkd tay;t,lvyk cf =hJ uovJqw kd m vnf; jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
pHpk rf;=unfo h ifw h ,f? (olw@kd wawG uG,v f eG =f u+yv D m;awmh rod) tpd;k &tzG@J rmS u b¾ma&; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; pufr_
Adv
k cf ifneG @f e@J ol@axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J 0ifawGuvnf; v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&; Edik if jH cm;a&; pojzifh 0ef}uD;awG &S&d rSmyg? 'D0ef
pmtkyaf &;+yD; raocif xkwaf 0apcsiw f ,f? }u;D ae&mawG &zd@k uawmh ppfAv kd t
f rwf wrwfom;eJ@ &zd@k rvG,b f ;l ?
aemufxyf t&yfom;trwf wrwfom;ausmfausmf &SdrSjzpfr,f?
(5) ‘pwkwrˆ sKd ;quf’u 2010vGe&f if qufcaH wmhrmS yg? tck=um; aemufxyfig;q,fom;ausmf &S&d ifawmh t&m&m+y;D ajrmuf Edik rf mS jzpf
od&oavmufu awmfawmhukd 0gEo k al wG jzpfaew,f? aumvm vd@k use“f &5µ”rSm 0ifw;kd zd@k jyifqifwmvnf; jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
[vvm; owif;rSev f m; rod&ao;vd@k pwkwrˆ sKd ;quf ta=umif;
awmh tcko;kH oyfz@kd apmygao;w,f? (4) ‘zufqpf0g' - ppf0g'’tm%m&Siaf wG[m tm%mavmb }u;D
aocsmwmuawmh tck‘wpn’u (+ydKifbuf)}uHzh @HG ukd ygw,f? [pfwvm(emZD)u tESpfwaxmif tm%mwnf+rJa&;
“uav;awG”vd@k ajymvdu k w
f m=um;&w,f? ‘pwkw’ˆ rsKd ;quf aºu;a=umfcw hJ ,f? *syefppf0g'uvnf; tm&Swu kd &f @J xm0& t&Sif
udq
k &kd if ‘arG;uif;p’vd@k yJ ac:avrvm;? ocifjzpfa&; aºu;a=umfcw hJ myJ?
Armppf0g'uvnf; Edik if aH &;tm%mudk ‘tpOfwpdu k ’f &zd@k
a,bk,se*d ;kH csKyfcsuf aºu;a=umfaewmyJ? (‘tpOfwpdu k ’f qdw k hJ cyfaysmah ysmh a0g[m&u
aemufrS tajccHOya'a&;rS oH;k wmyJ? yxrp+y;D oH;k wke;f u ‘xm0&’vd@k
(1) ayguaf umifrzGiahf o;vd@k pwkwpˆ pftyk pf tk a=umif; oH;k oH;k ygw,f? ocFg&w&m;udak usmv f m$ ;+y;D ‘xm0&’vd@k o;kH wm vGeo f mG ;
oyfp&m r&Syd g? aocsmwmuawmh olw@kd u ppfrwdu k zf ;l wJh ppfAv
kd f rSe;f odv@kd ‘tpOfwpdu k ’f ajymif;oH;k yH&k ygw,f )
awG jzpfz@kd rsm;w,f? wwd,rsKd ;quf&@J rD;aoolawGyJ jzpfrmS yg?
( 5 ) “2008 tajccHOya'” tm%mwnf touf0ifrmS aocsm
(2) wwd,ppftyk pf u k ol@t&ifppftyk pf ak wGe@J rwlwmwckawmh aeyg+y?D a&G;aumufy0JG ifoal wGuvnf; avoHaysmah e=uyg+y?D wnf&dS
owdjyKrw d ,f? tJ'guolw@kd om;awGukd ppfwyfxrJ oGi;f =ubJ ukr` aewJh “tajccHOya'” wckukd Edik if aH &;tm%m&So d u
l om jyifEikd /f
%Daxmif pD;yGm;a&;vkycf ikd ;f =uwmyJ? yxr - 'kw, d ppftyk pf ak wG zsufEdkifygw,f? 'g[mwavmuvHk;qdkif&m trSefw&m;jzpfw,f?
uawmh om;udk ppfwyfxJ 0ifcikd ;f =uwmrsm;w,f? raoraysmuf wpwpjyKjyifa&; aemufq;kH rSm zsuo f rd ;f a&;qdw
k mu pdwu f ;l ,Ofr_
atmifawmh wm0efay;w,f? wwd,rsKd ;qufuawmh r0ifcikd ;f bl;? oufouf jzpfygw,f?
ukr%` yD aJ xmifapw,f? orD;&Sv d nf; pD;yGm;a&;orm;eJ@ vufquf ( +yD; )
apw,f?

pk d ; at;

10
 ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
awmfvSefwJhtawG;tac:
Ek d i f i H a &;
wnfaqmuf=u

w,fvpD ukwrf eS af jymif; udw k x D iG +f y;D aumyg;eD;uyfp&f @J

aeA[djk yKp=u0Vmqdik &f mtqdu k kd rSeu f efa=umif; ouf
aojy axmufcHajymqdkcJhol *,fvDvD,dk(1564- armif o ef ; jra&$
1642)udk axmif'%fwoufcsrw S cf &hJ mrS/ olu, G v f eG +f y;D
359 ESpf t=umwGif uufovpfb&k m;ausmif;awmfEiS hf
ykwf&[eff;rif;}uD;u rSm;,Gif;pGmta&;,lcJha=umif;
0efcpH um; ajym=um;cJw h ,f?
AD,uferfppfyGJudk OD;aqmifwdkufcdkuf&mrSm
yg0ifcw hJ hJ tar&duefumuG,af &;0ef}uD;a[mif; ruU
emrm;&m; (1961-1968 umuG,af &;0ef}u;D / 2009 Zl Mylaiaus;±Gm
vlowfyGJ
vdik f touf 93ESpf uG,v f eG )f u ol@&@J “aemufa=umif; txdrf;trSwf ausmufwkdif
jyef” Retrospect qdw k phJ mtkyrf mS “u|Eyfk w f @kd rmS ;cJ+h yD/
qd;k qd;k 0g;0g;rSm;cJ+h yD” terribly wrong vd@k 0efcH a&; w&m;cHtjzpf trJpufxifusef &pfcv hJ rd rhf ,fqw kd mudk txufygjzpf&yfrsm;u
om;cJw h ,f? om"ujyaew,f?
AD,uferfppfyt JG wGi;f Mylaiaus;&Gmvlowf vlom;awG&J@ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ ordkif;yifra&pD;[m b,fawmhrS
yGJ (1968 rwfv 16/ vufeufrhJ t&yfom; trsKd ;orD;/ aemufjyef rvSnb hf ;l / tpOft+rJa&S@o@kd om jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aewmjzpfw,f? bm
uav;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdk 347 rS 504 a,mufudk a=umifv h qJ akd wmh vlom;awG&@J odjrifr_ tawG;tac: ,Ofaus;r_ pwmawG[m
tpkvu kd f t+yHKvdu k f ypfowfjr‡KyfEcHS rhJ )_ udu k sL;vGecf o hJ l ordik ;f acwftoD;oD;udk jzwfoef;&if; jrifrh m;vmvd@k jzpfw,f? vlom;eJ@ obm0
tar&duef ppfAv kd f Adv
k 0f v D ,D u H ,fvu D 2009 =o*kwf avmu wenf; xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d m tqifjh rifv h mr_(obm0ody)H` vlvcl si;f
20 oltouf 66ESpt f &G,w f iG f 0rf;enf;a=umif;eJ@ cGihf qufqrH _ wenf; vlwef;pm;wdu k yf (JG vlro _ yd )H` awG&J jh zpfay:wd;k yGm;r_[m r}uKH z;l
v$w&f ef awmif;yefpum; ajym=um;cJw h ,f? atmif ayguu f aJG evd@k jzpfw,f? ,ae@acwfrmS vlawGukd u|eaf wGvkd oabm
=opa=w;vs0ef}u;D csKyf uDAif±'k f u 2008 az xm;aevd@k r&awmhb;l ? ya'o&mZfacwfvkd b0&Sirf if;w&m;}u;D vkycf siv f @kd r&
azmf0g&D 13 uifbm&mygvrD eftpnf;ta0;wGif tbdk awmhb;l ?
&D;*si;f a'ocHwikd ;f &if;om;rsm;tay: vlrsKd ;wk;H owfjzwf vlwef;pm;qdw k m ay:ayguv f mwJt h csed u f p+y;D vlom;jzpfay:r_ ordik ;f
cHc&hJ aom rsLd ;qufrsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=umif; awmif; [m wdu k yf aJG wGe@J jynfv h #r;f aecJw h mjzpfw,f? tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;aw/G jynfoal wG/
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14
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tzG@J tpnf;awGvnf; ygygw,f? t"duuawmh ArmjynfueG jf rL orm;awGu 'D}uKd ;0kid ;f opfawm ('Da&awm) awGudk ckwv f +JS y;D / yk@d ay;
epfygw/D tvHeeD @J autif,w l @dk ygy?J 'DawmawG wnf&adS &;[m a&mif;csay;=uwm? 'Dr;D aoG;zkad wG pcJw h m 1975 aemufyidk ;f rS pcJh
awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG awG wnf&adS &;eJ@ xyfwu l saevk@d ygy?J wcsed u f wm jzpfw,f? 1985 a&mufwt hJ cgrmS awmh 'Da&awmxJu opfrm
autif,yl D awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfcw hJ hJ &Jabmf awGjzpfwhJ uepkdwkd@/ r'rwkd@ r&Sdoavmufjzpfukefyg+yD? opfyGawG
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ausmt f rde@f wck xkwcf yhJ gw,f? jzpfae=uyg+yD? 1990 ckESpfrsm; w0kdufrSmawmh bkduav;rD;aoG;/
“uepkdw&Guf - aoG;wpuf”æwJh? armfu|e;f rD;aoG;/ vyGwmW rD;aoG;wk@d wpcef;&yfomG ;=uyg+yD? jrpf0
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awGvyk +f y;D ESrd ef if;+zKd cw JG mukd cHvu dk &f ygw,f? emrnfausmf &Jabmf jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'o aemufw}udrf olyek rf ckad tmif;Ekid af &; pDru H ed ;f
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15
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16
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26
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28
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29
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30
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10- 12- 2010

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37
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40
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41
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zdk@jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? (ISAF) wyfawG qdkwmu tmz*ef
rSm vm+yD; wdkufaewJh ‘aewdk;wyf’ awGudk ajymwmyg? ‘EdkifiH
wum vHk+cKHr_tultnDay;a&;wyfzG@J rsm;’ vdk@ =um;aumif;
atmif ay;xm;wJh emrnfy?J
aewdk;&J@ qHk;jzwfcsufwcku ‘'Hk;ysHumuG,fa&;
vkyfazmfudkifzuftopf &&Sda&;qdkwm ygw,f? t"dy`m,fu
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w,f? tD&efe@J ajrmufudk;&D;,;u ypfcGif;vmr,fh 'Hk;ysHawGudk
umuG,fzdk@vdk@ ta=umif;jyw,f? bmudkyJ ta=umif;jyjy
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S f aew,f?
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kb
f m qdkAD,ufudk xdef;csKyfzkd@/ Oa&myrSm wifhum;wyf}uD;awGeJ@
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hf ;kH cJw
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yJ? aocsmayguf ESpzf ufpvH;k ausjyKef;r,fh (MAD)
t,ltqudk vufcHxm;qJy?J 21 &mpk enf;ynm
opfe@J tEdkif&csifwmyJ jzpfw,f?
wurBmvHk;tESH@ ppfpcef;awG csxm;Edkif
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aoemywdcsKyfjzpfw,f qdkwmygyJ?
42
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0g'/ tawG ; tac:/ tjrif

qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepfudk
urBmv$rf;+cHKr_jzpfpOfeJ@
qufpyf=unfhjcif;

pdrf;jrjr0kdif;

wnf; &Scd w hJ m jzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;urBmv$r;f +cHKr_ 'Dvid_ ;f wufvmwJh

t}udrw f idk ;f [m qk&d , S vf pfpepf zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf }uD;rm;wJh
tvSnt hf ajymif;jzpfapwJh ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ukd aqmif=uOf;vm
odyeH` nf;us qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@dk u 19 &mpk 40 ckEpS f avh&ydS gw,f?
rsm;u awG;awm}uHqcJhw,f? vDeifacgif;aqmifwJh 1917 r[m 18 &mpk 'kw, d &mpk0uf ESpyf idk ;f rsm;rS 19 &mpk tv,f
atmufwb dk m qk&d , S v f pfawmfveS af &; ±k&mS ;rSm atmifycJG v H udk wf hJ t avmuftxd a&aEG;aiG@puf,E©&m;rsm;ukd awmfveS af &;&J@ wGe;f tm;
wGuf qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk oabmw&m;rS vufawG@taumiftxnf tjzpfe@J ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fru _ dk t"du =ueftifvuQ%m
azmfr_ pwifvu dk Ef idk wf ,f? 'Dae@q&dk if vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm qk&d , S f tjzpfxm;wJh yxrt}udrf urBmv$r;f +cHKr_ 'Dvi_d ;f ay:xGe;f cJw h ,f? tJ
vpfpepf vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf usio hf ;kH vmcJw h m tESpf 90 'gu ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pk zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ukd t}u;D tus,f wGe;f aqmf
ausmf oGm;cJ+h yD? orkid ;f acwfrsm;eJ@ ajymr,fq&kd ifawmh tifrwef ouf ay; cJw h ,f? t&if;&Sipf epf&@J tajccHyËdyuQrsm;ukv d nf; wae@wjcm;
wrf;wdak o;w,fv@dk qkEd idk yf gw,f? qd;k 0g; jyif;xefvmapcJw h ,f? rmhupf 0f g' ay:xGe;f vma&;twGuf ±kyf
tJ'v D dk oufwrf;wkt d wGi;f rSmyJ tauG@taumuf tcuf 0wÎK tajccHtw k jf rpf/ vlwef;pm; tajccHtw k jf rpfe@J vlra_ &;tajccH
tcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;ukd ausmjf zwf+y;D qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvm tkwjf rpfrsm;udk taxmuftul jyKcJw h ,f? qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk pdwu f ;l
cJw
h ,f? 'gayrJh 20 &mpk 90 ckEpS rf sm; a&mufwt hJ cg qdAk , D ufe@J ta&S@ ,OfrS odyeH` nf;us tjzpf orkid ;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ ckeyf sw H ;dk wufru _ dk
Oa&myEkid if rH sm;rSm taoG;ta&mif ajymif;oGm;wJh jzpf&yfq;dk }uD; ay: jzpfapcJw h ,f?
xGe;f cJw h ,f? 'ga=umifh qk&d , S vf pfpepf[m ,cifb,fwek ;f ueJ@rS rwlwhJ 19 &mpkaESmifyidk ;f eJ@ 20 &mpktprSm tDvufx&Ge/f "mwkaA'
±_;H edrrhf r_ sm;eJ@ &ifqidk v f u dk &f w,f? "e&Sit f awG;tac: ynm&Sirf sm;u eJ@ oHr%dpwJh pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;ukd awmfveS af &;&J@ wGe;f tm;tjzpfe@J
awmh “qd&k , S v f pfpepf&@J tem*wfr&Sad wmhb;l ” “rmhupf 0f g' urBmay:u t&if;tES;D wify@dk ru _ dk t"du=ueftifvuQ%mtjzpfxm;wJh 'kw, d
aysmufq;kH oGm;+y”D “t&if;&Sipf epfom vlom;awGtwGuf taumif;qH;k t}urd f urBmv$r;f +cKH r_ 'Dvid_ ;f jzpfay:vmjyefw,f? 'D -'Dvid_ ;f u t&if;
pepfjzpfw,f”qdw k hJ pum;awGe@J qk&d , S v
f pfpepfe@J rmhupf 0f g'/ uGejf rLepf &Sipf epfudk vGwv f yfpmG +yKd iqf idk rf r_ S vuf0g;}u;D tkyt f qifo h @dk ul;ajymif;
0g'rsm;ukd wku d cf u dk f xk;d ESuyf gawmhw,f? oGm;r_udk ykrd dk vsijf refomG ;apcJw h ,f? t&if;&Sipf epf&@J jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufr_
wu,fhvufawG@[m tJ'Dvkd r[kwfcJhygbl;? 'Dae@ urBm rnDrnm jzpfaer_uv dk nf; ykrd jdk yif;xefomG ;apcJw h ,f? t&if;&Sipf epf&@J
v$r;f +cKH rj_ zpfpOfatmufrmS urBmv h Ol ;D a& trsm;qH;k wkid ;f jynf jzpfwhJ qk&d , S f oH}udK;uGi;f quf csnehf @J whJ ae&muae OD;pGmxk;d azmuf+yD; qk&d , S vf pf
vpfw±kwjf ynfe@J qk&d , S v f pfA, D uferfw@dk &@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufru _ dk urBmh pepfudk oabmw&m;rS vufawG@taumiftxnf azmfaqmifa&;
jynfoal wG tHrh cef;apmif=h unfah e&wm vufawG@ r[kwyf gvm;? ordik ;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ ckeyf sw H ;dk wufru
_ dk jzpfay:apvku d wf ,f? qdv k kd
'gayrJh urBmv$r;f +cHKr_jzpfpOfu urBmq h &dk ,
S vf pfpepftay: wmu 1917 rSm vDeifacgi;f aqmifwhJ r[matmufwb dk m qk&d , S vf pf
±kdufcwfr_[m ±_yfaxG;ygw,f? tcGifhtvrf;awGa&m pdefac:r_awGyg awmfveS af &; ±k&mS ; jynfrmS atmifycJG cH w hJ ,f?
aqmif=uOf;vmcJyh gw,f? 20 &mpk 50 ckEpS rf sm;aemufyidk ;f rSm enf;ynmopfrsm;ukd
'gjzifh tcGit hf vrf;awGu bmawGv?J awmfveS af &;wGe;f tm;tjzpfe@J twkid ;f twm }u;D rm;wJh ukepf nfrsm;/
1? urBmv$r;f +cHKr_qw dk m vlom;awG zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufre_ @J qidk w f hJ t&if;tES;D rsm;/ enf;ynmwify@dk rr_ sm;ukd t"du =ueftifvuQ%m
tajctae}uD;tjzpf qk&d , S vf pfpepf&@J twGi;f ykid ;f rSm wnDw!Gwf tjzpfxm;wJh wwd,t}urd f urBmv$r;f +cKH r_ 'Dvid_ ;f jzpfwnfvmw,f?
43
 ta&;awmfykH*sme,f
txl;ojzifh 80-90 ckESpfrsm;twGif; owif;enf;ynm vsifjrefpGm pepf zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufa&;twGuf +y;D jynfph w kH hJ ±ky0f wÎK/ enf;ynm ta=umif;
jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufvmr_u urBmph ;D yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vlrb _ 0awGrmS tcsurf sm;ukd jyifqifay;wmjzpfw,f?
}uD;rm;wJh *,uf±u dk rf a_ wG jzpfay:apw,f? 'DjzpfpOftwGi;f rSm urBmq h dk 'Dvdk tcGit hf vrf;awGtjyif qd&k , S v f pfpepf[m urBmv$r;f +cHK
&S,v f pfpepftwGi;f +yKd urJG a_ wG jzpfay:cJ&h w,f? qk&d , S v f pfEidk if H wcsKd @rmS r_jzpfpOfatmufrmS pdeaf c:r_awGe@J &ifqidk af e&ygao;w,f?
tusKd ;&Sw d hJ tcGit hf cgaumif;ukd trdt& qkyu f idk +f yD; aoe*F AsL[m t&if;&Sipf epfu t"dua&S@aqmifwhJ urBmv$r;f +cHKr_twGi;f
xde;f n‡rd u _ dk rvkyEf idk cf b hJ ;l ? aemufq;kH rSm ESpq f ,ftcsKd @ qk&d , S v f pfpepf qk&d , S vf pfpepfe@J t&if;&Sipf epf&@J tjyeftvSef *,uf±u dk rf /_ tjyeft
wnfaqmufa&;&J@ atmifjrifcsurf sm;[m wcgwnf; ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;& vSepf rd 0hf ifra_ wG[m qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk wav#mufv;kH taemufwidk ;f
awmhw,f? (20 &mpk/ 90 ckEpS rf sm;rSm qkAd , D ufe@J ta&S@ Oa&myEkid if rH sm; qefr/_ +yKd uGrJ t _ E©&m,fawG }uKH awG@apygw,f? 'g[m qk&d , S v f pfpepf t
taoG;t a&mif;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?) wGuf pdeaf c:r_ygy?J 'gudk tenf;i,f &Si;f vif;ajymqkyd gr,f?
'gayrJh w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J AD,uferfueG jf rLepfygwD 1? EkdifiHwume,fy,frSm taemufwkdif; zGH@+zdK;+yD;t&if;&Sif
wk@d uawmh pD;yGm;a&;urBmv$r;f +cHKr_e@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfvy_ &f mS ;r_tajc Ekid if aH wG[m urBmv$r;f +cHKr_twGi;f rdrw d @dk &@J omvGerf _ rsm;ukd toH;k cs+yD;
tae qufpyfr_rsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&;urBmv$rf;+cHKr_u aqmif=uOf; rqDavsmw f hJ Ekid if w H um Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; tpDtpOfa[mif;rsm;ukd
vmwJh tcGit hf vrf;rsm;ukd trdt& qkyu f ifkd u f m wHcg;zGijhf yKjyif ajymif; tpGrf;ukef umuG,fxdef;odrf;=uw,f? 'Dvkde@J qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;&J@
vJa&;ukd tckifd t f rm vkyaf qmifvu dk Ef idk cf w hJ ,f? rdrEd idk if &H @J xl;jcm;csuf touf&iS w f nf&rdS u _ dk zdnp‡ t f usyu f idk =f uw,f/ zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOfudk
rsm;eJ@ aygi;f pyfxm;wJh qk&d , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;rsm; ay:xGe;f vm+y;D pD;yGm; tcsed af &$@qidk ;f ypf=uw,f?
a&; urBmv$r;f +cHKr_jzpfpOftwGi;f qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk touf&iS o f efprG ;f 2? tawG;tac:t,ltqa&;t& taemufwidk ;f t&if;&Sif
tm;rsm;eJ@ cGet f m; Avopfrsm;ukd &&Sad pvku d w f ,f? qk&d , S v f pfpepf[m Ekid if aH wG[m pD;yGm;a&;/ enf;ynm/ ppfa&;pwJh Ekid if aH wmf taxGaxG
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cJyh g+yD? 21 &mpk urBmq h &dk , S v f pfpepf[m urBmv$r;f +cHKr_jzpfpOftwGi;f tawG;tac: t,l0g'a&;&mawGrmS pdr0hf ifx;dk azmufw,f? qk&d , S v f pf
t&Sed t f [keef @J rkcs jzpfxeG ;f vmygvrd rhf ,f? Ekid if aH wmf&@J twGi;f ykid ;f rSm “uG+J yJr”_ jzpfymG ;+yD; “rwku d bf eJ @J atmifycJG H
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zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufapvku d w f ,f? 'gayrJh t&if;&Sipf epf&@J orkid ;f uH=urRmukd wmu qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHawGukd wpwp taoG;ta&mif ajymif;oGm;
awmh ajymif;vJrypfEidk yf gb;l ? urBmv$r;f +cHKr_u t&if;&Sipf epf ukex f w k f atmif vky=f uw,f? (Oyrm-90 ckEpS rf sm;u qkAd , D ufe@J ta&S@ Oa&my
pGr;f tm;pkudk t}uD;tus,f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufatmif wGe;f aqmfay;vku d f qk&d , S vf pfEidk if rH sm; taoG;ta&mif ajymif;oGm;wJjh zpfpOf)? ppfat;acwf
w,f? 'g[m 21 &mpk qk&d , S v f pfpepftwGuf +yD;jynfph w Hk hJ ±ky0f wÎK t tqH;k owfomG ;+yD;aemufrmS vnf; t&if;&Sipf epfu qk&d , S v f pfEidk if rH sm;
a=umif; tcsurf sm;ukd jyifqifay;vku d w f myJ? urBmv$r;f +cHKr_u aqmif tm; tawG;tac:t,l0g'a&;&m xk;d ppfqifr_ t&Sed t f [ke[ f m avsmh
=uOf;vmwJh ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pk[m rsuaf rSmuft&if;&Sipf epf&@J rdrd roGm;ygb;l ? qk&d , S v f pfpepfEikd if aH wG “taemufwidk ;f qefa&;” “csnehf @J
uk, d u f , dk f xde;f n‡rd u _ dk jr‡iw hf ifay;+yD; ukv H ºkH u,f0wJh ±ky0f wÎKtajccH oGm;a&;” eJ@ “cGx J u G o f mG ;a&;” qkw d hJ }upH nf pdwu f ;l r_rsm;ukd b,fawmhrS
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tcsut f vufopfrsm;atmufrmS yHpk o H pfjzifh tqufrjywfpyk /kH euf±id_ ;f pGmrSm taxGaxGv+kH cKH a&; pdeaf c:r_rsm;eJ@ }uKH awG@apygw,f? Oyrm qd&k , S f
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pD;yGm;a&; acwfaemufuswhJ Ekid if aH wGe@J a'oawG&@J pD;yGm;a&;rsm;ukd vk pepfudk tE©&m,fusa&mufapw,f?
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}uKH awG@ &ifqidk af e&wJh o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfawG/ pGr;f tife@J ZD00ef;usif arSmuf urBmv$r;f +cHKr_[m 21 &mpk qk&d , S f vpfpepftwGuf +yD;jynfph w kH hJ
pwm awG[m ,cifb,fwek ;f ueJ@rrS wlatmif ysuo f Ok ;f vmaeygw,f? ±ky0f wÎKjyifqifay;r_jzpfw,f?
pD;yGm;a&; urBmv$r;f +cHKr_ t&Sed t f [kef vsijf refvmjcif;eJ@ urBmph ;D yGm;a&;
twGi;f b¾maiGa=u;t&if;tES;D &J@ t"dutcef; tm;aumif; vmwm
eJ@tr# zG@H +zdK;+yD;Ekid if aH wGe@J zG@H +zdK;qJEidk if aH wGt=um;u yËdyuQ pwmawG ukd;um;? ? rsufarSmufurBm*sme,f/ 2009?
ykrd dk jyif;xefvmygvrd rhf ,f? 'gawG tm;vH;k u 21 &mpk urBmh qk&d , S v f pf

44
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(1) NLD ukd q&mvkycf siaf eolawGu ‘Auy’+caH yguaf wGygy?J +ccH ek o f mG ;wmvnf; =umyg+y?D ‘Auy’eJ@ ywfouf+y;D a&;wmawGudk
“ab;rJ”h ay;xm;cJyh gw,f? bma=umifv
h q
J adk wmh olw@dk rmS a&;p&mu ukeaf evk@d yg?
tck a&;zk@d zefvmwmu olrsm;+cHx0J if+yD; zsuqf ;D aevk@d y?J ppftyk pf u
k ,
dk pf m; NLD ukd xk;d ESuw
f u
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(2) armifp;l prf; cgwidk ;f a&;aeus ‘*sme,f’u c% tydwcf x H m;&awmh *sme,ftopfwckrmS armifp;l prf; a&;vmw,f? “t,dr;f opf/
tcif;tusi;f opf/ ,kwo dW pf”wJ?h
“,kwo dW pf”qkw d mu ‘topf’r[kwyf gb;l ? ta[mif;}uD;yg? vGecf w
hJ hJ ESp‘f 50’avmufuwnf;u ol ukid pf v JG mcJw
h hJ
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(3) olajymwJh “t,dr;f opf”qkw d mu (1990)wke;f u NLD bufudk vlxu k ,dr;f cJw h ,f? tck (2010) rSmawmh tm%m&
ygwD(}uH@§zGH@ buf) ,drf;oGm;+yDwh?J (etzukd ajAmifusus ‘zm;’vkdufwm) tJ'D “t,drf;opf”uyJ “tcif;tusif;opf”ukd
zefw;D ay;vku d +f yv
D @dk qkw
d ,f? 'Dpum;rsK;d ukd ‘etz’a&m }u@H §zG@H ygwu
D yg rajym&Jygb;l ? armifp;l prf;rk@d ajym&JwmyJ? 'Dvdk udprP s;dk qk&d if
armifp;l prf; &Jwwfygw,f?

(4) armifp;l prf; au|;wJah q;ukd aq;pm;rrSm;rdz@dk (ygww D csK@d u)dk owday;vkyd gw,f? aq;pm;rSm;rdv@dk jynfo@l &aJ bmfawG i,f
i,f±G,f±G,fe@J Zmwfodrf;rvS jzpfchw J mukd oifcef;pm ,lapcsifw,f? 2010 a±G;aumufyrGJ wkdifrDu “ NLD awG a±G;aumufyGJ
0ifoifw h ,f”vk@d ol a&;cJw h ,f? NDF qk+d yD; wcsK@d u NLD u cGx J u
G +f yD; 0if=uw,f? &v'fu odyrf aumif;bl;? acgi;f aqmifawG
tcsi;f csi;f oabmuG=J uwmyJ tzwfwifw,f?
armifp;l prf;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk NLD &J@ acgif;aqmif rvkyfcsifyge@J ? tajrmftjrif&Sd EkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; (State
woman) vkyy f gv@dk ajymwmukd NDF acgif;aqmifwa,muf ol@avoHvkduf+yD; ajymwm =um;vkduf&w,f?
armifpl;prf;ajymwJh pum;vkH;&J@ aemufuG,fu t"dy`m,fukd azmfwwfzkd@ vkdygw,f? “vufeufe@J 'Drkdua&pD vJa&;”ukd
armifp;l prf;yJ ajymcJw h myJ? zqyv qk&d , S v f pftpk;d &u rajymygb;l ? ae0if;ppftyk pf u k vnf; rajymbl;? olw@dk u vufeufcsz@dk yJ
ajymcJw h myJ?
tckvnf; armifpl;prf;uyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd NLD ygwD&J@ acgif;aqmif vkyfraeeJ@/ tajrmftjrif&SdwJh
Ekid if aH &;orm;}uD; vkyyf gv@dk ajymaewmyJ? ‘etz’u rajymbl;? }uH@§zG@H uvnf; rajymbl;? ‘wpn’uawmif rajymbl;?
tJ'pD um;&J@ aemufu, G u f t"dym` ,fu bmvJ? 1990 a±G;aumufyrJG mS tEkid &f cJw h hJ NLD eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
vrf;cGcJ zhJ @dk y?J vlx}k uD;eJ@ vrf;cGcJ zhJ @dk y?J 'g[m ‘etz’t}uKduu f dk armifp;l prf; ajymvku d w
f myg? 1990 u &&Sx d m;wJh (vlxk tyfEiS ;f wJ)h
vkyyf idk cf iG t hf m%mukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu vufvw $ v f udk af pcsiw
f myJ? 2010 a±G;aumufyJG &v'fudk todtrSwf jyKvku d zf @dk
ajymwmyJ? tJ't D "dym` ,fawGu vG+J yD; wjcm; bmt"dym` ,frS rxGuyf gb;l ?
armifpl;prf; ay;wJh “'Drkdua&pD”ukd ,kH+yD; vufeufcsrdwhJ jynfol@&aJ bmfurS ‘yrnw’vkyfcGifh &vkdufao;w,f? tck
tJ'v D dk &zk@d rar#mv f ifyh ge@J ? pnf;urf;awG w+yKH}uD; csay;wJh 'Dru dk a&pDuydk J &=urSmyg?

45
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‘±kyfysufqif;ysuf a&G;aumufy’GJ +yD;+yD;csif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd v$wfay;vkduf&wm[m etz
twGuf t}uD;tus,f =urRmiifwmyJ?
• Ekid if aH &;t& Ek;d =um;vmaewJh jynfov l xl }k uD;ukd ar#mv
f ifch suf vif;a&mifjcnf orf;vmapw,f?
• ‘tm%mtarGvyJG ’JG u rjywfao;bl;? wyfrawmfxrJ mS ppfonfawmfawGu v_yv
f y_ &f &G jG zpfaew,f?
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• Ekid if w
H um&J@ pdw0f ifpm;r_u Armjynftay:rSm &Sv
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'Dvtdk ajctaersKd ;rSm Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawGu tajrmftjrif&&dS edS @J ‘trsKd ;om;nD!w
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wmyg? ‘bk&H nf rSe;f csu&f adS e&if ‘bHv k yk if ef;pOf’&Szd @dk odyrf cufawmhygb;l ? n‡nd Ed‡ id_ ;f E_id ;f wkid wf idk yf ifyif tay;t,l&&dS dS
vky=f uzk@d yJ vkyd gw,f?
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jrifEidk yf g w,f?

(3)
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu
D us&mtcef;u ygz@dk oEMÏd mef+rJ+rHygw,f?
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teuf yef=um;tyfygw,f?
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46