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kd cf sKy”f vd@k udak tmifqef;udk qJw,f? udAk [de;f udak wmh “ac|;wyf
}u;D (acgi;f aqmif) eJ@ ausmif;om;i,f (aemufvu kd )f &J@ odu|r;f r_ Adv
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'ga=umifh vufa&SmifraebJ a&;ygw,f? ac:cJw h ,f? raumif;ygb;l ? udAk [de;f uawmh ‘&Jacgiaf jymufusm;wyf’
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5
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vdu k ”f qdk wm ol@ “rlyikd ”f yJ? Auyudk q&mvkyw f ek ;f uvnf; Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ ‘jzwfvrf;u tm%modrf;zdk@ Auy t}uH
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tajctaexd a&mufvmcJ+h yD jzpfygw,f? quf+y;D wdu k yf 0JG ifae=u+y;D (Auy) tyg &Spaf v;vH;k twdu k t
f cH
ArmjynfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &w&yf Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;uawmh rlvtwdik ;f
ay:ayguv f m+y;D ppfwyfu ppfwyfwm0efoufoufukd ppftyk pf w k u kd zf suaf &;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &w&yf
vkyaf qmifwhJ Edik if aH wmfw&yf ay:ayguzf @kd }udK;pm;ae=uwJh ay:ayguaf &;twGuf enf;aygi;f pHek @J
twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;rSmawmh qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifae=uygw,f?
rdrw d @kd &nfreS ;f csuef @J tvSr;f a0;aeqJr@kd
8
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
'Dvkd twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pk toD;oD;u rdrd 'DOya'rsm;&J@ &nf&, G cf su[ f m ppfwyftwGuf ppf
wd@k Eikd if aH &;&nfreS ;f csu&f &Szd @kd OD;wnfvyk af qmifaecsed rf mS etz tiftm;wyfom;opf pkaqmif;zd@k jzpf+y;D jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH
ppftyk pf u k awmh 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG mS Edik v f mw,fqw kd hJ udvk nf; ol@uq kd ef@usi&f if 'kuaQ y;r,ft h pDtpOf &Sx d m;+y;D jzpf
}uH@§zGH@ygwDtrwfrsm;eJ@ ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,ftrwf 25 µ a=umif; azmfxw k +f crd ;f ajcmufvu kd w f m jzpfygw,f? 'DOya't&
wd@k u tkypf ;D xm;wJh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfqw kd mudak c:+yD; t&yf &vmr,fh wyfom;opfrsm;eJ@ ol@&@J vt l iftm; rjynfw h w hJ yf
om;tpd;k &w&yfz@JG pnf;zd@k vkyaf e+yD jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd tajc trsm;pkukd vljznfEh ikd +f yD; wyfopfrsm;vnf; xyfz@JG um ol@ukd
taetxd c&D;aygufvmcJhayr,fh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;tajc qef@usirf ,fh tiftm;pkrsm;udk ESrd ef if;zd@k &nf&, G w f m jzpfyg
tae[m olw@kd twGuf pdwrf cs&bl;qdw k m etz ppftyk pf u k w,f? 'gt h jyif twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;buf ygomG ;
'D‘jynfo@l ppfrx _ rf;Oya'’ eJ@ ‘t&efwyfz@JG Oya'’ qdw k mawG r,fh vli,frsm;udu k vnf; t+ydKifv, k zl @kd &nf&, G w f m jzpfyg
a&;xm;+y;D jzpfa=umif; aygu=f um;wJeh nf;eJ@ xkwjf yvmwm jzpf w,f?
ygw,f? Armjynfjynfov l x l [ k m ppftyk pf v k ufatmufrmS
Edik if w
H Edik if t H aeeJ@ trsKd ;om;tcsKyftjcmtm%m aecJ&h wm =umyg+y?D 'ga=umifh ppfwyf&@J ay:wmqGw J m/ twif;
xdyg;cH&wJh tajctaea&mufc&hJ if wEdik if v H ;kH udk ppfrx _ rf;&ef tusyf vkyt f m;ay;cdik ;f apwm/ twif;tusyf qENraJ y;&wJh
qifah c:+yD; Edik if u H kd umuG,zf @kd vky=f u&wmudk tm;vH;k u o tawG@t}uKHvnf; &Scd =hJ u+yD; jzpfygw,f? tu,fI 'DOya'
abmayguv f ufc=H u+yD; jzpfygw,f? Armjynfordik ;f rSm 'Dvkd twnfjzpf+yD; ol@ppfwyfxJ 0ifc=hJ u&ifvnf; rdrw d @kd Edik if aH &;
tajctaersKd ; &Scd w hJ hJ e,fcs@J t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &;/ zufqpf *syef &nfreS ;f csut f wGuf qufvufvyk af qmifEikd zf @kd enf;vrf;opf
qef@usiaf &;umvrsm;wke;f u jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH u rdrEd ;kd awG ay:xGuv f mrSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
=um;r_e@J ppfx0J ifc=hJ uwm/ oufpeG @f }udK;yrf;wdu k yf 0JG if=uwm Adv
k af e0if;[m ol@&@J aemufq;kH tcsed rf mS ppfwyfqw kd m
awG@c=hJ u&+yD;+yD r[kwyf gvm;? ck ArmjynfrmS 'Dvkd Edik if aH wmf ypf&ifreS af tmifypfw,fv@kd oltm;ud;k &m ppfwyfukd tjrifq h ;kH
tE©&m,fusa&mufwhJ tajctaersKd ; r&Syd gbJ ppftyk pf u k bm ajr‡mufyifh trde@f ay;+yD; vlxu k kd +cdr;f ajcmufum qif;oGm;cJyh g
a=umifh ppfrx _ rf;Oya' jyÏmef;csiaf ewmygv?J 'Dae@Armjynf&@J w,f? vlxt k ºkH ur_}u;D u wm;r&cJyh gb;l ? ckvnf; Adv k o f ef;a&$
Edik if aH &;tajctaet& ppftyk pf &k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f u ol@&@J aemufq;kH ydik ;f tcsed rf mS Oya'xkw+f yD; ppftiftm;pk
apmifah &SmufEikd zf @kd ppftiftm;pkaqmif;Edik zf @dk ajrmfjrif+y;D }uKdwif aqmif;zd@k ajymaeyg+y?D ppftyk pf x k yd o f ;D yDyD ppftiftm;udk tm;
jyifqifaewmjzpfa=umif; &Si;f aeygw,f? ud;k +yD; olw@kd pnf;pdru f kd umuG,zf @kd jyifcikd ;f aeyg+yD? ppftyk pf &k @J
r+y;D qH;k ao;wJh Edik if aH &;wdu k yf u JG kd qufwu kd zf @kd NLD t&yfom;tpd;k & ay:ayguv f m+y;D &if Armjynf&@J vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;
u vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHjk ynfov l xl ek @J txl;ojzifh vli,fxu k kd pnf;±H;k jy\emrsm;udk qufvufajz&Si;f &ygvrd rhf ,f? ajz&Si;f Edik w f hJ
aew,f? wjcm;twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; vl enf;u ESpef nf; &Sad eygw,f? awG@qakH qG; aEG;!‡Ed i_d ;f ajz&Si;f
i,fxek @J jynfov l x l }k u;D udk pnf;±H;k aew,f? vlrsKd ;pkvufeuf wJeh nf;eJ@ ppftiftm;oH;k +y;D acsre_ ;f wJeh nf; jzpfygw,f? aemuf
udik t f iftm;pktoD;oD;uvnf; vuf&u dS mvrSm rwdu k =f u& wufvmr,fh ppftyk pf o k pfawG Adv k af e0if;eJ@ Adv k o f ef;a&$w@kd &@J
ao;ayr,fh r=umcifrmS wdu k &f Edik w f hJ tajctae&Sad eao;wm ajc&mtwdik ;f qufav#mufc&hJ ifawmh Armjynf[m jynfwiG ;f
rdk@ olwdk@vufeufudkifwyfrsm;twGuf wyfom;opfawG pk ppfr;D jyefawmufavmifrmS rkcsygy?J
aqmif;ae=uw,f? wu,fawmh 'Dvw kd if;rmaewJh tajc jynfov l x l ek @J twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;u
taeawGtm;vH;k ajyvnfomG ;atmif etz[m twdu k t f cH awmh ppftyk pf k awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f r,fq&kd if 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;!‡Ed i_d ;f +y;D ajz&Si;f r,fqkd om }uKd qdo k mG ;=u±H&k +dS y;D ppftiftm;eJ@ acsre_ ;f wJeh nf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f
&if &Edik yf gw,f? 'gayrJh ppftiftm;udk tm;ud;k +yD; ppftyk pf &k @J r,fq&kd ifawmh jzpfEikd o f r# enf;vrf;aygi;f pHk oH;k +y;D qef@usicf ck H
tusKd ;udo k m OD;pm;ay;vdw k hJ Advk o f ef;a&$ppftyk pf u k awmh awG@ wku d yf 0JG ifomG ;=uwJeh nf;om a&G;p&m&Syd gvrd rhf ,f?
qHak qG;aEG;wJeh nf;tpm; ppftiftm;eJ@ ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;udo k m
ydt
k m;oefaea=umif; 'DOya'rsm; xGuaf y:vmwmu oufao ukdaxG;
jyaeygw,f?

a&G;aumufyGJvGefumvrSm jzpfay:vmr,fh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd wkdufzsuf=u?
jynfol t
h iftm;ukd pkpnf;=u?

9
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;
ppftyk pf &k @J aemufu,
G rf mS bGJ@jzLvufeufqkdwmu tmV0DbDvl;awG tm;
tuk;d qk;H vufeufyg? ppftyk pf &k @J “tm;tuk;d qk;H ” bG@J jzLvuf
“bG@J jzLvufeuf” eufuawmh “tm%modr;f wJeh nf;”ygy?J orRwOD;pdev
orRw OD;armifarmifw@dk pifay:wif+y;D xkwo
f iG w f @dk /
f ;Hk vk@d ratmifjrif
&Sad ew,f awmhwt hJ cg 'Db@JG jzLvuf eufxw k o
vufeufu olw@dk tm;tuk;d qk;H jzpfovkd onf;acs}uKduyf g?
f ;Hk vku d w f myJ? 'Db@JG jzL
armifvS0if; 1958 uwnf;u tm%modr;f wJeh nf;&J@ t&omukd olw@dk
aumif;aumif;odvmcJw h m r[kwv f m;? 'ga=umifv h nf; 2008
tajccHOya'xJrmS 'Dtm%modr;f enf;ukd w&m;0ifjzpfatmif
xnfx h m;cJw h m r[kwv f m;?
“'Drkdua&pDqkdwm a&S@aqmifwpk&J@ uGef*&ufv$wfawmfxJu
'Dawmh orRopfu remcHrmS vnf; odyyf pl &mrvkd
aygufzGm;vmwmr[kwfbl;”wJh?
bl;? tpkd;&opf(ukd,fyGm;)u yifrjzpfoGm;+yD; ppftkyfpku
'Dpum;[m *smreftvkyform;vlwef;pm;&J@acgif;aqmif/
py,f,m (t&ef) jzpfomG ;rSmvnf; odypf ;dk &draf ep&mrvkb d ;l ?
wku d yf 0JG if&if; *k%af jymifpmG usq;Hk oGm;cJw h hJ trsK;d orD;&Jabmf “±kZd m
tpk;d &opf vlxw k udk yf aJG wGa=umifh rawmfwq uwdr;f uyg;
vlZifbwf”ajymcJw h hJ emrnfausmf pum;pkyg? aoG;eJ@&if;cJ&h wJh wku d yf JG
jzpfomG ;rSmyJ olw@dk p;dk &drw f ,f? bmawGyjJ zpfjzpf olw@dk rmS odyq f ;dk
tawG@t}uKHawGu oif=um;ay;vku d w f phJ um; jzpfygw,f?
wJhtusyftwnf; }uD}uD;rm;rm; ay:vmw,fqkd&ifawmh
'Dae@ArmjynfrmS awmh ppftyk pf &k @J vw $ af wmftay: taumif;
bG@J jzLvufeuf xkwo f ;Hk vku
d rf ,fqw dk hJ pdwu f ;l uawmh ppftyk f
jrif+y;D ar#mv f ifch sux f m;aeolwcsK@d (v$waf wmftrwfwcsK@d tygt0if
pkacgif;xJrSm oHr_dESufxm;ovkd pGJae+yD;om;yg? aemuf+yD;
ynmwwfwpdww f ykid ;f eJ@ wcsK@d wav) &Sad eao;w,f? 'Dvw $ af wmfqdk
vla&G;wmrSm jy\emay:&ifvnf; tm%modr;f r,feh nf;ukd
wm tawG;tac:&Si;f &Si;f eJ@=unf&h if xif;xif;}uD;jrifEidk w f yhJ yJG g? ppf
ok;H zk@d acgi;f xJrmS jyifxm;+y;D om;yg?
tkypf u k uk, d yf mG ; yGm;zk@d vkyw f yhJ /JG ppftyk pf u k ukid ;f quf+y;D rsK;d ul;ay;zk@d
csKyfvu dk &f if tckvw $ af wmf rqkx d m;eJ@/ olw@dk &@J t
vkyw f yhJ /JG tm%mukd b,fvufuae nmvufudk ajymif;zk@d vkyw f yhJ JG
qk;d qk;H tajctaetxd ppftyk pf u k taotcsm jyifqifxm;
pojzifh trsK;d rsK;d ajymvk@d &ygw,f? jynfoal wGu ‘bmrS rxl;ygb;l ’
+y;D om;yg? ppftyk pf yk jJ zpfwhJ tpk;d &opftay: xifa,mifrmS ;r_
qkw d hJ oabmeJ@ pdw0f ifpm;r_rjywmvnf; 'gudk olw@dk enf;eJ@ olw@dk
awGe@J ar#mv f ifch sux f m;ae&if vrf;vGaJ e=uOD;rSmyg? ppftyk f
odaewJo h abmygy?J aocsmwmuawmh ppftyk pf u k ppftm%m&Sif
pkudk cifAsm;wk@d z,f&mS ; Ekid +f yv D @dk xifwt hJ csed rf mS awmif olw@dk rmS
pepf a&&Snq f ufvufxed ;f odr;f r_udk w&m;0ifjzpfatmif tbufbuf
bG@J jzLvufeuf(tm%modr;f wJeh nf;) &Sad eao;w,fqw dk m
u axmifah phaph tuGucf s+y;D yEMu±f u dk v f u dk jf cif;ygy?J v$waf wmfxrJ mS
rarhyge@J ?
olw@dk tckvyk af ewmawGudk =unf&h ifvnf; olw@dk tm%mukd enf;enf;
'ga=umifh ppftyk pf ek @J ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk (ukepf if
rS twdr;f tapmif;rcHbJ tykid q f yk u f idk x f m;zk@d vkyaf ewmrSe;f odom
atmif) wku d af &;vk@d ajymae=u&wmyg?
ygw,f?
'guydk J wcsKk @d u orRwOD;ode;f pdeu f b,ftcsujf zifh rqk;d bl;æ
'Dtcsuu f av;ujzifh ar#mv f ifph &m &Sad ew,fæpojzifh qift h zH wf
ar#mo f vkd }uHzefar#mv f ifah e=uao;w,f? OD;ode;f pdef p±ku d b f ,fvydk J
&S&d /dS OD;wifatmifjrifOh ;D p±ku d =f urf;=urf;EkEk ppftyk pf u k ezm;}uKd;ukd
vko d vkd qGv J @dk &wJh olawGr@dk ok;H vku d w f myg? wcsK@d u tpk;d &opf[m
wpkw H &m tajymif;tvJopf jzpfvmEkid w f ,f? ppftyk pf o k pf[m OD;
oef;a±$ppftyk pf ak [mif;vkd ya'o&mZfrqefbJ wk;d wufvmEkid pf &m
&Sw
d ,fæpojzifh ar#mv f ifah ewmvnf; &Sad o;w,f? rxifyge@J ? qkid ;f
oH=um;vk@d pm;&Ek;d Ek;d ar#mu f ;dk aeayr,fh tvSLyGJ r[kww f mawmh ao
csmygw,f?
±kyjf yorRwawGudk yk+d yD; emcHwwfou l dk a&G;wmjzpfayr,fh
ppftyk pf u k olw@dk vl b,fo@l rqkd xm;&Jygw,f? xm;vnf; xm;cJzh ;l
wmyJ? olwkd@ tusyftwnf;jzpfvkd@ [efjyxkwfcsifw,fqkd&if(&Spf
av;vk;H umvwke;f u) orRw OD;pdev f iG w f @dk / a'guw f marmifarmifw@dk
pojzifh xkwo f ;Hk cJzh ;l wmyJ? 'Dvdk xkwo f ;Hk &wmukd olw@dk ra=umufygb;l ?
bmvk@d vq J adk wmh olw@dk rmS bG@J jzLvufeuf&adS ewmuk;d ?
10
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;
v$wfawmfvGefumvrSmrS
yGJ=urf;vmvdrfhr,f?
nKdpdef0if;
&mZbdou d cf , H rl ,fh b,f&iS b f &k ifurS aoG;pGe;f vufe@J
&mZyv†iw f uf+y;D oHvsuu f idk cf si=f urSm r[kwyf gb;l ? olw@dk uk, d f
u aoG;!‡eD @H awG b,favmufyJ eHapmfaeae/ &mZbdou d yf aJG wmf
umv tcku d tf wef@rmS awmh r*Fvm,lcsi=f uwJo h al wG csn;f ygy?J
,ckusif;ywJh v$wfawmf[mvnf; &mZbdodufcHyGJ
wrsK;d vk@d qk&d rSmyg? tajccHOya' toufoiG ;f a&;vkyif ef; wzuf
rSm &Sad ew,fqadk yr,fh tpk;d &opfxJ ygr,fo h al wGu uk, d uhf v k m;
xkid /f uk,d yhf v†iaf y: wuf+y;D ae&m,l=ur,fyh yJG g? 'Dvdk ae&m,l=u
r,fh yk*K~ v d af wGuvnf; 'Dvw $ af wmfobif&@J tcku d t f wef@rmS
olw@dk udk aemufu, G u f ae w&m;cHyyl al EG;aEG; tjzpf vuf!Kd‡ ;xk;d
ar;aigw h m cHcsi=f uwm r[kwyf gb;l ?
v$wfawmfrac:cif uyfaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfwGif;u
jy\emawGukd yGJ=urf;+yD; ajz&Sif;vkdufr,fqkd&if tckdiftrm ajz
&Si;f wJoh al &m trde@f ay;olyg w&m;cHtjzpf tpGypf cJG EH idk pf &m tvm; rSmawmh olwkd@u jy\emrxGufatmif uef@owfcsufawG pnf;rsOf;
tvmawG &Sad eygw,f? xdyq f ;Hk uae t+rJ trde@f ay;vmcJw h hJ Akv
d f awGe@J csnw f yk x
f m;+y;D om;yg? 'gawmif pdwrf csao;vk@d olw@dk vrl [kww f hJ
oef;a±$ukd,fwkdif 'DtcsdefrSmawmh ukd,f&Sdefowfxm;csifykH ay:yg wjcm;v$waf wmftrwfawGudk b,fvdk xde;f csKyf&rvJqw dk m }udw}f uH
w,f? v$waf wmfrwkid rf D jy\emawG ajz&Si;f r,fq&dk ifvnf; ajz xm;=u wmyg? “ppfrx _ rf;Oya'”qkw d muawmh v$waf wmfrac:ao;rD
&Si;f p&m jy\emawGu trsm;}uD;yg? jy\em ajz&Si;f vku d v f @dk uwnf;u tjyifrmS ylnyH n l H jzpfaeyg+yD?
jy\em+yD;roGm;bJ wkd;vkd;wef;vef;jzpfae&if 'DudpPu wzuf olwkd@u jzpfaewJh jy\emawGukd tpkd;&opfvufxufrSmrS
v$waf wmfuwzuf Asmrsm;ae&rSmvnf; pk;d &dryf aHk y: ygw,f? ajz&Si;f a&;qkw d mrsK;d vkycf si[ f efwyl gw,f? etzeJ@ tpk;d &opfqw dk m
'ga=umifh rsuaf rSmuf olw@dk &ifqidk af e&wJh jy\emwcsK@d uvnf; b,fyck;H uae nmyck;H ajymif;xrf;wmavmufyJ uGmjcm;wmyg?
ajz&Si;f a&;ukd tcsed q f idk ;f iH@xm;wmyg? Oyrmwck ESpcf k avmufyJ tpk;d &opfuvnf; xGurf ,fqv dk @dk xGuv f m&/ bDv;l qkid ;f eJ@ bDv;l u
ajymygr,f? csufcsif;}uD; x˜u&r,fhta&;ukdawmh pdwfav;aerSmyg? 'Dvkdqkdvkd@
typf&yftzGJ@awGu e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGif tpk;d &opf&@J pdwaf umif;apwemukd ar#mv f ifah evk@d vnf; r&ygb;l ?
ajymif;a&; vufrcHbJ acgi;f rmaewmukd olw@dk enf;enf;rS r}uKduf tpk;d &opf ay:vmrvmao;cifuwnf;u tJ't D pk;d &tay:
ygb;l ? cyfpyfpyfuav;qk;H rrS &r,fq+dk yD; wku d rf ,fcu dk rf ,f }udr;f r,kH=unfr_awG jzpfay:aewmyg? 'ga=umifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sif v$wf
armif;aewmyg? 'gayrJh v$waf wmfumvw0ku d rf mS awmh tavm awmftrwfavmif;u “vlwcsK@d raumif;vk@d yg”qk+d yD; (rqvacwfu
w}uD;rvkyaf o;bJ atmift h nf;xm;&wJt h jzpfrsK;d yg? 'ga=umifh rlaumif;+yD; vlraumif;vk@d yg”qkw d hJ ajymykaH jymenf;rsK;d eJ@) xGu“f um”
vwfwavm jr0wDbufrmS 'DaubDatbufu pwku d v f mcJw h hJ ae&wmyg?
twGuf wkdufyGJtenf;tusOf;jzpfwmeJ@ rkdif;a,mif;bufrSm b,fvydk J jzpfjzpf (etzyJ jzpfyap/ tpk;d &opfyJ jzpfyap) olw@dk
tajrmufprf;wmavmufyJ vkyaf ewmyg? twGuf taESmift h ,Suv f @dk xifwhJ tiftm;awGudk tm%meJ@ tiftm;
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16
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17
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1924 rSm uG,v f eG w f ,f? olom use;f rm ae&if/ touf&iS af e&if nDav;ygwD r&S&d bl;?
pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfudk &J&}J u;D taumiftxnfazmfrmS yJ? olu qkAd ,D ufygwD (CPSU) u tifwmae&Sife,f &Sdwkef;uvkd
jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHr_ukd wcJeuf&aewmyJ? pwmvif acgif;aqmifygwD vkyfcsifaeawmh tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; xdyfwkduf
uawmh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfudk rvkyb f ;l ? tm%mtarG qufcH awG@wmawG &Sv d mw,f? txl;ojzifh w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD (CPC)
a&;udprP mS yJ epfreG ;f aew,f? eJ@ jzpfw,f? =umvmawmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; vlod&Sif=um; a0zef
'gayrJh pwviftwGuf tcGio hf mapwmu (1929- wmawG jzpfvmw,f? }udw+f yD;jzpfwmuae ajAmifjzpfvm wmyJ?
1930) tar&dum;u pvku d wf hJ pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;qku d w f myJ? aemufqHk;awmh qkdAD,ufukd qkd&S,fvpfpum;ajym+yD;
1930 pD;yGm;a&;uyf&@J tusKd ;qufu a&S@wef;a&muf wkid ;f jynf e,fcs@J aewJh ‘qk&d , S ef ,fcs@J ’vk@d ajymawmhwmyJ? tar&duefe@J &if
awGrSm oydwfwkdufyGJ/ ukdvkdeDeJ@ ukdvkdeDwykdif;wkdif;jynfawGrSm =um;aphwmukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; vkyaf wmhwmyJ?
v,form;olykefawG ay:wmyJ? (q&mpHolykefxcsdefwkef;u 1970 jynfhvGefESpfawGrSmeJ@ 1980 jynfhvGefESpfawGrSm
w±kwfjynfrSm/ tdENd,jynfrSm/ rav;,m;rSm v,form;olykef qkdAD,ufuwzuf/ tar&duef/ w±kwfuwzuf twdtvif;
ay:w,f)? tm;ay;wJh ppfyGJuav;awG jzpfcJhw,f? (uarBm'D;,m;/ tmz*ef
aemuftcGio hf mwmu tDwvDrmS ‘zufqpf’tpk;d &/ epPwef)?
*smreDrmS ‘emZD’tpk;d & wufvmwmyJ? ppfEidk w f hJ t*Fvyd /f jyif tmz*efepPwefppfrSmawmh qkdAD,uf EHGepfawmhwmyJ?
opfu zdaxmif;wmcH&vk@d *smrefvx l uk [pfwvmukd tm; u|o H mG ;+yD E_wrf &awmhb;l ? qkAd , D uf usq;kH &wmyJ?
ay;axmufcv H u dk =f uw,f? 'kw, d urBmppfjzpfawmhr,f qkw d m qdkAD,uf usqHk;wmrSm w±kwfu wcef;wu¾ ygae
ukv d nf; vlwidk ;f avmuf odae=u+yD? w,fqw dk mu &Si;f aewmyJ?
[pfwvmuvnf; abmfv&f ADS pfueG jf rLepfukd wku d zf suf CPB (Auy)u 'DjzpfpOfrSm teD;uyf avhvmcJh&wmjzpf
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pwmvifu wkid ;f cspjf ynfcsp0f g'ukd jywfjywfom;om; wJh =urf;yk;d (*sy;dk ) yJ? tirf;r& aoG;rpkyb f ;l ? aoG;pkycf iG hf jywfvyfaewJh
ukid pf cJG iG hf &oGm;w,f? *sykd;uawmh aoG;pkyfcGifh&pqkdawmh aoG;pkyf=urf;w,fqkdwJh tajym
twkdcsKyfvkdufawmh 'kwd,urBmppfjzpfw,f? Edkif tqkad wG =um;vmcJ&h wmyJ?
vkdufw,f? qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHawG t+ydKif;t±kdif;ay:w,f? w±kwf tajccHtusdK;pD;yGm;csif; yËdyuQjzpfwmawGu olwkd@
awmfveS af &; atmifycJG w H ,f? t=um;rSm rsm;ygw,f? um,uH&iS af wGvnf; ajymcsi&f ifajymyg ap?
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urBmppf'%fa=umifh ±k&mS ;wjynfv;kH txdemaew,f? pvyfygwD (wDw;dk ) eJ@ jyefvnfoifjh rwf=uw,f? w±kwjf ynf uGejf rL
vDeif&J@ pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfukdom vkyfcJh&if tcsdefaumif;yJ? epfygwu D Auyukv d nf; ,l*ydk gweD @J jyefvnfoifjh rwfapcsiw f ,f?
'gayrJh pwmvif rvkycf b hJ ;l ? rvkycf ±hJ rkH u ykq d ;dk wmukd vkyw f ,f? 'gayrJh Auy rSmu ,l*ydk gw(D wDw;dk ) eJ@ &Si;f p&m &Sw d ,f?
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'kwd,tcsufukd &Sif;vif;csuf t,ltq tawG;tac:rSmyJ wcsdefu uGJ=uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'D
b,fvydk J nDaemifygwv D @dk ajymajym wkid ;f jynfu 2 jynf/ udpaP jyvnf&if jyefvnfoifjh rwfv@kd &wmyJ?
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ta&S@Oa&myEkdifiHawGukd qkdAD,ufu olyJ arG;jrL+yD; c±k&u S u f zqqk&d , S t f pk;d &ukd Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;tultnD awGay;
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awmfvSefa&;u yxrurBmppfuae atmifyGJ&ovkd w±kwf 'DudpPrSm olwkd@ rSm;ygw,fvdk@ ajymrSyJ Auyu jyefvnf
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18
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

jrifcyhJ gb;l ? r_jrefw,f?

t"duajymcsiw f mu wkid ;f jynfu 2 jynf/ jynfou l 2 &yf/ ygwu D aiGa&;a=u;a&;ppf (Currency War) ukefxkwf
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tusKd ;pD;yGm;csi;f uku d n f rD S oifjh rwfEidk rf mS yJqwdk mukd wifjycsiw f m (Cyber War) qkw d thJ oHawG =um;ae&w,f? ppftiftm;
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jzpfatmif xde;f n‡&d rSmyJ? txl;owdxm;&rSmu pepfa[mif;&J@ 0rf;=um
xdef;n‡dwmrSm aysmhaysmif;vGef;&ifvnf; yef;jym;yif ay:vpDyJ wkdufrSmyJ pepfopfu oaE<wnf&r,f? vaph&ufaphrSyJ
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twkid ;f jzpf&rSmyg?
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vkyaf eovkyd ?J
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19
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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+rdK@e@J qifww l ,f? 'gah =umifh rdwv DÎ mrSm Ak d v f a usmf a Zm(1949)
tqkyaf &m*guo k a&;pcef;(tma&m*srH mS
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20
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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azazu tJ'D rdwÎDvmrSmaewkef; naewkdif; rdwÎDvm ewfpifav;ukd jrifvu dk &f awmh azazu “[m-'g rdwv DÎ muG/
uefabmif±;dk rSm vrf;av#muf+yD; uefxyd u f ewfpifav;a&muf&if rdwv DÎ m”vk@d atmfajymvku d af &m av,mOfysw H pif;vH;k tvGe@f udk 0rf;
tdrb f uf jyefvn S v hf mwwfowJ?h tJ'eD wfpifav;[m azazwk@d udk omoGm;=ua&mwJ?h Akv d af pmz±l;tygt0if tJ'aD cwfu avol&aJ wGu
toufu,fz;l vdu k v f @dk azazhrmS rdwv DÎ mukd rarhEidk w f thJ a=umif; rdwv DÎ muGi;f rSm av,mOfarmif;usiv hf molawG jzpfawmh/ rdwDÎ vmuGi;f
w&yf jzpfay:vmygawmhw,f? qk&d if olw@kd u rsupf rd w dS af wmif qif;Ekid o f al wG jzpfaewmav?
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vpftyk pf u k tkypf ;D xm; wmyg? jynfwiG ;f ppfwu dk zf @dk yJ olw@dk wawGu (usef u|efrwkd@rdom;pktygayghav) rdwÎDvm+rdK@av;ukd rarhEkdifjzpf&
tm;oefaeavawmh w±kwjf zL ppfqifa&;twGuq f dk ajym&qd&k wm awmhwmygy?J
odyv f uf0ifwmyJv@kd azazu ajymjyzl;ygw,f?
azazu a&S@wef;ppfqifa&;rSm OD;pD;+yD; ol@&@J XmecsKyfudk
vnf; a&S@wef;rkid ;f qwfrmS yJ zGix hf m;ygw,f? rkid ;f qwfrmS u e*du k vS a usmf a Zm
wnf;u w±kwjf zLawG aqmufvyk x f m;wJh av,mOfysu H iG ;f &Sw
d ,f? 21-1-11
21
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u|ef;rSmaepOf q&muvnf; ol@ta=umif; rajymzl;cJh? acgif;aqmifawGtaeeJ@ rdom;pkudpP ajymavhajymxr&Sd?
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&uf 40 tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJumvrSmawmh a':rdrdta=umif; ‘wuGuf’ ay:vmw,f? &JeDwif+idrf;tavmif;
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22
(18 - 2 - 2011)
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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omauwu ukv d aS X; (tzrf;cH&wke;f u touf 14 ESpaf vmuf uk, d w f idk f tm%mykid af wGe@J pum;ajymwm ajz&Si;f wm vH;k 0 rvkyf
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vky&f wJt h vky[ f m wu,fyrJ vG,v f b
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w,f? tJ'v D ydk tkH yfc=hJ uwJth wGuf rSm;w,fv@kd u|e;f ay:rSm/ axmif rsm;taeeJ@ OD;av;Akv d t f ek ;f armife@J q&m&m*sew f @dk vufxu J dk 'Dvdk
xJrmS / axmifjyifrmS b,fou l rS rcHpm;cJ/h r,lqcJ=h uygb;l ? olw@dk tcGit hf m%mawGe@J uk, d t hf oufawG tyfEiS ;f cJw h mukd axmuf&if
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rSm emrnfausmfcJhwJh/ vufeufukdifawmf vSefa&;vkyfvmwJh/ ESpf trSeyf gy?J
u|e;f jyef(aemufawmh oH;k u|e;f jyef) OD;av;Akv d t f ek ;f armifvv dk u l dk &Jabmfz;dk oHacsmif;

24
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
rarhwJhEkdif

awmfvSefa&;±kyfykHv$m

&ckid ±f ;dk rESihf zkd;eD

woo æAkv d af Z,s
ok@d r[kwf u,fwif&iS w f a,mufu orkid ;f ukd zefw;D jcif;r[kw[ f k
qkdvkdjcif; jzpfrnfxifonf? okd@aomf orkdif;a&pD;wGif avSmfcwf
olrsm;onfum; orkdif;±kyfykHv$m yef;csDum;.a&mifpkHaq;puf
AkdvfaZ,s okd@r[kwfæ æ
Armjynf e ,f c sJ @ qef @ usif a &;ork d i f ; wG i f t rsm;yif jzpfonf? Tok@d jzifh orkid ;f ESihf orkid ;f 0if yk*K~ v
d w
f @dk . ±kyyf Hk
pOf t vm }uD ; rm;cJ h o l æ æ v$mukd wl;qGa&;zG@J =u&mwGif rwlaom ±_axmifEh iS hf &yfwnfrr_ sm;jzifh
&J a bmf o k H ; usd y f 0 if æ æ csOf;uyfr_rsm; rkcs&Sdrnfyif? AkdvfaZ,sqkdaom orkdif;0ifyk*~Kdvf
1948 ckESpf/ rwfv(28) &ufae@u pwif wa,muftay: ±_jrif=u&mwGifvnf; Tokd@yif jzpfrnf? vGwf
cJ h a om jynf o l @ 'D r k d u a&pD vuf e uf u k d i f a wmf v S e f vyfpmG uGv J cJG iG hf &Syd gonf? orkid ;f u rSwaf usmufwifrmS jzpfonf?
a&;wG i f yg0if c J h + yD ; 1968 ck E S p f w G i f *k % f a jymif p G m u|efawmfuawmh olæ0wfr_eful;cJhaom &ckdif±kd;r&Sd awmyef;&eH@
touf a y;vS L oG m ;cJ h o l æ æ
uav;rsm;ukd ar$;jrcHpm;&if;æ±kd;reH&HwGif yJhwif±kdufcwf usef&pf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. A[kdacgif;aqmif
wa,muf æ cJhaom ol@toHv_dif;rsm;wGif pD;arsm&if; ol@±kyfykHv$m tykdif;tp
ponf æ ponf j zif h o l . b0±k y f y k H v $ m rsm;? wcsKd@ukd yuwdtwkdif; zwf=unfhjcif;r#omæ
±k;d om;pGm 0efc&H rnfqv dk #if u|eaf wmfonf ol
. *k%fajymifaom tpOftvm}uD;rm;aom b0±kyfykH
v$m wpkv H ;Hk ukd a&;zG@J &ef 0rf;pmvkaH vmuf olwa,muf
r[kwfyg? q&m'*kefwm&mwkd@uJhokd@aom olESifh&if;ESD;
aysmf0ifcJhzl;olrsm;æwkdufazmfwkdufzufrsm;æormo
rwfusaomorkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm;uom wl;azmf rSww f rf;
wifoiho f nf [k ,lqygonf?
orkid ;f onf jrpfra&pD;vkd ol@vrf;a=umif;ESio hf l
woGio f iG f r&yfrem; pD;qif;aeonf? obm0uspmG yif
tauG@taumuf tqif;twufrsm;ESiyhf if? a&mifpaHk q;
pufrsm;jzifh jc,fre_ ;f xm;aom rSeu f u l u
G wf ckvædk ? ok@d
r[kwf ausmufxGif;yef;csDum;wcsyfvkdæ?
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vl x k o m ol & J a umif ; tppf j zpf w ,f ” 2
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. tqkt d rde@f wck jzpfygonf? vlprG ;f aumif;wa,muf 1966 ckESpf aEGaESmif;0oefumv. wckaom ae@wGif
ol &ckid ±f ;dk rok@d a&muf&v
dS mcJo
h nf? a&mufonfEiS hf yx0Dajrv$mukd
25
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ol.ESvkH;om;jzifh uspfuspfygatmif qkyfukdifvkduf+yD;aemuf
±kd;rukd ol@yckH;ay:okd@ &Sdor#tm;ESifh yifhwifvkdufonf? ±kd;r
awmifr}uD;. vufarmif;vufwHrsm;ozG,f jzmqif;ae
aom r_id ;f nKd@nKd@ awmifa=umrsm;wGif ol. ajcvSr;f wkid ;f onf
yef;yGifhrsm; jzpfcJhonf? ol.vufpGJawmf awmifa0S; wcsuf
a0S@&rf;vkdufwkdif; b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrS v_dif;vkH;rsm; tm;
aumif;armif;oef ºuwufvmcJhonf? ±kd;rwcGif rarmEkdif
ryef;Ekid f yso H ef;&if;jzifæ h &ifEiS v
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atmif aygi;f oifajrqGonf? Tok@d jzifh olonf ±k;d r. toGif
tjyifukd ol@ESvkH;om;jzifh opfvGifapcJhonf?
okd@aomfæolonf u,fwif&Sifwa,mufawmh t
v#i;f r[kwyf g? xku d mvu !‡K;d i,fErG ;f vsaeaom &ckid ±f ;dk rukd
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olrsm;. av;pm;=unfnKd jrwfEkd;r_ukd &,lEkdifcJholom jzpf
ygonf?
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vwGif ol jyefomG ;cJo h nf? vif;,kew f aumif. tm;rmefrsK;d
ESihf ol xjyefomG ;cJ+h yD? ol jyefxu G o f mG ;csed w
f iG f ±k;d ruawmh
a=uuGJr_ESifh wkefcgusef&pfonf? vGrf;wooESifhæ? ol@ykH&dyf
ol@ta=umif;av;awGukd ajym=uqkd=u wzGzGESifhæ? onfrSm
awmh ol@&eH@u rjy,fæavoifh&m ar$;aeqJæ? ol@toHu
±k;d reH&rH mS ±ku d cf wfywhJ if nHaeqJæ
&JabmfAkdvfaZ,s jyefoGm;+yD;aemuf (6)ESpft=um
1972 ESp-f ESpq f ef;rSmrS u|eaf wmf &ckid ±f ;dk rukd a&mufygonf?
awmfvSefa&;vufawG@ESifh oabmw&m;ukd qmavmifiHhvifh
aeaom u|efawmfhtzkd@ ol. okH;qifhau'g oifwef;rS ykd@cs
csurf sm;/ a[majymcsurf w S wf rf;rsm;ESihf wnfw h nf}h uD; wk;d rdyg
awmhonf? a&iwfwkef; a&wGif;xJusovkd zwfrdonfESifh
vufu rcsEidk af wmh? xkad e@ r[l&mnuawmh ESi;f xkjzifh odyf tqifh&Sdolwkdif; em;vnfEkdif+yD; ±kd;om;pGm pGef@v$wfvkyfudkifvkd
onf;aeonf? a&eHqDrD;cGuftvif;a&mifjzifh nvkH;ayguf aom awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;twGuf tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom (&yf
+yD;atmifzwfvkdufrdaom xkdwnukd trSwf&aerdonfæ wnfr/_ tjrif/ enf;em) rsm;yif jzpfonf? u|eaf wmht f zk@d awmh
,ae@wkdifæ? OD;aESmuf/ ESv;Hk aoG;a=umr#irf sm;xJwiG f ,ae@widk f &Siof efvwf
ol@pmwrf;u ta&;tom; ±kd;&Sif;onf? yÌvuf qwf v_y_ &f mS ; aeqJ jzpfonf?
qefaom/ [dw[ f efxw k af om/ pum;vk;H }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f olæ&ckid ±f ;dk rok@d a&mufvmcJjh cif;. t"du &nf±,G cf suf
rsm; vk;H 0ryg? ok@d aomf tbd"rRm ygonf? bufpo Hk nf? pl;&S rSm ygwAD [k. d vrf;pOfEiS hf pdw"f mwfudk csjytaumif txnfazmf
onf? vufawG@usonf? ygwDwnfaqmufa&;/ wyfwnf &ef jzpf y gonf ? xk d p Of u mvæ&ck d i f a 'o. vuf e uf u k d i f
aqmuf a &; ponf h e,f y ,f t oD ; oD ; wG i f pD ; arsm&if ; awmfveS af &;tajctaerSm csKyfajym&v#if vlrrmwa,mufvdk
tvkyfvrf;!¸efrsm; ay;onf? omref a&;wwfzwfwwf jzpfaeonf? 55 vrf;pOfatmufwGif tbufbuf ,kd,Gif;
26
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
usqif;cJ&h +yD; '%f&m'%fcsurf sm;ESihf jynfEh u S af ecJ&h mrS 58 aESmufEiS hf ESv;Hk om;vkd jzpfaeonf? &Jabmfausmjf ru Ekid if H
ckEpS f vufeufcsy}JG uD;aemufyidk ;f wGif ykrd dk qk;d ±Gm;vmcJo h nf? a&;tawG;tac: vrf;!¸eaf y;olæ? &Jabmfwu l awmh ppfa&;
ygwDwGif; pnf;±kH;a&;pnf;urf;rsm; avsmh&Jvm+yD; tawG; wGif xufjruf+yD; v,form;xkxw J iG f =oZm}uD;olæ tpOf
tac:ysuf/ pdwf"mwfusqif;vmjcif;æpnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ tvm}uD;ol? Tacgif;aqmifwOD;csif;. tm;aumif;csuf
tm;enf;vmjcif;æwyfwGif; 'Drkdua&pD tm;enf;vm+yD; ESihf xl;jcm;csurf sm;ukd qkyu f ikd +f yD; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ wqifh
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wGif wufºur_r&Sd/ wkdufpdwfckdufpdwfavsmhyg;+yD; &efolukd aysmif;nifompGm ukid w f ,
G af jz&Si;f +yD; tvSnt hf ajymif; t
a=umufonft h awG;tac: v$r;f rk;d aejcif;æponfjzifh rvkd wGuf a&S@vkyfief;rsm;ukd csrSwfEkdifcJhonf?
vm;tyfonfh tjcif;t&mrsm; tESH@tjym; jzpfay:aecJh ok d @ aomf Ek d i f i H a &;tawG ; tac:vk y f i ef ; onf
onf? 64 vrf;pOf(ppfEidk af &; tm%modr;f a&;vrf;pOf)ok@d wck v k H ; ES i f h q k d i f o nf h jy\em jzpf o nf ? acgif ; aqmif
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onf? wif a y;&rnf ? acgif ; aqmif E S i f h xk t =um;wG i f tjyef
ok@d aomf 'DtajctaeawGudk vSnahf jymif;zk@d ol@rmS tvSef ,kH=unfav;pm;aom tajctaewck rkcs &Sdae
ckdifrmonfh oEMdÏmef &SdcJhonf? acgif;aqmifwa,muf &rnf/-[k olu ,lqonf?
taeESifh csrSwfxm;onfh vrf;pOfukd vufawG@taumif 'kwd,ajcvSrf;tjzpf wyfxkwckvkH;. EkdifiHa&;
txnfazmfonfh jzpfpOfukd jzwfoef;vsuf rdrdukd,fukd tawG;tac: jr‡iw hf ifa&;v_y&f mS ;r_udk tpDtpOf&&dS dS ajcvSr;f
rSwaf usmufwif&rnf[k ol em;vnfxm;onf? wu,f &S&d jdS zifh pwifco hJ nf?
awmh jywfom;onfh vlwef;pm;&yfwnfr/_ wk;d wufonfh wyfwckv;Hk . Ekid if aH &;a&csed u f dk jr‡iw
hf if&ef ynmay;
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vufawG@rsm; ol@rmS &S+d yD; jzpfonf? pwifonf? oifwef;ykd@cscsufrsm;jzifh vuf&Sdtajctaeukd
OD;pGm tajctaewpkHvkH;ukd em;vnfod&Sdatmif yuwdbm0uspGm okH;oyf=u/ tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;=uESifh
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xJ0if0if &if;&if;ESD;ESD; xdawG@avhvmonf? rGefjrwfaom acgif;aqmifr_&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfonf? xkukd 'Drkdua&pD &J&J zGifh
ukd,fusifhoduQmESifh ±kd;om;edrfhcsr_&Sdaom ol@tzkd@ bmom ay;onf? ajym&Jq&dk J &Sad tmif tajctae zefw;D ay;onf?
pum; tcuftcJ &Sad pumrl tcsed w f t
dk wGi;f rSmyif a'ot tmrcHcsufay;onf?
ajctaeukd em;vnfEkdifcJhonf? +yD;aemuf olu ( &ckdif tpnf;ta0;jzpfpOftwGif; tjzpftysufuav;
a'o[m vl x k & J @ Ek d i f i H a &;Ek d ; =um;r_ v nf ; jrif h w ,f / wck trSw&f p&m &Scd zhJ ;l onf? tpnf;ta0;twGi;f wyfrLS ;
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ppfqifzkd@ aumif;wJh ppfa&;yx0D jzpfw,f? csKyf ajym abmfAkdvfaZ,su “æol@tvSnfhyJ? ajymygapAsm? &Jabmf
&&if awmfvSefppftwGuf omvGefcsufawG &Sdw,f?) }uD;tvSnfhusawmh tm;&yg;&ajymaygh-[kwfvm;æ”[k
[k rSwcf sucf sonf? [moaESmI =um;0ifb&dwt f yk af y;vku d &f ykaH v; ajymprSwf
jynfe,facgif;aqmifESpfa,mufjzpfaom &Jabmf use&f pfonf? olu wyfwnfaqmufa&;ukd yef;csu D m;wcsyf
ausmfjr/ &Jabmfwlæwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:qkdif&m a&;qGo J vkd aq;pyfnpD mG pkwcf surf eS pf mG jzifh tEkynmajrmuf
jy\emrsm;/ vuf & S d t ajctaeuk d taumif ; buf o k d @ apcJo h nf? Tok@d jzifh wyfrLS ;wyfom; txufatmuf quf
vSnahf jymif;a&; ajcvSr;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI &if;ES;D yGiv hf if; qHa&;wGif ykdrkd &if;ESD;yGifhvif;aom/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfaom/
pGm !‡dE_dif;wkdifyifonf? wu,fawmh xkdpOfu &Jabmf vef;qef;wufºuaom tajctaeopfw&yf/ toGio f pfw
ausmfjrESifh &Jabmfwlwkd@ESpfa,mufrSm &ckdifjynfe,f. OD; &yf jzpfay:vmcJo h nfrmS taotcsm jzpfonf?
27
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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vnf; ajymprSwaf v;wck &Scd o hJ nf[k qk=d uonf? &efo@l {nf h c H o nf ? eH e uf p m(b&d w f z wf p f ) / ae@vnf p m(vef @ csf ) /
a'otwGif; jzpfaoma=umifh tjref jzwfausmfEkdif&ef npm('ifem)awGEiS hf tqifjh rifah eonf? awmfveS af &;pcef;ESihf rwl
Akv
d af Z,su, dk wf idk f 0if+yD; avSmcf wf&onf? ok@d aomf avS bJ aysmyf pJG m;pcef;vkv d æ dk t&m&Sd &dyo f mvkv d dk jzpfaeonf[k olu
ay:wGif xkdifvkdufvmaom oef@oef@jyef@jyef@ESifh &Jabmf jrifonf? ok@d aomf wvk;H wyg'r# jyif;xefaom a0zefcsuf ray;?
wa,mufuawmh wkww f w
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f nf wGif xk&d aJ bmfu “'grsK;d awG 'Duv,form;awG pm;&ovm;” [kom jyefar;avh
“usKyfu c±kid af umfrwDavAsmæ”[k qkI d wufudk vSr;f &Sod nf? =umawmh pcef;u&JabmfawGvnf; txmayguv f monf?
r,l? TwGif Akv d af Z,su “c±kid af umfrwDrif; jrwfvnf; ynmom;ygygeJ @ a0zef a ewm[k oabm ayguf v monf ?
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oufoufjzifh wufukd vSrf;,lvkdufygowJh? wu,f +cKd;+cHac|wmaom/ awmfvSefa&;vufawG@ b0ESifh ukdufnDaom
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39
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u|eaf wmft h cef;xJrmS pmzwf&if(txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd pf mzwf&if) toHw;kd tcHawG&SdaeovJ rodbl;vdk@pOf;pm;rd+yD; a'goudk
wd;k xGu+f yD; zwfavh&w dS ,f? wae@awmh r*sKH [m u|eaf wmhukd =unfu h uG f xdef;vdkuf&w,f?
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42

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awmh tusôaumvdk@ar;awmh/ av;vmwmeJ@ vrf;rSm
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vmawmh ygwAD [d[ k m erfch acsmif;wzufuu kd ;l +yD; qkwf
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w,f? udkfEdkif0if;vnf; rsufESmraumif;bl;?
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wmudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f”wJ?h olu|eaf wmhukd ajymoGm;
wJhpum;yg? 'Dbufurf;a&mufaewJh &Jabmfwdkif;udk
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ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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awmhbJ olwnf;cdak exdik cf w hJ hJ &Sr;f &Gmu tdr&f iS u f kd ay;cJch siw f hJ
ta=umif;vnf; ajymygw,f? ta&;xJ u|eaf wmhukd vl}uD;vl
f ;kH aumif; vmqefjyaeao;w,f? udEk ikd 0f if;eJ@twl r*sKH [m rsuf
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qdwk t
hJ a=umif;/ &Jabmfausmq f ikd rf S ygwAD [do
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(av;)
1990 'DZifbm 18/ 19 rme,fyavmrSm udEk ikd 0f if;eJ@
u|efawmf jyefvnfqHkawG@=uw,f? 'g[mu|efawmfwdk@csif;
aemufqHk;qHkawG@r_vnf;jzpfovdk u|efawmf[m udkEdkif0if;eJ@
aemufqHk;qHkawG@cJh&wJh &Jabmfa[mif;wa,mufvnf; jzpf
r,fxifygw,f?
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a&muf&+dS yD; ABSDF±H;k rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd wnf;cdak ewJo
h wif; =um;
f m vdk@ udkEdkif0if;aygufcsvmw,f? aemufwae@rSm v#dKav; wck
jcm;wJh awmifukef;av;wukef;ay:u ol@wJtdrfav;udk u|ef
awmfwdk@ oGm;vnf=uw,f? ausmif;om;&JabmfwcsdK@ vdkufydk@
w,f? r*sKH[m u|efawmfhudkawG@wmeJ@ 0rf;om0rf;enf;jzpf+yD;
idkygw,f? udkEdkif0if;vnf; rsufESmraumif;bl;? EGrf;vstm;
i,fr_a=umifh pum;awmifrxGufbl;? r*sHKuyJ awG@awG@csif;æ
“ud k a t;oef ; bmeJ @ vmovJ / b,f a wmh j yef r vJ /
usrvnf;vdu k rf ,f”? u|eaf wmhZeD;aum aeaumif;vm;? b,f
olb,f0g aeaumif;vm; pojzifah r;w,f? u|eaf wmf bm ajz
&r,frodbl;?
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rodao;bl;”? u|efawmfu pdwfraumif;wJh=um;u &,f&$ef;
zwf&$ef;vkyfum pum;0dkif;udk [moaESm+yD; zefwD;vdkufw,f?
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ygovm;? OuUÏrSew f ,f? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; rpGe@f vw $ f
wmrSefw,f? u|efawmf tv,fydkif; (ygwD&J@ tv,fydkif;AsL±dk
a'oudk ajymwmyg)udk jyefvmcsiw f ,f? &JabmfawG aeaumif;
=u&J@vm;”? aemuf+yD;olodcsifwJh vlwa,mufta=umif;udk
hH n l cD hJ ar;ygw,f?
u|efawmfjyefajymwmu “zkef;eHygwfawmh rygbl;?
bmwD;vpfem(ta&S@ajrmufudk a&mufzl;wJh qGD'if owif;
axmuf/ xdpk Ofuol rme,fyavma&mufaew,f)xHrmS awmif;
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vmcJ h ? rme,f y avma&muf a ewJ h ‘&vvz’ud k , f p m;vS , f
43
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
tzG@J ukd u|eaf wmfajymxm;r,f? cifAsm;vnf; olw@kd e@J &if;eD;wmyJ? jyefpOf;pm;=unfw h ,f/ ygwt D ay: u|eaf wmfw@kd vkyyf kH
u|eaf wmfu b,fawmhjyefjzpfr,f rodao;bl;?” udik yf akH wGu r[kwb f ;l ? u|eaf wmfvnf; bmaumifrS
olodcsifwJhvlta=umif;vnf; u|efawmfodoavmuf r[kwyf gb;l / cifAsm;vnf; odrmS yg? udak usmq f ikd vf nf;
ajymjyvdu k wf ,f? olw@kd wodu k f vufeufcs+yD; ArmjynfxJ 0ifomG ; [dkrSmaysmfwmr[kwfbl;/ u|efawmf odygw,f”?
+yD jzpfa=umif;? udkEdkif0if;idkifoGm;w,f? r,HkEdkifatmifjzpfaew,f/ (ig;)
aemufrS oluajymw,f? 'Daemuf=um;&wJh owif;awGu pdwx f cd u
kd f
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pnf;±Hk;zdk@ olv$wfwmyJ”? &Smw,f? aemuf vl0wfjyefvw J ,f? b,foel @J rS pum;
ol@udk u|efawmf avmavmq,f tultnDay;Edkifwm rajymawmhb;l ? rme,fyavmuswhJ A±kwAf &ufumv
'gavmufy?J u|eaf wmfu, kd Yf uvnf; a&S@rmS bmawG}uHKawG@&OD;rvJ aomif;&if;jrpfeHab;rSm AkH;qefxdrSef usqHk;oGm;cJhyg
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k cf ifneG @f u w,f? ‘+idrf;’umvyg? u|efawmfvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;?
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olw@kd taeracsmifawmhb;l ? wyfaygi;f pkwyfz@JG e@J twl tv,fyikd ;f udk 0 wyfr_;wOD;u 0trsdL;orD; 0a'ojyef&r,fqdk+yD;
a&mufvmawm@ tv,fyikd ;f [m olxifovdk r[kwb f ;l ? ygweD @J jyefac:oGm;vd@k r*sKH 0e,fjyefa&mufw,f? 2006 ESpf
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axG;axG; rSmvdkufa=umif; u|efawmfodxm;w,f? (ygwD&Jh ta&S@ w,f? vGwv f yfr_ w&m;r#wr_ jidr;f csr;f r_ukd &Sm}uH&if;
ajrmufa'o &mZ0ifrmS b,fo@l urkd S jzKwfxw k o
f wfvyk cf w hJ m r&Sd tEkynmarSmf0ifpm;aewJh udkEdkif0if;[m/ rdk;oufrkef
bl;? OuUÏocifAode;f wifu olrodbJ b,f&aJ bmfurkd S owfjzwf wdkif;=um;rSm opf&Gufw&Gufvdk v_yfcgvGifhyg;oGm;cJhyg
ta&;,lwm rvky&f bl;vd@k trde@f xw k xf m;wm ta&S@ajrmuf jzwf w,f?
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1991 rdk;tukefaqmif;tul;rSm u|efawmftv,fydkif;udk pdwful;pHudk tEkynmjzifhazmfaqmifzdk@ =urf;wrf;wJh
jyefa&mufw,f? aemuftawmf=umrS rme,fyavmrSjyefvmwJh awmfveS af &;c&D;udk jzwfoef;&if; ol ±d;k om;pGm }udK;pm;
‘&vvz’udk,fpm;vS,fAdkvfrSL;eJ@ vlcsif;awG@awmh udkEdkif0if;u cJhw,fvdk@ u|efawmf,Hkw,f?
oltv,fyikd ;f udv k m&if vufcrH vm;vd@k ar;a=umif;/ &vvz A[dk Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;u ±_yaf xG;w,f? zdEydS f
odk@ wifjyay;ygr,fvdk@ ajzvdkufa=umif;/ u|efawmfhudpPavmufeJ@ r_u tn‡mtwmuif;w,f? awmfveS af &;c&D;u cuf
A[du k kd wifjy raeyge@J v@kd ajyma=umif; jyef=um;&w,f? u|eaf wmf cJ=urf;wrf;w,f? udEk ikd 0f if;a&;csiw f hJ awmfv f eS af &; *EÎ
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rifrysuf pum;awGajymjzpf=uw,f? olu,ckvdkajymjyw,f? razmfjyyg?)
“ygwx D rJ mS u|eaf wmfw@kd ajymcsiw f majym vkycf siw f mvkyf
bmrSrjzpfb;l ? ygwu D em;vnfciG v hf w$ wf ,f? [drk mS u racsmifb;l / atmif+idr;f
udk,fhudkem;vnfwm r[kwfbl;/ tajymtqdkrSm;&if 'kuQa&muf ( 20 Ed0k ifbm 2010)
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44
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46
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47
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49
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50
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51
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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52
 ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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- um§csKyf tjzpf wufvrS ;f zd@k tqifoifjh zpfaecsed f - tm;vH;k uvnf; ‘rvGEJ ikd ’f [k ‘wpf’ ay;xm;csed -f
‘umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;yJ vkyfawmh’ [k trdef@xGufvmygw,f? olu jiif;qefvdk@ tzrf;cHae&+yD
qdw k ohJ wif; jyef@aeygw,f? [kw§f r[kwf rod?
(4)
etz&J@ yxrqH;k v$waf wmfrmS r&Si;f r&Si;f awG rsm;vSw,f? bmawGvyk af erSe;f xdyyf ikd ;f ppft&m
&S}d uD;awGu, kd wf ikd rf od - }udKajymEdik [ f ef r&S?d
wyfcsKyf}uD; bmawGpOf;pm;aeovJ -
wdkif;jynftwGufvm;/ wyftwGufvm;/ pm;r0ao;wJh ol@rdom;pktwGufvm;?
jynfoal wGuawmh odw,f? ‘wd@k twGuf rygEikd b f ;l ’ qdw k m?
(5)
u|efawmfwdk@uawmh “zGifhr,fhaygufaumif =unfh&atmif” vkyfraeEdkifygbl;? *sme,fxGuf&uf
aemufusoGm;r,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ ydkpdwf0ifpm;wmu olwdk@wawG “EdkifiHa&;pkbl;}uD;” tjzpf tusOf;axmifawGxJ
ydwf avSmifxm;wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG b,fawmhvw G v f mrvJ qdw k mudyk J -
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17/ 2/ 2011

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