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pmrlcGifhjyKtrSwf ... 6^92 (1)

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKtrSwf ... 68^92 (2)

yHkESdyfjcif; ... yxrtBudrf

pDpOfol ... cGef*smrIdif;

rsufESmzHk;ESifh twGif;yef;csD ... oufEdkifpdk;

uGefjyLwmpmpDpm½dkuf ... nickkyboddy & nnnaing

jrefrmhusL;ypfuGefjrLewDzdk&rf rS wifqufonf/

jrefrm tD;bGwfcf tjzpf

yxrtBudrf
atmufwdkbm? 2008
 

rmwdum

-trSmpum; 1
1/ aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf 7

2/ abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf 21

3/ aus;&GmocsKØif;rSm a&;wJhaqG;csif; 53

4/ oufusm;tdkoabFmom;&JUaw; 66

-aemufqufwGJ 98
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

trSmpum;

uRefawmf bmomjyefcJhwJh uAsmawGxJu uAsm&SnfBuD; av;yk'fudk xkwfa0zdkY xkwfa0olu

ajymvmwJhtcg pOf;pm;rdvdkufwJh tvG,fqHk; pmtkyftrnfuawmh ]uAsm&SnfBuD; av;yk'f}yJ jzpfygw,f/
qufpOf;pm;jyefawmh &Snfw,fqdkwm BuD;wmygyJ/ (bl&d'wf) vuFmMuD;? ZmwfBuD; (q,fbGJU)?
av;csKd;BuD;wdkYrSm 'Dt"dyÜm,feJY ]BuD;} udk a&S;q&mBuD;rsm; oHk;cJhMuwmyg/ 'gayr,fh trsm;em;vnfNyD;jzpfwJh
ygVdpum; ]r[m}udk oHk;vdkuf&if? omrmefBuD;wmtjyif xl;uJwJh jrifhjrwfwJh t"dyÜm,frsm;yg
wGJzufygvmEdkifwmudk awG;rdjyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh ]r[muAsm} trnfudk a&G;vdkufw,f/

wcsKdUu r[muAsm qdkwJh a0g[m&udk epic twGuf oHk;vdkMuw,f/ Oyrm? OD;[kwfpdef jrefrm
t*Fvdyf? ygVdtbd"mef/ 'gayr,fh epic qdkwm BuD;rm;wJh uAsmwpfyk'frQ r[kwfacsbl;/ [dk;rm;wdkY
vufxufupNyD; ol&Jaumif;awG ppfyGJBuD;awGtaMumif;udk crf;crf;em;em; ta&; tzGJUawGeJY a&;zGJUcJhMuwJh
uAsmBuD;awGjzpfw,f/ olYpepfeJYolyg/ 'gaMumifh ysKdU pwJh *E¦0if jrefrmuAsm&SnfBuD;awGeJY
uGJjym;&avatmif uRefawmfwdkYawmh epic udk ñTef;p&m&Sd&if tu©&m zvS,fNyD; ]tJydu} vdkYyJ oHk;w,f/
tck pkpnf;vdkufwJh uAsm&SnfBuD; av;yk'f[m BuD;rm;w,f? *E¦0ifajrmufw,fqdkwJh
t*Fg&yfrsm;uvGJ&if wpfckeJY wpfck qufpyfrI r&SdMuygbl;/ ESpfyk'fu ½koQ? ESpfyk'fu t*Fvdyf?
bmompum;t&vJ jcm;em;Muao;w,f/ uRefawmf jyefqdkpOfuvJ wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; toHk;jyKzdkY
&nf&G,f&if;r&SdcJhbl;/ 'ou oHk;ck wpfjyefwpfvsm;rSm pdwful;ayguf&m aumufjyefcJhwmyg/ tpOD;qHk;
jyefzdkY BudK;pm;cJhwmu ykoQuif&JU ]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf}/ taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh bmomjyefwmvJ
rNyD;jywf? xkwfa0zdkYvJ rjzpfajrmufcJhbJ waeYraeYurS tNyD;jyefjzpfum yHkESdyfxkwfa0jzpfcJhw,f/
tOD;qHk;jyefjzpf xkwfa0jzpfoGm;wmu ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ 'Daemuf ]aus;&GmocsKØif;}?
'Daemuf ]oufusm;tdk oabFmom;BuD;}/ tck pkaygif;xkwfa0&mrSm ]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf} udka&SUqHk;uyJ
xm;vdkufygw,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    1 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf} udk uRefawmf pwif jyefqdkzdkY MudK;pm;pOfu ½koQpmqdkawmfBuD; ykoQuif&JU

*E¦0ifajrmuf uAsmBuD;rdkY jyefcsifcJhwmyJ jzpfw,f/ 'kwd,tBudrfjyefjzpfoGm;&mrSmawmh 'DuAsmBuD; a&;zGJU&m
pdefYyDwmpbmh*fNrdKBuD;eJYwuG ½koQjynfBuD; ajymif;vJoGm;&wJh ordkif; wpfauGUudk rSwfwrf;wifcsifvdkY
jzpfygw,f/ ykoQuif a&;zGJUwJh a&vQHrIBuD;u pdefYyDwmpbmh*fNrdKUrSm 1824? Edk0ifbm 7 &ufrSm
jzpfyGm;cJhwmyg/ uAsmrSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwdkif; tBuD;tus,f qHk;½HI;ysufpD;cJh&wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u
rd[dkifavmhzpaum,frSm a&mufaewJh ykoQuif[m 'DaMuuGJzG,f jzpf&yfBuD;aMumifh tBuD;tus,f pdwfxdcdkuf
cHpm;rd&um tao;pdwf tcsuftvufawGudk odvdkaZm jyif;jyif;ysyseJY ar;jref;pkaqmif;cJhw,f/ 1824
'DZifbm 4 &ufaeYu olYtpfudkqDa&;wJh pmxJrSm ]a&ab;BuD;[m wcsdefvHk; ighpdwfxJa&mufaew,f} vdkY
a&;vdkufwmudk awGU&w,f/ a&ab;'ku©onfawGudk ulnDa&;twGuf tpdk;&u vkyfaewmudk vHk;0
rvHkavmufbl;vdkYvJ ol ,lqcJhw,f/ pmxJrSm qufa&;xm;yHku ]'D uHac&Smolrsm;xJu wpfOD;OD;udk
ulnDzdkYrsm; rif;pdwful;&cJh&if ]MonD*if} ydkufqHudk (olY&JU uAsm0w¬K ],JhA*JeDMonD*if} yxrydkif;udk
xkwfa0vdkY &xm;wJh pmrlcudk qdkvdkw,f) oHk;vdkufuGm/ wpfckawmh owdxm;/ pum;eJYjzpfjzpf pmeJYyJ
jzpfjzpf (igu vªwmygvdkY) tom;,l yumoe vkyfwmawmh rjzpfapeJY} wJh/
uAsmudkawmh 1833 atmufwdkbmvrSmrS a&;jzpfwmyg/ pdefYyDwmpbmh*f a&BuD;rI
taMumif;avhvm&if;uae ½koQNynfBuD;&JU ordkif;aMumif; uHMur®mrsm;udkyg uAsmq&m
qifjcifawG;awmrd&if; ed*Hk;aumufcsufoabm a&;vdkufwJh uAsmjzpfw,f/ ykoQuif aemufqHk;a&;jzpfwJh
uAsm&SnfvJjzpfoGm;w,f/ uAsmrSm r[myDwmbk&ifBuD;udk axGjym;wJh Zmwfaumif wpfaumiftjzpf
o½kyfazmfxm;w,f/ jyKjyifa&;orm;BuD;? ½koQEdkifiHawmfudk cdkifcHhatmif pnf;vHk;cJholBuD;? wpfcsdefwnf;rSm
rdrdvrf;rSm &SdorQ cvkwf uefoif; rSeforQudk &uf&ufpufpuf acseif;ypfwwfwJh tmPm&SifBuD;?
]rme½kyfxkBuD;}/ 'Dawmhum uAsmudk yxr yHkESdyfzdkY vkyfawmh tJ'Dwkef;u pdk;pHol Zmbk&if edudkvmhpfu
tBuD;tus,f qifqmvkyfawmfrlawmhwmygyJ/ ]½kyfxk}qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk tjzKwfcdkif;w,f/ yg'wdkif;vdkvdk
ar;cGef; trSwfawG jyxm;w,f/ a[m'D tydk'fudk vHk;0 tjzKwfcdkif;w,f/
i,f&G,fwJh NrdKUawmf&JUa&SUrSm
a&S;a[mif;armfpudk rSdefazsmhcJh
bk&ifropf&JU a&SUawmfarSmufrSm
c&rf;a&mif rkqdk;rES,fom/

tjyifcdkif;? tjzKwfcdkif;orQeJYom xkwfa0&&if uAsm&JU EdkifiHa&;t"dyÜm,f

tawmfcsnfheJYoGm;ayvdrfhr,fqdkNyD; uAsmudk avmavmq,f rxkwfzdkY ykoQuif qHk;jzwfcJhw,f/ 'gaMumifh
oltoufxif&Sm;&SdpOfu ed'gef;ykdif;yJ xkwfcJhEdkifw,f/ ykoQuifcrsm Zmbk&if ar;cGef; trSwfjyxm;wJh
ae&mawGudk jyifzdkY BudK;pm;cJhao;&JU/ ]½kyfxk} udk ]jrif;onfawmf} vkyfay;cJhw,f/ zDqefNyD; pdefac:xGufajy;wJh
tydkif;udkawmh 'Dtwdkif;yJ xm;cJhw,f/ olaoNyD;aemufrSm ZlaumhpuD;u uAsmudk jyefjyifa&;
(e*dktwdkif;vkyf) &wm/
]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf}rSm a&;zGJUcH&wJh a&ab;BuD;&JU aemufESpfaygif; wpf&mcefYtMumrSm
½koQjynfBuD; uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusa&mufcJh&um pdefYyDwmpbmh*fNrdKYudkvJ vDeif*&m'fNrdKY &,fvdkY
emrnfajymif;cH&ygawmhw,f/ uAsm Zmwfaumif ,JhA*JeD vrf;pOftwdkif; uAsma&;ol ykoQuifyg
(toufxif&Sm;rsm; &SdcJh&if) csmcsmvnf ½l;&r,fh tjzpfqdk;awGyg/ ESpfaygif; 70 ausmf ukef;½kef;
cH&&SmNyD;wJhaemufrSm ½koQjynfBuD; vl;vJxEdkifawmhw,f/ pdefYyDwmpbmh*fNrdKUBuD;vJ vDeif*&m'f emrnfBuD;

jrefrmhusL;ypf    2 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

jzKwfcsum emrnf&if;udk jyef&&Smawmhw,f/ 'gudk *kPfjyKwJhtaeeJY ykoQuif&JU uAsmudk uRefawmftNyD;

bmomjyefum Edk0ifbmvxkwf ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;rSm xnfhoGif;cJhwm jzpfygw,f/
ykoQuifeJY ESpfaygif;wpf&m0ef;usif uGmjcm;wJh rm,maumhzpuD;,fuawmh vlawGudk 'ku©ay;r,fh
]a&vQHrIBuD;} udkyJ r[mawmfvSefa&;BuD; xifrSwfcJh&Smolyg/ awmfvSefa&;xJrSm olYb0udk jr§KyfESHcJhNyD;
atmufajcodrf; ydkpwmqGJwJh tvkyfrsKd;txdvkyfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdk awmfvSefa&;BuD; rprDav;wif
]abmif;bD0wf rdk;wdrf} udk a&;cJhum awmfvSefa&;udk edrdwfzwfcJhw,f/ aemufawmhrS MumMum0g;awmhrS
vlawG'ku©a&muf&wJh udpöBuD;ygvm;vdkY odjrif oabmaygufum i,fi,f&G,f&G,feJY ukd,fhudk,fudk
udk,fowfNyD; aooGm;cJh½Smw,f/ ola&;cJhwJh ]vDeif} uAsm&SnfBuD;uawmh uaeY trdIufjcif;xJyJ
xnfhMu&ygNyD/ (wavmqDu jrefrmEdkifiHudk tvnfa&mufvmwJh w½kwfbmomjyeftzGJUxJrSm ½koQuae
w½kwfvdk bmomjyefolwpfOD;vJ ygvmw,f/ oluvJ rm,maumhzpuD;,fudk oabmusoludk;/
uRefawmfhudk bmawGjyefNyD;NyDvJ ar;awmh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} eJY twdktxGmtcsKdU jyefxm;aMumif;
ajymvdkufw,f/ olu qufNyD; ]vDeif}udkrjyefbl;vm;vdkY ar;ygw,f/ rsufueJ a'go jzpfoGm;rdayr,fh
tdrf&SifeJY {nfhonfrdkY atmiftnf;onf;cHum rjyefygbl;vdkYyJ ½dk;½dk; ajymvdkufw,f/ pdwfxJuawmh
bmvdkYjyef&rSmvJ/ usKyfu uAsmudkjyefwm/ 0g'jzefYwmudk rjyefbl;AsvdkY ajymvdkufcsifwm/)
]abmif;bD0wf rdk;wdrf} [m EdkifiHa&;uif;wJh uAsmwpfyk'f r[kwfbl;qdkwm rSefw,f/ 'gayr,fh
EdkifiHa&;0g'jzefY uAsmr[kwfbl;/ EdkifiHa&;t,ltq &SdolwpfOD;u olYcHpm;rIudk azmfxkwfjyxm;wJh
uAsmwpfyk'frQomjzpfw,f/ tJovdk wpfOD;wpfa,muf&JU yk*¾vdu cHpm;csufuae trsm;olig
cHpm;csufjzpfoGm;atmif ajymif;vJEdkifwJhtwGuf BuD;rm;wJhuAsmwpfyk'f (a great poem.) jzpf&w,fvdkY
urÇmeJYt0ef; pmayynm&Sifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKxm;&wmjzpfw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY bmomjyef uAsmESpfyk'frSm wpfyk'fu ½koQ*E¦0ifpmayacwfudk udk,fpm;jyKNyD;
wpfyk'fuawmh acwfaESmif;ydkif;udk &nfñTef;aew,fvdkY qdkEkdifr,f/ wu,fawmh rm,maumhzpuD;,f[m
acwfopf&JU tpem;uvlvdkY qdkEkdifw,f/ 'gayr,fh olYaemufrSm uaeYtxd acwfopf&JU uAsmq&mawG
wpfyHkwpfacgif; ay:xGef;cJhNyD/
wu,fawmh 'DpmtkyfrSm wifqufxm;wJh uAsmq&mawGxJrSm a&S;tusqHk;u
axmrmhpf*a&;(1716-1771)ygyJ/ ola&;cJhwJh uAsmawGxJrSmvJ ]aus;&Gm ocsKØif;} [m
txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfw,f/ urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;wJhausmif;awG wuúodkvfawGrSm *E¦0ifuAsmudk
oif&if ]aus;&Gm ocsKØif;}udk oifMu&wmcsnf;/ t*FvdyfpmayeJY uRrf;0ifolwdkif;odMu? udk;um;avh&SdMuwJh
uAsmwpfyk'fjzpfaeNyD/ 'DuAsmxJu wcsKdU yg'awG (Oyrm – The paths of glory lead but to the
grave) qdk&if pum;yHkvdkjzpfvmaeaygh/ wpfu,fawmhvJ uAsmwpfyk'fvHk;[m cHpm;rIxuf tawG;ygyg
qifjcifp&m ½Icif;uav;awGeJY vlYavmutaMumif; eDwdpum;av;awG uRrf;uRrf;usifusif uHk;oDxm;wmyJ
jzpfaeawmhw,f/
*a&;uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf aemufwpfESpftMumrSm qifjrL&,fawvm udk;v&pf(1772-1834)udk
arG;ygw,f/ udk;v&pf[m ykoQuifxuf 27 ESpfBuD;ayr,fh olwdkYESpfOD;[m acwfNydKifawGjzpfw,f/
t*FvefjynfrSm a&mrEÅu0g'udk OD;aqmifolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfcJhwJh udk;v&pf[m emembm0
0dembm0oabm (supernatural element) udk atmifatmifjrifjrif toHk;csEdkifcJhwJhtwGuf
'DoabFmom;tdkBuD; uAsm[m xif&Sm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ uAsmxJu pmom;wcsKdU[mvJ (Oyrm – Water,

jrefrmhusL;ypf    3 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

water everywhere/Nor any drop to drink.) t*Fvdyfpum;rSm qdk½dk;pum;vdk jzpfaeNyD/

bmoma&;orm;awG tzdkYuawmh He prayeth well, who loveth well/Both man and bird
and beast qdkwm rMum rMum xkwfEIwfudk;um;p&m jzpfaeavaygh/
uRefawmf[m uAsm twdktxGmwdkYudk bmomjyef½Hkwifru t|uxmzGifhwJhtvkyfudkyg
vkyfavh&Sdygw,f/ uAsm&SnfBuD;awGudkawmh (xif;½l;yif&dyfrSm 0gh'p0of&JU ]raojcif;w&m;} uAsmudk
zGifhcJhzl;wmuvGJvdkY) zGifhavhr&Sdygbl;/ &SnfvGef;awmh ae&mvJ r&bJudk;/ *a&;&JU ]aus;&GmocsKØif;} uawmh
bmompum;&JU odyfonf;rIaMumifh rvTJra&Smifom zGifhqdkcJhw,f/ tck pmtkyfxJrSm xnfhay;vdkufygw,f/
r*¾Zif;rSm wifqufpOfu t*Fvdyfrl&if;udk xnfhay;cJhayr,fh tckpmtkyfrSmawmh(t&SnfBuD;awG
jzpfaeavawmh) b,fuAsmudkrS rl&if; razmfjyawmhyg/
rl&if; xnfhpwrf;qdk&if ykoQuifeJY rm,maumhzpuD;,ftwGuf ½koQ pmom;udk
xnfh&rSmjzpfw,f/ uRefawmfjyefwm[m ½koQpmom;u jyefwmjzpfw,f/ uRefawmf
t*FvdyfbmomjyefawGudk tultnD,layr,fh t*Fvdyfu jyefwm r[kwfygbl;/ t*FvdyfbmomjyefuvJ
uAsmwpfyk'ftwGuf tenf;qHk; ESpfrl&Sdw,f/ ]Mobvaumz&Swmempf} udk wpfOD;u ]A Cloud in
Trousers} vdkY jyefum wpfOD;u ]Cloud in Pants}vdkY t*Fvdyfvdk trnfay;xm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh
uRefawmfh bmomjyefudk &nfñTef;vdk&if? ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} vdkYyJ ñTef;yg/ ]A cloud in Trousers}
vdkY rac:ygeJY/ ]Cloud in Pants} vdkYvJ rñTef;ygeJY/ tvm;wl ]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf} vdkYyJ ac:yg/
]udkomEdk; bmomjyefwJh ]Bronze Horseman} vdkY rajymygeJY/
'DuAsm&SnfBuD;awGudk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; xkwfa0&atmif tMuHay; aqmfMoolu
Munfatmifjzpfw,f/ 'DtwGuf olUaus;Zl;udk urÁnf;xkd;&r,f/ ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0zdkY tm;xkwfpOf
wdkvDrdkvDutp [dkajy;'Dajy; ulnDolu atmifa0;? xkwfay;olu tm;rmefopfpmay? 'Dyk*¾KdvfwdkYudkvnf;
aus;Zl;wif&r,f/ ]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf} eJU ]oabFmom;tdkBuD;} wdkYudk azmfjycJhwJh ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm?
]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} udkpwif yHkESdyfcJhwJh aq;wuúodkvf(2)? ]aus;&GmocsKØif;} eJY ]oabFmom;tdkBuD;}
wpfpdwfwpfydkif;wdkYudk xnfhay;cJhwJh py,fNzL r*¾Zif;wdkYudkvJ todtrSwfjyKvdkygw,f/
'Dr*¾Zif;a[mif;awGudk pmtkyfyHktBudKtMum;rSm 'ku©cH&SmazGay;cJhwJh tdrf&Sifr&JU aus;Zl;uawmh
xdyfqHk;uygyJ/ /

armifomEdk;
25? 11? 91

jrefrmhusL;ypf    4 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ykoQuif&JU ]aMu;0gjrif;onfawmf} udk uRefawmf bmomjyefzdkY BudK;pm;cJhwm 'ou oHk;ck&SdcJhNyD/ tJ'Dwkef;u

zefrD;tdrf pmtkyfwdkufuae aMumfjimawG bmawGawmif vkyfcJhao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh txrajrmufcJhbl;/
bmomjyefwmuvnf; tpydkif;enf;enf;yJ NyD;cJhygw,f/ tqHk;rwdkifcJhygbl;/ ckawmh tJ'Djyef&if;
vufppmtkyfawGvnf; aysmufukefNyD/ tukef tpu pNyD; topfvkyf&ygawmhw,f/
uRefawmf bmomjyefwm rl&if; ½koQ bmomuae jyefwmjzpfw,f/ (uAsmacgif;pOfu ½koQvdk
]rsuf'enf zqmh'nduf}&,fvdkY jzpfw,f/) tultnD,l&wJh t*Fvdyf bmomjyef oHk;rl&Sdygw,f/ (1)
*Refzif;eJvf&JU pum;ajy bmomjyef? (2) tD&Demps,fvJh ZaemAm&JU uAsm bmomjyef? (3)
'drdBwdMobvJefpuD&JU pum;ajybmomjyef? (1)eJU(3)udk yif*Gifpmtkyfwdkufu xkwfa0wmjzpfNyD; (2)udkawmh
armfpudk y½dk*&ufpfxkwfa0olrsm;u xkwfa0cJhwmjzpfw,f/ (1) eJY (3) [m pum;ajyjyefwmrdkYvdkY
t*Fvdyfpum; obm0t& wpfvHk;wav jznfhpGufay;&wmrsm;uvGJvdkY rl&if;eJY awmfawmhudk eD;pyfw,f
qdkEdkifygw,f/ (2)uawmh uAsm jzpfwJhtjyif um&ef rudkufudkufatmif tm;xkwf xm;&wJhtwGuf
pum;vHk;awG awmfawmfudk ydkaeawmhw,f/ atmufrSm Munfhygav-

Fresh in our memories we keep

A time most grave and dark and baneful . . .
Upon my narrative with dread
Therefore do I begin for painful
It needs must be, dear friends, and sad.
(tD&Dem ps,fvJhZaemAm)

There was a dread time-the memory of it is still fresh . . . I will begin my

narrative of it for you, my friends. My tale will be sad.
(*Refzif;eJvf)

jrefrmhusL;ypf    5 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rl&if; ½koQpmom;rSm &Sdwmu . . .

&SdcJhw,f/ acsmufcsm;zG,ftcsdef
oludkowd&rI vwfqwfqJ (yxrum&ef)
olYudkighrdwfaqGwdkY oifwdkYtwGuf ('kwd,um&ef)
pwifr,f igwdkY&JUZmwfvrf;udk (yxrum&ef)
aMuuGJzG,f jzpfr,f ighyHkjyif ('kwd,um&ef)

rl&if;rSm ]acsmufcsm;zG,f}vdkUom &Sdwmudk tD&Demu most grave and dark and baneful
vkyfxm;wm? ]&SdcJhw,f} qdkwmudkyJ we keep vkyfxm;wm/ 'Daemuf with dread wdkY therefore wdkYudk
tydkxnfhay;xm;wmawGUvdrfhr,f/ *Refzif;eJvfrSmawmh tJovdk tydkawG rygayr,fh pum;tpDtpOf
olYtwdkif; r[kwfawmh um&efvnf; rygawmhbl;/ pum;ajyqdkawmh pum;ajyvdkyJ awmufavsmuf
zwf&awmhwmyJ/ uRefawmf bmomjyefwJhtcg pum;tydk(rvTJomvGef;wmu vTJvdkY) ryg&avatmif
pum;tpDtpOf olYtwdkif; rysuf&avatmif (jzpfEdkiforQayghav) pum;vHk; (tu©&m) ta&twGufvnf;
olYtwdkif;jzpfatmif? um&efvnf; olYtwdkif; ,lEdkifatmif BudK;pm;xm;ygw,f/
acsmufcsm;zG,fumv &SdcJhzl;&JU/
owd&aewm vwfqwfwkef;&,f
rdwfaqGwdkY cifAsm;wdkYwGufwm
usKyfZmwfvrf;udk pwifygr,f/
usKyf 0w¬K aMuuGJzG,fjzpfrSm/
'Dawmhum wcsKdUpum;vHk;rsm; (Oyrm olYudk? igh) csefvSyfcJh&wmrsm; awGUygvdrfhr,f/
um&efudkufatmif vdkY yg'xJu pum;vHk; tcsKdUudk ae&ma&TU&wmvnf; (Oyrm- &SdcJhw,f
acsmufcsm;zG,ftcsdef udk acsmufcsm;zG,ftcsdef&SdcJhav&JU vkyf&wm) awGUr,f/ 'grsKd; tao;tzGJu vTJ&if
uRefawmfh bmomjyef[m rl&if; ½koQpmom;eJY wlnDEdkiforQ wlnDatmif BudK;pm;xm;wm jzpfygaMumif;/ /

jrefrmhusL;ypf    6 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

;  
jrefrmhusL;ypf 7 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aMu; 0g jrif; onf awmf

yDwmyl&NrdKUZmwfvrf;

ed'gef;

txD;usefvIdif;wdkY&JU urf;yg;ay:
ol&yfae&JU? BuD;rm;awG;ac:
ta0;qD ai;cJh? a&SUrSmus,fajym
jrpf ajy;qif;ae? avSi,fEHkcsm
jrpfxufrSm wpfpif;wnf;om vGifharsm/
arSmfxl-&THUxl urf;ay:rSmawmh
[dkrSm 'DrSm tdrfrnf;awGaygh/
yJGwzif;eD&JU cdkvIH&my?
ESif;xJ ydwfzHk;aewJh ae&JU
a&mifjcnfudk rodMuwJh awmu
0ef;usifnHpD/

olawG;aecJh
'Duae wdkY qGd'fudk ajcmufr,f?
'DrSm NrdKU wnfaqmuf&r,fuG,fh/
armufrmtdrfeD;csif; acsmufcsm;zG,f
'DrSm obm0 igwdkYudk ay;/
Oa&myudk jywif;ayguf azmufa&;?
yifv,fxuf ajcNrJNrJcszdkY/
olwdkYzdkY opfwJh vIdif;awGeJY
tvHpHk wdkY {nfh jzpfvdrfhr,fuG,fh/
tajymus,fus,frSm jrL;aqmhMupdkY/

ESpfwpf&m vGefcJh EkysKdNrdKUjy

ajrmufwdkif;jynfwdkY&JU tvSeJY tHhzG,f
awmtarSmif? EGHtdkif&JU &THUxJu
vSy0Hh<um; ay: xGGufcJhw,f/
'DrSm wpfcgu zif;efrsKd; wHig
obm0&JU aMuuJG vifygom;
urf;edrfhedrfhrSm wpfudk,fwnf;om

jrefrmhusL;ypf    8 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rodwJha&xJ ol&JU ydkufaqG;

ypfcscJh&m? ckawmh tJ'DrSm
pnfpnfum;um; urf;awGay:rSm
eef;awmfawG arQmfpifawG crf;em;
pkNyHKaeavNyD/ oabFmawG
tkyfzJGU urÇmaxmifh tm;vHk;uae
<u,f0qdyfurf;qD ESifMuom;/
ESrf;zwfausmuf eDAmjrpf wefqmqif/
wHwm;wdkY a&xuf csdwfqJGvdkYy/
pdrf;eufa&mifeJY O,smOfawGu
olYuRef;awGudk vTrf;aeavtif/
i,f&G,fwJh NrdKawmf&JU a&SUrSm
a&S;a[mif;armfpudk rSdefazsmhcJh&/
bk&ifropf&JU a&SUawmfarSmufrSm
c&rf;a&mif rkqdk;rES,fomy/

rifhudkcspfw,f yDwmhvuf&mrGef
cspfw,f rifhcufxef? ajyjypftoGif?
eDAm&JU cHhnm; pD;qif;[ef?
olY&JU ESrf;zwfausmuf urf;ajcjyif/
rifh0if;x&H&JU oHtcif;tusif;?
rif;&JU tawG;a&,mOf nOfhawG
xGif;azmufjrif qnf;qm vrJhtvif;?
igh&JU tcef;av;xJrSm igav
rD;cGufrJh pma&;? pmzwfaecJhw,f/
vloluif; vrf;wdkY&JU tdyfpuf
xkxnfrsm; vif;Mu? 0if;vufvuf
tm'rd&mvwD jyó'f[mvJ/
a&Ta&mif0if;vuf aumif;uifjyifrSm
tarSmifnudk ra&mufapbJ
t½kPf wpfckNyD; wpfck ESifvdkYvm?
nudk ay;&JU em&D0ufyJ/
cspfrdjyif;xefwJh rifhaqmif;&JU
rvIyf&Sm;wJh aveJY qD;ESif;&,f?
eDAmus,fwpfavsmuf ajy;wJhpGyfzm;eJY
ESif;qDxuf0if;wJh vHkrrsufESm&,f?
uyJGuta&mif? qloH? pum;oH?
vlysKd{nfhcHyJG tcsdefcgrSm

jrefrmhusL;ypf    9 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

tjr§KyfpDcGuf&JU wppfppfoH?
yefYcsf&JU azsmhawmh rD;vQHjymjym?
t*FgN*dKvf tm;upm;uGif;wdkY&JU
ppfrmef toufygrIudk cspfrd?
Munf;wyfom;wdkY&JU jrif;wdkY&JU
wpfajy;nD tvSudkvJ ig cspfrd
atmifyJGtvHpkwfjywf tprsm;u
nDnmvGefYvl; aeMuwJh [ef/
ppfyJGrSm xGif;azmuf ypfcwfcH
aMu;0gcarmufwdkYu 0if;yy/
ppfNrdKUawmfBuD;iJh cspfrdw,f
rif;cHwyf&JU [def;oHeJY rD;cdk;/
ajrmufrdbk&m;u a&Teef;awmf0,f
om;awmf ay;qufwJh csdefcgrsKd;/
&efolYtay:rSm atmifyJGwpfckudk
&koQjynf usif;yjyefwJhtcg/
a&cJjymudk &dkufcJGwJhum?
eDAm yifv,fqD o,fvdkYoGm;
aEGOD;&eHY &um jrL;aysmf&Sm/

tvSudk jyy yDwmNrdKUiJh/

½koQvdk r,drf;r,dkif &yfvdkufy/
atmifEdkifNyD; a&avawmifrSuJGU
rif;eJY Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,lr,fy/
&efpeJY ya0a&S; taESmifzJGU
zifvef vIdif;awG arhMuygap
tcsnf;ESD; trkef;eJY yDwmhudkav
tpOf tdyfae raESmifh,SufMueJY/

acsmufcsm;zG,f umv &Sdzl;&JU/

owd&aewm vwfqwfwkef;&,f....
rdwfaqGwdkY? cifAsm;wdkYwGufwm
usKyfZmwfvrf;udk pwifygr,f?
usKyf0w¬K aMuuJGzG,fjzpfrSm/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    10 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

yxrydkif;

arSmifrnf;rnf; yJx&dk*&'fNrdKUxuf
Edk0ifbmo&' at;rIwfvsuf/
ajyjypfwHwdkif;&JU tpGef;wdkYrSm
qlnHvIdif;wdkY ykwfcwfvsufom
eDAm vdrfhvl; ae*PSmrNidrfwJh
tdyf&mxufu vlrrmES,fuJGU/
rdk;csKyfNyD? arSmifvdkY vmaeNyD/
jywif;rSm rdk; a'goBuD;aeNyD/
avwdkuf? 0rf;yef;wenf; tljrnf&JU/
tJ'Dcsdef vnf&mu tdrfudk
jyefvmaygh ,JhA*JeD udkvlysKd ....
usKyfwdkY Zmwfvdkufudk 'DtrnfeJY
ac:Mur,f/ 'g[m toHtaeeJY
om,mygw,f/ usKyf&JU uavmifeJY
uRrf;aewmvJ MumavNyDyJ/ 1
rsKd;&dk;trnf ol rvdkygbl;uJGU?
vGefavNyD;wJh tcsdefwkef;uawmh
xGef;yaumif; xGef;ycJhvdrfhr,f/
um&efZif&JU uavmifatmufrSmawmh
wdkif;&if;yHkrsm;rSm jrnf[nf;cJhr,f/
ckavmurSm ajymqdkMu&m
arhMuNyD/ usKyfwdkYZmwfvdkuf[m
aumvrfem2 rSmae? wpfae&m 0efxrf;/
*kPfBuD;oludka&Smif? ao&Gmjref;
aqGrsKd;rsm;a&m arhaysmufxm;wJh
acwfrsm;udkyg vGrf;qGwfraecJh/

'DvdkeJY tdrfjyef ,JhA*JeD?

avmif;uGwf cgcs? t0wfcRwf? ypfvSJ?
awmfMumatmif tdyfvdkY r&ygbJ?
awG;rsKd;pHk vIdif;xaecJhNyD/
bmtaMumif;rsm; ol awG;ygvdrfh/ ol
qif;&JyHk? BudK;pm;ygrS ol
trSDcdk uif;vGwfrIeJY *kPfudk
&&SdEdkifayvdrfhr,fjzpfyHk?
a'0 OD;aESmufeJY aiG olYudk
ydkay;cJhoifhyHk? tysif;urf;ukef?
uHawmh tifrwef aumif;MuolawG?
OD;aESmufao;usKHusKH vlysif;awG?
olwdkYzdkY b0[m oufomvS/
ol0efxrf; ESpfESpf&SdNyDy/
ol qufawG;&JU- rdk;av0o

jrefrmhusL;ypf    11 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

NidrfoufrvmaeyHk? wHwm;awGrsm;
eDAmjrpfxuf jrifhxm;&yvm;/
yg&m&Smav;eJY ol[mjzifh
ESpf&ufoHk;&uf cJG&r,fxifh/
,JhA*JeD ESvHk;u oufjyif;cs?
uAsmq&mES,f tdyfrufrufae&JU/

]vufxyfr,f? ig bmjzpf&rvJ}
'g cufawmhvnf; cufom;yJy?
'gayr,fh igi,fw,f/ usef;rmw,f?
aeYa&m nyg tvkyfvkyfvdkufr,f/
wenf;enf;eJY-omref&dk;pif;wJh
cdkem;&mav; zefwD;,lum
yg&m&Smudk csrf;ajrUapruJGU/
wpfESpf ESpfESpf Mumaumif;MumrSm....
&mxl;av;&/ yg&m&Smudk
vTJ&r,f wdkYrdom;pkudk
uav;awG ysKd;axmifa&;a&my....
aeMur,f? 'DvdkeJY ocFsKdif;xdom
wdkYESpfOD; vufcsif; wJGavQmufrSm?
ajr;awG wdkYudk oN*ØK[fr,fy....}

'Dvdk ol awG;/ tJ'DnrSm

olaqG;aew,f? ol awmifhwrd
av 'Davmuf rnnf; wGm;apcsifyg/
rdk;vJ jywif;aygufudk 'Davmufxd
a'geJY rESufapcsif....
tdyfcsifwJh
rsufvHk; aemufqHk; ol ydwf/ 'DwGif
qdk;&Gm;n&JU tarSmif yg;vmcJh/
azsmhawmha&mif aeY a&mufvmNyDyif....
aMumufzG,faeYy/

wpfnvHk; eDAm
rkefwdkif; &ifqdkif yifv,fqD ajy;/
jyif;jyol&l;udk ratmifEdkifao;....
wdkufyJGudk BuHUBuHU rcHEdkif&Sm....
reufcif;rSm jrpfurf;yg;xufaAG
vltkyfBuD; pkNyHK a&mufvmMu?
&l;ESrf;a&jkyif&JU yef;yGm;awG
awmifawG tjr§KyfawGudk ½IarmMu/
avtm;aMumifh yifv,fauGYuae
ydwfqdkY cH&wJh eDAm[m
aemufjyefqkwf? pdwfqdk;? yGufyGufqlap?
uRef;awGudk a&vTrf;ypfawmhwm/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    12 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

&moDOwk wdk;vdkY &dkif;vm?

eDAm ylazmif; [def;a[mufawmhwm/
tdk;BuD;ES,f yGufum 0JvnfcJh?
½kwfw&uf awmawmif pdwf&dkif;eJY
NrdKUay: ckeftdyfaygh/ olYa&SUrSm
tm;vHk; ajy;Mu? tm;vHk;0ef;usif
½kwfw&uf vloluif; ½kwfw&uf a&jyif
ajratmufcef;awGxJ pD;qif;aygh
oHwdkifawGxd ajrmif; vQHvmawmh
yDwmyl&f a&arsmBwDwefES,f?
cg;xd a&xJ epfjr§KyfvdkY&,f/

0dkif;a[h/ xdk;ppfa[h/ vIdif;,kwfwdkY

olcdk;ES,f jywif;ay: wuf/ avSwdkY
rSefudk yJheJY ½dkufcJhaygh wtm;/
t0wfpdkatmufu aps;&GufAef;rsm;?
wJtpte? opfvHk;? acgifrdk;rsm;?
odkavSmifa&mif;0,frI&JU ukefrsm;?
azsmhawmhrJGawrI&JU ypönf;rsm;?
rkefwdkif;wdkufvGifhcH wHwm;rsm;/
a&0ifocsKØif;xJu tacgif;rsm;
vrf;ay: arsmae&JU

vlawGcrsm
ewfa'goMunfh? ao'Pf apmifhMu/
tvdk tukefysufNyD/ cdkp&m-pm;p&m
b,frSm &vdrfh/

'DaMumufzG,fESpfrSm
ewf&GmpH Zmbk&if&koQudk
bkef;eJY pdk;pHqJ? vomaqmifqD
aMuuJG? pdwfawmfrNidrf? olxGufNyD/

rdefY&JU ]a'0&JU rdk;avwdkYudk

bk&ifrsm; rxdef;csKyfEdkif Mubl;av/}
xdkifum aMuuJG rsufvHk;awGeJY
awG;&if; tEÅ&m,fqdk;udk ai;ae/
&ifjyifawGvJ tif;tdkifawGuJGY?
olwdkYxJ jrpfBuD;awG[efeJY
vrf;wdkY pD;0ifaygh/ pH&meef;
aMuuJGzG,fuRef;eJY wlaew,f/
bk&ifh rdefYMum;-wpfpGef;rS wpfpGef;
eD;a0;vrf;rsm;wavsmuf0,f
rkefwdkif;a&jyifxJ tEÅ&m,fc&D;
ESifavaygh olYppfolBuD;rsm;?

jrefrmhusL;ypf    13 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYum tdrfxJrSm
a&epfaeolawG u,fzdkYc&D;/

tJ'DrSm yDwmh&ifjyifrSm
axmifhrSm wdkufopf xdk;wuf&mrSm
jrifhjrifharmufarmuf rkcf0&JU txuf
vufajr§mufum ouf&SdwJh[efES,f
tapmifhjcaoFhESpfaumif &yfaew,f?
pusifausmufom; wd&pämeftxuf?
OD;xkyfryg? wif;usyf vufydkufvsuf
xdkif&JU rvIyfr,Suf? aMumufzG,f a&mfum?
,JhA*JeD/ olaMumuf&Sm&JU? crsm
udk,fhwGuf r[kwf? avmbvIdif;wHydk;
wufvmaewmudk ol rMum;&dk;/
olY zdeyfatmuf a& vmxdom;?
olYrsufESm rdk;yufwmudka&m?
atmfBuD;[pfus,feJY av&rf;um;
jAKef;qdk OD;xkyf jyKwfapwmaum/
olY&JU arQmfvifhcsufuif; tMunfhawG
ta0;wpfae&mqD rvIyfbJav
pl;pkdufae&JU? awmifwef;awGES,f
yGufyGufxa&eufxJuuG,f
vIdif;wdkY wufMuGvm? a'gxefae?
'DrSm rkefwdkif; 'DrSm AvayG
tptersm;....tvdk? a'0? a'0?
vIdif;awGeJY eD;vGef;&mrSmv
yifv,fauGYem;avmufrSmyifvQif?
aq;rokwfwJh0if;NcH? rdk;rcyif?
wJtdkysufav;? 'DrSm ol½dkU
rkqdk;rom;trd? olY yg&m&Sm?
olYtdyfrufuav;....'g tdyfwkef;rdkY
rufaewmrsm;vm;/ wdkYb0wm
wpfckvHk; bmr&Sd? yvmtdyfrufvm;?
ajrBuD;udk aumif;uifu oa&mfwmvm;/

oljyKpm;cHae&wJhyrm?
ausmufom;rSm wkwfaESmifxm;wJhyrm?
rqif;wJhEdkif/ olY0ef;usifrSmawmh
a&awGcsnf;/ wjcm; bmrQr&Sdawmh/
olYudk ausmay;xm;vsufomyif?
rvIyf&Sm;EdkifwJh tjrifhqDrSm?
a'gxefaewJh eDAm txufcGif
vufqefYxkwfum &yfvdkYaetif
aMu;0gjrif;ay:u ½kyfwkom/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    14 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'kwd,ydkif;

ckawmh zsuf&qD;&wm 0tD?

twifh&J aomif;usef;vdkuf&wm arm?
eDAm aemufjyef qkwfoGm;yga&m?
xMuGcJh&wmudk &TifMunf?
vuf&ypönf;awG pGefYcJhNyD?
Oayu©my/ vlqdk;qdkwm
Murf;MuKwfwJhol vlpkeJYom
&GmxJtwif;0if? ½dkufcJG? vSD;jzwf....
zsufqD;? vk,uf? atmf[pf? tHBudwf?
tMurf;zuf? qJqdk? &GHUaMumuf? idkoH....
aemuf? vk,ufrI0ef av;vHum?
vdkufzrf;rSm vefYxdwf? armyef;vm?
"m;jywdkY taomhESifMu&JU tdrftjyef?
vuf&ypönf; vrf;rSm usefcJh/

a&usqif;oGm;? vrf;rBuD;vJ
ay:vdkYvmaygh/ igh,JhA*JeD
okwfajcwifcJh? ESvHk; rckefvIyfbJ?
arQmfvifhcsuf? aMumufpdwf? vGrf;pdwfeJY
rNidrfwwfao;wJh jrpfqDudkuJGY/
atmifyJGcHwmawG jynfhvQHum?
vIdif;wdkY &efNidK;zJGY yGufwkef;om/
atmufrSm rD;waiGYaiGYavmifovdk?
a&jr§Kyf olwdkYudk vTrf;xm;qJ?
eDAmtouf½SL&wmcufcJ/
wdkufyJGu ajy;vmwJh jrif;vdk/
,JhA*JeD Munfh avSuav;udk jrif?
&Smwm awGYovdk ol ajy;awmh tif/
ul;wdkYorm;udk atmfac:vdkufawmh-
tyltyifuif;wJh ul;wdkYorm;
q,fjym;apheJY vdkvdkvm;vm;
aMumufzG,fvIdif;awGxJu ydkYaygh/

tMumBuD;yif rkefwdkif;vIdif;awGeJY
wdkufcdkufw,f 0g&ifhavSorm;?
wpfcsdefvHk; vIdif;wef;rsm;tMum;xJ
avmif;avSav;eJY olYa&o&J
epfrvdkjzpf&-aemufqHk;awmhvm;
urf; qdkufay&JU/

uHac&Smol
uRrf;0ifNyD; vrf;uae ajy;&JU
uRrf;0ifNyD; ae&mqD/ ai;cJh/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    15 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rrSwfrdawmhNyD? aMumufzG,f jrifuGif;/

tm;vHk; ola&SU pkyHkaeom;/
NydKwm NydKus? vGifhwm vGifhoGm;/
tdrfav;awG auG;aumufvdrf? wcsKdUu
vHk;0 NydKvJyHkus? wcsKdUu
vIdif;aMumifh ae&ma&TU/ ywfywfvnf?
ppfajrjyifrSm jzpfavwJhES,f/
tavmif;awG jyefYusJvdkY/ ,JhA*JeD
acgif;idkufpdkufom;? bmrS rodawmh?
'ku©awGaMumifh yef;vsvSNyD?
ajy;&m? [dkrSm olYudk apmifhaygh
uHMur®mu rod&wJh owif;eJY?
csdwfydwfxm;wJh pmES,fyav/
ck ajy;aew,f? qifajczHk;rSm?
ck yifv,fauGY? tem;rSm tdrfav;....
'g bmygvdrfh....
ol&yfvdkufaygh?
aemufudkjyefum vSnfhvdkufao;awmh/
Munfhw,f....oGm;aew,f....Munfhjyefw,f/
'DrSm olwdkY tdrfae&muG,f/
'DrSm rdk;rc? 'DrSm wHcg;....
ygoGm;NyDy/ tdrfaum b,frSm/
rnf;arSmif? ylyefpdwf jynfhvsufom;?
vrf;avQmufNyD;&if; vSnfhywfavQmuf&Sm/
olYbmol us,favmif pum; qdkrd
jAKef;qdk ezl;udk vufeJY ykwfrd
w[m;[m; &,faygh/

nt&dyf[m
acsmufcsm;aewJh NrdKUay: usvm/
tMumBuD; NrdKUaewdkY tdyfraysmfMu?
tcsif;csif; ajymvdkYom aerdMu
vGefcJhwJh aeYtaMumif;/

reufa&mifjcnf
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raeYu ab;'ku© tpte
rawGY&awmhbl;? c&rf;a&mifeJY
tysuftpD;udk zHk;vTrf;xm;cJhNyD/
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jrefrmhusL;ypf    16 
 
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jrefrmhusL;ypf    17 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    18 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    19 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    20 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    22 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rkpfwmrmuDudk c&D;quf/ ruúZifa*g&uD/ olYudk ]rdk;wdrf} wpfpdwfwpfa'ozwfjy/ a*g&uD

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aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifvdkufay&JU/ /

jrefrmhusL;ypf    23 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf
 

 
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jrefrmhusL;ypf    24 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

 
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jrefrmhusL;ypf    25 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    26 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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jrefrmhusL;ypf    27 
 
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jrefrmhusL;ypf    28 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

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usKyfrsufESmav/ 
 
xifygw,fav 
]usKyf}qdkwm 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    29 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

usKyftzdkY ao;i,fygw,f/ 
wpfpHkwpfOD; usKyftxJu csKd;ESdrfr& 
xGufvmvdrfhrAs/ 
 
[,fvdk/ 
b,folpum; ajymaeygvJ/ 
ararvm;/ 
arar/ 
ararh om;awmh vSvSyy zsm;aygh/ 
arar/ 
olYESvHk;om;udk rD;avmifaeNyD/ 
nDrav; ,sL'geJY atmfvsmudk ajymvdkufyg.... 
olvGwfvrf; rjrifawmhbl;vdkY/ 
 
 
pum;vHk;wdkif;[m 
jyufvHk;awmifrSyJaygh 
ylavmifuRrf;aewJh yg;pyfu 
ol tefxkwfvkdufordkY 
xdk;xGufvmvdkufwm 0wfvpfpvpf 
jynfhwefqmr 
rD;avmifaewJh ewfeef;xJu ajy;xGufvmovdky/ 
 
vlawG teHYcHaeMuw,f.... 
an§mfapmfeHo[/ 
b,folawGrSef; roda&mufvdkYvm 
ajymifajymifvufvufyJ/ 
bGwfzdeyfawGeJY r&bl;/ 
rD;owform;awGudk ajymvdkufy.... 
rD;avmifaewJh ESvHk;om;ay: terf;eJY 
wuf&w,fvdkY 
 
usKyfbmomyJ vkyfr,f/ 
rsuf&nf&TJ rsufvHk;awGudk pnf;ydkif;awGeJY 
pkwf,lr,f/ 
eH½dk;awGay: rSDxm;yg&ap/ 
ckefvdkufr,f/ ckefvdkufr,f/ ckefvdkufr,f/ 
ckefvdkufr,f/ 
NydKusukefNyD/ 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    30 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ESvHk;xJu ckefxGufr&ygvm;/ 
 
avmifuRrf;aewJh rsufESmay:rSm 
tufaewJh EIwfcrf;uae 
rD;aoG;jzpfaewJh terf;uav; 
xGufjyLvmav&JU/ 
 
 
arar 
usKyfaw;roDEdkifawmhbl; 
ESvHk;om;&JU bk&m;ausmif;xJ aw;tzGJY 
rD;pJGavmifcJh/ 
 
rD;avmifaewJh taqmuftOD;xJu 
uav;rsm;ES,f 
OD;acgif;cHGxJu 
rD;oifhpum;vHk;eJY udef;*Pef; t½kyfrsm;/ 
tJovdkeJY aMumuf&GHUpdwf[m 
aumif;uifudk vSrf;udkifzdkY 
ajr§mufcsDcJhoy 
]vlZDwmeD,m}&JU avmifuRrf;aewJh vufrsm;/ 
 
tdrfcef; qdwfNidrfrIxJrSm 
vlawG wkefwkef&D&D 
rsufvHk;wpf&m tvif;qdyfurf;uae 
qkwfNzJaeaygh/ 
 
aemufqHk;atmfoHwdkY 
,kwfpGtqHk; toif 
ig rD;avmifcJhaMumif; &mpkESpftqufquf 
atmf&pfawmh/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    31 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

(2)

usKyfudk axmyemMu
usKyfeJY yk*¾dKvfBuD;awG twJG r[kwfbl;/
usKyfu vkyfaqmifNyD;orQtay:
1
]Nahil}a&;xnfhwJhol/
b,fwkef;urS
bmudkrS rzwfcsifbl;
bmvkyfzdkYvJ pmtkyfawG/

usKyf t&ifu xifcJhzl;w,f/

pmtkyfawGukd 'Dvdk vkyfwmvdkY....
uAsmq&m a&mufvm?
cyfayghaygh EIwfcrf;[?
NyD; jAKef;qdk psmef0ifvm iwHk;wm aw;poDordkY
a[m'DrSmyg cifAs/

'DvdkeJY? awGY&wmuawmh
aw;pwif roDcifrSm?
tcsOfaygufrIaMumifh tom;rmx&if;?
tMumBuD; vmoGm;/
NyD; ESvHk;&JU &THUnGefxJrSm Nidrfqdwfvl;vdrfhavaygh
pdwful;&JU ½l;rdkufrdkuf aAmfbvmig;/

tcspfawG Edkifwifa*;vfawGeJY [if;csKdwpfrsKd;

um&efawGeJY jcpf,lum usKdcsufMupOf?
vrf;rBuD; vQmrJhrJh vdrfwGefYaeawmhoudk;....
atmf[pfp&m? pum;ajymp&m bmrS r&SdbJom?

NrdKUawG&JU AmAdvkef arQmfpifBuD;awG?

rmef0ifhum wnfaqmufMujyefw,f?
'gayr,fhbk&m;u
NrdKUawGudk v,fjzpfatmif
NzdKypfordkY
pum; ½IyfaxG;&w,f/

vrf;r emusifordkY toHwdwf

ysKdUwufvmaygh?
vnfacsmif;xJrSm atmfoH rwfrwf&yfvmy?
vnfrSm uefYveYftpfum?
axmifxvmacsaygh/
0zdkifhzdkifh taxi eJY t&dk;aigaig jrif;vSnf;awG/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    32 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

&iftHkay: ajcusifavQmufMuNyD/
tqkwfemxuf qdk;&JU/

NrdKUu vrf;rudk tarSmifeJY ydwfaygh/

'gayr,fh....
'gawmifrS
vnfacsmif;udk zdpD;aewJh wHcg; rkcfudk
wGef;z,fNyD;?
BudwfBudwfwdk;o[mudk yef;NcHxuf tefxkwf
vdkufwJhtcg?

xif&w,f....
wrefawmf oHNydKiftzJGU oHNydKif[pfcdkuf?
bk&m;ocif tvkcH&ordkY? tjypf'PfcwfzdkY
<uvdkYvm/

'gayr,fh vrf;r xdkifcsNyD atmfygava&m..

]rsKdMu&atmif}wJh/

u&kyfwdkYu&kyfuDwdkY NrdKUudk cs,foMuw,f/

rsufarSmifukyfum Ncdrf;ajcmufMu&JU/
yg;pyfxJrawmh
aoqJpum;vHk;wdkY tavmif;rsm; ykyfodk;NyD?
ESpfvHk;yJ&Sifw,f 0vdkY....
]aoemaumif}
NyD;awmh aemuf wpfvHk;u
xif&wmyJ ]abm&&S}wJh/ 2

uAsmq&mwdkY?
rsuf&nfawG? tidkt½IdufawG pdk&GJum?
vrf;rxJu xGufajy;vmMu? vnfqHarG;awG
zGmvdkY?
]b,fhES,f pum;ESpfvHk;eJY 'Dvdk aw;oDEdkifyghrvJ
vHkrysKd&,f?
tcspf&,f?
qD;ESif;atmufu yef;yGifhav;&,f}vdkY/

uAsmq&mawG&JU aemufuawmh
vrf;ay:om; taxmifaxmif..
ausmif;om;awG?
jynfhwefqmrawG?
uefx&dkufwmawG/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    33 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

vlBuD;rif;wdkY
&yfwefYMuygbd/
cifAsm;wdkY olawmif;pm; r[kwfbl;/
ay;pmurf;pm rawmif;&JMuygeJYav/

usKyfwdkY oefpGrf;olawG
,lZemajcvSrf;awGeJYav/
em;axmifp&mrvdk qJGzsufypf&r,f olwdkYudk/
olwdkYudk
ESpfa,muftdyf ckwifwdkif;rSm
tcrJhwJGydktjzpf wG,fuyfaeolawG/

olwdkYudk atmufusKdUNyD; awmif;&rvm;?

]ighudku,fyg}vdkY/
"r®aw;awG
*DwoHpOfawG awmif;cH&r,fvm;/
igwdkY udk,fwdkifu
rD;[kef;[kef;aw;awG zefqif;aeolawG?
puf½HkawG? "mwfcJGcef;awG&JU yGufavmxoHrsm;/

ightzdkY azmfpfwkpf bmvkyfzdkYvJ/

aumif;uif&JU uGuf&dkufMurf;rSm
rJzdpawmzJvJpfeJY vGifharsmaewJh ewfa'0g'Hk;ysHrQ/
igodw,f....
ighbGwfzdeyfu oHrIdu
*nfx,f&JU pdwful;,Ofxuf
xrif;vHk;wapäqefao;oy/

ig?
a&TEIwfawmf&Sif?
pum;vHk;wdkif;u
0dnmOfudk topfarG;zGm;?
udk,fudk ydkifcGifhay;olu
ajymvdkufyg&JU-
ouf&Sdowå0g&JU tao;qHk;jrLrIef[m
ig vkyfaewm? vkyfcJhwm tm;vHk;xuf
wefzdk;&Sdw,f/

em;axmifMu/
a[mMum;aeavaygh/
wkef&D? jrnfwrf;um
uaeYacwf&JU qlnHEIwftm&Sif Zm&molpwm/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    34 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

igwdkY[m
wuftdyfxm;wJh tdyf&mcif;vdk rsufESmawGeJY?
rD;ya'omvdk csdwfqJGxm;wJh EIwfcrf;awGeJY?
igwdkY[m
a&TeJY tnpftaMu;u Elemudk aygufzGm;
vmapwJh
NrdKYawmftEl&HkawGu tusOf;om;awG....
igwdkY[m Aif;epfNrdKU tjyma&mifxuf oefYpif&JU?
yifv,fawG? aeawGu wpfcgwnf;
aq;aMum ypfaeoav/

[dkrm;wdkY? MoAJ'wdkYrSm
ausmufaygufcGufusyfcdk;eJY
usKyfwdkYvdk vlrsKd;awG
r&Sdbl;? rrIygbl;/
usKyfodw,f....
usKyfwdkY0dnmOf&JU a&TwGif;awGudkom
jrif&&if? ae arSmifoGm;r,f/

taMumwdkY MuGufom;wdkYu qkawmif;pmxuf

opöm&Sdw,f/
igwdkYacwf&JU toem;udk awmif;cHMurwJhvm;/
igwdkY....
vlwdkif;....
urÇmBuD;&JU pufvnfBudK;awGudk
wdkYvufig;acsmif;eJY udkifvdkYxm;/

'geJY yJxa&m*&m'f? armfpudk? Mo'Jqm? ud,JAf

cef;raqmif a*gvomvawmifawGay:
wufcJh&wmygyJ/

]um;pifwifMu?
olYudk um;pifwifMu}vdkY
ratmfwJhol
wpfOD;wpfavrS r&SdcJhbl;/

'gayr,fh usKyftzdkYawmh
vlawG?
emMunf;atmifvkyfolawG
cifAsm;wdkY usKyftcspfqHk;? teD;qHk;
awGyJaygh/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    35 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

jrifzl;Muw,f r[kwfvm;?
acG;[m ½kdufESufaewJhvufudk vsufaewmav/

ig[m
&Snfvsm;? ½kefY&if;wJh [moyHkjyifvdk
uaeYacwfvlrsKd;pk&JU
t&,ftarmcHae&wJh ig[m
tcsdef&JU awmifwef;awG jzwfNyD;vmaewmudk
b,folrS rjrifwmudk jrifNyD

vlawG&JU rsufpdrsm; wdkeHYeHY

jywfawmif;aeMu&m?
iwfjywfaewJh vltkyfBuD;&JU a&SUOD;qD?
awmfvSefa&;&JU ql;o&zludk aqmif;wJhum
q,fhajcmufckESpf csOf;vdkYvmaeNyD/

usKyfu cifAsm;wdkYxJrSm ol&JU a&SUawmfajy;/

usKyfu emusifrI &Sdav&mwdkif;rSmaygh/
rsuf&nfwpfpufpuf ,dkpdrfhav&m&m
udk,fhudkudk,f um;pifwifcJhaygh/

bmudkrS cGifhvTwfzdkY rjzpfEdkifbl;/

El;nHhjcif; aygufyGm;&m 0dnmOfwdkYudk usKyf
rD;½IdYypfcJh/
'g[m bmpw,f todef;toef;udk
odrf;ydkuf&wmxuf cJcuf&JU/

tJ'Dtcg
ola&mufvmwJhtcg?
ykefuefrI aMujimvdkYav?
u,fwif&SifqD xGufoGm;acsMu/
cifAsm;wdkYudk usKyfav
0dnmOfudk qJGxkwf
BuD;vmatmif
eif;acs
aoG;tpGef;pGef;eJY ay;vdkufr,f? tvHtjzpfav/
 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    36 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

(3)

tvdk? bmaMumifhvJ 'g?

b,fqDuvJ 'g?
0if;yy&TifjrL;&m?
npfayayvufoD;wdkY Ncdrf;ajcmufvmcJh/

a&mufvdkYvm?
t&l;axmifwdkY&JU pdwful;u
acgif;udk pdwfysufjcif;eJY uefYvefYum csvdkuf&JU/

NyD;
vufeufoabmFtysufxJuae
yGef;ydwftaMumqJGrIawGeJY
[aewJh xGufaygufqD ajy;xGufvmMuovdk
rdrd&JU
atmfidk&atmif pkwfjywfaewJh rsufvHk;xJuae
xGufvmaygh/ &l;oGyfoGm;ol/ bl&vsuf/ 3

rsuf&nfpdk&TJ rsufcrf;awG aoG;pGef;vkeD;?

wufvm?
&yfvm?
a&mufvm
NyD; 0wkwfNyJvlrsKd;rSm rarQmfvifhrdwJh El;nHhrIeJY
xkwfvdkY ajymawmhw,f
]aumif;Asm;}wJh/

aumif;Asm;? pyfpkMunfh? MunfhMupOf

tusÐ 0g0gxJ 0dnmOfudk axG;xm;&wJhtcg/
aumif;Asm;?
BudK;pif&JU oGm;awGxJ ypfxnfhvdkufpOf/
]Aefulwif&JU
udkudk;udk aomufyg} atmf&wJhtcg/ 4

b*Fvm;rD;&SL;vdk
us,fus,favmifavmif
tJ'DpuúefYudkawmh?

jrefrmhusL;ypf    37 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ig bmeJYrS vJvdrfhr,f r[kwfbl;

ig bmeJYrS-

'gayr,fh aq;vdyfrD;cdk;xJuae
t&ufzefcGufvdk?
t&ufjynfh0aewJh qJAJ&,meif&JU rsufESm
qefYxGufvmoy/

b,fhES,f cifAsm; udk,fhudkudk,f

uAsmq&m ac:&J&wmvJ/
rJGjymjymeJY iHk;vdk waMumfaMumf atmf&wmvJ/

'DaeY
vdkaewmu
oHvufoD;eJY
urÇmhOD;acgif;cJGudk &dkufcJGypfzdkYyJ/

cifAsm;[m
tawG;wpfckeJYyJ pdk;&drfaeao;-
uRefawmf uwm ,Of&JUvm;wJh/
Munfhprf;? b,fvdkaysmfarGYae&ovJ/
ig-
yef;NcHab;
vlyJGpm;eJY zJoHk;csyform;/

cspfpdwfrTefum pdkpkd&TJaewJh
cifAsmhqDu?
usKyf cJGcGmawmhr,f?
aeudk rsufvHk;wpfbufwyfrSeftjzpf
us,f0ef;jyefYum;wJh rsufvHk;rSm wyfr,f/

r,HkEdkifatmif udk,fhudkudk,f ovdkYrdkY?

ajrjyifwvTm; avQmufoGm;r,f?
auseyfzdkY? aeavmifzdkY
a&SUrSmawmh
oHBudK;av;eJY acG;ykav;vdk eydkusHudk
ac:oGm;vdkY/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    38 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

urÇmajr wpfckvHk; rdef;rvdk

yufvufvSJay;w,f?
tom;pdkif r&dk;r&G vdkufavsmr,fh [efyefeJY?
t&mwdkY toufjyef&SifvmMu
EIwfcrf;wdkY [D;av;cdk
ryDuvmajymMu
]pmpm? pmpm? pmpm}wJh

jAKef;qdk
rdk;om;awG
rdk;wdrfpwmawG[m
r,HkEdkifzG,f tvl;tvdrfheJY aumif;uifrSm
wufvmMu?
aumif;uifudk a'grmefjyif; oydwfoHaMujimum?
tvkyform; jzLjzLazG;awG NydKuJGvmMuovdky/

rdk;wdrfaemufqDu rdk;csKef;oH
&dkif;jyjyxGufvm?
{&mrESmacgif;BuD; ESmcsDvdkuf tm;yg;w&?
aumif;uif&JUrsufESm wpfpuúefYtwGif; rJh&GJUoGm;?
oHrPdbpfrmhuf&JU cufxefwJh rsufESm½IHUwG/

NyD; wpfpHkwpfa,muf
rdk;wdrfvrf;awGxJ ½IwfayGNid&mu
uaz;qD vufawGqefYxkwfvdkuf&JU
rdef;r[efvdkvdk?
El;nHhnifomovdkvdk?
tajrmufwif&xm;vdkeJY/

rif;wdkY xifaeovm;/
'g aeu ,k,k,,
uaz;&JU yg;ay: aqmhupm; aewmvdkYyJ/
'g ykefuefolawGudk aoewfeJY ypfowfOD;r,fvdkY
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; *gvDaz;vmaewm[Jh/ 5

vrf;avQmufvmolwdkY? abmif;bDxJu
vufxkwfMu/
ausmufwHk;? "m;? 'grSr[kwf AHk;,lcJhMuprf;/
vufr&SdwJhvl qdkcJh&ifv

jrefrmhusL;ypf    39 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

vm ezl;eJY wdkufvSnfhMuprf;/

vmMu? iwfjywfaeMuolwdkY?
acR;&TJolwdkY?
usKd;EGH&olwdkY?
oef;xlwJh tnpftaMu;xJ tcsOfaygufaeolwdkY/
vmMu/
wevmFaeYawG? t*FgaeYawG
yJGaeYjzpfatmif aoG;eJY jc,fpdkYav/

"m;wdkY&JU atmufrSm urÇmajrudk owd&yap?

b,folYudk
atmufwef;usapcsifwmvJ ol?
urÇmajr
a&Smhw&SD;vf'f jrwfEdk;awmfrlwJh
tajr§mifr,m;yrm tpm;MuL; 0zD;aeol/

avsmfuefwJh yJGaeYwdkif;rSmvdk
tvHawG ypfazmufoH tzsm;&SdefeJY wvlvl
vGifhapzdkY
pyg;ukefonfawG&JU
aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; tavmif;awGukd
ajrmufajrmufuav; ajr§mufay;Muprf;?
"mwfrD;wdkifwdkY?

qJa&;vdkuf?
toem;cHvdkuf?
ckwfxpfvdkuf?
ab;udk udkufcJzdkY?
wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf wufvdkY/

aumif;uifrSm rmaq;av;pfvdk? &J&JeDvdkY

toufiif vl;vGefYavaygh ae0ifqnf;qm/

tckyJ &l;oGyfrI
bmrS jzpfvmr,f r[kwfbl;/
nvmr,f?
udkufjzwfvdrfhr,f?
pm;ypfawmhr,f/
MunfhMuprf;-
jrefrmhusL;ypf    40 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aumif;uif ,k' vkyfjyef&JU?

vufwpfqkyfpm vGifhpOfaewJh Mu,fwdkY&JU
opömazmufrIeJY&,f/

vmNyDav/
rmrmtDvdk yJGawmfwnf&JU? 6
NrdKUay: wifyg;vTJxdkifvdkY/
'Dnudk rsufvHk;rsm; razmufxGif;EdkifcJh?
arSmifrnf;yHk tmZJzfusvdkY/ 7

usKHUusKHUuav; t&ufqdkifaemufxJ
0ifxdkifaerdyg?
pyspf&nfudk 0dnmOfeJY pm;yJGay: zdwfpOfrd/
jrif&awmhw,f?
axmifhxJudk rsufvHk;0dkif;pufpufawG&,fom?
ESvHk;om;udk rsufvHk;awGeJY pm;avaygh
r,fawmfrd/
bmaMumifh omrefjc,fovdkY ta&mif
t0gukd
t&ufqdkifvltkyfudk ay;tyfaeygovJ/
Munfhav-xyfNyD;
wHawG;axG;cH a*gva*goom;xuf
Am&AÁudk ESpfoufydkMujyefNyDyJ/

jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? wrifudkyJ ig[m

vlaomif;ajymif;axGvmxJ
rsufESm b,folYxufrS ropfvGifbl;aygh/
ig[m?
jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f?
oifhom;tm;vHk;xJ
tacsmtvSqHk; jzpfcsifvJ jzpfrSmaygh/

ay;vdkufy olwdkYudk?
&TifjrL;rIxJ rIdwufaeolwdkYudk?
tcsdef&JU jrefqefwJh aojcif;w&m;udk/
'grS uav;awG xdkufoifhovdk BuD;jyif;
vmMur,fudk/

aumifav;awGu-tazawG
aumifrav;awGu-udk,f0efaqmifMuapvdk/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    41 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

NyD;? topfarG;zGm;vmolawGrSm aygufapvdk

rm*kwdkY&JU pl;prf;wwfwJh qHjzLazG;?
NyD;? olwdkYvmMur,f-
uav;awGudk uifyGef;wyfMur,f
ighuAsmrsm;&JU emrnfawGeJYav;/

,EÅ&m;eJY t*Fvefudk csD;usL;aw;oDwJh ig[m

jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? &dk;&dk;av;y?
omreftusqHk; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfrSm
q,fhoHk;a,mufajrmuf om0u/

NyD; igh&JUtoH
npfnrf;aygufuJGwJhtcg-
wpfem&Du wpfem&D
ESpfq,fhav;em&DvHk;vHk;udk?
jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? arT;vdrfh a,&Ic&pfawmf[m
ig0dnmOf&JY rarhwJhEdkifyef;rsm;udk/
 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    42 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

(4)

rm&D,m? rm&D,m? rm&D,m/

0ifcJhyg&ap/ rm&D,m/
ig vrf;awGay: raeEdkifbl;/
rvdkcsifbl;? [kwfp/
apmifhawmhy?
vlwum jrnf;prf;MunfhMuordkY
ayghysufysufom
yg;awGa[mufyuf NydKqif;ukefwJhtxd?
ig a&mufvm?
uaeY ig ]tHhMopzG,f &dk;om;ae}aMumif;
oGm;rJhrJheJY
ajymjywJhtxd apmifhawmhy?

rm&D,m?
Munfprf;....
ig ckudk cg;ukef;pjyKaygh/

vrf;awGay:rSm
vlawG av;xyfwdkuf ZvkyfwdkYrSm tqDudk
azmufxGif;?
ESpfav;q,f qifjref;cJhordkY
pkwfjywfaewJh rsufvHk;awGudk xkwf,lMuvdkY?
wcdcd &,foGrf;aoG;Mu&JU?
ig&JU oGm;awGMum;rSm
vmjyefNyD-
raeYu terf;&JU aygifrkefYodk;&,fvdkY/

rdk; yvufazmif;awGukd pdkpGwfapNyD;?

a&tdkifav;awGeJY ydnyfaewJh vlvdrf?
pdk&TJvdkY? ausmufcJeJY zdESdyfxm;wJh vrf;wdkY&JU
tavmif;aumifudk vsuf&JU?
NyD; jzLazG;azG; rsufawmifawGrSm
[kwfuJh-
at;pdrfhwJh ESif;cJwdkY&JU rsufawmifrsm;rSm
rsufvHk;tpHku rsuf&nfawG-
[kwfuJh....

jrefrmhusL;ypf    43 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

a&ydkufwdkY&JU idkufpdkufrsufvHk;tpHkuuJGU/

ajcusiform;tm;vHk;udk rdk;&JU EIwfoD;u

vsufaew,f/
,mOfrsm;ay:rSm tm;upm;orm; NyD; cyf00
tm;upm;orm; wzdwfzdwfeJY/

vlawG aygufuJGMuNyD?
aAmif;vefaygufNyJwmy?
tufaMumif;xJu tqD pdrfhxGufvmw,f?
0g;pm;NyD;om; aygifrkefYzwfeJYtwl?
uwfuvufa[mif;&JU0g;zwf
aemufusdusdjrpftjzpf pD;qif;vm&JU/

rm&D,m

b,fvdkrsm; olwdkY&JU tqDydwf em;xJ

NidrfqdwfwJh pum;vHk; oGwfoGif;&yghrvJ/

iSuf[m
oDcsif;eJY awmif;&rf;w,f?
qmqmavmifavmif
us,fus,favmifavmif aw;oD&JU/
ighrSmawmh vl? rm&D,m&JU?
&Sif;&Sif;av;&,f?
tqkwfa&m*gonf nu y&Jqnm&JU
npfywfaya&vufxJ tefxkwfvdkufol/

rm&D,m? 'DvdkvlrsKd; tvdk&Sdovm;/

0ifcGifhjyKyg? rm&D,m/
taMumqJGaewJh vufacsmif;awGeJY
igacgif;avmif;&JU
oHvnfrsKdudk n§pfvdkufr,f/

rm&D,m

vrf;rsm;&JY pm;usufajrrsm; wd&pämef

jrefrmhusL;ypf    44 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

qefvmMuNyD/
vnfyif;rSm vufacsmif;awG wif;wif;
qkwfNzJMuNyD/

zGifhyg/

emvScsnfh/
Munfhav? rsufvHk;xJudk
trsKd;orD; OD;xkyftyfawG pdkufxm;MuNyD/

0ifcGifhjyKvdkufw,f/

tcspf
raMumufygeJY? ighEGm;odk; vnfyif;ay:rSmav
acR;&TJAdkufawGeJY rdef;rawG rdk;pdkawmifwef;vdk
xdkifaeMu-

'gb0wavQmufvHk; ig qJGoGm;&rSmyJ
toef;oef;BuD;rm; oefYpiftcspfawG?
oef;aygif;toef;oef; ao;i,fnpfywf
tcspfawGy/

raMumufygeJY?
wzef?
opömrJhrI rdk;avxJrSm?
ig cspfp&m rsufESmwpfaxmifudk
NidwG,faerd&ifvJ/

]rm,maumhzfpuD;vf&JUcspfolrsm;}-
b,fhES,f 'g ol&l;&JU ESvHk;om;xuf
pdk;pHawmfrloGm;MuwJh{u&Dr
rif;qufayuyJ/

rm&D,m? wdk;cJhprf;yg/

0wfvpfpvpf t&SufrJhrI

jrefrmhusL;ypf    45 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aMumuf&GHU&GHU wkef&DrIwdkYeJY?
rif;EIwfcrf;wdkY&JU yef;OD;racR&ao;wJh
ESpfvdkzG,fudk ay;y/
ighESvHk;om;[m wpfcgrS arvtxd rae&cJh?
aecJhzl;orQ b0rSmvJ
&SdcJh&JU {NyDwpf&mrQ/

rm&D,m/
uAsmq&m[m wsmemtzdkY aqmeJwfawGoDcJhw,f/
iguawmh....
aoG;om;eJY vHk;0?
vHk;0vlom;rQ....
rifhudk,fum,oufoufudk awmif;w,f?
c&pf,mefawG awmif;MuovdkES,f
],aeYtzdkY pm;p&mtpmudkvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlyg}

rm&D,m..ay;awmh/

rm&D,m/
rifhemrnfudk arhoGm;rSm igpdk;w,f?
n&JU 'ku©xJ arG;zGm;vmcJhNyD;
BuD;jrwfrIt&m
bk&m;ocifudk wkyEdkifwJh pum;wpfvHk;udk
arhoGm;rSm uAsmq&m pdk;ovdkrsKd;/
rifhudk,fcE¨mudk
igapmifha&Smufr,f-cspfr,f
ppfyJGrSm
usKd;jywfcJh&wJh? vdkolrJhwJh
ydkifolrJhwJh
ppfom;[m
olY&JU wpfacsmif;wnf; ajcaxmufudk
apmifha&SmufovdkrsKd;/

rm&D,m
rvdkcsifbl;-[kwfp/
rvdkcsifbl;-

[m;/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    46 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

t"dyÜg,fu-ckwpfcg
okefrIefrIefeJY acgif;idkufpdkuf
ESvHk;om;udk ,loGm;&awmhr,f
rsuf&nfawGeJY axG;ydkufvdkY
o,f&vdrfh?
rD;&xm; eif;Budwf
cH&wJh vufudkuG,f
acG;tdrfqD
o,foGm;&SmwJh acG;yrmES,f/

ESvHk;om;&JU aoG;eJY vrf;udk &Tifvef;apr,f?

tay:tusÐ &JUzkefawGudk yef;awGu erf;Mu&JU?
tBudrfwpfaxmifrQ [J&k'f&JU orD; aeu
AwådZHq&m&UJ OD;acgif; 8
urÇmajrudk 0dkif;ywf uvdrfhruJGU/

igh&JU oufwrf; ESpfta&twGuf

tqHk;xd 0dkif;ywf uNyD;wJhtcg-
aoG;pufwpfodef; vrf;aMumif;uav;
qefYoGm;r,f
igtaz&JUtdrftxdom/

(ajrmif;awGxJ
ntdyfcJh&ordkY) npfayum wufvmr,f?
ab;csif; ,SOfum&yf?
ikHYudkif;wJhum
olYem;xJ ajymjyvdkufr,f-

em;axmifprf;? OD;bk&m;ocif/
cifAsm; rysif;bl;vm;?
rdk;wdrf ausmufausmjyifxJ
aeYpOfeJYtrQ MuifemwJh ESvHk;awG ESpfae&wmrsm;/
'Dr,f-odvm;
aumif;rI? raumif;rI todw&m;&JU
opfyifay:rSm csm;&[wf wnfaqmuf
&atmifvm;/
oAÁblwqdkawmh cifAsm; aMumiftdrfwdkif;rSm
&Sdayr,f/ 9
n§dK;vsvs &Sifayw&kawmifrS
ud-um-yltueJY jrL;MuGvmcsifapr,fh
pyspf&nfrsKd; pm;yJGay: wifxm;Mur,f/
NyD; aumif;uifrSm {0uav;awG ae&m
csjyefOD;pdkY/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    47 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

trdefYomay;-
uaeYnudkyJ
vrf;rBuD;tm;vHk;u tvSqHk;aumifrav;awGudk
usKyf cifAsm;zdkY ac:ay;r,f/
vdkcsifygp/

rvdkcsifbl;? [kwfp
acgif;udk cgovm;? qHyifpkwfzGm;BuD;/
rsufcHk;jzL ½IHUovm;/
cifAsm; xifoy-
tJ[dk?
cifAsm;aemufu awmifyHum;BuD;/
tcspfqdkwm b,fvdkvJ odw,fvdkYrsm;/

usKyfvJ aumif;uifwrefyJ/ usKyf jzpfzl;

oaygh-
tjrifrSm oMum;csKdodk;uav;vdk ai;MunfhvdkYy?
qJz&&JU'ku©eJY xGif;xkxm;wJh yef;tdk;awGudkawmh
jrif;rawGudk vufaqmif ray;csifawmhbl;aygh/

teEÅwefcdk;awmf&Sif? vuftpHkudk cifAsm;

wDxGifcJh?
vlwdkif;yJ
OD;acgif; &Sdatmif vkyfay;cJhw,f-
bmjyKvdkY cifAsm; rwDxGif&wmvJ?
'ku©rcHpm;&bJeJY
erf;NyD;&if; erf;NyD;&if; erf;aeEdkifatmifawmh/

usKyf xifcJhw,f-cifAsm;[m teEÅ

pGrf;tm;&Sif bk&m;BuD;vdkY?
cifAsm;[m ynmrpHkvif? ao;ao;rTm;rTm;
bk&m;aygufpav;yJ/
Munfhaemf usKyf iHkYudkif;vdkufNyD?
bGwfzdeyfxdyfu
zdeyfcsKyform;"m;uav; qJGxkwfvdkufNyDyJ/
awmifyHum;um; vlqdk;olcdk;wdkY/
aumif;uifrSm 0yfvdkYae?
aMumufvefY wkefvIyfvdkYrdkY tarT;tawmifawG
xMuGbd/
tarT;eHY xHkoif;aewJh eifhudk igckwfydkif;vdkufrav
'Duae tvmqumtxd/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    48 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

0ifcGifhjyKyg-

usKyfudk r&yfwefYMueJY/
rSm;r,f usKyf?
rSefcsifvJ rSefr,f
'gayr,fh usKyf NidrfNidrfaezdkY rwwfEdkifbl;/

MunfhMuprf;-
Mu,fawG acgif;jywfukefMujyefNyD/
aumif;uifvJ vlowfyJGaMumifh aoG;&J&J
jzpf&aygh/

a[;? udk,fhvl?
aumif;uifBuD;/
OD;xkyfcRwfav/
usKyf vmaeNyD/

wdwfqdwfvdkY/

pMu0Vm tdyfaygh?
Mu,ftpuftajymufawGeJY?
{&mrem;&GufBuD;udk vufay:wifvdkY/

rm,maumhzfpuD;vf
1914-1915

jrefrmhusL;ypf    49 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

1/ ½k&Sm;pmvHk;xJrSm t*FvdyfpmvHk; xnfha&;xm;w,f/

2/ rkefvmoD;ESHtom;wdkYeJY csufxm;wJh ½k&Sm; tlu½dkif;e,f [if;wrsKd;/

3/ rm,maumhzpuD;,fudk uAsmpa&;pOfu tm;ay;cJhwJhol/

4/ usef&pfolZeD;udk aiGay;r,fem;vnrIeJY tJovdk atmfoGm;wJh ao'Pfus tusOf;om;udk

ñTef;xm;wm/

5/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; *gvDaz;uawmh yg&DbHktzGJU awmfvSefa&;orm;awGudk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfowfcJholyg/

6/ ppf½IH;olwdkY&JU tavmif;awGay: ysOfcsyfawG wifum aysmfyGJpm;MuwJh wm&fwm&d"avhudk ñTef;xm;wm/

wu,fu tJovdkvkyfwm cefrmrmtD r[kwfygbl;/ *sif*pfcefeJYwufrª;rsm;om jzpfw,f/ (13-&mpk)

7/ Zmbk&ifacwf vQKdU0Suf&J tzGJU&JU aMu;pm;qlyla&;orm;/ qE´jyolawGeJY a&ma,mifyg0ifum

rdrd&Jabmfrsm;udk opömazmufcJhol/

8/ a[a&m'd\ orD;onf yGJobifüuojzifh a[½k'fonf El;nGwfaompdwf &SdvQif igonf

oifawmif;orQudk ay;rnf[k usdefqdkav\/ xkdrdef;ri,fonf ol\trd wdkufwGef;onfh twdkif;
]Aw¬dZHq&ma,m[ef\ OD;acgif;udk þvifAef;ü ay;awmfrlyg} [kawmif;avQmuf\/ rif;BuD;vnf;
a,m[ef\ vnfyif;udk axmifxJrSm jzwfap\/ (&SifroJ c&pf0if 14? 6-10)

9/ xm0&bk&m;ocif[m ae&mwumrSm &Sdw,fvdkY c&pf,mefwdkYu ,Hkw,f/

rSwfpkrSwf&m

]]vlZdwmeD,m&JU avmifuRrf;aewJh vufrsm;}}

1915 ckESpfu *smrefa&ikwfoabFmwpfpif;u jr§KyfypfvdkufwJh NAdwdoQoabFm vlZdwmeD,mudk
ñTef;xm;wm/

]]qJA&,meif;}}
'DuAsmq&mudk rm,maumhpuD;,f[m ESpfae&mrSm ñTef;xm;wm awGU&w,f/ tydkif; 2
rSmemrnfxkwfNyD; ñTef;w,f/ tydkif; 4 rSm ]]uAsmq&m[m aqmeJwfawGudk wsmemzdkY zGJUoDcJhw,f}} qdkNyD;
wpfcgñTef;w,f/ qJA&,meifu ]]wsmem}} vdkYacgif;pOfwyfNyD; olYcspfoltaMumif; uAsmwpfyk'f
zGJUzl;wmudk;/

]]q,fajcmufckESpf csOf;uyfvmaeaygh}}
atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;[m 1917 rSmjzpfyGm;cJhwm jzpfavawmh rm,maumhzpuD;,f edrdwfzwfwmeJY
wpfESpfyJ uyfvGJcJhwmudk wtHhwMoawGYMu&w,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    50 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

uAsmzGJUyHk
]]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf}} [m um&efrJhuAsm r[kwfyg/ rl&if;½koQuAsmu um&efeJYrMwm jzpfygw,f/
bmomjyefrSm wwfEdkifoavmuf olYtwdkif; um&ef ,lxm;ygw,f/ rMwmudk bmomrjyefEdkifayr,fh
tu©&mvHk;a&eJY &pforfudk &oavmuf olYrl&if;twdkif;jzpfatmif ,lxm;ygw,f/ tJovdk
um&ef,l&wJhtwGufaMumifh BudK;Mum;BudK;Mum; pum;axmifhaewmudk jrefrmbmomjyefrSm
awGUMu&ygvdrfhr,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    51 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'Dwpfcgawmh t*Fvdyf *E¦0ifuAsmwpfyk'fudk wifjyvdkw,f/ axmrmhpf*a&; (1716-1771)

&JUemrnfausmfuAsmygyJ/ b,favmufemrnfBuD;ovJqdkvQif olYuAsmxJu pmom;tcsKdU[m
t*Fvdyfpum;rSm pum;yHkvdk wGifus,faecJhNyD/ yg'wpfckuawmh (Far from the Madding Crowd)
axmrmpf[m'D&JU 0w¬Kwpfyk'f&JU acgif;pOf jzpfvmcJh&w,f/ uAsmwpfyk'fvHk;udk a&;xm;yHkuvJ
eDwdtqdktrdefYawG >yrf;aeavawmhw,f/ tonf;cdkufzG,f edrdwfyHkawGuvnf; wif;Murf;ygyJ/ uAsmudk
olYausmif;aezufoli,fcsif; &pfcsmh'f0ufpfwf aoqHk;pOf (1742? ZGefv 1&uf) pdwfxdcdkuf&mu 1742 ckESpf
Mo*kwfvrSm pwifa&;cJhw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ 'gayr,fh tpydkif;avmufom a&;jzpfcJhNyD; usef t"du
tydkif;rsm;udk 1746 eJY 1750 Mum;rSm a&;cJhwm jzpfygowJh/ uAsmudk 1750 ZGefv 12 &ufaeYrSm
tNyD;owfcJhw,f/ aemufESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm xkwfa0w,f/ xkwfa0awmhvJ pma&;olu emrnfrcHbl;/
aemuftBudrfrsm;rSm olYemrnf ygvmw,f/

oli,fcsif; &pfcsmh'f0ufpfwfudk &nfpl;NyD; a&;xm;wmjzpfayr,fvdkY uAsm[m a,bk,soabm

a&;xm;wm jzpfaMumif; awGU&vdrfhr,f/ um&efuvGJvdkY rMwmudkrwkawmhyJ vHk;aphywfaph
bmomjyefvdkufygw,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    52 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

;  
jrefrmhusL;ypf 53 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aus;&GmocsØKif;rSma&;wJhaqG;csif;

cJGcGmqJaeY&JU ed*Hk;acgif;avmif; xdk;aygh?

atmfjrnf EGm;tkyf jrufjyifay:
jznf;nif;avQmufvm?
xGeform; yef;vs vrf;tdrfqD vSrf;aygh?
urÇmudk tarSmifxkqD ighqD xm;cJhawmhwm/ 1

jrif&wJh &Icif;vJhvJh rIef0g;vm?

NidrfqdwfrI 0ef;usiftvHk;udk vTrf;xm;?
ydk;awmifrm w0D;0D; 0JysHoef;&m?
2
tdyfzG,fwcRifcRif ta0;odk;tkyf acsmhodyfom;/

ta0;u tdkufADyef;vTrf; arQmfpifu

ylaqG; ZD;uGuf vudk wdkifwef;ae&JU?
olYvQKdU0Suf yef;&Hkem; vrf;ovm;um
3
a&S;ya0 olYxD;wnf; tkyfpdk;rI zsufvdkYwJh/

&GwfwG tJvryif ,l;yif&dyfatmufrSm

NydKysuftyHkrsm;xJ jrufcif;vIyf<u?
udk,fhtcef;usOf;xJ udk,f xm0&vSJum?
&dkif;ys aus;&Gm bdk;ab;wdkY tdyfaeMu/ 4

arT;eHYBudKif reuf&JU avnif;ac:oH?

aumuf&dk;xJu rdk;apGiSuf wpDpD?
Muufzpl;&StoH? yJhwifwHydk;oH?
tdyf&medrfhu olwdkYudk rEId;NyD/ 5

olwdkYtwGuf rD;zdk&J&J ravmifNyD?

tvky½&Iyf tdrf&Sifr nae rvkyf&aygh/
tbtjyef b,fuav; ryDuvm ajy;rBudKNyD?
remvdk terf; rQzdkY 'l;ay:rwufawmh/ 6

aumufpyg; olwdkYwHpOfudk avQmhay;NrJ?

olwdkYxGefaMumif; acgif;rmajrudk NzdKaeus/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    54 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wpfaysmfwpfyg; jrif;wdkYudk ESif&JU v,fxJ?

cufxef"m;tckwf opfyifwdkYnGwfMu&/ 7

avmb&Sif ravSmifapeJY olwdkY&JU

toHk;0ifvkyftm;udk?
bmombm0 jrL;wmudk? 0dk;w0g;Mur®mudk?
x,f0gol ½IwfcstNyHK;eJY em;rqifapeJY
qif;&Jom;wdkY wdkwkwf-&dk;pif; ordkif;awGudk/ 8

rsKd;½dk;*kPf? tmPm taqmifta,mif

tvSu ay;orQ? "eu ay;zl;orQ?
rvTJra&Smifom em&Dudk apmifh&wmcsnfh/
*kPfvrf;wdkY ocsØKif;odkYom a&SU½IUMu/ 9

olwdkY*lxuf rSwfOmPfu bmatmifqkrS

wifrxm;ordkY
toifrme&SifwdkY? olwdkYudk tjypfrwifaveJY/
&Snfvsm;pBuF Hrsm;? ajymufrTef;cef;aqmifrsm;rSm
NcdrfhNcdrfhaw;oH csD;usL;pum; MuGvmcJh/ 10

ordkif;0ifjymtdk;? touf0if½kyfxkwdkYu
xGufajy;toufudk pHtdrfqD jyefac:Edkifrvm;/
*kPfjyKtoHu NidrfqdwfajrrIefYudk EId;Edkifp?
ajrmufyifhpum;u aojcif;&JU at;pufem;udk
11
ESpfodrfhEdkifrvm;/

ypfy,fcH 'Dae&mrSm avQmif;aeaumif;aer,f

aumif;uifrD;vQH jynfhvQrf;zl;wJh ESvHk;om;?
tifyg,mESifwHudk a0SY,rf;wefr,fh
12
ouf&Sdapmif;udk ryDwdEId;ay;wefr,fh vufrsm;/

'gayr,fh ynm[m tcsdef&JU qkawG<u,f0wJh

olYpmrsufESmrsm;udk olwdkYrsufapha&SU zGifhrjycJhav/
at;pufrJGawrI olwdkYqE´rGefudk ESdrfcJh?
0dnmOf&JU tvmaumif; a&pD;udk cJoGm;ap/ 13

toefYqHk;ta&mifvJh ausmufrsuftajrmuftjrm;
ork'´&m&JU? rnf;arSmif wdkif;qrJh *lawGu
aqmifae?
jrefrmhusL;ypf    55 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

yef;tajrmuftjrm; vlolrjrif yGifhMu&um?

14
uEÅm&awGxJ arT;&eHY tcsnf;tESD; jzpf&av/

uGif;awGrSm Adkvfusolav;udk bmrxD&ifeJY

BuHUBuHUcHcJhwJh aus;&Gm [rf'ef wpfOD;wpfav?
EIwfqdwf rxif&Sm; rDvwefwpfOD;?
wdkif;jynfaoG; rpGef;wJh ca&m0JvfwpfOD;
15
avsmif;ae/

em;axmifaewJh qDedwfawG&JU Mobmudk cH,lzdkY?

emusifrI ysufpD;rItEÅ&m,fawG &IwfcszdkY?
tNyHK; ajrjyifrSm ayg<u,frIudk jzefYjzL;zdkY?
16
wdkif;jynfeJY rsufvHk;awGrSm olwdkYordkif;udk zwfzdkY/

olwdkY uHu wm;cJh/ olwdkY&JU wdk;yGm;*kPfudkom

csKHUypfwm r[kwf/ jypfrIudkvJ usOf;ypfcJh
vlowfyJGudk jzwfeif;um &mZyv’ifwufzdkY
vlom;xktay: u½kPmwHcg;ydwfzdkY wm;cJh/ 17

odaewJh trSef&JU &kef;uefemusifrIudk zHk;zdkY?

yGifhvif;wJh &SufzG,frI&JU teDa&mifawG
ajzazsmufzdkY?
rlq&JU rD;vQHrSm nd§cJhwJh tarT;eHYomudk
pnf;pdrfeJY rme&JU ewfpifrSm pkyHkzdkY/ 18

&l;oGyfvltkyf&JU te&d, &efyJGu a0;&mrSm

olwdkY&JU wnfMunfwJh qE´rsm; ysHUvGifhw,f r&SdcJh?
b0&JU at;jr vlolreD; csKdifh0Srf;wpfavQmuf
rdrdwdkY "avhtoHrJhvrf;aMumif;udk
xdef;Mu&JU/ 19

'gayr,fh 'Dt½dk;awGudkyJ apmfum;rIu

umuG,fzdkY
teD;rSm pdkufxlxm; csnfheJYeJY txdrf;trSwfcrsm
r,OfwJhum&ef? oP²mefrJh yef;ykeJY qif,ifvdkY?
c&D;oGm;[efvJT oufjyif;wpfcsufeJY *kPfjyKzdkY
20
awmif;cH&Sm/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    56 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

pmrwwf rlq pDxm;wJh olwdkY trnf?

olwdkYESpf[m
ausmfMum;rIeJY aqG;rItpm; wnfae&JU/
w&m;pmtrsm;vJ jzefYusufxm;&m
awmom;w&m;&Sifudk aowwfzdkY jyaecJh/ 21

toHNrHKarhjcif;&JU om;aumif? ESpfvdkzG,f

'Daomub0udk aeaeus b,fol[mvJ
om,mwJhaeY&JU aEG;axG;y&0kPfudk cJG&vQif
wrf;wzifhEGJYwJh aemufjyeftMunfhav;
22
rMunfhbJ aervJ/

cspfwwfwJh &iftHkudk cJGcGm 0dnmOf tm;udk;ay?

ydwfqJrsufvHk;[m w&m;a&pufrsm; vdkvm;?
ocsØKif;xJuawmif obm0toH atmfae?
igwdkYjymxJrSmawmif "avhrD;wdkY
&Sifaeom;/ 23

*kPfjyKuif; aoolwdkYudk owd&um olwdkY&JU

tEkynmrJh Zmwfvrf;udk 'Dyg'rsm;rSm
ajymjyol toif/
txD;useftawG;u OD;aqmifum rawmfwq
pmemwwfolwpfOD; oifhuHMur®mudk ar;cJhvQif/ 24

acgif;azG;azG; awmom;wpfOD; ajzaumif;

ajzvdrfh/
]]t&kPfusif;p usKyfwdkY olYudk rMumrMum
jrifzl;y?
okwfoD;okwfjym ajcvSrf;eJY ESif;pufawG
z,f&Sm;&if;?
25
ukef;jrifhjrufcif;rSm aeudk awGUzdkYy/

]]tqef;wus,f tjrpftdkawG jrifhjrifh,Sufoef;wJh

a[m[dk acgif;ndwf oif;0ifyif ajc&if;rSm?
olYOayu©mudk,fudk rGef;wnfhrSm qefYpif;vsuf?
wwGwfwGwfacsmif;ay: ½Iai;aewwfyg/ 26

jrefrmhusL;ypf    57 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

]]a[m[dk awmpyfrSm? ½IwfcsovdkNyHK;um

y&rf;ywmpdwful;awG a&&Gwf&if; vSnfhvnfvdkuf?
aomueJY½l;rl;? arQmfvifhcsufrJh cspfuHacolyrm?
azmfrJh? ylaqG;EGrf;vs? acgif;idkufpdkufusvdkuf/ 27

]]wpfreufawmh olYudk xHk;pHawmifay:?

vGifjyifwavsmuf?
olY pdwfBudKuf opfyifem; igrawGY&awmh/
aemufwpfreuf a&mufvm? acsmif;uav;&JU
eHab;?
jrufcif;ay:? awmxJrSm olr&Sdawmh/ 28

]]tJ'Daemuf aMuuJGzG,foHpOf tokbaw;awGeJY?

bk&m;ausmif;vrf;xJ jznf;jznf; olYudk
xrf;oGm;wm jrifMu&/
vmav (cifAsm; zwfwwfom;yJ) [dk
tdkrif; ql;yifatmuf
ausmufwHk;ay: xGif;xm;wJh aw;udk
zwfMunfhy/}} 29

urÁnf;pm

'DrSm ajrBuD;&JU aygifay: acgif;wifxm;&Sm

"eeJY ausmfMum;rIu rodwJh vli,fav;/
odyÜHvS olYZmwdnHhudk rsufarSmif rukwfyg/
vGrf;aqG;rI olYudk om;&if; rSwfcJhao;/ 30

olYapwem BuD;rm;&JU? olY0dnmOfjzLpif&JU?

ovdkBuD;BuD;qkvmbfyJ aumif;uifydkYay;w,f/
'ku©udk olY&SdorQ tukefay;cJh? rsuf&nfwpfpygyJ?
aumif;uifbHkqDu (ol awmifhworQ)
rdwfaqG &cJhw,f/ 31

olYaumif;rIawG azmfxkwfzdkY rBudK;pm;eJYawmh?

olYtm;enf;csufawG rxkwfeJY aMumufzG,f
pHtdrfu?
(wkef&DarQmfvifhcsufeJYtwl avsmif;puf
aeMuaygh)
olYzcif? olYxm0&bk&m;&JU &ifcGifrSmy/ / 32

jrefrmhusL;ypf    58 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rSwfpkrSwf&m

1/ uAsmudk ae0ifqnf;qm EGm;½dkif;oGif;csdefeJY pxm;ygw,f/ 'DvdktcsdefrSm

xdk;aeusowday;acgif;avmif;oH wa'gifa'gif xdk;aeygowJh/ 'Dacgif;avmif;oH[m aeYwm&JU ed*Hk;trSwfudk
azmfjyaew,f/ olY rl&if;rSmu ]ed*Hk;}xufydkygw,f/ aojcif;&JUtoH/ tokb acgif;avmif;oHvdkY
t"dyÜm,fxGufw,f/ ]cGJcGmqJaeY} qdkwmu aemufydkif;pmudk,frSm jyifxm;wJhrlyg/ *a&; pwifa&;pOfu
]aoqJaeY}&,fvdkY jzpfygowJh/ qnf;qmtcsdefrSm EGm;tkyfBuD;vJ w0rf;bJbJ atmfjrnfum jrufjyifay:rSm
wjznf;jznf; avQmufvmaeMuw,f/ v,fxGefa,mufsm;vJ yif;yef;EGrf;vs tdrfjyefc&D;ESifaew,f/
urÇmavmuBuD;udk tarSmifxkqD igh(uAsmq&m)qD xm;ypfcJhNyDwJh/ xm;ypfcJhol (uwåm;)u xGeform;yg/
oltdrfjyefoGm;&molYaemufrSm urÇmavmuBuD; arSmifusef&pfwmudk qdkcsifrSef; odomygvdrfhr,f/
uAsmq&mhqD xm;ypfcJhwmuawmh 'DarSmifrnf;rnf; urÇmavmuudk uAsmq&muyJ pl;pdkufMunfhum
pOf;pm;aerSmudk;/

2/ vSrf;vdkYjrif&orQ vif;vif;vufvuf ½Icif;[m rIef0g;vdkYvmaeNyD/ 0ef;usifwpfckvHk;udk

wnfNidrfwJh NidrfqdwfrIu vTrf;NcHKxm;awmhw,f/ NidrfqdwfrI rvTrf;rdk;wJhae&m&,fvdkY ydk;awmifrm w0D;0D;
csmvnfcsmvnf 0JysHaewJhae&m&,f? ysif;&dNiD;aiGUzG,ftoHrdkYvdkY tdyfcsifpzG,faumif;vSwJh
acgif;avmif;uav;awG&JU wcRifcRiftoHrsm;u ta0;uodk;tkyfawGudk acsmhodyfaewJh ae&m&,fyJ&Sdw,f/
(rl&if;rSm wwd,yg'rSm ]]uvGJvdkY}} qdkwJhpum; (sve) ygw,f/ bmomjyefrSm xnfhjyefvdkY
rjzpfEdkifwJhtwGuf csefypfcJh&ygw,f/)

3/ tdkufADyef;yifqdkwm wdkufwm taqmuftODudk uyfNyD;aygufa&mufavh&SdwJhtwGuf wcsKdUu

wdkufuyfyif vdkYvJ jrefrmrIjyKMuw,f/ tJ'D tdkufADyef;yifav;awG vTrf;NcHKaygufa&mufaewJh arQmfpifuae
pdwfysufylaqG;aewJh ZD;uGufu vudk vSrf;NyD;wdkifwef;aew,f/ 'Dae&m[m ya0a&S;uwnf;u olpdk;rdk;cJh&m
olYydkifeufyg/ tckawmh olYe,fy,fjzpfwJh yef;½Hkem;vrf;ovm;wm usL;ausmfwmawG&Sdaeygw,f/
olxD;wnf; ydkifpdk;rIudkzsufqD;aeMuygw,fwJh/ ('Dtydk'frSmvJ uvGJvdkY qdkwJhpum;vHk; ygygw,f/
twdtusjyefvQif ZD;uGufu wdkifwef;aewmuvGJvQif NidrfqdwfrI vTrf;aeygw,f vdkY jzpfr,f/
rl&if;vufa&;pmrlrSm ]vrf;ovm;} txufu ]usL;ausmf} vdkY a&;xm;w,f/ yxrtBudrf½dkufrSm ]vQKdU0Suf}
tpm; ]rGefjrwf} (sacred) vdkY oHk;xm;w,f/)

4/ ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;udk a,bk,s o½kyfazmfNyD;wJhaemuf uAsmq&m[m ocsKØif;ukef;av;udk

pwifo½kyfazmf ygawmhw,f/ zkxpf&GwfwGaewJh tJvryifrsm;eJY wcsKdUu]ausmufxif;½SL;}vdkY
jrefrmtrnfay;wwfwJh ,l;yif&JUt&dyfatmufrSm acwfumv Mumanmif;vmNyDrdkY NydKysufaeMuwJh
tkwfyHkawGMum; jrufcif;jyifawG vIdif;uGefYES,fvIyf&GaewJh ae&mrSm aus;&Gm&JU bdk;ab;rsm;[m
udk,fhtcef;usOf;av;xJ udk,fvJavsmif; tdyfpufaeMuw,fwJh/ uG,fvGefol awmom;tbdk;BuD;awGudk
o½kyfazmf&mrSm ]½dkif;jy}qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk oHk;xm;w,f/ awmom;qdkawmh EIwfMurf;tmMurf;yJaygh/ jrefrmvdk
]aus;&Gm}vdkY oHk;xm;wJhae&mrSm vufa&;rlu village udkzsufNyD; hamlet vdkY aemufrS
jyifxm;wmjzpfw,f/

5/ tdyf&medrfhvdkY qdk&r,fh ajrBuD;wGif;xJrSm tdyfaysmfaewJh olwdkYwpfawGudk oif;ysHUysHU&eYHBudKifwJh

reufcif;&JU avjynfavnif; w0l;0l;eJY ac:wJhtoH/ aumuf½dk;eJYvkyfxm;wJh wJxJu rdk;apGiSuf&JU

jrefrmhusL;ypf    59 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wpDpDac:oH? Muufz&JU pl;&S&SwGefoH? trJvdkufrkqdk; EGm;ausmif;om;wdkY&JU wHydk;rIwfoH? b,ftoHurS

Edk;xatmif EId;Edkifawmhr,f r[kwfawmhbl;wJh/ vufa&;rlrSm yxryg'[m ]xm0& tdyfaeordkY reuf&JU
avnif;ac:oH} vdkY jzpfaew,f/ aemufrS ]arT;eHYBudKif} &,fvdkY jyifvdkufwm jzpfw,f/ t*Fvdyfvdk For
ever sleep, the breezy morn ygwJh/

6/ aovGefukefMuNyDjzpfwJh olwdkYwpfawGtwGuf aqmif;wGif;tcg vIHzdkYtdrfrSm rD;zdk&wmvJ

r&Sdawmhbl;/ olwdkYtwGuf csufjyKwf&? cl;cyf&eJY tvkyf½Iyf&wJh tdrf&SifrvJ tvkyfr½Iyf&awmhbl;/
tvsifuqdk v,f,mvkyfief;u tdrfjyefvmMuNyDqdkvQif olYom;orD;awG pkNyHKajy;vmMuum
ryDuvmpum;eJY ]tbjyefvmNyD}vdkYatmfwwfMuw,f/ olYxufigOD; tb'l;ay: ajy;wufum erf;Muw,f/
om;wpfa,mufudk erf;vQif [dkom;wpfa,mufu remvdk/ tckawmh tJovdk ajy;BudKMu? erf;Mu
rvkyfMu&NyDav/ olwdkYtb aocJhNyDudk;/ ]remvdkterf;} qdkwmaemufrSjyifwm/ vufa&;rl&if;rSm
]vmr,fhterf;} qdkNyD; txufem;urS ]remvdk} vdkY a&;xm;wm/

7/ uG,fvGefolv,form;BuD;awG&JU pGrf;yum;udk zGJUaewmjzpfw,f/ olwdkYwpfawGu wHpOfeJY

&dwfvdkufvQif b,fpyg;rS wif;cHraetm;bl;/ tavQmhay;Mu&wmyJ/ b,favmufacgif;rmwJh ajrjzpfyap/
olwdkYxGefa&;iifvdkufvQif NydKuGJMu&w,f/ olwdkYwpfawG[m jrif;BuD;awGeJY v,fxJrSm waysmfwyg;
vkyfudkif½kef;uefcJhMuw,f/ (taemufEdkifiHrSm jrif;eJY v,fxGefygw,f/ jrefrmjynfvdk EGm;roHk;yg/)
v,frvkyfwJhtcg opfckwf xGufMuNyD qdkvQifvJ tm;&yg;& "m;eJY wpfcsufckwfvdkufwmeJY opfyifawG
nGwfudkif;usvm&wmygyJwJh/

8/ awmol awmifom;awG&JU b0udk o½kyfazmfae&mu 'Dae&mrSm Mo0g'qefvmygNyD/

awmolawmifom; v,form;BuD;awG&JU vkyftm;[m toHk;0ifygw,f/ olwdkY&JU vkyftm;udk
"avhbmomt& jrL;wl;aysmf&TifMuwmudk rxifr&Sm;b0qdkwJh 0dk;w0g; uHMur®mudk ypönf;&Sif?
avmb&SifwdkYu ravSmifMuygeJYwJh/ qif;&Jom;awG&JU wdkwkwf½dk;pif;wJh ordkif;uav;awGudk
ajymjyaewmudkvJ rvdkrvm;ovdk ½IwfcswJhtNyHK;uav;NyHK;NyD; em;rqifygapeJYwJh/ olwdkYb0[m
crf;em;x,f0gjcif;r&Sdayr,fh pdwf0ifpm;zdkYaumif;ygw,f/

9/ qif;&Jom;-aoaX;? tmPm&Sd-tmPmrJh cGJjcm; aeMuayr,fh tm;vHk;aorsKd;csnf;om/ rsKd;½dk;*kPfeJY

0ifh<um;aeol? tmPm t&Sdeft0geJY crf;em;aeol? tvS*kPfarmufaeol ypönf;Opömrmefwufaeol
tm;vHk;[m aoaeYqdkwJh rvGJra&SmifEdkifwJh tcsdeftcgudk apmifhqdkif;ae&olcsnf;ygyJwJh/ *kPfa&mifajymifwJh
b0vrf;wdkY[m wu,fawmh ocsKØif;odkYom a&S;½Iaeygw,fwJh/ 'Dtydk'fxJu aemufqHk; pwkw¬yg'[m
pum;yHk ozG,f rMumcP udk;um;&wJh pum;pkjzpfaeygNyD/ ]*kPfvrf;wdkY ocsKØif;odkYom a&SU½IMu} The
paths of glory lead but to the grave.

10/ ]olwdkY*lxuf rSwfÓPfu bmatmifqkrS wifrxm;} qdkwm 'DaovGefcJholv,form;BuD;&JU

pGrf;aqmifcsuf&,fvdkY bmrSrSwfrSwf&& r&Sdygbl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/ 'DtwGuf olwdkYudk tjypfrwifMuygeJYwJh/
tJovdk olwdkYcrsmrsm;&JU atmifjrifrIqdkwmrsm;udk csD;yp&m r&Sdayr,fh crf;em;x,f0gvSwJh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;BuD; ]&Snfvsm;pBuørsm;? ajymufrTef;crf;aqmifrsm;} xJrSmawmh yk*d¾KvfBuD;?
acgif;aqmifBuD;wdkY psmye wcrf;wem; usif;yaewm olwdkY&JU pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk
csD;usL;ajymMum;Muwmrsm; [mvJ [def;vdkYaeayvdrfhr,fwJh/ (rluGJrSm ]tjypfrwifaveJY} ae&mrSm
]cGifhvTwfMuyg} vdkY&Sdw,f/)

jrefrmhusL;ypf    60 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

11/ yk*¾dKvfBuD;wdkY&JU jymudk ordkif;wGifr,fh jymtdk;xJxnfhxm;Mu/ aool yk*¾dKvfBuD;&JU ukd,fw0uf yHkudk

xkvkyfMuvdkY vGwfxGufajy;oGm;wJh touf0dnmOfudk olYpHtdrfcE¨mudk,fxJ jyefa&mufvmatmif
ac:EdkifrSmwJhvm;/ toufjyef&SifrSmvm;/ *kPfjyKajymMum;vdkYaum NidrfqdwfoGm;NyDjzpfwJh jymodkYr[kwf
ajrrIefYudk &SifoefEdk;xvmatmif vkyfEdkifrSmwJhvm;/ ajr§mufyifhajymMum;MuvdkYaum at;pufaewJh
aovGefol&JU em;u Mum;NyD; ESpfodrfhrwJhvm;wJh/

12/ uAsmrdkY uwåm;-Bud,m taetxm;ajymif;aeygw,f/ jzpf&rSmuawmh ]'Dae&mrSm aumif;uifrD;vQH

jynfhvQrf;zl;wJh ESvHk;om; tifyg,mESifwHudk a0SY,rf;r,fh ouf&Sdapmif;udk yDwdEId;ay;wefr,fh vufrsm;
avsmif;aeaumif;avsmif;aer,f} vdkY jzpfygw,f/ ]aumif;uifrD;vQH} qdkwm xm0&bk&m;ocif&JU arwåm-
*½kPmawmfudk ajymwmyg/ ]tifyg,m ESifwH} qdkwm tifyg,mEdkifiHBuD;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk ajymwmyg/
rl&if;wpfckrSm ESifwHtpm; ]ZufBudK;rsm;} (Reins) vdkY jyxm;w,f/ ]ouf&Sdapmif;} qdkwm vlom;udk
ajymwmy/ ouf&Sdapmif;udk yDwdEId;ay;w,fqdkawmh vlawGudk &Tifjyatmif vkyfaqmifay;w,fvdkY
ajymwmygyJ/ wpfykd'fvHk;udk jyefajym&&if 'Dtypfy,fcH ocsKØif;ukef;rSm vJavsmif;aeMuwJhtxJrSm arwåm
u½kPmjynhf0wJh ESvHk;om;vJ ygaumif;ygr,f/ tifyg,mEdkifiHBuD;udk rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;&SdolawGvJ
ygaumif;ygr,f/ vlawGudk aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrUatmif vkyfaqmifay;EdkifwJh yk*¾KdvfawGvJ ygcsifygrSmygyJwJh/

13/ ]tcsdef&JUqkawG} qdkwm acwftqufquf pkaqmif;&&SdcJhwJh todynmawGudk ajymwm/ rl&if;rSm

]ppfyGJwpfyGJ wdkufcdkuftEdkif&&SdvdkY odrf;,l&&SdwJh vuf&ypönf;rsm;} vdkY t"dyÜm,f&wJh Spoils vdkYqdkwmudk
vG,fatmif ]qkawG} vdkY bmomjyefxm;ygw,f/ ]at;pufrGJawrI olwdkY qE´rGefudk ESdrfcJh} qdkwm qif;&JvdkY
ynmroifEdkif? vlYavmutusKd; o,fydk;csifygvJ ro,fydk;Edkif&SmMubl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/ ]0dnmOf&JU
tvmaumif; a&pD;udk cJoGm;apw,f} qdkwmu 'Dawmom;BuD;awG&JU 0dnmOfrSm tvm;tvmaumif;wJh
a&pD;awG pD;qif;aecJhayr,fhvdkY tv[ojzpfcJh&NyD? a&cJjzpfukefNyD? rdrdwdkY&JU pdwf"mwfpGrf;yum;udk
toHk;rjyKEdkifcJh&SmMubl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/ tusOf;csKyfuawmh olYcrsmrsm; olrsm;enf;wl pdwf"mwf
t&nftcsif;&Sdyg&uf ynmoifMum;zdkY tcGifhtvrf; rBuHKcJh&SmMu/ 'gaMumifhom vlYavmu aumif;usKd;
jyKcsifyg&uf rjyKcJhEdkifMuwmvdkY qdkvdkw,f/

14/ tifrwef t&nftaoG;aumif;wJh ausmufrsuf&wem tajrmuftjrm;yJ ork'´&mxJu usif;csKdifhawG

*lawGxJrSm &SdaeNrJjzpfw,f/ vSyarG;BudKifwJh yef;tajrmuftjrm;yJ vlolrjrif&mrSmom yGifhMuum tv[o
jzpfMu&w,fwJh/ uAsmq&m jrifawGUae&wJh awmom;BuD;awGvJ t&nftcsif;? tpGrf;tp&Sdr,fh
yk*¾dKvfawGyg? ckawmh bmrS xl;xl;cRefcRef rjzpfbJ aovGefcJh&SmMu&wmygvdkY qdkvdkw,f/ 'Dyg'awG[m
pum;yHkvdk jzpfoGm;Mu&wJh eDwd tqdktrdefYawGygyJ/

15/ [rf'efqdkwm jynfwGif;ppfumvu rsKd;cspfppfom;jzpfNyD; aemif EkdifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;

jzpfvmolyg/ [rf'efvdk tmZmenfrsKd;vJ 'DaovGefol aus;&Gmom;BuD;awGxJrSm ygcsifygaeayvdrfhr,f/
rDvwefvdk uAsmq&mBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvmwef&mwJh vlrsKd;vJ ygcsifygrSmyJ/ ca&mrf0Jvfvdk
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsKd;vJ 'DocsKØif;rSm vJavsmif;aeMuwJhxJrSm ygcsifygaerSmygyJwJh/

vufa&;pmrlrSm [rf'efae&mrSm ]uwdk ....} qdkNyD; puúLyGef;yJhaew,f/ rDvwef ae&mrSm ]wmvD}?

]ca&mrf0Jvf} ae&mrSm ]qDZm} vdkY jzpfw,f/

16 rS 18/ o'´g oabmt& pmom;u wpfydk'fuae wpfydk'f qufoGm;wJh twGuf oHk;ydk'fwpfqufwnf;

&Sif;&vdrfhr,f/ ]qD;edwf} qdkwm a&S;acwf a&mrjynfrSm tjrifhqHk; EdkifiHawmf aumifpDygyJ/ ckacwf
tar&duefpwJh EdkifiHrsm;rSmawmh txufvTwfawmfeJY nDrQw,f/ tJ'DqD;edwfrSm trwfrif;awG
em;axmifaeMu? Mobmay;Muw,fqdkawmh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfae&wmudk ajymwmygyJ/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    61 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

aus;awmom;BuD;awGudk EkdifiHacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfr,fh ta&;uHMur®mu wm;cJhw,f/ vlawG

temw&jzpfMu? wdkufwm tdk;tdrfawG ysufpD;Mu&r,fh tvm;tvmawG? ppfruf tEÅ&m,fawGudk
½IwfcsajymqdkzdkY tcGifh tvrf; r&cJh&SmMuawmhbl;/ jynfolawG wNyHK;NyHK;jzpfae&wJh wdkif;jynfrSm
csrf;om<u,f0rIawG ysHUESHYatmif vkyfcGifhvJ r&awmhbl;/ olwdkYordkif;udk jynfolawG apmifhMunfhaeMu&wJh
jynfolYacgif;aqmifb0 &zdkY tcGifhtvrf;rMuHKawmhbl;/
uHw&m;[m (yxrrlrSm Fate aemufrS Lot vdkY jyifypfwm) olwdkYudk tJovdk
aumif;owif;*kPfyk'fawG &&Sdr,fh ta&;u [efYwm;cJh½Hkwifrubl;/ raumif;rIawGjyKr,fh tjzpfuvJ
[efYwm;cJhw,f/ olwdkYawGudk vlowfyGJqifEGJNyD;awmhrS eef;wuf&wmrsKd;? vlom;awGudk roem;?
rMuifemwJh b0rsKd; MuifemrIwHcg;ydwfwJh b0rsKd;uvJ wm;qD;cJhw,f/ toufawG tajrmuftjrm;
aoMu&NyD;rS bk&ifjzpfwJh b0rsKd;udk olwdkY a&mufcGifh rBuHKcJhbl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/

udk,fpdwfxJrSm tjzpfrSefudk odaevQif tJ'DtrSefu tjyifudk ½kef;xGufzdkY BudK;pm;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk

rsKdodyfxm;wJhtrSefu ½kef;xGufwm cH&wm tifrwefemusifygw,f/ 'DemusifrIudk zHk;uG,f&wm
rvG,fygbl;/ &SufzG,fwpfckckudk ajymrdw,f/ jyKrdw,f/ &SufzG,faumif;w,f qdkwmuvnf; &Sif;&Sif;BuD;/
'Dawmh rsufESm eD&JoGm;&w,f/ 'Dvdk rsufESmeD&JoGm;wmudk ]azsmufzsufzdkYuvJ rvG,fbl;/ ]rlq}qdkwm
uAsmtEkynme,fyg/ olYrD;vQHrSm nd§cJhwJh tarT;eYHomqdkwm uAsmpmayyg/ 'Dpmay tEkynmudk
pnf;pdrftmPm&JU ewfpifrSm pkyHkw,fqdkwm olwdkY pnf;pdrf? olwdkYtmPmwefcdk;taMumif;?
bkef;awmfzGJUcdkif;wmyg/

'Dwpfydk'fvHk;&JU a&SUrSm tquftydk'fu ]wm;cJh} Bud,mOD;aqmifaeygw,f/ 'Dawmh trSefudk

rsKdodyfcsvdkY emusif&wJha0'emudk zHk;zdzdkY &SufzG,faMumifh rsufESmeD&JoGm;wmudk ajyapzdkY? pnf;pdrftmPm
bkef;awmfzGJU aw;oDzdkY awmom;BuD;awGudk uHMur®mu wm;cJhw,f/ 'DtvkyfawGolwdkY rvkyfMu&awmhbl;
vdkY qdkvdkw,f/

'Daemufvufa&;rlrSm uAsmav;ydk'f qufvmygw,f/ 'gudk yHkESdyfwJhtcg jzKwfypfcJhw,f/

19/ txuftydk'foHk;ydk'frSm azmfjycJhwJh pnf;pdrf&Sif? tmPm&SifwdkY&JU owf[Jhjzwf[Jh rawmfrw&m;vkyf[Jh

pwJhvkyf&yfawG[m wu,fawmh rolawmfwdkY&JU rrGefjrwfwJh(te&d,) vkyf&yfawGygyJ/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
ol½l;olrdkufawG cdkuf&efjzpfaeMuwmygyJ/ ]ykxkZÆaemOr®wåaum} vdkY tqdk&Sdayoudk;/ 'Dol½l;tkyfBuD;&JU
&efyGJua0;&m aus;vufa'orSmawmh awmifolBuD;awG[m rdrdwdkY&Sd&if;pGJ wnfMunf ½dk;om;wJh
qE´vdktifrsm;uvGJvdkY wjcm; aoGznfazmufjyefjcif; r&SdcJhMupzl;ygbl;/ at;at;vlvl
aexdkiftoufarG;um NidrfNidrfqdwfqdwf "avhvrf;aMumif;udk xdef;odrf;cJhMuygayw,f} wJh/

'Dtydk'f&JU tpyg' ]½l;oGyfvltkyf&JU te&d, &efyGJu a0;&mrSm} udk ]½l;oGyfvltkyfu a0;&mrSm} vdkY
twdkcsKyfNyD; axmrpf[m'Du olY0w¬K&JU trnfvkyfcJhzl;aMumif; txufem;rSm qdkcJhNyD/

20/ 'Dvkd EHkcsmqif;&JwJh awmom;BuD;awG&JU t½dk;awGudkyJ rzG,fr&m rjyK&avatmif umuG,fwJhtaeeJY

trSwftom;av;awmh vkyfxm;w,f/ csnfheJYeJY wdkifuav;? a&;xm;wJh pmurÁnf;u um&efvnf;rrdwrd/
yef;yk½kyfuvnf; bm½kyfrSef;cGJr&/ 'gayr,fh 'gocsKØif;yJ/ vljr§Kyfxm;wmyJvdkYawmh odEkdifordkY
teD;tem;jzwfoGm;ol u½kPmoufNyD; vufvGwfpy,f oufjyif;wpfcsufcsrd ayvdrfh,f/
'Dvkdoufjyif;cswm olwdkYudk *kPfjyKwm rnfygowJh/

21/ uG,fvGefol&JUtrnf? toufwdkYudk ra&;wwf a&;wwfeJY pmvHk;aygif;NyD; a&;xm;w,f/

bm&mxl;&SifBuD; b,fvdk aqG;ylrdMuw,f qdkwJh pmom;awGawmh r&Sdbl;? &mxl;*kPfodrftpm;
trnfeJYtoufyJ&Sdw,faygh/ ocsKØif;wpf0dkufrSm bk&m;pm? w&m;pmawGvJ avQmufa&;xm;Muao;w,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    62 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'Dw&m;pmawGu w&m;odwJh awmom;awGudk ao&rSmraMumufzdkY? aojcif;w&m;udk &J&J0Hh0Hh&ifqdkifwwfzdkY

vrf;nTefjyaeovdk &Sdawmhw,f/

'kwd,yg' ]aqG;rI} ae&mrSm vufa&;rlu ur®nf;pm epitaph vdkYyg&Sdygw,f/ aqG;rIvdkY

a&;vdkufwmu rl&if; elegy jzpfygw,f/
bmaMumifh w&m;pmawGeJY aowwfzdkY vrf;nTef&ovJqdkwmudk qufNyD;&Sif;jyw,f/

22/ ]aoaomvl Mum&ifarh}qkdwJh jrefrmpum;qdk½dk;twdkif; aool[m arhjcif;&JUom;aumifygyJ/

vlYb0qdkwm aomuy&da'0awG jynfhaewJh b0? 'gayr,fh vlom;tzdkY ESpfvdkzG,fvJ jzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh
om,mwJhaeY&JU aEG;axG;y&0kPfvdkY qdk&r,fh avmuBuD;u cGJ&awmhr,fqdkvQif b,fol[m
wrf;wrf;wweJYvSnfhMunfhvSnfhMunfh rvkyfbJ aevdrfhrvJwJh/ b,folrqdk avmueJY rcGJcsifMubl;aygh/

23/ 'Dtydk'fudk olYtxufu tydk'feJY qufzwfrS em;vnfr,f/ tJ'Dtydk'fxJrSmu aooGm;ol[m

avmuudk rcGJcsifrcGm&uf aemufjyefwMunfhMunfheJY cGJoGm;&w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ ckwydk'frSmqufqdkwmu tJ'D
aool[m usef&pfol&JU cspfwwfwJh&iftHk (ESvHk;om;)udk tm;udk;&Smw,fwJh/ olYudk rarhygeJY/
qufcspf&pfygayghav/ xm0&ydwfawmhr,fh rsufvHk;uav;rsm;uvnf; w&m;eJY ajz&if; uswJh
rsuf&nfpufuav;awGudk jrifoGm;csif&Smw,fwJh/ aemufqHk; ocsKØif;usif;bJ a&mufawmhawmif udk,fhom;
udk,fr,m;udk oHa,mZOfwG,fwmNrJ"r®wmjzpfwJh toHav;u atmfjrnfwkef;ygwJh/ jym (ajrrIefY)
jzpfoGm;awmifrS wG,fwmNrJ "avhrD;vQH (oHa,mZOfrD;) uawmh&SifoefNrJomwJh/

vufa&;rlawGrSm pwkw¬yg' ]&Sifaeom;} tpm; ]0if;aeom;} vdkYawGU&w,f/ ab;rSm ]&Sif}vdkY

jyxm;w,f/ yxr yHkESdyfrlrSmawmh wpfyg'vHk;[m ]Edk;vsuf? "avhrD;wdkYudk opömapmifhodaeom;}
vdkYjzpfaew,f/ wpfrlrSmawmh ]igwdkYjymxJrSm} tpm; ]ajrrIefY jymxJrSm} vdkY &Sdw,f/

24-25/ tcktydk'fupNyD; *a&;[m uG,fvGefol olYoli,fcsif; &pfcs'fpufpfwfudk nTef;aeNyDjzpfw,f/

aus;&GmocsKØif;rSm *kPfjyKjcif;uif;pGmeJY vJavsmif;aeolawGudk owdw&jzpfum olwdkYwawG&JU
tEkynmrygwJh Zmwfvrf;udk ajymjywJh toifwJh/ &pfcs'f0ufpfwf raocifu wu,fyJ
'Dawmom;BuD;awGtaMumif; *a&;udk ajymzl;ovm;/ wifpm;wJhoabm a&;aevm;awmhrodbl;/
rif;r&Sdawmh txD;usefjzpf&if; vrf;BuHKwmeJY cifrifolwOD;wavursm; rifhtaMumif;udk ar;Munfhvsif
awmom;tdkBuD;wpfa,mufu ajzaumif;ajzr,fwJh/ tif;? t&ifwkef;u olYudk t½kPfusif;p
reufvif;tm;BuD;rSm rMumcP jrifzl;ygw,f/ okwfokwfokwfokwfeJY vrf;avQmufoGm;vdkufwm?
ESif;pufuav;awGudk vGifhpifukefwmyJ/ awmifukef;av;ay:wuf/ tJ'Du jrufcif;ay:uae?
aexGufvmwmudk MunfhrvdkYeJY wlygw,fav/

rluGJrSm ]pmemwwfolwpfOD;} ae&mrSm ]ykef;aeolwpfOD;} vdkY&Sdw,f/

26/ awmom;BuD;u &pfcs'f0ufpfwf taMumif;udk qufajymaewm jzpfw,f/ wpfcg wavawmhvJ

olYudk a[m[dk oif;0ifyifBuD;&JUatmufrSm awGUMu&w,fwJh/ opfyifBuD;&JU tjrpfawG[m ajrBuD;xJrSmwif
r[kwf/ ajrBuD;ay:rSmudkyJ ,SufvdrfaigxGufaeMuw,f/ tjrpfawGu tdkvSNyDwJh/ opfyifudk tdkw,frajymyJ
tjrpfudkyJ tdkw,fvdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ rGef;wnfhcsdefrSm ol[m tJ'DtyifBuD;atmufrSm qefYqefYBuD;
vJavsmif;um woGifoGifpD;aewJh acsmif;uav;udk ai;arm avhvmaewwfw,fwJh/ olYcE¨mudk,f[m
armyef;EGrf;vsvSNyDrdkY emwmylwm rodawmhwJh Oayu©mudk,f jzpfaeNyDvdkY zGJUxm;w,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    63 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rluGJuawmh ]acgif;ndwf} ae&mrSm wpfcku ]jzLazG;}vdkY &Sdw,f/ wpfcku ]jzefYusuf} vdkY &Sdw,f/
txuftydk'feJY tcktydk'fMum;rSm uAsmwpfydk'fvHk;vHk;&Sdao;w,f/ *a&;udk,fwdkifu jzKwfcJhwmwJh/

27/ wpfcgwavawmhvJ olYudk a[m[dk awmpyfrSm avQmufoGm;aewmudk jrif&w,f/

y&rf;ywmpdwful;awGudk yg;pyfu xkwfazmfa&&Gwf&if; ½IwfcswJh[ef tNyHK;uav; NyHK;vdkuf? aomuzdpD;?
cspf'ku©zdpD;? ylaqG;EGrf;vsaeovdk acgif;idkufpdkufusvdkufeJYyJwJh/ &pfcs'f0ufpfwftaMumif; awmom;BuD;u
qufajymjy[ef a&;aewmyg/

rluGJuawmh ]a[m[dkawmpyfrSm} tpm; ]qef;jym;[efrl&m} vdkY&Sdw,f/ ]y&rf;ywm pdwful;awG}

tpm; rlvu ]pdwfBudKufrmersm;}vdkY jzpfw,f/ zsufNyD; tay:u ]y&rf;ywmpdwful;awG} xnfhxm;wmyg/
]ylaqG;EGrf;vs} eJY ]acgif;idkufpdkufus} uvJ a&SUaemuf jyifw,f/

28/ 'Dvdk awGUaeus jrifaeus[m wpfreufawmh &pfcs'fudk awmom;BuD; rawGU&awmhbl;wJh/

xHk;pHtwdkif; ola&mufaeus awmifay:rSm? vGifjyif wpfavQmufrSm? olpdwfBudKufxdkifaeus opfyifatmufrSm
b,frSmrS rjrif&bl;/ aemufwpfaeY a&mufvm&mjyefawmhvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ/ acsmif;uav;&JUeHab;rSm?
jrufcif;ay:rSm? awmxJrSm b,frSmrS rawGU&awmhbl;wJh/

rluGJawGu jrefrmvdkrSm odyfrxl;jcm;vSbl;/ ]vGifjyifwpfavsmuf} u ]vGifjyifxuf}? ]opfyifem;}

eJY ]opfyifrSm} ? ]awmxJrSm} eJY ]awmem;rSm} avmufygyJ/ ESpfck t*FvdyfpmvHk;aygif; uGJ&JU/

29/ 'Daemufawmh &pfcs'f0ufpfwf psmyecsoGm;wmudkyJ olwdkYjrifawGUvdkuf&awmhowJh/ c&pf,mefwdkY

xHk;pHtwdkif; 0rf;enf;vGrf;qGwfzG,f tokbaw;oHawG oHNydKifqdkMuvdkYaygh/ ocsKØif;u
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;0if;xJrSm&Sdwm/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;xJrSm o&P *Hkwif? aemufajrjr§KyfMurSmqdkawmh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; vrf;av;twdkif; olYtavmif; (xnfhxm;wJhacgif;) udk xrf;oGm;Muw,f/ a[m[dkrSm
olU&JU*l? tdkrif;vSNyDjzpfwJh ql;yifBuD;atmufrSmav/ acgif;&if;u ausmufjym;av;rSm xGif;xkxm;wJh
uAsmwpfyk'f&Sdw,f/ cifAsm;pmzwfwwfw,f r[kwfvm;/ zwfMunfhavwJh/ awmom;BuD;u uAsmq&mudk
(odkYr[kwf olYtqdkt& ar;jref;pHkprf;oludk) ajymjyw,f 0g-(ajymjyvdrfhr,f/)

rluGJuawmh ]bk&m;ausmif;vrf;xJ} ae&mrSm ]bk&m;ausmif;vrf;em;}? ]xGif;xm;wJh} ae&mrSm

]a&;xm;wJh} ]xkxm;wJh}? ][dktdkrif;} ae&mrSm ]tJ'Dtdkrif;}? ]tdkrif;} tpm; ]a&S;us} wdkYawGU&w,f/
'Dtydk'frpcif uAsm tydk'fwpfydk'fvJ tpu yg&Sdao;w,f/ aemuf yHkESdyfwJh tcgrsm;rSm jzKwfypfcJhw,f/

'DrSmwif awmom;BuD; ajympum;u NyD;oGm;ygw,f/ usefwmuawmh 0ufpfwf&JU *lay:u

ausmufjym;ay:rSm a&;xm;av[ef *a&;u a&;wJh urÁnf;pmyg/

30/ c&pf,mefocsKØif; urÁnf;pmwdkY xHk;pH ]'DrSm} u pxm;w,f/ o'´gtaetxm; ajymif;aeygw,f/

"eOpömwdkY ausmfMum;rIwdkY rodwJh vli,fav;wpfOD;[m 'Dae&mrSm urÇmajrBuD;&JU aygifay:rSm acgif;wifNyD;
em;aeygw,fwJh/ odyÜHynmuawmh olY&JU ao;EkyfwJh rsKd;½dk;Zmwdudk rsufarSmif rukyfcJhygbl;/ qif;&Jom;
om;orD;qdkNyD; ypfy,frxm;cJhbl;/ (ol ynmwwfw,faygh) 'gayr,fh olYudk om;&if;ES,f
arG;pm;cJholuawmh vGrf;aqG;rIygyJwJh/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    64 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

vufa&;rlrSm 'DurÁnf;pm oHk;ydk'f[m ab;om;rSm wjcm;uAsmydk'fawGvdk axmifhrSefusus

a&;xm;wmyg/

31/ olYapwem BuD;rm;vSw,f/ olYpdwf"mwf[mvJ jzLpifayw,f/ tJovdk BuD;rm;wJh apwemenf;wl

vdkufzufwJhqkvmbfudkvnf; aumif;uifbHk(xm0&bk&m;) qDu ydkYay;wmudk vufcH&&SdcJhygw,f/
qif;&J'ku©udk olY&SdorQ tukefxkwfay;cJh&w,f/ tJ'guawmh rsuf&nfwpfpygyJ/ 'Dawmh
aumif;uifbHk(xm0&bk&m;) qDu rdwfaqG&cJhygw,f/ xm0&bk&m;[m olYrdwfaqGjzpfvmcJhw,fvdkY
ajymwmyg/ olvdkvm;awmif;worQuvJ 'gygyJ/ xm0&bk&m;eJY rdwfaqGjzpfzdkYygyJwJh/

32/ olb,fvdkaumif;cJhw,f/ b,fvdkawmfcJhw,f qdkwmawGudkvJ xkwfazmf ajymjyzdkY

rBudK;pm;ygeJYawmh/ olY tm;enf;uGufuav;awGudkvJ olwdkY wnf&Sd&muae qGJxkwfraeeJYawmhwJh/
aumif;uGufawG tm;enf;uGufawG ESpfckpvHk;uyJ b,frSm em;pufaeMuovJqdkawmh olYzcifhjzpfwJh
xm0&bk&m;ocif&JU &ifcGifxJrSmygwJh/ tJ'Dbk&m;ocif&JU &ifcGifqdkwJh ]]aMumufzG,fpHtdrf}} xJrSm wkefwkef&D&D
arQmfvifhcsufuav;eJY em;pufaeMuygowJh/ bk&m;ocifu tm;vHk;udk odawmfrlw,f/ wpfaeY pD&ifcsuf
csawmfrlr,frdkY aMumuf&GHwkef&DaeMuwmaygh/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    65 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

jrefrmhusL;ypf    66 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

qifjrL&,f awvm udk;v&pf&JU ]oufusm;tdk oabFmom;&JUaw;} udk txl;rdwfqufay;p&m rvdkbl;/

t*FvdyfpmayeJY pOf;i,fuRrf;0ifolwdkif; Mum;bl;em;0 &SdMurSmyg/ 'DuAsm&SnfBuD;xJu wcsKdUyg'rsm;[m
t*Fvdyfpum;rSm pum;yHkvdk jzpfaeNyD/ Oyrm – jrefrmjynfrSm t*FvdyfpmoifMum;rI
tifrwefacwfpm;aew,fqdkwmudk a&;csifawmh Newsweek r*¾Zif;u udk;v&pf&JU Water, Water
everywhere udk,lNyD; English, English everywhere vdkY acgif;pOfwyfcJhzl;w,f/

udk;v&pfa&;cJhwJh uAsmoHk;yk'f[m t*Fvdyfpum;rSm txl;jcm;qHk;? csOf;uyfvdkY r&qHk;&,fvdkY

pmayokawoD trsm;pku wnDwnGwf vufcHxm;Muw,f/ tJ'DoHk;yk'fuawmh ]oufMum;tdkoabFmom;}
&,f? ]c&pfwbJvf} &,f? ]ulAvcef} &,f jzpfygw,f/ 'DuAsmawGudk jrefrmjynftygt0if t*FvdyfpmoifwJh
EdkifiHrsm;u ausmif;rsm; wuúodkvfrsm;rSm jy|mef; oifMum;aeMu&w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY i,fi,fuawmh
]oabFmom;BuD;} [m q,fwef;jy|mef;pmxJrSm ygcJhNyD/ ]c&pfwbJvf} eJY ]ulAvcef} udk wuúodkvfrSm
oifcJh&w,f/ 'DuAsmoHk;yk'f[m aumif;½HkoufoufaMumifh r[kwfbJ aumif;yHk? aumif;enf;udku
wpfckeJYwpfckrwl uGJjym;jcm;em;aewmaMumifh xif&Sm;wmjzpfygw,f/ oHk;yk'fpvHk; obm0vGef (emembm0
0dembm0) tjcif;t&mawG? ewfawG? bDvl;awG? o&JwapäawG? tdrfrufawGtaMumif; azmfjywmcsnf;yJ/
'gayr,fh rwlxl;jcm;wJhenf;eJY wpfrsKd;wpfbmompDjzpfatmif wifjyxm;wmcsnf;/

]oufMum;tdkoabFmom;} [m rjzpfEkdifwmudk atmifjrifwmvdkY qdkMuw,f/ rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwmu

acwfuAsmq&mwpfOD;taeeJY a&S;½dk;? bmv' uAsmyHkpHudk oHk;pGJjyxm;vdkYygyJ/ udk;v&pf[m axGjym;wJh
wJceduudk oHk;xm;ayw,fvdkY wu,fhbmv' yDjyifatmif vkyfxm;Edkifw,f/ bmv'qdkwm
o½kyfay:vGifatmif zGJUEGJUNyD;&ifNyD;a&m? bmrS ra0zefjy&bl;/ em;qifolu
olYbmomolpOf;pm;,l&wmrsKd;jzpfw,f/ tqef;wus,f udpörsKd;udkvnf; bmrSrxl;jcm;av[efeJY
ajymjyavh&Sdw,f/ bmv'uAsma&;olrsm;u obm0udk obm0vGefvdkYyJ ,lqygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
tajctaet& omrefudpövdkYvnf; ,lqMuao;w,f/ ]oabFmom;tdkBuD;} [m o½kyfay:vGifyDjyif&mrSm
vufzsm;cg&wJh vuf&mwpfckjzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh oabFmwpfpif; awmif0if½dk;pGef;qD
&GufvTifhoGm;w,fqdkwJh omref½dk;½dk;udpaö v;udk o½kyfazmf&muae wapäoabFmwpfpif;
a&mufvmwmudkvnf; omrefjzpf½dk;jzpfpOfudpöav;vdk azmfjyxm;yHkqD nifnifomom
ul;ajymif;oGm;wm[mjzifh xl;jcm;vSw,f/ tjrefzwfoGm;&if ul;ajymif;oGm;wmawmif owdjyKvdkufrdrSm
r[kwfbl;/ trdkuftrJrdkY tJbwfxa&mhpfiSufudk owfypfrd&if taES;eJYtjrefqdkovdk r[kwfr[wfawG
BuHK&rSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh 'Dr[kwfr[wfawG tqef;wMu,fBuHK&wmudkyJ omrefjzpf½dk;jzpfpOf jzpfysufovdk
o½kyfazmfjyxm;w,f/ obm0jzpf&yHkawGtay: obm0vGefjzpf&yfawG tvefYwMum; usL;ausmf0ifa&muf
jzpfysufwJhyHkray:awmhbl;/ obm0a&m? obm0vGefyg "r®wm&JU tpdwftydkif;awGrQ jzpfaeawmhw,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    67 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

t*Fvdyfpum;rSm aumif;ayh nGefYayh qdkwJh bmompum;toHk;tEIH;awGeJY zGJUoDxm;wJh uAsmBuD;udk

uRefawmfh bmomjyef&JU bmompum;u b,fvdkrS vdkufrrDwmudk 0efcHvdkw,f/ uAsmudk bmomjyef&mrSm
olYrl&if;&JU rMwmpepf? &pforfudk wkyzdkY rBudK;pm;awmhbl;/ wwfEdkiforQ
tu©&mta&twGufwlnDatmifawmh tm;xkwfxm;w,f/ olYrl&if;twdkif; 'kwd,yg'eJY pwkw¬yg'tqHk;
tu©&mrsm;? um&efnDMuwJhtjyif &Hzef olYtwdkif;twGif;um&efrsm;vnf; BudK;pm;xm;w,f/ Oyrm
]wpfnvHk;vJ? ESif;cdk;jzLjzLxJ} ponfjzifh . . . . /

jrefrmhusL;ypf    68 
 
armifomEdk;
oufusm;tdkoabmFom;BuD;
r*FvmaqmifoGm;vkvifoHk;OD;udk awGU\/
wpfOD;udk xdef;xm;\/
r*Fvm{nfhonf
yifv,foGm;BuD;&JU rsufvHk;aMumifh
Muufao ao&? olYyHkudkem;axmifzdkY
rvTJra&Smifom jzpf&awmh\/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    69
r[muAsm
oufusm;tdk oabFmom;&JUaw;
tydkif; yxr
oufusm;tdkoabFmom;BuD;aygh?
oHk;OD;rSm wpfOD;udk xm;cJh?
]rkwfqdwfjzL&Snf? rsufvHk;awmuf?
bmaMumifh usKyfudk wm;&JU/
owdkYom;tdrf wHcg; yGifhNyD?
usKyfom;csif; t&if;qHk;ygh?
{nfhwdkYpHkNyD? pm;yJG pNyD?
aysmfoHqloH Mum;Mu&/}
ta&wifvufeJY olYudk qJGxm;?
]oabFmwpfpif; wJh}qdk&JU/
]awmfyg vTwfyg rkwfqdwfjzL ieJBuD;/}
'Daemuf ol vufvTwfcJh/
olYudk awmufyrsufvHk;eJY qJGxm;?
r*Fvm{nfhonf Nidrf&yfaerd/
oHk;ESpfom;uav;ES,f em;axmif&Sm?
oabFmom; olYqE´jynfh/
r*Fvm{nfhonf ausmufwHk;ay: xdkif&?
em;qifzdkYuvJG rwwfom;/
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'DvdkeJY qufajym&JU oufusm;tdk

rsufvHk;awmuf oabFmom;/

]oabFmudk Mobmay;? qdyfurf; &Sif;vif;ay;?

waysmfwyg; wdkY pkefcJhMu?
awmifukef;atmuf? bk&m;ausmif;atmuf?
rD;jywdkuf xdyfatmufrSmy/

avaumif;? &moDOwk omomeJY oabFm

awmifzufqD vGifhcJhyHk? 0Jbufu ae xGufay:vmw,f?
rsOf;aMumif;qD aemufqHk; a&mufcJhyHk yifv,fxJu olxGuf?
oabFmom;BuD;u ajymjy\/ 0if;jzm xGef;yNyD; ,mbufu
yifv,fxJ qif;ouf/

aeYpOf jrifhonfxuf jrifhvdkYvm?

rGef;wnfh &Gufwdkifay:xdy}
'DrSm r*Fvm{nfhonf &ifudk xk&JU
bqGef;oHus,f Mum;vdkuf&/ 1

owdkYorD; cef;rxJ 0ifvm?

ESif;qDvdk oleD&JU?
r*Fvm {nfhonfcrsm r*Fvm *DwoH Mum;&? a&SUrSm acgif;wndwfndwfvmMu
oabFmom;BuD;url olYyHkudk qufajymNrJ/ jrL;<u aw;qdktzJGU/

r*Fvm{nfhonf &ifudk xkrd?

'gayr,f hem;qifzdkYuvJG rwwfom/
'DvdkeJY qufajym&JU oufusm;tdk
rsufvHk;awmuf oabFmom;/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    70 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

]'geJY rkefwdkif;av vma&m

rif;qdk;qef? xefjyif;ay&JU/
oabFmudk rkefwdkif;u awmif0if&dk;pGef;qD trDvdkuf awmifyHawGeJY xdk;ESuf?
armif;xkwfypfcJh\/ awmifbufwavsmuf vdkufcJh/

&GufwdkifawG apmif;? OD;idkufpdkufeJY

atmf[pf xdk;ESuf vdkufavol[m
&efolYt&dyfudk ajcwufeif;um
acgif;udk a&SUnTwfovdk?
oabFm tjrefESif? av [def;vsufyif?
igwdkY ajy;cJh awmifqDudk/

'Daemuf? ESif;a&m [dr usvm?

tHhzG,f at;vdkYvmawmh?
&Gufwdkifavmufjrifh a&cJ arsmvm?
jrLES,f pdrf;pdrf;aygh/

a&cJxkMum;? ESif;uJGBuD;rsm;?
a&cJESifh aMumufzG,f toHwdkY a'o? aMumufzG,f vif;vufae&JU?
bmouf&SdrS rjrifMu&/ vl? wd&pämef bmoP²mef rjrif-
Mum;rSm a&cJcsnfhuJGU/

'DrSm a&cJ? [dkrSm a&cJ?

ywfywfvnf a&cJom/
uJGvdkuf? [def;vdkuf? a[mufvdkuf? tlvdkuf?
arharsmpOf toHrsm;yrm/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    71 
 
armifomEdk;
aemufqHk; tJvbxa&mhpfac: yifv,fiSufBuD;
ESif;rIdif;xJu a&mufvm&m
oabFmom;wdkY 0rf;omtm;&
{nfh0wfausjyGef MudKqdkcJhMu\/
Munfh? tJvbxa&mhpf[m edrdwfaumif;wJh
iSufjzpfaeawmh\/
ESif;rIdif;eJY ajrmufbufqD oabFm jyefvm&m
aemufu vdkufvm\/
oufusm;tdkoabFmom;[m
edrdwfaumif;wJh iSufudk
{nfh0wfraus owfypfvdkufygavawmh\/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    72
r[muAsm
2
aemufqHk; tJvbxa&mhpf ul;vm
ESif;rIdif;xJu vm&JU?
c&pf,mef ewfwpfyg; jzpfav[ef
a'0trnfeJY igwdkY BudKcJh/
rpm;zl;wJh tpmudk pm;?
vSnfhum 0dkufum ysHom;/
rdk;csKef;oHeJY a&cJ uJGtuf?
yJheif; xdk;azmufESifoGm;/
awmifavaumif; aemufrSm ay:vmNyD?
tJvbxa&mhpf vdkufvmcJh?
aeYwdkif;om pm;zdkY upm;zdkY&m
oabFmom; [dk; atmf&if vm&JU/
ESif;xJ wdrfxJrSm?&Gufwdkifay:qdkif;BudK;
ay:rSm?
3
Aufpyg udk;vD vmem;&JU?
wpfnvHk;vJ ESif;cdk; jzLjzLxJ
va&mif jzLjzL xGef;ycJh/}
]oifhudkab;jyKwJh ewfqdk;rsm;qDu
a'0 u,fap oabFmom;oufusm;/
bmaMumifhrJhoGm;vJ/} ]ig 'l;av;eJY
igtJvbxa&mhpfudk ypfowfcJhom;/}
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

 
 
tydkif; 'kwd, 
 
 
 
erdwfaumif;wJh iSufudk owfypfwJhtwGuf  
oabFmom;wdkYu   ,mbufuae wufvdkYvmw,f? 
oufusm;oabFmom;udk atmf[pfMu\/  yifv,fxJu ol xGuf? 
  ESif;xJ zHk;qJ? NyD; 0Jbufu 
  yifv,fxJ qif;ouf/ 
   
   
   
aemufrSm awmifavaumif; wdkufqJom? 
  iSufaumif;wpfaumifrS rvdkuf/ 
  wpfaeYrS pm;zdkY upm;zdkY 
  oabFmom; ac:vJ rqdkuf/ 
   
   
   
  usKyf i&JtrI jyKcJhNyD/ 
  'ku© a&mufMuawmhr,f/ 
  avnif; wdkufatmif vkyfwJh iSufudk 
usKyf owfNyD qdkMuw,f/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  avnif; wdkufatmif vkyfwJh iSufudk 
  owfyav ol,kwf&,f wJh/ 
  rrIef? reD? a'0OD;acgif;ES,f? 
  r*Fvm ae xGufvmcJh/ 
   
   
   
  ESif;rIdif;eJY ESif; aqmifvmol 
'gayr,fh ESif;rIdif; jy,fawmh ,if;udkyif iSufudk usKyf owfNyD qdk&JU/ 
rSefaMumif; ajymMu&m  ESif;rIdif;eJY ESif; aqmifvmol 
tukodkvf trIrSm olwdkYvnf; BuH&mygrsm; iSufrsKd; owfwm rSefw,fwJh/ 
jzpfukefawmh\/   
   
   
   

jrefrmhusL;ypf    73 
 
armifomEdk;
 
avnif;aumif; qufwdkuf
oabFm ypdzdwfork'´&mxJ  qdwfNidrf yifv,fxJ azmufxGuf
0ifvmum ajrmufbuf qufvTifh&m
rsOf;aMumif;wdkif a&mufvm\/ 
 
 
 
oabFm &kwfw&uf NidrfoGm;\/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    74
r[muAsm
avaumif;aqmfaoG;? a&jr§Kyf azG;azG; 
aemufrSm xGefa&; wMuGMuG/ 
 
yxrqHk; igwdkY y/ 
 
us&JU avnif;? &GufawG usaygh? 
aqG;EdkiforQ aqG;&NyD/ 
yifv,f&JY qdwfNidrfrI cGif;zdkYom 
igwdkY pum; ajymrd/ 
 
yljyif; aMu;eDaumif;uifw0ef; 
rGef;wnfhcsdef aoG;pGef; ae[m 
&Gufwdkifxuf wnfhwnfh wnfaecJh? 
vxuf rBuD;bJom/ 
wpfaeYNyD; wpfaeY? wpfaeYNyD; wpfaeY 
r½I? rvIyf? wdkY Nidrf& 
yef;csDork'´&mxufu 
yef;csDoabFmES,fy/ 
a& .... a& .... ae&mwumrSm 
ysOfcsyfwdkY ½IHUwGcJh/ 
a& .... a& .... ae&mwumrSm 
aomufzdkY wpfpuf r&SduG,fh/ 
 
armifomEdk;
 
tJvbxa&mhpftwGuf
vufpm; acs&avNyD/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ewfwpfyg; olwdkYaemufu vdkufcJh\/
aool0dnmOfvnf; r[kwf/ 
aumif;uifwrefrsm;vnf; r[kwf/
þN*dKvfay:rS rjrif&aom ewfrsKd; jzpfonf/  vHk;0 a& jywfordkY vQmwdkif;
 
,if;wdkYtaMumif;udk *sL;ynm&Sif a,mozESifh
uGefpwifwifNrdKUom; yvmawmedu 
q&mrDau©vqJvkwdkY pmrsm;udk zwfoifhonf/
ewftrsm;yif &Sdí r&Sdaom ae&m r&Sdacs/ 
'ku©qif;&Ja&mufaomf oabFmom;wdkY
oufusm;tdkoabFmom;tay:  vuf0g;uyfwdkiftpm; ighvnfrSm
tjypfyHkcsum yifv,fiSufaoudk olYvnfrSm
qJGay;Mu\/ 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    75
r[muAsm
yifv,fBuD; ykyfaygh? tvdk-c&pfawmf 
'Dvdk BuHK&w,fvdkY/ 
tdrf;? acsmusdt&mawG ajcwGm; wufvm 
aemufusd yifv,fxufodkY/ 
ywfywfvnfrSm ckefum jrL;um 
r&PrD;wdkY nrSm u? 
pkef;rqDES,f a&jyif[m 
pdrf;? jym? jzLavmifoy/ 
'Davmuf 'ku©ay;wJh ewfqdk;udk 
wcsKdU tdyfrufrSm odMu&JU/ 
ESif;-[dr a'ouae wdkYaemuf 
udk;vHeufeuf ol vdkufcJh/ 
 
 
 
t&if;u n§Kd;a&mfaygh/ 
usyfcdk;eJY rGef;usyfaeovdk 
pum; rajymEdkifMuawmh/ 
 
 
tvdkav;av;? rsufESmxm;qdk;eJY 
vlBuD; vli,f ighudk Munfh? 
 
tJvbxa&mhpf qJGbd/
 
armifomEdk;
oabFmom;tdkBuD; ta0;rSm
oP²mefwpfck jrif&\/
eD;vmaomf oabFm[k olxifonf/
olUpum;udk a&iwfjcif;rS
avsmfaMu;BuD;ay;um a&G;,l&\/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    76
r[muAsm
tydkif; wwd,
EGrf;vstcsdef vGefoGm; vnfwdkif;
ajcmufaoGY? rsufvHk;wdkif; pl;&S/
EGrf;vstcsdef? EGrf;vstcsdef
EGrf;vsrsufvHk; pl;&S/
taemufqD Munfhawmh ig jrifrd
aumif;uifrSm wpfcky/
tpawmh tpufav; xif&?
aemufawmh jrLESif;yHkES,f/
a&GUvm-a&GUvm aemufqHk;rSmawmh
yHkay:vmwm jrif&w,f/
tpuf? jrLESif;? oP²mef ig od?
eD;vdkY eD;vdkY vmqJ/
a&ewfudk a&Smifwdrf;ovdkrsKd;?
xdk;pdkuf? auGY0dkuf? vSnfhvJG/
vnfyif; a&iwf? EIwfcrf; rnf;yluRwf?
wdkY r&,fEdkif? ridkEdkif?
a&jywf? EIwfqdwf? &yfaerdMu?
ighvuf igudkuf aoG;pkwfrd&?
atmfrd &Gufwdkif? &Gufwdkif/
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

0rf;omrI cP vnfyif; a&iwf? EIwfcrf;rnf; yluRwf?

ig atmf? olwdkY yg;pyf [vsuf Mum;?
aus;Zl;yJ? olwdkY 0rf;om NyHK;Mu?
aomufoHk;aeMuovdkrsm;/

xdwfvefYrIom? avr&Sd? a&rpD;bJ Munfh? Munfh (igatmfrd) rawGUawmhbl;?

a&SYwdk;vmaeo[m wdkY u,fzdkY 'Dvmaygh?
oabFm [kwfygrnfavm/ avnif;rJhrJh a&pD;rJhrJh?
{&mrwfrwf vmaeawmh/

taemufvIdif; rD;vQH nD;nD;om?

aeukefoavmuf &SdNyD/
taemufvIdif;ay:avmufqDrSm
aevif;us,f em;cdkNyD?
xl;qef;oP²mef ½kwf&ufESif
wdkYeJY aetMum;qD/

aerSm tpif;awG xifukefaygh?

(aumif;uif r,fawmf u,fygav)?
oabFmt&dk;pkrQom xif&\/ tusOf;wef;awGu ol acsmif;Munfh[ef
avmifuRrf; rsufESmus,feJYay/

tvdk (awG;&if; ighESvHk; ckefaygh)

eD;eD;vmyHk jrefvScsnfh/
eH&dk;wdkYudk 0ifqJ ae\rsufESmay:0,f rNidrf y0gyg;ES,fwnfh/
wef;rsm;yrm jrif&\/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    77 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wapärESifh tazmf aorif;om tusnf;wefrsm;ES,f ae acsmif;Munfh

tjcm;vl t&dk;pk oabFmay: rygacs/ aewm? olYeH&dk;awGvm;/
oabFmrSm tJ'Drdef;rwifvm;?
tJ'g aorif;vm;? ESpfa,mufvm;?
aorif; 'Drdef;r tazmfvm;/

olYEIwfcrf; eD? olYtoGif vGwf?

oabFmESifh oabFmom; vdkufzufygayh/ olY qHau a&TES,f 0gol?
aorif;ESifh ao&if;&SifwdkY olYtom; ElemES,f jzLqGwf?
oabFmom; &a&; tefupm;Mu&m tdyfrufqdk; ]ao&if;&Sif} jzpfvwf?
ao&if;&Sifu oabFmom;tdkBuD;udk &oGm;\/ vlYaoG;udk tat;eJY yspfapol/

oabFmcGHysufem; ,SOfuyfvm?
ESpfa,muf aMuGtef ypfaeMu/
]yJG NyD;NyD? ig EdkifNyD? EdkifNyD}
avcRef oHk;BudrfrQ/

ae0ef; usqif; Mu,fwdkY ajy;xGuf?

aea&mif0if;twGif; qnf;qmrJh/ wpfvSrf;wnf; tarSmifvmaygh?
ta0;Mum; wD;wdk;oHeJY yifv,fay:
wapäavS wmxGufaygh/

vwufvm&m?
wdkY em;axmif? ab;wdkuf armhMunfh&m
ighESvHk; vefYxdwf? zvm;rSm
ightoufaoG; pkwf,lxifh/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    78 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

Mu,fawGrIef? ydef;ydwf n
yJheif; rsufESm rD;cGufab; jzLvG?
wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf &GufawGu ESif; wpfpufpufESifh
ta&SUwef;xuf wufcJhaygh
vjcrf; atmufbuf tpGef;rSmawmh
Mu,f0if;y wpfpif;ESifh/

wpfOD;aemufwpfOD;? Mu,f&H vatmuf

jrefvdkY rnnf; ratmfbJ?
aMumufzG,f 'ku©eJY rsufESmudk vSnfh?
olYtazmfawGvJ aoukefMu\/ rsufvHk;eJY ighudk usdefqJ/

vl&Sif ig;q,fav;vD[m
(nnf;oHatmfoH rMum;&)
0kef;ceJom oufrJh tyHkom
wpfOD;aemuf wpfOD; vJus/
ao&if;&Sifurl oufusm;tdk oabFmom;tay:
vkyfief;pNyD/

0dnmOfawG udk,fu xGufajy;aygh?

okcbHkvm; 'ku©bHkvm;/
0dnmOfwdkif; ighab; jzwfoGm;awmh?
igh'l;av; 0SD;oHtvm;/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    79 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

tydkif; pwkw¬

r*Fvmaqmif{nfhonfu olYudk ewfqdk; igaMumufw,f? oufusm;tdk oabFmom;

pum;ajymonf[k vefYrd\/ ta&wif vufudk? aMumuf&JU/
oif[m &Snfvsm;? ndKrnf;
yifv,fxJ tpif;pif;ES,fuG,fh/

]oifhudk? oifhrsufvHk;0if;udk aMumufw,f?

odkYaomf oufusm;tdkoabFmom;u ndKpG ta&wifvufudky/}
olY½kyfb0&SifaMumif; tmrcHum raMumufeJY? raMumufeJY? r*Fvm{nfh
aMumufzG,ftawGYtBuHKudk qufajymav\/ 'Dudk,f vJvdkY rus/

wpfudk,f? wpfudk,f? wpfudk,fxD;wnf;

us,f0ef;0ef; yifv,fxuf wpfudk,f/
b,f&[EÅmrS roem;?
'ku©a&muf igh0dnmOfudk/

yifv,fowå0gawGudk ol rkef;wD;rd\/ a,mufsm; trsm;? vSyygbd?

olwdkYuawmh &Sif? tm;vHk; vJaoaeMu/
trsm;tjym;rSmrl aoae&onfudk NidKjiifrd\/ acsmusdaumif taxmifaxmifuawmh
&Sifae? igvJ &Sifoy/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    80 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ykyfyGyifv,fudk ig Munfhrd?
rsufvHk;awG vTJypf&?
ykyfyGukef;ywfudk ig Munfhrd?
vlaoawG avsmif;aeMu/

igaumif;uif armhMunfh? qkawmif;Munfh?

qkawmif;oH wGef;xGuf rvmEdkifrD
wD;wdk;oH,kwf xGufvm? igh&JU
ESvHk;udk zkefvdk ajcmufapNyD/

ighrsufvHk;awG ydwf? ydwfvdkY xm;rd?

rsufqHawG aoG;ES,f ckefcJh/
aumif;uifeJY yifv,f? yifv,feJY aumif;uif
ighrsufanmif;xuf 0efES,fwif?
vlaoawG ajc&if;rSmuG,fh/

odkYaomf olaowdkY rsufvHk;rsm;rSm olwdkY vufajcu acR;at; t&nfaysmf?

olYtwGuf usdefpm quf&SifoefcJh/ ykyfvJ rykyf? eHvJ reH/
olwdkY ighukd MunfhwJh rsufESmxm;
ysufjy,f roGm;jyef/

rdbrJh usdefpm tjrifh0dnmOfudk

i&JqD qJGxkwfvmw,f/
tvdk-olaoh rsufvHk; usdefpm
'Dxuf aMumufp&maumif;awmhw,f/
ckESpf&uf ckESpfn 'Dusdefpm ig awGU?
aoyJ raoEdkifw,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    81 
 
armifomEdk;
txD;usefb0? ra&GUrvsm;b0wGif
olonf c&D;vSnfhaeonfh
vudk &yfem;vsuf? a&GUaeaom Mu,fwdkYudk
wrf;wrd\/
ae&mwumwGif rdk;jymBuD;onf olwdkY ydkifeuf?
olwdkY em;cdk&m?olwdkYZmwda'o?
olwdkYobm0t&yf? rajymrqdk 0ifvmMu?
ydkif&Sifrsm;ES,fom? olwdkY a&mufvmí
MunfEl;&onfcsnfh/
va&mifrSm? ork'´&mxJu a'0\ edr®dw
owå0gwdkYudk
olMunfh&IU\/
olwdkYtvS olwdkYokc/
jrefrmhusL;ypf    82
r[muAsm
a&GUvsm;v rdk;ay: wufvdkYvm?
b,frSmrS r&yfbJ/
nifomom wufvdkY vmw,f
Mu,fwpfpif; ESpfpif;eJY/
olYa&mifjcnf yifv,fyludk avSmif
{NyD ESif;azG; ysHUovdk/
oabFmt&dyfBuD; wnf&mrSm
jyKpm;cH a&jyif avmifavyg?
wnfNidrf aMumufzG,f eDoudk/
oabFmt&dyf&JU wpfbufpDrSm
a&ajrGawG ig Munfhrd?
jzLazG;vrf;aMumif; vl;vmaeMu?
ywyf&yf&m? tvif;ykuG
tjzLzwfeJY uGmusbd/
oabFmt&dyf&JU twGif;rSm?
olwdkY0wfpHk0if; ig Munfhrd?
jym? arSmifrnf;pdrf;? uwåDygeuf?
acGMu? ul;Mu? vrf;aMumif;xuf
a&Ta&mifrD; vif;vufbd/
tdk-okcowå0gwdkY b,fvQmrS
olwdkYtvS rajymEdkifwnfh?
ighESvHk;u arwåmprf; azmufxGuf?
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ol olwdkYudk ESvHk;xJu aumif;csD;ay;/ rodbJ ig aumif;csD;ay;rd?

&[EÅmjrwf ighudk oem;NyD
rodbJ ig aumif;csD; ay;rd/

'DawmhrSyJ ig qkawmif;EdkifNyD
jyKpm;csuf jy,fpjyK\/ vGwfuif;uif; ighvnfu
tJvbxa&mhpf jyKwf/ cJES,f
yifv,fxJ xdk;qif;us/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    83 
 
armifomEdk;
r,fawmf\ aus;Zl;aMumifh
oufusm;tdkoabFmom;   Edk;awmh rdk;vmavNyD/
rdk;jzifh vef;qef;&\/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    84
r[muAsm
tydkif; yOör 
tdk tdyfjcif;? El;nHht&may? 
wpf0ef½dk;u wpf½dk; cspfcif? 
bk&ifrrm&Dudk csD;usL;&JU? 
El;nHhtdyfjcif;udk rdk;u ydkYcJh? 
igh0dnmOfxJ pdrfh0if/ 
ukef;ywfay:u a&yHk;tdkawG 
&Sdaewm MumvSNyD/ 
ESif;jynfhukefw,f tdyfrufrufrd/ 
 
 
ighEIwfcrf;pdk? vnfyif;at;? 
ight0wfawG pdk&JT/ 
tdyfrufxJrSm aomufcJhwmyg? 
aomuf&JU ighudk,fuvJ/ 
igvIyf? ajcvufrcHpm;Edkif? 
ayghvGef;ae-tdyf&if;u 
igaocJhum emembm0 
jzpfcJhNyDvdkY xif&/ 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
toHawGMum;&? tjrifqef;awG? rMumrD av[def;oH Mum;&? 
aumif;uifeJY a&ajrxJ  tem;awmh ra&mufvm? 
½kef;&if;qefcwfrIawG jrif&\/  toHeJYyJ yg;vsajcmufaoGY 
  &GufawGudk ol vIyfcg/ 
   
   
   
  tay:av aygufuJG touf0if? 
rD;wHcGefwpf&m 0if;y/ 
  acgufwHkYacgufjyef? okwfajcwifvdkuf? 
  acgufwHkYacgufjyef? 0ifvdkufxGufvdkuf? 
  Mum;rSm Mu,frdSefwdkY uMu/ 
   
   
   
  wdrfrnf;xl uJGtufoGm;? 'gayr,fh 
  olYab;rSmawmhum v/ 
  awmifpGef;jrifhu vTifhxkwfa&ES,f 
tcRefryg vQyfpD; usqif;w,f? 
 
rwf us,f0ef;jrpfy/ 
 
 
 
 
  us,favmifav oabFmqD ra&mufcJh 
  oabFmawmh a&GUavNyD/ 
oabFmom;wdkYtavmif;rsm; touf0ifum  vQyfpD;eJY v&JU atmufrSm 
oabFmquf a&GYvsm;awmh\/  olaowdkY nnf;avNyD/ 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

jrefrmhusL;ypf    85 
 
armifomEdk;
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
olwdkY0dnmOfrsm;vnf;r[kwf? ajrESifh rZÑav
ewfqdk;rsm;vnf; r[kwf?  emusifajy;ol 0dnmOfwdkY r[kwfyg?
udk,fapmifh&[EÅm\ yifhzdwfrIaMumifh
qif;<uvmMuaom 
ewfaumif; ewfjrwf wpfpkomwnf;/ 
 
 
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    86
r[muAsm
nnf;Mu? vIyfMu? tm;vHk;xMu? 
rajym? rsufvHk; ra&GU 
'DolaoawG xwm jrif& 
tdyfrufxJawmif qef;ayh/ 
yJhorm; yJhudkif? oabFm qufESif? 
avnif; wpfcgrQ rMuG? 
oabFmom;ukef BudK;tvkyfp? 
vkyfaeus twdkif;omy/ 
oufrJhBud,mES,f vufajcvIyf? 
aMumufzG,f avSom;pky/ 
ightpfudkom;&JU tavmif;aumif 
ighab;rSm 'l;csif;,SOf/ 
tavmif;eJY ig BudK;wpfBudK; qJGMu? 
ol igwpfcGef; rqdktif/ 
]ig oifhudk aMumuf&JU oabFmom;tdk..} 
Nidrfy? r*Fvm{nfh/ 
olwdkYtavmif;qD jyefvmwm 
 
ewfaumif;wpfoif;yguG,f/ 
 
 
t&kPfusif;awmh vufawG atmufcs 
&GufwdkifrSm 0dkif;pkaygh/ 
oHcsKdrsm; EIwfawGu nifom 
udk,fawGu xGufMuaygh/ 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
  0Jum0Jum oHcsKdysHUoGm;? 
  'Daemuf aeqD ypfvTifh? 
jznf;jznf; toHawG jyefvmMu? 
  ck a&maESm wpfoHcsif;/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  wpfcgwav rdk;ay:u us 
  rdk;aqGiSufaw; Mum;&JU/ 
  wpfcgwav tm;vHk; iSufav;awG 
  yifv,feJY avudk jynfhvsrf;ap? 
  olwdkYtoHcsKdcsKdeJY/ 
   
   
   
ck wl&d,mtpHkwdkYES,f 
 
ck yavGwpfoHrQ 
  ck ewfaumif;ewfjrwfaw;oHrdkY 
  aumif;uifcGif qdwfNidrf&/ 
   
   
   
  &yfaygh? 'gayr,fh &GufawGu 
  rGef;wnfhxd oHomEJGY/ 
  tdyfaysmfawmqD wpfnwmvHk; 
  aw;wpfyk'fom oDwJh 
opf&Gufxlxl ZGefvqDu 
  acsmif;ykef; toHES,fuG,fh/ 
   
   
   
  rGef;wnfhxd wdkY tomvTifhoGm; 
  avnif; wpfcgrS rjzL;/ 
  jznf;aES;nifom oabFm vTifh? 
  atmufu wGef;ydkYyHk xl;/ 
   
   
   
   
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    87 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
  {&matmufrSm udk;vHeufeuf? 
awmif0if&dk;pGef;rS txD;usefewfwpfyg;onf ESif;eJY[dr a'ou 
wrefewftoif;\  ewf cdk;0ifcJhw,f? oabFmudk 
trdefYudk emcHum oabFmudk a&GUapum olyJy/ 
rsOf;aMumif;xd o,fcJh\/  rGef;wnfhrSm &GufwdkY aw;oHqdwf? 
vufpm;acszdkYum; vdkvm;qJyif/  oabFmvJ NidrfoufpG/ 
   
   
   
  &Guftxuf wnfhwnfhu aeu 
ork'´&mxJ &yfapcJh/ 
  wpfrdepftMum vIyf&Sm;jyef? 
  wdkwkwf roufom vIyfyHkeJY 
  olY tvsm;0uf a&SUwdk;aemufiif 
  wdkwkwf roufom vIyfyHkeJY/ 
   
   
   
  'Daemuf cGm,ufjrif; vTwfvdkufovdk 
  jzKef;ceJ ckefawmhom;/ 
ighacgif;xJ aoG;udk ypfvTifhNyD 
 
igrl;arh vJusoGm;/ 
 
 
 
 
 
0if&dk;pGef;ewf\tazmf a&ajrwGif aexdkifí  
rjrif&aom bDvl;wdkYonf  b,favmufMum tJvdk aerdw,f 
olY 'kp&kdufrIwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;Mu\/ ig rajymwwf trSef? 
ESpfOD;om; ajymaeMuonfrSm  ightouf jyef0ifrvmrD 
oufusm;tdk oabFmom;twGuf   Mum;rd? 0dnmOfxJu jrifrd 
avxJu toHESpfoH/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    88 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
&Snfvsm;jyif;xef aemifwtusifhrsm;udk ]olvm;}wJh wpfa,mufu? 'Dvlvm; 
0ef&dk;pGef;ewfodkY csay;vdkufNyD/  um;pifay: qHk;ola&? 
ewfvnf; awmifbufodkY jyefoGm;NyD[l\/  &ufpufav;eJY tJvbxa&mhpfudk 
  ypfcscJhvdkufwmav/ 
   
   
   
  ESif;eJY [dr a'oqDrSm 
wpfudk,fawmfaeol ewfu 
  olYudk av;eJY ypfcGif;wJh vludk 
  cspfwJhiSufudk cspfoy/} 
   
   
   
  aemuftoH ydkrdknHhEk&JU 
  ysm;ESif;&nfvdk nHhEk&JU/ 
  olu ]'Dvl aemifwawmh &NyD 
  aemifw qufOD;r,f}wJh/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
jrefrmhusL;ypf    89 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

tydkif; qXr

yxrtoH

]EdkYajymy? ajymy? qdkygOD;?

nHhEkoH xyfausmhav/
'DoabFm bmaMumifh oavmufjref?
ork'´&m bmvkyfae}

'kwd,toH

]ocifha&SU aus;uRefES,f Nidrfqdwf

ork'´&m av uif;rJh?
awmufyrsufvHk;BuD; wdwfrqHk;
vqD armhxm;ay&JU/

b,fvrf; vdkuf& odvdk[efom/

EkEkMurf;Murf; vrf;nTef&JU?
Munfh? tpfudk? Munfh? wifhw,fvSpGm
olYudk iHkYMunfhaecJh/}

yxrtoH
oabFmom; rifwufrdae\/
ewfwefcdk;aMumifh oabFmrSm vlYb0 ]'DoabFm bmvdkY oavmufjref?
cHEdkifonfxuf jrefpGm ESifaeawmh\/ vIdif;ryg? avrygbJ/}

jrefrmhusL;ypf    90 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'kwd,toH

]avudk a&SUu jzwfvdkufNyD?

aemufu uyfvdkufumyJ/

ysH? tpfudk? ysHvifh? jrifhoxufjrifh/

wdkY aemufusukefvdrfhr,f/
ajy;oxufajy; oabFm ESifawmhr,f?
oabFmom; rifwuf jy,fwJhtcg0,f/}

ig Edk;cJh? wdkY vTifhaecJhMu/

rdk;av nifom[efeJY/
n? Nidrfqdwfn? jrifhay v?
vlaowdkYpk&yfaecJh/
obm0vGef vIyf&Sm;rI &yfcJh/
oabFmom;Edk;vm? aemifw topfpjyefcJh/
tm;vHk; ukef;ywfxuf &yfaeMu?
vlaousif;eJY ydkwefrSm/
ausmufwHk;rsufvHk;eJY igpdkufMunfh?
va&mifxJ wvufvufom/

aopOfu temeJY usdefpm

raysmufuG,fcJhavao;/
ighrsufvHk; vTJz,frypfEdkif?
armhqkawmif;vJ r&ao;/

aemufqHk;wGif usdefpm ausoGm;awmh\/

ckawmh jyKpm;csuf jywf? wpfzef
ork'´&mpdrf; Munfhrd?

jrefrmhusL;ypf    91 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ta0;qD Munfhrd? jrifNyD;om;/

wjcm;[m rjrifrd/

vloluif; vrf;ay:uolES,f?
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefY vSrf;?
wpfcg vSnfhMunfhNyD;aemuf vSrf;jyef?
acgif;udk rvSnfhpwrf;/
od&JU aMumufzG,f o&Jobuf
aemufu uyfvdkufaerSef;/

ighqHyif ighay: avwdkufcwf

toHrJh vIyf&Sm;rIrJh?
olY vrf; yifv,fay:rSm r&Sd?
vIdif;wGefYrJh t&dyfrJh/

ighqHyif vGifh ighyg; av[yf?

aEGOD; jrufcif;avES,f?
igh aMumufpdwfawGeJY aESmyHkqef;?
MunfEl;zG,fawmh aumif;ao;awmhw,f/

jrefjref? jrefjref oabFmajy;?

nifnifomawmh vTifh&JU?
csKdomcsKdom ½dkufcwf avnif;?
ighay:rSmyJ ½dkuf&JU/
oufusm;tdk oabFmom;
Zmwdajrudk jrif&awmh\/
tdk yDwdtdyfruf? wu,fyJ
ig jrifwm rD;jywdkufxdyfvm;/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    92 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

'g ukef;vm;? 'g 0wfausmif;vm;?

'g igh arG;&yfajrvm;/

qdyfurf;aomifay: wdkYarsmaecJh?
idk½Iduf ig qkawmif;aygh?
tdk Edk;yg&ap igha'0?
rEdk;&if tdyfyg&apawmh/

qdyfurf;aomif zefES,fMunfay&JU?
acsmrGwf jyefYjyL;ygvS?
auGUay: va&mif wnf&SdaecJh?
v&JU t&dyfa&my/

ausmufaqmif0if;vuf? 0wfausmif;[mvJ
ausmufaqmifxuf 0if;yjyef/
va&mif[mvJ avwHcGefudk
NidrfqdwfrIxJ pdrfhap[ef/

a'00dnmOfwdkY qdwfNidrftvif;eJY auGUjzLazG;?

taoaumifrsm;xHrS cGmMuum tJ'DxJu xGufum?
yifudk,f tvif;oP²mefjzifh t&dyfrQom oP²mefrsKd;pHk
ay:vmMu\/ MuufaoG;a&mifeJY ay:vm/

avSOD;eJY twefi,ftuGm
,if;MuufaoG;wdkY &Sd&mrSm

jrefrmhusL;ypf    93 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

ukef;ywfqD ig vSnfhMunfhrdawmh
tdk c&pf? jrif&yHkrsm;/

vlao yufvuf? oufrJh yufvuf

tdk vuf0g;uyfwdkifjrwf/
tvif;csnf; vlewfom; wpfOD;pD
tavmif;wpfckrSm &yf/

'Dewfwpfoif; vufa0SY,rf;jy?
aumif;uifqef jrifuGif;om/
ukef;ajrqD tcsufjyae[ef?
jrwfEdk;zG,f vif;a&mif0g/

'Dewfwpfoif; vufa0SY,rf;jy?
toHawmh rjyKw,f/
toHrJhvJ qdwfNidrfrIqif;
ighESvHk;xJ *DwES,f/

rMumrD wufcwfoH igMum;?

rmvdefrSL; atmfoHa&m?
ig acgif;udk vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m?
avS uyfvmwm jrifaygh/

rmvdefrSL;eJY rmvdefrSL;oli,f
tjrefvmwmMum;&?
aumif;uifewfrif;iJh? aoolwdkY
razmufEdkif yDwdy/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    94 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wwd,wpfOD; jrif? toHMum;

olawmf&aohygay/
awmxJrSm ola&;zJGYcJhwJh
ewfaw;awGudk oDae/
igh0dnmOf vTwf? tJvbxa&mhpf
aoG;udk aq;aMumrav/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    95 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

 
 
 
tydkif; owår 
 
 
 
awmaysmf&aohonf 'Dolawmf&aoh awmxJ aysmfarGY 
yifv,fxJ qif;wJh awm/ 
olYoHcsKd us,favmifygbdoeJY? 
a0;&yfvm oabFmom;awGeJY 
pum;qdk arGYaysmfoaum/ 
 
 
 
reufrGef;wnfh? nae 'l;avmuf? 
xdkifzHk yGyG &Sd&JU/ 
vHk;0 arSmfyif zHk;vTrf;aewJh 
0ufopfcs ikwfaqG;uG,fh/ 
 
 
 
avSjref eD;vm? olwdkYtoH Mum;? 
]qef;oa[h? wu,fyJ? 
tcsufjywJh ta&mifaxGaxG 
ck b,fa&mufukefyvJ/} 
 
 
   
oabFmqD csOf;vm? tHhMooGm;\/  ]qef;ayh bk&m;a&} &aohqdkay;? 
]wdkY atmfwmvJ rxl;Mu/ 
  ysOfcsyfawG auG;? &GufawGvJ Munfh? 
  yg;vTm n§Kd;a&mfavpG/ 
  'grsKd;awG rjrifpzl;bl; 
  roum jzpfEdkifwmu/ 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

jrefrmhusL;ypf    96 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
   
  ighawmacsmif;vJ aygavmarsmwJh 
  &Guf½dk;wHndKrsm;yJ/ 
wdkifuyfyifcsKH ESif;eJY av;vHumv 
  0HykavGr om;udk pm;wJh atmufu 
  0HykavGudk ZD;uGuf atmfqJ/} 
   
   
  bk&m;a&? obuftoGif aqmif&JU/ 
  (rmvdefrSL;u jyefajym) 
  ]usKyf aMumufaygh}wJh? ]Budwfvdkuf? Budwf} 
  &aoh &Tifjyjyefaum/ 
   
   
oabFmem; avSuyfvdkY vmcJh 
 
ig rqdk? rvIyf&G? 
  avS oabFmatmufuyfvdkYvmcJh? 
  jAKef;qdk toH Mum;&/ 
   
   
oabFm ½kwfw&uf epfoGm;\/  a&atmufrSm awmfvnf; jrnf[def;oGm;? 
  ydkus,f? ydkaMumufzG,f jzpf? 
  oabFmqD a&muf? auGUudkcJGjcrf;? 
  cJES,f oabFm jrKyfepf/ 
   
   
oufusm;tdk oabFmom;udk rdk;eJY ork'f &dkufcJGwJh aMumufzG,f 
rmvdefrSL;avSxJ u,fq,f&\/  toHus,faMumifh arharsm? 
  ckESpf&uf a&epfaeolES,f 
ighudk,f arsmcJh aygavm/ 
  tdyfrufES,f jref rmvdefrSL;&JU 
  avSxJ ig a&mufoaum/ 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
jrefrmhusL;ypf    97 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
  oabFm epfjrKyfwJh 0JtxufrSm 
  avS csmvnf csmvnfy? 
tm;vHk; Nidrfum? awmifukef;om 
  toH&JU om"u/ 
 
 
 
 
  ig EIwfcrf;vIyf? rmvdefrSL; atmf? 
  arharsm vJusoGm;aygh? 
  &aohjrwf rsufvHk;awG yifhum 
  xdkif&mu qkawmif;aygh/ 
   
   
  ig wuf,l? rmvdefrSL; csmwdwf 
csmcsmvnf &l;oGm;&JU/ 
 
oHus,f tMumBuD; &,farm? wpfcsdefvHk; 
  rsufvHk;awG [dk'DeJY? 
  ][m;-[m;? ckrS od&awmhw,f 
  o&J avSavSmfwwfom;}wJh/ 
   
   
  ckawmh ighwdkif;jynf&if;rSmyJ 
  ajrrmay: igh&yfxm;/ 
  &aoh avSay:u vSrf;wufvm? 
&yfyif r&yfEdkiftm;/ 
 
 
 
oufusm;tdk oabFmom;  
&aohudk tjypfajzay;zdkY ]tdkvTwfy vTwfy? t&Sifjrwf} 
tEl;tnGwf awmif;yef\/  &aoh ezl; Muufajccwf/ 
b0wm qif;&Jtusifh usawmh\/  ]jrefjref ajymprf;}wJh? ]ajymprf; 
rif; b,fvdk vlZmwf/} 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    98 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
   
  'DwGif igudk,f emusifqif;&J 
  qJGvdrf cH&awmhum? 
ighZmwfvrf; pwif&awmhw,f 
  'DawmhrS ig oufom/ 
 
 
 
xdkrSpum olYtem*wfwpfavQmufvHk;  
'Duwnf;u ra&&mwpfcsdef 
emusifrIwpfcku 
emusifrI jyefvmpwrf;? 
olYtm; wpfjynfrS wpfjynf vSnfhvnfap\/ 
ighvefYzG,f Zmwfvrf; rajymrcsif; 
  txJrSm ESvHk; avmifuRrf;/ 
   
   
  nES,f? wpfajrrS wpfajr ig vSnfh/ 
  tajympGrf;xl; ig&/ 
  rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&&ifyJ 
  'Dvl em;axmif&r,f odwmyJ? 
olYudk ighZmwf ajymjy/ 
 
   
   
wHcg;u toHus,f aygufuJG 
  r*Fvm{nfhawG a&mufaygh? 
  NcHyif&dyfrSm owdkYorD;eJY 
  tysKd&HwdkY aw;ausmh/ 
  naeacgif;avmif;o Hem;qify 
  0wfjyKzdkY igh ac:aygh/ 
   
   
  r*Fvm{nfhiJh? 'D0dnmOf[m 
yifv,fus,fxuf wpfudk,fwnf;? 
  acgiforS a'0awmif &Sdr,f 
  rxif&wJhae&myJ/ 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
jrefrmhusL;ypf    99 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

   
   
   
   
  tdk r*FvmyJGxuf om,m 
  ighzdkY om,mvGef;pG/ 
tazmfaumif;awGeJY twl 
  0wfausmif;qD vSrf;&wmy/ 
 
 
 
 
  0wfausmif;qD twlvSrf;Muum 
  twl qkawmif;Muay? 
  zcifjrwfudk udk,fpD nGwfwGm; 
  tbdk;tdk? uav;i,f? cspfaqGrsm;? 
  vkvif vHkracsmawG/ 
   
   
rdrdudk,fawGYjzifh a'0zefqif;í cspfaom cGJpdkY? cGJpdkY? rifhudk 'gawmh
t&mtm;vHk;udk  igajym&JU? r*Fvm{nfh?
cspfcifav;jrwfzdkY oGefoifav\/  vl&,f? iSuf&,f? om;aumif&,f
cspfrS qkawmif;rnf&JU/
 
 
  BuD;i,fr[lvdk tm;vHk;udk 
  cspfrS qkawmif;jrwfw,f/ 
  wdkYudkcspfwJh a'0[mvJ 
  tm;vHk;zefqif;-cspfw,f/ 
   
   
  oabFmom; rsufvHk;awmufy 
tdkrif; rkwfqdwfjzLqGwf 
  oGm;NyD/ r*Fvm{nfhvJ tck 
  owdkYom; wHcg;vSnfhvwf/ 
   
 
  rSifwufrdolyrm olY[ef 
  aMuuJGpdwfeJYomy/ 
  ydkvGrf; ydk ynm&Sdvmol 
aemufaeY reufrSm x/ 
 
 
 
q,fjrL&,f awvm udk;v&pf 

jrefrmhusL;ypf    100 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

1/ >yefESpfckyg avrIwfwl&d,m wpfrsKd;

2/ bJajcESifh yifv,fiSufjzLBuD;wpfrsKd;

3/ nae 0wfjyKcsdef

aemufqufwGJ

armifomEdk;bmomjyefwJh
abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf

uRefawmf trSwfxm;rdoavmuf ajym&&if qdkAD,uf pmayr*¾Zif;[m tESpfESpfq,ftwGif;

uAsmq&m rm,maumhzpuD;&JU arG;aeYudk *kPfjyKxkwfa0cJhwm ESpfBudrf&Sdygw,f/
yxrtBudrf 1963 trSwf 7? rm,maumhzpuD; tESpf 70 jynfharG;aeY txdrf;trSwf/
'kwd,tBudrf 1983 trSwf 6? rm,maumhzpuD; tESpf 90 jynfh arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf/
'DqdkAD,uf pmayr*¾Zif; ESpftkyfvHk;[m rm,maumhzpuD;&JU emrnfausmf ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf}
udk azmfjyjcif; rjyKEdkifcJhMubl;/
uAsmuyJ &SnfvGef;vdkYvm;/ em;vnfzdkY cufcJvGef;vdkYvm;/ twåqefvGef;vdkYvm;/ tcspfuAsm
jzpfaewmaMumifhrdkYvm;/
'guawmh um,uH&Sif t,f'DwmawGom odMu&r,fh udpöygyJ/
rm,maumhzpuD;qdkwJh 'D½k&Sm;uAsmq&m[m 1893 rSm arG;NyD; 1930 rSm uG,fvGefcJhavawmh
vlYjynfrSm 37 ESpfxdom touf&SifcGifh &cJhayr,fhvJ olU&JU vkyfaqmifcsufawGu trsm;BuD;/ uAsm?
jyZmwfeJY ZmwfnTef; awmfawmf rsm;ygw,f/ wjcm; yef;csD? umwGef;? ydkpwmawGvJ ygao;w,f/
taumif;qHk;? txl;jcm;qHk;? touft0ifqHk; vkyfaqmifcJhwmuawmh puf½HkawG? jynfolYtm;upm;½HkBuD;awG?

jrefrmhusL;ypf    101 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wuúodkvfawG? ausmif;awGrSm olY&JU uAsmawGeJY &Gwfqdkpnf;½Hk;cJhwmjzpfw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if

uAsm&GwfqdkrIudk urÇmrSm ]yGJ[def;} ypfvdkufwm twdkif;wdkif; tEdkifEdkifiHu uAsmq&mawG ai;arm
Munfh&avmufatmif ausmfa&myghyJ/
uAsmq&meJY Nynfol? jynfoleJY uAsmq&mMum; qufpyfrIaygif;ul;wHwm;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhwJh
wu,fhtEkynm tif*sifeD,mynm&Sif[m rm,maumhzpuD;jzpfw,fvdkY ajym&if 'Dpum; rydkygbl;/
[def;xaewJh 'DuAsmq&m&JU uAsmawG jrefrmpmayavmuxJ a&mufwm aemufusvGef;w,f/
1968 rSmxkwfwJh ]xif;½l;&dyf} pmtkyfxJrSm rm,maumhzpuD;udk yxrqHk;tBudrf armifomEdk;u
rdwfqufay;cJhw,f/
]igwdkYcsDwufyGJ} eJY ]twåvefwdwfork'´&m} uAsm ESpfyk'fudk bmomjyefNyD; wifjycJhw,f/
pmrsufESmrsm;rsm; ray;Edkifavawmh wjcm; uAsmaumif;awG rygEdkifcJhbl;/
]tdkufz,farQmfpifeJY pum;ajymjcif;? yg&DNrdKUol? ykoQuif *sLbvD? usKyf&JU
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHul;vufrSwf? &JabmfeufodkY? ul;Zeufjynfolrsm;? b&GwfuvifwHwm;? uAsmq&m
qm*sD,JqJeif? tjrwfcGef0efaxmufeJY uAsmtaMumif; aqG;aEG;jcif;? vDeif? abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} pwJh
uAsmawG[m rm,maumhzpuD;&JU pmayudk avhvm&if rzwfrjzpfwJh uAsmawGvdkY qdkcsifygw,f/
'DuAsmawGteufu bmomjyef q&morm;rsm;&JU aumif;rIaMumifh wcsKdUuAsmawG
jrefrmpmayavmuxJ 0ifa&mufvdkY vmygNyD/
]tjrwfcGef0efaxmufESifh uAsmtaMumif; pum;ajymjcif;} (armifomEdk; bmomjyef?
½Ia'gifh*sme,f)
]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} (armifomEdk; bmomjyef? ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm 1990 Mo*kwf)
]b&Gwfuvif wHwm;} (armifopfwnf bmomjyef? &eHopf 1988 Zlvdkif)

armifopfwnfu t*FvdyfbmomrSwqifh jyefw,f/ ½dk;w,f? &Sif;w,f? omref pmzwfy&dowf

em;vnfvG,fw,f/ pum;ajy qefw,f/
armifomEdk;u ½k&Sm;rS wdkuf½dkufjyefw,f/ cufw,f? vSw,f? ynm&Sifqefw,f/ rl&if; uAsm
yHkoP²mef? pmvHk;ta&twGuf? &pforf? um&efrdatmif vufpGrf;ukefvkyfw,f/
'Dq&morm; ESpfOD;pvHk;[m jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfawG rm,maumhzpuD;udk zwfEdkifzdkY
apwemxm;&mrSmawmh tifrwef xufoefMuw,f/
armifomEdk;&JU ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} bmomjyef[m yxrtBudrf aq;-2 r*¾Zif;rSm azmfjycJhw,f/
'kwd,tBudrf (1981) olY&JU pmayoifwef;om;rsm;twGuf oD;oefY ½dkufESdyfcJhw,f/
wwd,tBudrfuawmh 1990Mo*kwfvxkwf ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm r*¾Zif;rSmygyJ/
'g ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} &JU yHkESdyfordkif; tusOf;csKyf jzpfygw,f/
wpfckaom oBuFeftcg(ouú&mZf rrSwfrd/ rSwfrdwmu armifomEdk; rdef;r r&ao;)
armifomEdk;&,f? wuúodkvf armifapmvGif&,f? uRefawmfwdkY oHk;a,mufom; ppfudkif;awmif q&mawmf
a&Tudkif;om;&JU tEk½k'¨gacsmifrSm ntdyf? reuf yDyDvif;awmh y&uúracsmifu tp awmiftESH
acsmiftESHvnfNyD; rEÅav;buf ul;cJhMuw,f/ udkapmvGiftdrfa&mufawmh yJykyfaphavSmfeJY

jrefrmhusL;ypf    102 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

wdkY&Srf;rvufzufajcmufESyf tzef&nfwpftdk;eJY rEÅav;aEGudk tE¦KAvjyKMu&w,f/ pm;yGJay:rSm armifomEdk;

vufaqmifay;xm;wJh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} uAsmpmtkyfuav;/
]uJ .... udkomEdk; uAsm&GwfAsm}
rqdkif;rwGygbJ pmtkyfudkifNyD; armifomEdk;[m ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} udk &Gwfygavawmhw,f/
udkapmvGif b,fvdk cHpm;rdovJawmh rajymwwf uRefawmfawmhjzifh MuufoD; wzsef;zsef;/
uAsmoHpOfvIyf&Sm;rIeJY armifomEdk;&JU atmifjrifcefYnm;wJhtoH? rmefarmufwJh [ef[m
wpfom;wnf;? wpfxyfwnf;/
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfajymcsifwmu armifomEdk;&JU ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} bmomjyef[m
&pforfygw,f? um&efygw,f? tpyft[yf? tjzwft&yf? twuftqif;? tedrfhtjrifh? toHtwdkt&Snf
olYae&meJYol txmusus bmomjyefxm;wmrdkY &GwfqdkvdkY&w,fqdkwJh taMumif;ygyJ/
'DuAsm&JU rl&if;acgif;pOfu ]13 yg;ajrmufom0u} jzpfw,f/ aemufawmh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf}
vdkY jyifqifvdkuf&w,f/
tydkif;av;ydkif;udk a<u;aMumfoHav;rsKd;eJY cGJa&;xm;w,f/ tcsKyfuawmh aiG aiG aiG ....
wpfaiGwnf; aiGaewJh Zmbk&ifacwf blZGmvlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;xJrSm vlom;wefzdk;udk *kPf"eaywHeJY
,SOfxdk;MunfhaewJh tcgrsKd;? rdef;rysKdav; wpfa,muf&JU cspfwHkjyefrIudk r&vdkufwJh uAsmq&m[m olYacwf&JU
tEkynm? olYacwf&JU tawG;tac:? olYacwf&JU tcspfeJY tdrfaxmifa&; zGJUpnf;rIawGtm;vHk;udk
pufqkyf½GH&Smrkef;wD;rItjynfh? rD;vQH[kef;[kef;awmufaewJh ESvHk;om;eJY wtm;atmf[pfvdkufwmyJ jzpfw,f/
]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} [m rm,maumhzpuD;eJY rm&D,mwdkY&JU tcspfZmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvdkY ajym&ifvJ
&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pdwful;,Ofawmh r[kwfbl;/
*smrefuAsmq&m *nfxnf[m a&S;acwfu &SdcJhwJh tvSbk&ifr [,fvif&JU 0dnmOfudk yOövufeJY
ac:,lNyD; olYZmwfaumif azmpfwfudk cspfa&;qdkapum erf;apcJhw,f/ rm,maumhzpuD;&JU tcspfu
'grsKd;r[kwfbl;/
aoG;xJom;xJ oHpl;0ifaewJh tcspfrsKd;/
'gaMumifh ]ighbGwfzdeyfu oHrIdu *nfxnf&JU pdwful;,Ofxuf xrif;vHk;wapä qefao;oy} vdkY
a&;zGJUcJhwmjzpfw,f/
uAsmq&m urÇmausmfvmNyDqdkawmh olYuAsmu &nfnTef;zGJUqdkcJhwJh Zmwfvdkufraumifrav;udk
r&ru vdkuf&SmMuwm[m pmayokawoDwdkY&JU tvkyfygyJ.
tJ'Dawmh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} &JU Zmwfvdkufr rm&D,m[m b,folvJ/ ar;cGefawG
yvHkpDvmw,f/ tajz&zdkY &SmMuazGMuayghav/
rm,maumhzpuD; aoNyD; &mpk0uf ausmfvmwJhtcgarG;aeY 90 jynfh txl;xkwf
qdkAD,ufpmayr*¾Zif; (1983) xJrSm topfawGU&Sdcsuf ]Mo'JqmrSm jzpfysufcJhw,f} qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJY
rm,maumhzpuD; cspfcJh&wJh rm&D,m[m b,folvJqdkwm cdkifcdkifrmrm azmfxkwfwifjyEdkifcJhw,f/
rm,maumhzpuD;&JU rdwfaqG umrefpuD; uG,fvGefawmh rSwfwrf;0if pm&Gufpmwrf;
tajrmuftjrm; usef&pfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awGxJu rm,maumhzpuD;&JU b0eJY ywfoufNyD;
ta&;BuD;wJhpmESpf&GufawGU&w,f/
wpf&Gufu rm,maumhzpuD; udk,fwdkifqGJcJhwJh ]rm&D,m 'ifeDqdkzm} qdkwJh aumifrav; yHkygyJ/
uAsmq&mqdkayr,fh yef;csDtEkynmoifausmif;vJ wufcJholqdkawmh yHkwlyef;csD aumif;aumif;
jrefrmhusL;ypf    103 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

qGJEdkifygw,f/ tJ'Dpm&GufxJrSm ]rm&D,m 'ifeDqdkzm} udk cspfwJhtaMumif; vQKdU0SufpmvHk;awGeJYvJ

a&;cJhao;w,f/ 'gudk okawoDu xkwfazmfwifjyvdkufw,f/
vQKdU0SufpmvHk;awGxJrSm odkodyfodrf;qnf;xm;wJh rm,maumhzpuD;&JU tcspf[m
]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} (tcef;-4) rSm yGifhtef,dkpD;vmygawmhw,f/
½kyf0g'D uAsmq&mwpfa,muf&JU tcspfbGJUqdkayr,fh wpfrsKd;wpfbmom vSw,f/
uAsm&SnfBuD;xJu 'Dtydk'fawG[mjzifh oD;jcm;uAsmwpfyk'f(episode)vdk zwf½IcHpm;vdkY&w,f/
[m;bwfrm&S,f&JU t*Fvdyf bmomjyefaumif;ovdk armifomEdk;&JU jrefrmbmomjyefvJ aumif;wmtrSefyJ/

rm&D,m? wdk;cJhprf;yg/
0wfvpfpvpf t&SufrJhrI
aMumuf&GHU&GHU wkef&DrIwdkYeJY?
rif;EIwfcrf;wdkY&JU yef;OD;racR&ao;wJh ESpfvdkzG,fudk ay;y/
ighESvHk;om;[m wpfcgrS arvtxd rae&cJh?
aecJhzl;orQ b0rSmvJ
&SdcJh&JU {NyDwpf&mrQ/

rm&D,m/
uAsmq&m[m wsmemtzdkY aqmeJwfawGoDcJhw,f/
iguawmh-
aoG;om;eJY vHk;0?
vHk;0vlom;rQ-
rifhudk,fum,oufoufudk awmif;w,f?
c&pf,mefawG awmif;MuovdkES,f
],aeYtzdkY pm;p&mtpmudkvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlyg/}

rm&D,m-ay;awmh/

rm&D,m/
rifhemrnfudk arhoGm;rSm igpdk;w,f?
n&JU 'ku©xJ arG;zGm;vmcJhNyD;
BuD;jrwfrIt&m
bk&m;ocifudk wkyEdkifwJh pum;wpfvHk;udk
arhoGm;rSm uAsmq&m pdk;ovdkrsKd;/
rifhudk,fcE¨mudk
igapmifha&Smufr,f-cspfr,f
ppfyJGrSm
usKd;jywfcJh&wJh? vdkolrJhwJh
ydkifolrJhwJh
ppfom;[m
olY&JU wpfacsmif;wnf; ajcaxmufudk
apmifha&SmufovdkrsKd;/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    104 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

rm&D,m&JU cE¨mudk,fav; oufoufudkom cspfw,fvdkY qdkvdkufayr,fh &r®ufoufouf

r[kwfygbl;/ wdkufyGJrSm ajcaxmuf wpfacsmif;jywfcJh&wJh ppfom;[m usefajcaxmufwpfacsmif; tay:rSm
b0BuD;wpfckvHk; wnfrSD&awmhr,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;/ b0vHk;yHkNyD; cspfwJhtcspfudk ]ajcwpfzufjywf} edrdwfyHkeJY
wifpm;NyD;oHk;vdkufwmuawmh awmfvSefa&;rkefwdkif;c&D;Murf;xJ jzwfoef;cJh&wJh uAsmq&mwpfa,muf
yDoygayw,f/
'gayr,fh 'DedrdwfyHkudk rm,maumhzpuD; tvG,fwuleJY &cJhwm r[kwfygbl;/ ESpf&ufvHk;vHk;
rem;raepOf;pm;NyD;rS &cJhwmyg/
]uAsm b,fvdka&;ovJ} qdkwJh rm,maumhzpuD;&JY aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fxJrSm ....
]txD;usefvlwpfa,mufu oljrwfEdk;wJh rdef;rysKdtay: xm;tyfwJh olYMuifemrIudk azmfjyzdkY
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;&Smvdkufwm ESpf&ufwdkifygava&m ....
wwd,n acgif;cJNyD; tdyf&m0ifcJh&w,f? bmrS r&bl;/ oef;acgif,Husawmh zswfceJ 'Dyg'ydk'fudk
&w,f/
]rifhudk,fcE¨mudk
igapmifha&Smufr,f-cspfr,f
ppfyJGrSmusKd;jywfcJh&wJh? vdkolrJhwJh
ydkifolrJhwJh
ppfom;[m
olY&JUwpfacsmif;wnf;ajcaxmufudk
apmifha&SmufovdkrsKd;/}

'DwGif Edk;wpf0ufeJY uRefawmf xckefw,f/ tarSmifxJrSm prf;w0g;0g;eJY pD;u&ufbl;cGHay:

rD;jcpfqHacgif;uRrf;eJY ]ajcwpfacsmif;} vdkY a&;rSwfNyD; wpfcgjyeftdyfaysmfoGm;jyefw,f/ reufvif;awmh
bmajcaxmufvJ? 'Dajcaxmufudk b,fvdka&;rdwmvJ qdkwmudk jyefay:atmifpOf;pm;wmudku
ESpfem&DMumoGm;ygw,f} wJh/
'gaMumifhrdkY
]n&JU 'ku©xJ arG;zGm;vmcJhNyD;
BuD;jrwfrIt&m
bk&m;ocifudk wkyEdkifwJh pum;wpfvHk;udk
arhoGm;rSm uAsmq&m pdk;ovdkrsKd;}
vdkY ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} rSm rm,maumhzpuD; a&;zGJUcJhwm jzpfw,f/
'Daqmif;yg;rSm ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} &JU bmomjyefordkif;udk iJhapmif; Munfhcsifao;w,f/ 1915
rm,maumhzpuD; ½koQbmomeJY a&;cJhwJh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} udk [m;bwfrm&S,fu
t*FvdyfbmomjyefqdkNyD; 1942 twGif; t*FvefrSm xkwfa0cJhw,f/ 'Daemuf 1955? tdE´d,rSm yHkESdyfjyefw,f/
a'g&d,ef a&mhbwfwif&JU t*Fvdyfbmomjyefu 1972 rSmrS qdkAD,ufrSm xkwfa0cJhwm jzpfw,f/
armifomEdk;&JU jrefrmbmomjyefudk (1969 uwnf;u jyefqdkxm;ayr,fh) jyifqif
wnf;jzwfxkwfa0Edkifwmu 1981 twGif;vdkY qdkw,f/
xkwfa0rItydkif;rSm [m;bwfrm&S,feJY a'g&d,ef a&mhbwfwifu ESpfaygif; 30 uGmw,f/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    105 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

[m;bwfrm&S,feJY armifomEdk;u ESpfaygif; 40 eD;yg;/

a'g&d,ef a&mhbwfwif&JU t*Fvdyfbmomjyef[m [m;bwfrm&S,f&JU t*Fvdyfbmomjyefudk
wcsKdUae&mrSm enf;,lygw,f/ txl;ojzifh t*Fvdyfbmompum; a&G;cs,foHk;EIef;&mrSmyg/
'Let the flags flutter in a fury of cannon-fire,
Like in all respectable holiday-rites,
Lamp-posts raise yet higher
The bloody carcases of parasites. ([m;bwfrm&S,f&JU rl)

Lamp posts, come on, hoist them higher,

Shop-keepers' bloody bodies,
For flags to flutter in the fever of fire
As befitting proper holidays. (a'g&d,ef a&mhbwfwif&JU rl)

Flag, flutter, fury, fire ([m;bwfrm&S,f)

Flag, flutter, fever, fire (a'g&d,ef a&mhbwfwif)

armifomEdk;uvJ 'Dtydk'fudk aMumif;a&wl um&efwleJY uAsmrIygatmif bmomjyefvdkufygw,f/

[m;bwfrm&S,f&JU cannom-fire a&m a&mhbwfwif&JU fever of fire a&m? ESpfckpvHk;ygEdkifatmif
BudK;pm;xm;wm awGY&w,f/
]avsmfuefwJh yGJaeYwdkif;rSmvdk
tvHawGypfazmufoH tzsm;&SdefeJY
wvlvlvGifhapzdkY
pyg;ukefonfawG&JU
aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; tavmif;awGudk
ajrmufajrmufuav; ajr§mufay;Muprf;?
"mwfrD;wdkifwdkY/}
wu,fawmh ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} [m t*Fvdyf bmomjyefrSma&m? jrefrm bmomjyefrSmyg
em;vnfzdkYcufwm trSefygyJ/ jynfhjynhf00cHpm;EdkifzdkYqdkwm oabmaygufrI ygrSvnf; jzpfwJhudpörsKd;
r[kwfvm;/

Oyrmjy&&if tcef;(3)u –
]wHawG;axG;cH a*gva*go om;xuf
Am&AÁudk ESpfoufydkMujyefNyDyJ/}

jrefrmhusL;ypf    106 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

uJ pmzwfolrdwfaqG/ 'DpmaMumif;udk b,fvdkem;vnf cHpm;rdygovJ/ rdwfaqG]awG}aea&maygh/

c&pf,ef wpfa,mufqdk&ifawmh or®musrf;pmeJYvJ eD;pyfr,f/ trSwftom;vJ &Sdr,fqdk&if 'Dtydk'fudk
em;vnf½Hkoufoufawmh em;vnfEdkifygw,f? 'gawmif rcHpm;Edkifao;bl;/

]a*gva*goom;} qdkwm om;oli,fudk ajymwmr[kwfbl;/ a*gv a*got&yfu vl (Man of

Golgotha) udk qdkvdkwm/
'gjzifh ]a*gva*goom;} [m b,folvJ/ a,½Ic&pfawmfaygh/ bmvdkY olYudk ]a*gva*goom;}
vdkY ac:wmvJ/
]udk,fawmfonf rdrdvuf0g;uyfwdkifudk xrf;vsuf OD;acgif;cGH t&yf[lí wGifaom t&yfodkY
xGufawmfrl\/ xdkt&yfum; a[NAJpum;tm;jzifh a*gva*go trnf&Sd\/
(&Sifa,m[ef c&pf0if 19;17)

tJ'D a*gva*go (OD;acgif;cGH) t&yfrSm? a,½Ic&pfawmfudk ½dkufESufn§if;qJ wHaxG;eJYaxG; vufudk

oHrIdpGJjyD; um;pifwifxm;w,f/ trSefw&m;udk udkifpGJwJh opöm&Sif yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,muf? tarSmifvTrf;wJh
acwfwpfacwfrSm tJ'Dvdk cHpm;cJh&w,f/
]Am&AÁ}? oluaum b,folvJ? bmvJ/ vlqdk; vlrdkuf "m;jy vlowform;BuD;
wpfa,mufjzpfw,f/ a,½Ic&pfawmf&SdwJh tusOf;axmifxJrSm olvJ &mZ0wfom;wpfOD;tjzpf
a&mufaew,f?
]ydvwfrif;onf a,½Iudk rvTwf? Am&AÁudk vTwfapjcif;iSm ,pfya&m[dwftBuD;wdkYonf
vltpkta0;udk EId;aqmfMu\/} (&Sifrmuk c&pf0if 15;11)

a,½Ic&pfawmfudk rvTwfbJ 'D&mZ0wfom; vlrdkufBuD; (Barabbas) udk tusOf;axmifuae

vTwfay;vdkufMuw,f/
'gaMumifh
]wHawG;axG;cH a*gva*goom;xuf Am&AÁudk ESpfoufydkMujyefNyDyJ} qdkwJh rm,maumhzpuD;&JU
tzGJUtEGJU[m olYacwf&JU rw&m;rI? opömrJhrI? azmufjyefrItm;vHk;udk jypfwif½IwfcszdkY
toHukefatmf[pfvdkufwmjzpfw,f/
rm,maumhzpuD;[m tawG;tac:rSm ½kyf0g'? uAsmrSm tem*gwf0g'jzpfayr,fhvJ c&pf,mef
or®musrf;pmudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif avhvmcJh[efwlw,f/
xJxJ0if0if&Sdw,f/
]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} rSm or®musrf;pmxJu Oyrm OypmeJY edygwfZmwfvrf;awGudk
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xkwfEIwf oHk;pGJxm;w,f/
]um;pifwifMu
olYudk um;pifwifMu}
]awmfvSefa&;&JU ql;o&zludk aqmif;wJhum}

jrefrmhusL;ypf    107 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

]ESvHk;om;ukd rsufvHk;awGeJY pm;avaygh

r,fawmfrd}
]rm*kwdkY&JU pl;prf;wwfwJh qHjzLazG;}
]omreftusqHk; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfrSm
q,fhoHk;a,mufajrmuf om0u}
]arG;vdrfh a,½Ic&pfawmf[m
igh0dnmOf&JU rarhwJhEdkifyef;rsm;udk}
]ñdSK;vsvs &Sifayw½kawmifrS}
]NyD;aumif;uifrSm ]{0} uav;awG
ae&mcsjyefOD;pdkY}
]teEÅ wefcdk;awmf&Sif? vuftpHkudk
cifAsm;wDxGifcJh}
]tBudrfwpfaxmifrQ [Jh½k'f&JUorD; aeu
AwådZH q&m&JU OD;acgif;
urÇmajrudk 0dkif;ywfuvdrfhruGJU}
pwJh tydk'fawG[m or®musrf;pmu jzpfygw,f/
'DuAsmq&m[m or®musrf;pmrSm ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif xJxJ0if0if&Sdw,fvdkY apmapmu
uRefawmfajymcJhayr,fhvJ rm,maumhzpuD; taumuft,lvGJoGm;wJh pum;wpfvHk;udk awGUvdkuf&w,f/
rm,maumhzpuD;&JUtaumuft,lvGJrItwdkif; bmomjyefq&m ESpfOD;jzpfMuwJh armifomEdk;eJY
a'g&d,efa&mhbwfwif wdkYuvJ vdkufavQmufMuw,f/ [m;bwfrm&S,fuawmh wrsKd;aumuf,lw,f/

tJ'DpmvHk;uawmh ]a[½k&JUorD;} (Herod's daughter) qdkwJh toHk;tEIef;ygyJ/ wu,fu

AwådZHq&m &Sifa,m[ef&JU OD;acgif;jywfBuD;udk 0dkif;ywfuwJh rdef;ri,f[m emrnf&if;u ]pvdkrD}
(Salome)? olYtrdu ]a[a&m'd} (Herodiads)? olYtazu ]a[½k'fzdvdyÜ} (Herod-philip) ?
olYyaxG;u ]a[½k'ftEÅdy} (Herod Antipas) qdkwJh *gvdvJ bk&ifjzpfw,f/

or®musrf;pmtvdkt& AwådZHq&m &Sifa,m[ef (St John) &JU OD;acgif;udkjzwfNyD;

owfypfcsifwJholU ]a[a&m'd} yJjzpfw,f/ taMumif;&Sdw,fav/ a[a&m'd[m yxr a[½k'fzdvdyÜeJY
vufxyfw,f/ orD;av; pvdkrDudk arG;w,f/ aemuf uGm&Sif;jywfpJNyD; bk&ifjzpfaewJh nDawmf
a[½k'gtEdÅyudk jr§LNyD;,lw,f/ NyD;awmh a[a&m'd[m a[½k'ftEdÅy&JU wlrvJ awmfw,fqdkawmh 'g[mjzifh
*sL;xHk;pHusifh0wfw&m;udk azmufzsufrIjzpfw,f/ jynfoltrsm;u rESpfNrdKMubl;/ uefYuGufMuw,f/ 'DwGif
AwådZHq&m &Sifa,m[efu 'Drdbk&m;udk t&mcs uGm&Sif;jywfpJzdkY awmif;qdkw,f/ jynfoludkvJ
a[majympnf;½Hk;w,f/
a[a&m'du &Sifa,m[efudk NidK;vdkufrkef;vdkufyHku rdk;udkNzdKcsypfr,fqdkwJh twdkif;ygyJ/
&Sifa,m[efukd axmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;vdkufw,f/ owfawmh rowf&JMuao;bl;/ bmaMumifhqdkawmh
&Sifa,m[ef[m *sL;jynfolwdkY&JU yka&mzwfBuD;udk;/
wpfaeYawmh a[½k'frif;&JU yGJobifrSm pvdkrD uw,f/ rdef;ri,f&JU tvSeJY tuudk
pdwfawmfwdrf;nTwfoGm;awmh ]oifvdkwJh qkudk awmif;? igay;r,f} vdkY a&TcGef;awmf rdefYygava&m/

jrefrmhusL;ypf    108 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

pvdkrD[m trdjzpfol a[a&m'dqDoGm;NyD; bmqkudk awmif;&rvJ r,fawmfvdkY ar;awmh

AwåZHq&m&Sifa,m[ef&JU acgif;udk jzwfNyD;ay;oem;ygvdkYawmif;? tJovdk oifMum;ay;vdkufw,f/
a[½k'frif;vJ raeomawmhbJ vufr&GHUawGac:NyD; &Sifa,m[ef&JU acgif;udk jzwfcdkif;&awmhw,f/
pvdkrD[m qktjzpf&wJh 'Dacgif;jywfBuD;ukd ywfNyD; uawmhwmygyJ/

"A thousand times will the sun-Herods's daughter-dance round the

globe-the Baptist's head"
(a'g&d,efa&mhbwfwif rl)
]tBudrfwpfaxmifrQ [J½k'f&JU orD;aeu
AwådZH q&m&JUOD;acgif;
urÇmajrudk 0dkif;ywf uvdrfhruGJU?}
(armifomEdk; rl)

"As the sun round the earth,

dances Salome,
Endlessly
Circling
The head of the Beptist."
([m;bwfrm&S,f rl)

]ae urÇmudk ywfovdk?

pvdkrD[m
AwådZHq&m&JU OD;acgif;udk
0dkif;ywfum
tqHk;rJh uvdrfhruGJU/}

vdkY [m;bwfrm&S,frlu t"dyÜm,f&ygw,f/

vdk&if;ajymcsifwmu ]a[½k'forD;} qdkwJhpum;tpm; ]a[a&m'd&JU orD;} (Herodias's

daughter) qdkwJh pum;vHk;u ydkNyD; toifhavsmfqHk; taumif;qHk; jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
armifomEdk;[m ]abmif;bD0wfrdk;wdrf} udk ½koQu wdkuf½dkufjyefw,f/ ñdSEdIif;zdkY
vuf&if;txm;qHk;u [m;bwfrm&S,f&JU rl/ olY jrefrmbmomjyefawGudk wjcm;rlawGeJY
,SOfMunfhvdkufwJhtcg [m;bwfrm&S,frludk ]waomifvHk;} vdkufcJhwm rsm;w,f/
'D ]a[½k'f&JU orD;} jyefqdk&mrSmawmh a&mhbwfwif&JU rludk ,lw,f/ ½koQ rl&if;eJY
eD;pyfvdkYxifyg&JU/ [m;bwfrm&S,fuvJ ]a[½k'f&JU orD;} tpm; bmaMumifh ]pvdkrD} udk ,lwmvJ/ ]pvdkrD}
emrnfuvJ or®musrf;rSm odyfrxif&Sm;/ 'gayr,fh AwådZHq&m &Sifa,m[ef&JU acgif;jywfBuD;udk
ywf0dkif;]u}wmuawmh pvdkrD rS pvdkrDygyJ/ ]a[½k'f&JU orD;} (a&mhwifbwf-rl) eJY ]pvdkrD}
jrefrmhusL;ypf    109 
 
armifomEdk; r[muAsm

([m;bwfrm&S,f-rl) bmaMumifh 'Dvdk taumuft,l uGmaewmvJ qdkwmudk armifomEdk;eJYawGU&if

ar;csifygao;w,f/

uRefawmfuawmh jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD; *kpwyfzavmfbwf&JU ]a[a&m'd} (Herodia) qdkwJh

pmrsufESm(30) ausmfavmufygwJh 0w¬Kwdkwpfyk'fudk tonf;cdkufatmif pGJrufolrdkY ]a[a&m'd&JUorD;}
qdkwJhpum;rSty tjcm; pum;vHk; ]a[½k'f&JUorD;}? ]pvdkrD} pwmawGudk b0ifrusEdkifatmif
jzpfaewmuawmh qE´pGJBuD;vGef;&mrsm; usaervm; rajymwwfygbl; cifAsm;/
armifomEdk; bmomjyefr,fh rm,maumhzpuD;&JU uAsmaumif;awG zwf&OD;r,fvdkY
arQmfvifhapmifhpm;aeqJygyJ/
]abmif;bD0wf rdk;wdrf} [m jrefrmpmayavmuBuD;xJ oefoefrmrm awmifhawmifhwif;wif;eJY
qufvufavQmufvSrf;EdkifygapvdkY/ /

Munfatmif
(½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm 1990? atmufwkdbm/)

jrefrmhusL;ypf    110