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cJhacs/ om"k om"k[lom qkdvsuf&SdMuonf/
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ckepftrd Mf um; &Spt
f rd Mf um; atmf[pfiakd vmufatmif BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;r[kwyf ?J
wenf;enf;ESihf t&yfrul vlr0dik ;f yJEiS hf ajz&Si;f &Ekid af om tcuftcJrsm;om jzpfonfukd
awGUEkdifygonf/
bmomjyeftvkyEf iS yhf wfouf ,ck awGMY uKHaeMu&onfqadk omtcuftcJrsm;rSm
trsm;tm;jzifh bmomjyeftwwfukd wenf;enf;jzifh wifBudKoifMum;xm;rIr&Sjd cif;aMumif?h
okrYd [kwf bmomjyeftvkyu
f kd toufarG;rItwwfuo
hJ kYd oabmrxm;jcif;aMumif?h odrYk [kwf
vG,fvG,fESifh jzpfuwufqef;vkyf&aom tysif;ajytvkyf amateurism uJhodkYoabm
xm; vkyfMujcif;aMumifh awGU&aom tcuftcJrsm;om jzpfonf[kxifygonf/ xkdokdYqkd
ojzifh bmomjyeftvkyfudk toufarG;rItwwftjzpfjzifh vkyfMuaomolrsm;tzkdYwGif bm
omjyeftvkyu
f kd vky&f m tcuftcJv;Hk 0r&S[
d k qkv
d o
dk nfr[kwaf Mumif;udk owdjyKapvkyd g
onf/
pmwef;wifjyolonf bmomjyeftvkyw
f iG f vkyo
f uf 45-ESpaf usmf? 50-eD;yg;&Sd
ol jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif bmomjyeftvkyfwckckudk vkyf&mwGif ,cktcsdeftxd rnfonfh
bmomjyeftvkyu
f rkd Q ]o[mawmh tvG,u
f av;yJ}[k oabmrxm;yg/ rnfonfb
h mom
jyeftvkyu
f rkd Q t*Fvyd t
f bd"mefukd tenf;qk;H ESpcf gok;H cg vSeaf vSmrMunfyh EJ iS hf rvkyEf ikd yf g/
rdrdpdwfxJu t"dyg,froJuGJaom? odkYr[kwf t"dyg,fudk ydkifydkifrodaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk
tbd"mefESifhrndEIdif;yJ? udk,fxifovkd jyefaumif;onf[kvnf; r,lqyg/ bmomjyef
tvkyu
f kd toufarG;rItwwft jzpfjzifh vkyaf omtcg rdrMd uKHawGU&onft
h cuftcJrsm;udk
pdwyf sufp&m[k oabmrxm;awmhyJ xkt
d cuftcJrsm;tm; MuHzefajz&Si;f &jcif;udyk if aysmf
arGUzG,faumif;aomtvkyf[k xifvmwwfygonf/
wbmomrS wbmomodkY jyef&mwGif a&SmifvGJr&aomtcuftcJrsm; &SdpNrJjzpfyg
onf/ Oyrmqkdaomf Ak'\w&m;rsm;udk ygVdbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyef&mwGif [efe&D
uvwf0g&if (Henry Clarke Warren:1854-1899) awGU&aom tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/
ygVd-twH(ou #-twref)udk Self [laompum;vkH;jzifh wkduf&kdufjyefavh&dSaomfvnf;
0g&ifu xkdpum;udk Self [laompum;ESifhjyefvkdufvQif [dELbmomt& ow0gtm;vkH;
17
bmomjyefpmay
ESifhqkdifaom Universal Self oabmESifh&IyfaxG;oGm;rSmaMumufojzifh Ego qkdaompum;

qkad ompum;ukv
ESijhf yefvu
dk &f onf[ak jymygonf/ xkYd jyif wcgw&H ygVdvdk yk*v
d nf; Ego
[kyifjyefaMumif;? xdkYjyif yk*vudk Individual [kvnf;jyef&onfhtcg jyef&aMumif; 0g&if
uajymygonf/ tcsufonfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;bmomwckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkYjyef&m
pmvk H ; wvk H ; ud k wvk H ; csif ; taoxm;jyef r&aMumif ; ud k xif & S m ;apaomtcsuf
jzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGifvnf; tcsKdUq&mrsm;u pum;
wvkH;udk wvkH;csif; taoxm;jyef&ovkd xifaeMuonfudk awGUbl;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
t*Fvyd pf um;wvk;H wGif t"dym ,fwrsKd;wnf;om&So
d nf r[kwyf J t"dym ,fav;ig;ajcmuf
rsKd;&Sdwwfygonf/ wcgw&HwGif t*Fvdyfpum;xJwGif aumif;aomt"dym,fESifhraumif;
aomt"dym ,f ESprf sKd;&onfph um;vk;H vnf;&Sw
d wfygonf/ Oyrm exploit qkad ompum;vk;H
wGif aumif;aomt"dym ,fvnf;&S?d raumif;aomt"dym ,fvnf; &Syd gonf/ owKrsm; wl;
azmfjcif;ponfEiS phf yfqidk af omtcg exploit wGif aumif;aomt"dym ,f&ydS gonf/ od&Yk mwGif
Exploitation of man by man qkd&mrl aumif;aomt"dym,fr&yg/ ,cktcgwGif exploit
udk]acgif;ykHjzwfonf}[k jrefrmjyefMuygonf/ xkdokdYjyefjcif;udk rSm;onf[k rqkdEkdifyg/
odkY&mwGif acgif;ykHjzwfonf[kqdkjcif;onf pD;yGg;a&;wckwnf;ESifhom oufqkdifojzifh
t"dym,fusOf;aeygonf/ ae&mwGif exploit ukd }udk,fusKd;twGuf olwyg;udk rw&m;
vkyo
f nf}qkad om us,f0ef;aomt"dym ,fay:atmifjyefvQif yd
k oifah vsmfrnfxifygonf/
Exploit wGif acgif;ykjH zwfjcif;t"dym ,fwrsKd;wnf;om &So
d nf[k txifa&mufaeolwOD;u
A certain people did not become a great nation because they had failed to exploit their
historical opportunities qkdaom 0gusrsKd;wGif to exploit their historical opportunities ukd
olw\
Ykd orkid ;f ay;tcGit
hf cgrsm;udk acgif;ykrH jzwfcjhJ cif;aMumif}h [k jrefrmjyefvu
dk af omtcg
wGif rSefuefrIESifhtuif;a0;BuD; uif;a0;oGm;ygonf/ ae&mwGif to exploit... ... ...ophf cgrsm;udk aumif;pGm tok;H rjyKaomaMumifh
portunities qka
d ompum;\t"dym ,frmS tcGit
[laom t"dym ,frsKd;&onfukd bmomjyefwwforl eS o
f rQ odMuygvdrrhf nf/ pum;vk;H wvk;H
udk pum;vkH;wvkH;csif;t"dym,f taoxm;NyD; bmomjyefr&qkdonfrSm bmomjyefrI
twGuf rSwfom;tyfaom Oya'owckjzpfonfudk owdjyKtyfygonf/
ygVdAk'bmomusrf;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&mwGif 0g&iftzkdY tjyef&cufaom
ygVdpum;ESpv
f ;Hk rSm]"r} (Dhamma) ESi]hf ocFg&} (Sankhara) wkjYd zpfygonf/ 0g&ifu xkpd um;
ESpfvkH;\yif&if;t"dym,fudk t*Fvdyfvkd jyefr& (...because their ground meaning is not
translatable into English-p.116 Buddhism in Translation First Ed., 1896.) [kqkdygonf/
0g&ifu ]"r}udk pmukd,fyga&SUpum;? aemufpum;t& Elements of being [k jyefonfhtcg
18
jyef? NyD;vQif wcgw&H "r (Dhamma) udkyif ]Ak'}\w&m;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aomtcg

doctrine [kjyefonfhtcgjyefonf[k ajymygonf/ Ak'\t,lwGif edAmef (Nirvana) ESifhtm
umo(Space)([if;vif;jyif) wkrYd w
S yg; usefaom t&mtm;vk;H onf ocFg&csnf;jzpfojzifh
ocFg& (Sankhara) udk 0g&ifu predispositions [k t*Fvdyfvkdjyefvkdufonf[k ajymygonf/
]"r}qkad om pum;vk;H onf olu
Y kd txl;'kua y;aompum;vk;H jzpfonf[k 0g&ifu nnf;yg
onf/
0g&ifawGUaomtcuftcJrsKd;rSm tawG;tac:csif; rwlaom wbmomrS wbm
omodjYk yef&mwGif jyefow
l idk ;f awGU&rnft
h cuftcJrsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/ tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;
udkawGUvQif bmomjyeftvkyfESifhtoufarG;olwkdYonf rnnf;nLoifhyg/ MuHzefNyD;jyefEkdif
atmif jyef&efom BudK;pm;oifhygonf/
ygVdusrf;rsm;udk tESpf 30 Mumatmif avhvmNyD;rS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Ak'usrf;
(Buddhism) uda
k &;aom a'gufwm (Dr.Edward Conze) u ygVdbmomonf pum;vk;H (a0g
[m&)tvGe<f u,f0aom bmomjzpfaomfvnf; xkb
d momxJ philosophy qkad om t*Fvyd f
pmvk;H ESit
hf "dym ,fwal om pum;vk;H wvk;H rQ rawGU&[k qkyd gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Ak'b
momudk
philosophy [kjyefcsifaomtcg a'gufwmuGefYu a&SUu emr0daooexnfh Pragmatic
philosophy [kjyefygonf/ 0g&ifuvnf; txufygpum;ESit
hf vm;wl teuf&adS om emr0d
aooexnf
h Applied philosophy [kjyefygonf/philosophy qkad ompum;vk;H \t"dym ,f
rSm trSefudk jrwfekd;jcif;? trSefudk &Smjcif;[k t"dym,f&ygonf/ taemufwkdif;u philosof &m;udk &SmwGi&f yf? trSew
f &m;twkid ;f usif&h ef rqufawmhyg/ Ak'b
momu
phy rSm trSew
trSefw&m;ukd&Sm trSefw&m;twkdif;usifh&ygonf/ tedpw&m;udk edpw&m;uJhodkY r
usifh&yg/
ygVdpum;]tw}udk jrefrmvkjd yef&mwGiv
f nf; ,aeYwidk f tcuftcJ awGUae&ao;
yk&H ygonf/ wrsKd;qkad omf t"dym ,f&iS ;f atmifjyef r&ao;yk&H ygonf/ xko
d jYdk zpf&jcif;rSm
jrefrmpum;wGif ]tw}ESifhwlaompum;vkH; r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ]"r}udk ]"r}qkd
aom pum;&if;avmuf t"dym ,fus,f0ef;aom w&m;
w&m;qkad ompum;ESijhf refrmvkjd yefjcif;rSm
oifah vsmfy&Hk ygonf/ ocFg& (Sankhara) qkad omygVdpum;vk;H udk t*Fvyd jf yef&mwGif 0g&if
tcuftcJawGU&aomfvnf; jrefrmjyefq&mwkdYtzkdYwGif tcufawGU&[ef rwlyg/ tb,fh
aMumifq
h adk omf jrefrmjyefq&mwku
Yd ]ocFg&? ocFg&w&m;wko
Yd nf}[k ygVdpum;vk;H onf jrefrm
pum;vkH; jzpfouJhodkY jyefEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
wbmomrS wbmomodYk jyef&mwGif rl&if;bmompmyk'd u
f a&;yko
H 'g rrSev
f Qifjzpf
ap? a&;ykH rwdusvQifjzpfap? pum;aMum&Snf a0hvnf;a0hvnf&SdaevQifjzpfap?
19
bmomjyefpmay
bmomjyefow
l rYdk mS BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;ESiahf wGU&wwfygonf/ Oyrmqkad omf 0g&if
onf Ak'\
w&m;rsm;udk ou #bmomrS t*Fvyd jf yef&ef ou#bmomukd yxroifygonf/
od&Yk mwGif ou#bmomonf o'genf;rusojzifh 0g&ifonf tBuD;tus,f pdwyf sufomG ;NyD;
vQif ygVdbmomukd oifjyefygonf/ ou#bmomo'gESiyhf gVdbmomo'grSm txde;f r&Sad om
csnfcifEiS t
hf xde;f &Sad omcsnfcifavmuf uGmjcif;&So
d nfukd awGU&ojzifh 0g&ifu ou#bm
omudk roifawmhbJ ygVdbmomudkoifNyD; Ak'w&m;rsm;udk ygVdbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom
odjYk yefygonf/ 0g&ifu ou#bmomrSm chaos ESiw
hf
l ygVd bmomonf cosmos ESiw
hf o
l nf
[k oabm&ygonf/
o'genf;rrSeaf om t*Fvyd pf myd'k w
f ckukd jrefrmjyef rjzpfEidk yf g/ a&;ykrH &Si;f aom
t*Fvdyf pmykd'fudk bmomjyef&jcif;onfvnf; tifrwef 'kuBuD;ygonf/ rl&if;bmom
pmyk'd \
f o'grrSejf cif;? zGUJ ykrH &Si;f jcif;wko
Yd nfvnf; bmomjyeftwwfEiS t
hf oufarG;olwu
Ydk kd
pdwfqif;&Japaom taMumif; rsm;jzpfygonf/
ygVdbmomrS jrefrmjyef&mwGif teufrmS ;,Gi;f cRwfacsmf&rdS nfudk pk;d &dr
f waMumif;?
jrefrmpm pum;vkH; rjynfhpkHjcif;aMumifhwaMumifh ygVdpum;vkH;ESifhteufwlaom jrefrm
pum;vkH;&SdygvsufESifh jrefrmpum;vkH;udk okH;&vQif teufayghvdrfhrnf? okdYr[kwf cefYnm;
jcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kxifwaMumif; ygVd0guszGJUykHrsKd;vkduf jrefrmzGJUjcif;? ygVdpum;
ok;H ykrH sKd;udv
k u
dk
f jrefrmvko
d ;Hk jcif;? ygVdpum;udk jrefrmjyef&ef rBudK;pm;awmhyJ ygVdpum;udk
jrefrmpum;jzpfatmif aemufNrD;u towfxnh
f zsufvu
dk jf cif;rsm;udk tok;H jyKMuojzifh
ygVdrS jrefrmjyefaomusrf;rsm;udk ynm&Srd [kwaf om &yfx&J mG xJu &k;d &k;d jrefrmrsm; em;vnf
EkdifzkdY cJ,Of;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
Oyrm]owftyfaom &m*&Sad om}qkad ompum;pkrmS ]&m*udk owfxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh
&m*r&Sdawmh}[kqdkvkdaomfvnf; a&SUu owftyf[kqdkNyD;aemuf aemufu &dSaom
om[kqkdjyef
ojzifh &m* &Sdao;ovkdvdk xifp&m jzpfaewwfygonf/
ygVdwiG f 89udak c:aom tac:r&S
d aomfif;? &Syd gvsuf tqef;xGicf sifaomfif;
f ck,w
k u
f ;kd q,f[k jrefrmjyefaomtcg &k;d &k;d vlrsm;tzdYk pdwu
pdwf 89-ckukd pdww
f wck? &kyu
f
ud;k q,f &So
d uJo
h Ykd txifa&mufp&m jzpfygonf/ 19-udk ygVdenf;twkid ;f ({ule0Dowd)20wck,kwf[k jrefrmjyefjcif;vnf; jrefrmwkdYtzkdY em;&Iyfp&mjzpfygonf/
ygVdpum; r*ukd t*Fvyd v
f dk way odrYk [kwf path [k ygVdrS t*Fvyd b
f momjyefow
l u
Ydk
jyefMuaomfvnf; jrefrmteufjyefolwkdYurl ]r*}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefcJhMuyg/ ygVdrS r*ESifh
wlnaD om jrefrmpum; vrf;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wkaYd y:OD;tcsdeu
f yif &Sad ernfrmS ,krH mS ;zG,f
vrf;}}[k jyefvQif rcefYnm;rnf
r&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh ]r*}udk jrefrmvkd]vrf;}[k rjyefjcif;rSm ]vrf
20
pkd;vm;? uvufrnfpkd;vm;? rav;eufrnfpdk;vm; rajymwwfyg/ vrf;onf ]r*}

avmufyif cefYnm;onf? av;eufonf[kqdkcsifygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ]r*}udk ]vrf;}[k bm
aMumifh jrefrmvkd rjyefMuonfukd rpOf;pm; wwfavmufatmif jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGi]f r*}udk
]vrf;}[k rjyefonfhtwGuf omrefpmzwf&olwkYdtzkdYwGif tusKd;,kwfygonf/ r*udk vrf;
[kjyefvQif zwf&olwkdYtzkdY wcgwnf; t"dym,fuGuf uGufuGif;uGif; ay:vmEkdifygonf/
vrf;[kqkdvQif vrf;qkdonfrSm tdyfae&rnfhae&mr[kwf? xkdif ae&rnfhae&mr[kwf? oGm;
ae&rnfhae&momjzpfonfudk csufcsif;odEkdifp&m&Sdygonf/ Ak'u olYw&m;udk vrf;ESifh
OyrmEIid ;f ygonf/ olw
Y &m;onf usif&h rnfw
h &m;jzpfygonf/ ]r*}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefyJ ]r*f}
odrYk [kw]f r*i}f [k jyefaomtcg jrefrmwkt
Yd zkYd ]vrf;aysmuf}oGm;ygonf/ ]t|*aum ra*g}
udk ]r*i&f pS yf g;}[k &k;d &d;k vltrsm; em;rvnfEidk af om ygVdysufpum;jzifrh jyefyJ ]tpdwt
f ykid ;f
&Spfck&Sdaomvrf;}[k jyefvkdufvQif &kd;&kd;&yfxJ&GmxJu jrefrmrsm;tzkdY ydk em;vnfEkdifzG,f
&Sdygonf/
&SifAk'aCmo\0dok'dr*fudk ]0dok'dr*f}[k jrefrmjyefMuygonf/ 0g&ifu The Way
of Purity [kt*Fvdyfvkdjyefygonf/ xkdt*Fvdyfpum;pkukd jrefrmvkd jyefrnfqkdvQif ]pif
Mu,fjcif;} (odkYoGm;&m) vrf;}[k&ygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUt*FvdyfbmomjyefolwkdYu r*udk way
[krjyefyJ path [k jyefMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif way ESifh path rSmvkH;uGJeufwljzpf qkdvkd&if;
t"dym,fwGif jcm;em;jcif; r&Sdyg/
,cifu ,cifenf;jzifh jrefrmjyefxm;aom Ak'bmomusrf;rsm;tjyif &yfxJ&Gm
xJu vltrsm;em;vnfEkdifap&eftwGuf Ak'bmomusrf;rsm;udk rsufarSmufacwfenf;ESifh
aemufxyf jrefrmjyefay;zkdYvnf; vkdrnfxifygonf/
c&pf,eformusrf;udk 1611-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf t*FvdyfvkdjyefNyD;aemuf
1881-ckESpfrS 1885-ckESpftwGif; wBudrf? 1901-ckESpfwGif wBudrf? 1952-ckESpfwGif
wBudrf ormusrf;pmtoif;rsm;u t*Fvdyfbmomjyefcsufudk jyifqif bmomjyefMu
ygonf/ okdY ormusrf;udk tBudrfBudrfjyefvnf jyifqifbmomjyefcJh&jcif;udk axmuf
ojzifh usrf;BuD;usrf;ckid rf sm;udk bmomjyef&mwGif wBudrw
f nf;ESit
hf rSm;t,Gi;f r&Sad tmif
jyefrjzpfEkdifaMumif; od&ygonf/
bmomjyefrw
I iG f av;av;eufeuf pdw0f ifpm;olwo
Ydk nf ormusrf;pmudk tBudrf
Budrt
f cgcg jyifqif t*Fvyd b
f momjyefjcif;orkid ;f udk tao;pdwf zwfMunfo
h ifo
h nf xifyg
onf/
t*Fvdyfbmomonf pum;aMum&Snfaom bmomjzpfNyD;vQif *&dwfbmomonf
wkdwdkwkwfwkwfESifh qkdvkd&if;udk wefqmrqifyJqkdaombmomjzpfojzifh *&dwfbmomrS
21
bmomjyefpmay
t*Fvyd b
f m omodjYk yef&mwGiv
f nf; wbmomESiw
hf bmom t,ltqcsif; rwlonft
h wGuf
awGYMuKH&aom tcuftcJrsm;ESifh awGYMuKH&onf[k ajymMuygonf/
*&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefaom emrnfausmf bmomjyefq&mBuD;
t*Fvyd yf garmu*pf
f momonf &Snf
*pfvAwfrma&; (professor Gilbert Murray) u t*Fvyd b
&Snaf rsmarsmESiw
hf efqmqifajymwwfaombmomjzpfNyD; *&dwb
f momrSm &k;d &k;d &Si;f &Si;f ESihf
pum;vkH; a>cwmokH;pGJ ajymwwfaombmomjzpfaomaMumifh *&dwfbmomudk wkduf&kduf
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf t*FvdyfvkdjyefvkdufvQif ikH;wdwdBuD;jzpfNyD; rl&if;*&dwfpmESifh t"dym,fvkH;
vkH;rwlbJ jzpfoGm;onfudk awGU&aMumif;? xkdYaMumifh olu *&dwfbmomudk t*Fvdyfjyef&m
wGif t*Fvdyfbmom\p&kduftwkdif; zGJUzGJUEGJUEGJUESifh &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; jyefaMumif; 0efcHyg
onf/
ygarmurma&;u ''I have often used a more elaborate diction than Euripides
did because I found that Greek being a very simple and austere language and English
an ornate one, a direct translation produced an effect of baldness which was quite
[kajymygonf/
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf *&dwfpmykd'frsm;udk &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; jzpfatmif t*Fvdyfbmom
jyefjcif;taMumif;ESiyhf wfouf *&dwb
f momudk ajymifajrmufpmG wwfaom t*Fvyd u
f srf;
jyKq&mrBuD; tuf'pf[rdvwef (Edith Hamilton, author of The Greek Way to Wester
Civilization) u ygarmurma&;
ma&;\qifajcudk vufrcHyg/
[rdvwefu *&dwfbmomudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdaMumif;udk
0efcHygonf/ odkY&mwGif olYoabmt&qkdvQif *&dwfbmompmykd'frsm;udk xkdpmykd'fwkdY t&Sd
twkid ;f rydrk vkd t*Fvyd b
f momrjyefvQif t*Fvyd w
f o
Ydk nf *&dwpf m\t&omudk cHpm;Ekid Mf u
vdrrhf nfr[kw/f tu,f *&dwpf mukd t*Fvyd pf ma&;ykt
H wkid ;f a&;vQif *&dwpf monf *&dwf
pmr[kwaf wmhyJ t*Fvyd pf mjzpfoGm;vdrrhf nf/ *&dwpf mudk rcsJUrxGiyf J olt
Y &St
d wkid ;f wkw
d dk
wkwfwkwf t*FvdyfbmomjyefrSomvQif zwf&olwkdYu *&dwfpmtaMumif;ESifh *&dwfvlrsKd;
wkdYp&kdufpm*ukd trSeftwkdif; odEkdifMuvdrfhrnf[k [rdvwefu oabm&[ef wlygonf/
*&dwfuAsmq&mwkdYu t*FvdyfuAsmq&mrsm;uJhodkY pnf;vGwf0g;vGwf a&;EkdifcGifh
(Poetic license) tok;H rjyKMu/ pnf;vGw0
f g;vGwaf &;Ekid cf iG &hf jdS cif;qko
d nfh pum;\t"dym ,f
rsKd;udyk if *&dwu
f Asmq&mwku
Yd em;rvnfMu/ *&dwu
f Asmq&mwko
Yd nf olw\
Ydk pdwu
f ;l rsm;
udk tNrJwrf; ZufcsKyf pmzGJYMuonf[k [rdvwefu qkdygonf/
ZufrcsKyfyJ uAsmpyfaeusjzpfaom t*Fvyd u
f Asmq&m Akid &f eG f (Byron) u jrifrh m;
aom awmifBuD;wawmiftaMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; uAsmpyfygonf/
-the monarch of mountains. They crowned him long ago.
unlike the original''
22

On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds, With a diadem of snow.
*&dwu
f Asmq&m tufpuDvyf (Aeschylus) u awmifBuD;wawmiftaMumif; pm
pyfcsifaomtcg (the mighty summit, neighbour to the stars) [k awmifBuD;\*kPfyk'f
wckwnf;ukdom tus,frcsJUyJ azmfygonf/
[rdvwefu tufpuD;vyf\wkdwkdwkwfwkwf *&dwfbmomawmifbGJUudk Akdif&Gef\
awmifbGJUrsKd;uJhodkY &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; t*FvdyfbmomjyefvQif roifh[k oabm&[ef
wlygonf/
t*Fvyd u
f Asmq&m aumvm&pf (Coleridge) u armifAh vefY (Mount Blanc) awmif
xdyu
f kd pmzGUJ &mwGif rsufpEd iS Mhf unf
h rzGUJ yJ em;ESiphf iG
hf zGUJ yk&H ygonf/ olpmzGUJ yku
H kd atmufwiG f
&Iygavmh/
like some sweet beguiling melody,
So sweet, We know not we are listening to it.
odkY&mwGif *&dwfuAsmq&m yif'g (Pinder) url t*FvdyfuAsmq&m Akdif&GefuJhodkY

pum;aMumr&Snyf J tufwem (Aetna) awmifudk pmzGUJ &m *&dwpf &ku
d t
f wkid ;f tvGe*f &kpu
dk f
atmufygtwkdif; wduspGm zGJUxm;onf[k [rdvwefu qkdygonf/
Frost-white Aetna, nurse all year long of the sharp-biting snow.
tcsKyfwiG f *&dwb
f momrS t*Fvyd b
f momodYk jyef&mwGif *&dww
f Ydk pdwaf epdwx
f m;
tusifph &ku
d t
f & wkw
d w
dk w
k w
f w
k f wdwu
d sus t*Fvyd b
f momjyefoifo
h nf/ t*Fvyd pf w
d af e
pdwx
f m;? t*Fvyd t
f usifph &ku
d Ef iS n
hf aD tmif &Sn&f n
S v
f sm;vsm; tpmoGi;f rjyefoif/h xko
d Ykd
d wefu qkv
jyefvQif *&dwv
f rl sKd;wk\
Yd p&du
k u
f kd rSeo
f nft
h wkid ;f odEidk v
f rd rhf nfr[kw[
f k [rv
d dk
[ef wlygonf/
tcsufonf wbmomrS wbmomodkYjyefolwkdYpOf;pm;oifhaomtcsuf jzpfyg
onf/
pmwef;a&;ol\oabmt&qkdvQif bmomjyefolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY bmomjyef
aompmrlwGifygaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd csefvSyfvnf; rxm;xkduf? rygaom tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkvnf; tydkxnfh rjyefxkdufyg/ bmomjyefpm[k0efcHvQif r,kwfrvGef? rydk
rvk?d twdtusom jzpfoifyh gonf/ Ekwyf ,fcsifonfukd Ekwyf ,f? jznfph u
G cf sifonfukd jznfh
pGufjyefrnfqkdvQif bmomjyef[k 0efrcHoifhyg/
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf wdwdusus azmfjyxm;aom pmrlwapmifudk zwfraumif;rnfpkd;
ojzifh pum;acsmatmif tpmxkd; &Snfvsm;pGmjyefvQif rl&if;pmykd'f\tmabmf aysmuf
uG,foGm;Edkifygonf/ odkYr[kwf rl&if;pmykd'fu rqkdvkdaomt"dym,fodkY oufa&mufoGm;
apEkdifaom tjypf&Sdonf[k xifygonf/
23
bmomjyefpmay
Oyrm t*Fvyd v
f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufu olwpYdk &ku
d ?f olw"Ydk avhtwkid ;f pum;ajym[efukd
azmfjyxm;aom t*Fvdyfpmrlwckudk jrefrmbmomjyef&mwGif xkdt*FvdyfvlrsKd; ESpfa,muf
onf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf wa,mufESifhwa,muf olwkdY"avhxkH;pH
tusifhp&kduftwkdif; ]eif}ESifh]ig}ESifhajymMuonfukd twdtusrjyefyJ xkdt*Fvdyf ESpf
a,mufonf jrefrmESpfa,mufjzpfMuav[ef oabmxm;NyD; olwkdYESpfa,mufonf jrefrm
ajymykH jrefrm[efjzifh wa,mufEiS w
hf a,muf cifAsm;eSiu
hf RefawmfEiS hf ajymaeMu[ef jrefrm
vkdjyefvQif xkdt*FvdyfvlrsKd;ESpfa,muf\p&kduftppftrSef aysmufoGm;EkdifNyD;vQif xkd
t*Fvyd v
f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufonf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmufyif tcsif;csif; pum;ajym&m ,Of
aus;Muonf/ odrYk [kwf jrefrmvlrsKd;avmufyif pum;ajym&m t,Ofaus;vGeMf uonf[k
xifEdkifzG,f&m&dSygonf/
cifAsm;
cif
sm;onf ocifbk&m;
m;\twkdaumuf? emra,m* (third person) jzpf? uRef
awmfonf bk&if\uRef? emra,m* (third person) jzpfonfukd owdjyKoifyh gonf/ txuf
Oyrmay;pmyk'd u
f kd olpY m&S&d if;twkid ;f twdtus eif (you) ESihf ig (I) ESiahf jymMu[eftwkid ;f
trSeu
f kd jrefrmjyefrnfqv
dk Qif xdt
k *Fvyd v
f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufonf olwt
Ykd csif;csif; pum;ajym
&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmuf r,Ofaus;bl;? odkYr[kwf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmuf t,Of
aus;rvGefbl;[k t"dym,f&Ekdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdt"dym,fonf rSefaomt"dym,fom
jzpfojzifh t*Fvyd v
f rl sKd;wk\
Yd "avhx;Hk pHukd pmzwforl sm;u trSet
f wkid ;f tydt
k vkrd &Sd odEidk f
ygvdrrhf nf/ okrdY [kwv
f Qif t*Fvyd w
f \
Ydk p&ku
d o
f nf jrefrmwk\
Yd p&ku
d Ef iS t
hf wlwyl [
J k t"dym ,f
taumufrSm;Ekdifp&m &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
wbmomrS wbmomodkYjyef&mwGif BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;udk awGU&wwf
aMumif;ESifhywfouf c&pf,ef"ropfusrf;udk 1946-ckESpfup tptqkH; topfwzef
bmomjyefMuaom ynm&Sdrsm;tzGJUu "No one who has not tried it (translation) can
know how impossible an art translation is." The New English Bible-New Testament,
Published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, Introduction p.XI. [k0efcx
H m;ygonf/
"ropfusrf;udk *&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefMuaom ormusrf;ynm&Sd

rsm;tzGUJ onf bmomrjyefrD a&S;tzkw
Yd iG f *&dwpf mrl&if;\t"dym ,fukd twwfEidk q
f ;Hk wdus
pGm em;vnfatmif BudK;pm;Mu&onf[k qkdygonf/ xkdbmomjyefynm&SdtzGJUu wbmom
wGi&f adS om pum;vk;H wvk;H onf wjcm;wbmomwGi&f adS om pum;vk;H wvk;H ESihf xyfwx
l yfrQ
t"dym,frwlonfudk awGYMu&ygonf/ A word, indeed, in one language is seldom the
exact equivalent of a word in different language. rl&if;bmompum;vkH;wvkH;\t"dym,f
tukeftpifudk tjcm;bmompum;vkH;wvkH;jzifh azmfjy rjzpfaumif;onfudkvnf; olwkYd
awGYMu&ygonf/ (The translator can hardly hope to convey in another language every
24
xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf *&dwf

pum;wvkH;vkH;udk t*Fvdyfpum;wvkH;vkH;jzifh taobmomrjyefMuyg/ a&SUaemuf pum;
yk'frsm;tvkduf qDavsmfrnfxifaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;udk ajymif; okH;Muygonf/
"ropfusrf;udk *&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomokdYjyef&mwGif bmomjyefynm&Sd
tzGJU\&nfrSef;csufrSm teufukd wduspGmESifhrSefuefpGm ,ckrsufarSmufacwfokH; t*Fvdyf
pum;jzifh jyef&efjzpfonf[k qkdygonf/ olwkdY\tjcm;t"du &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm olwkdY\
t*FvdyfbmomjyefcsufwGif wdusrIESifh &Sif;vif;rI&Sdap&ef jzpfonf[k qkdygonf/
shade of meaning that attaches to the word in the original.)
(But always the overridings aims were accuracy and clarity.)
bmomjyef&mwGif teufukd rSeaf tmif jyefzYdk ta&;BuD;ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif xkt

d euf
udk pum;wrsKd;wnf;jzifh azmfjy&rnf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ teufwckudk pum;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh azmf
jy&aumif;ygonf/ Oyrm a,&Ic&pf\twKywdudk azmfjy&mwGifjzpfaom &SifrmoJ
(St.Mathew) usrf;udk t*Fvdyfvkd jyef&mwGif The Bible Societies u 1952-ckESpfwGifxkwf
aom "ropfusrf;wGif The book of the Genealogy of Jesus Christ [kjyefygonf/ od&Yk mwGif
The British and Froreign Bible Society u 1964-ckESpfxkwfaom "ropfusrf;url The
Table of the descent of Jesus Christ [kjyefygonf/ wzef 1966-ckESpfwGif The Bible
Society uxkwfaom "ropfusrf;url This is the birth record of Jesus Christ [kjyefyg
onf/ wGif pum;trsKd;rsKd; tokH;jyKMuonfudk owdjyKoifhygonf/
a,&Ic&pfzGm;jrifykHESifh ywfoufvnf; The Bible Societies \"ropfusrf;u
Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been
betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child of the
Holy Spirit. [kjyefygonf/ The British and Foreign Bible Society "ropfusrf;url This
is the story of the birth of the Messiah. Mary his mother was betrothed to Joseph; before
their marriage she found that she was with child by the Holy Spirit.[kjyefygonf/ wzef
The Bible Society xkwf "ropfusrf;u This was the way that Jesus Christ was born.
Mary his mother was engaged to Joseph, but before they were married she found out
that she was going to have a baby by the Holy Spirit. [kjyefygonf/
"ropfusrf; okH;usrf;onf jyefykHcsif; wckESifhwck rwlMuyg/ odkY&mwGif qkdvkdonfh

teufwGif jcm;em;jcif;r&Sdyg/
xkdYjyif a,&Ic&pfudk rzGm;rDwGif *sKd;quf (Joseph) ESifhar&DwkdY umrpyf,SufrI r&Sd
aMumif;ESiyhf wfouf azmfjyMuykrH mS vnf; tqkyd gusrf;ok;H usrf;\bmomjyefcsufrsm;onf
wckESifhwck jyefykHcsif; rwlMuonfukd awGU&ygonf/ yxrusrf;u he (Joseph) took his
wife, but he knew her not until she had borne a son; and he called his name Jesus [kjyef
25
bmomjyefpmay
ygonf/ 'kwd,usrf;u he (Joseph) took Mary home to be his wife, but had no intercourse with her until her son was born. And he named the child Jesus. [kjyefygonf/
wwd,usrf;u (Joseph) married Mary. But he had no sexual relation with her before
she gave birth to her son. And Joseph named him Jesus [kjyefygonf/
yxrusrf;u but knew her not... ...qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;pk\t"dym,frSm t*F
vdyfvlrsKd;r[kwfaom olwkdYtzkdYwGif t"dym,f &kwfw&uf xifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ (know ukd
the Concise Oxford Dictionary u be on intimate terms with [k teufay;ygonf/) 'kwd
,usrf;u but had no intercourse with her [kjyefjcif;ESifh wwd,usrf;u But he had no
sexual relation with her [kjyefjcif;wkdYudk zwf&aomtcg t"dym,fr&Sif;p&m r&Sdawmhyg/
usrf;ok;H usrf;\t*Fvyd b
f mom jyefycHk sif; rwlaMumif;ukd EIid ;f ,SO
f jyjcif;rSm
wbmomrS wbmomodYk jyef&mwGif jyefyw
Hk rsKd;wnf; enf;taor&Syd J uk,
d Bf udKufovkjd yef
Edik cf iG hf &Sad Mumif;udk xif&mS ;apvk
d jzpfygonf/ xkjYd yif tjcm;taMumif;wckvnf; &Syd gao;
onf/ xkt
d aMumif;rSm t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh a&;xm;aom "ropfusrf;ukd jrefrmjyef&efavh
vmvko
d w
l o
Ydk nf t*Fvyd b
f momjyefusrf; wusrf;wnf;udk ravhvmyJ ok;H usrf;udk EIid ;f ,SOf
avhvmvQif ydkt"dym,fudkem;vnfNyD;? ydkt"dym,frSefatmif jyefEkdifvrf;&Sdvdrfhrnf
jzpfaMumif;udk odomapvko
d nft
h wGuf jzpfygonf/ bmomjyef&mwGif pmrl&if;\qkv
d adk om
t"dym,fudk rSefonfhtwkdif; twdtusem;vnfzkdY ta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkYrSmom rSefatmif
bmomjyefEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ ud,
k u
hf ,
dk w
f idk u
f t"dym ,fukd &Si;f atmif em;rvnfvQif rSeaf tmif
bmomjyef jzpfEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
,cktcgwGif t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyef&mwGif rdrdudk,fwkdif awGUMuKH
&aom tcsuftenf;i,fukd wifjyygrnf/
t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh a&;xm;aom ynm&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmbmomodjYk yef&ef t
vGEfta&;BuD;aMumif;ESifhywfouf pmwef;a&;olonf vGefcJhonfh ESpf 40-ausmfcefY
u aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJb
h ;l aMumif;udk aqmif;yg;&Siaf usmfneG rYf ;dk u 18-3-69-&ufpJG
xkwv
f yk o
f m;aeYpOfowif;pmrSae azmfaumifvyk o
f jzifh od&ygonf/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk udk azmf
aumifvkyfonf[k pGyfpGJ&atmif udk,fh[mudk,f bmomjyefjcif;ESifhywfouf bmaqmif;
yg;a&;cJo
h nfukd rrSwrf b
d ;l vm;[k ar;p&m&Syd gonf/ tESpf 40-ausmfu a&;cJah omaqmif;
yg;jzpf rrSwrf &d ;dk trSeyf ifjzpfygonf/ aqmif;yg;wckwnf;omr[kwyf g/ tjcm;aqmif;
yg; trsm;udv
k nf; rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk azmfcsuft&qkv
d Qif ]ocifbaomif;onf
bmomjyefvkyfief;udk txl;tm;ay;vIHYaqmfcJhygonf/}ocifbaomif;u olYbmomjyef
aqmif;yg;udk ]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpd&SmMuukeftHh}[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onf[k qkdyg
26
onf/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk u ]vIaYH qmfcyhJ gonf}[k qkjd cif;rSm qDavsmf[efwyl gonf/ tb,fah Mumifh
qdak omf xkt
d cgwke;f u aqmif;yg;&Sif armifbaomif;\avoHrmS vIaYH qmforH sm; ygaeaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ atmufyg armifbaomif;\pmykd'fudk Munfhygavmh/
]]tcsif;wkdY? trsKd;om;wkdY? udkjrefrmwkdY? igwkdYonf avmuppfyGJBuD;udk tb,f
odw
Yk u
dk Mf uygrnfenf;/ igwko
Yd nf igwkEYd idk if u
H kd vk;H 0vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS ahf epGr;f Ekid af tmif aqmif
&GuMf uuket
f /hH ynmrsufpu
d kd &SmMuuket
f /hH bmomjyefa&;udk aumif;pGmBudK;yrf; aqmif
&GufMuukeftHh/}}
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ynmrsufpdudkay;rnfh bmomjyeftvkyfudk aumif;pGm vkyfaqmifMuavmh/
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bmomjyefa&;onf igwkEYd iS t
hf m;rwefatmif BuD;aomta&;BuD;jzpfonf([kif;)
igwkdY rvkyfaumif;[k(if;)rxiftyf/
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bmomjyefa&;onf rkd;ay:u Mu,frkdY cuf&rnfavm/ vmMuavmh? ,ckyif igwkdY
qGwMf uuket
f /hH
,ck tESpf 40-ausmfMumrS txufyg bmomjyefrt
I wGuf vIaYH qmfay;csufujdk yef
zwf&aomtcg bmomjyefa&;onf [if;oD;[if;&Gufyifrsm;uJhodkY pdkufNyD;aemuf rsm;r
MumrDwGif toD;t&Gufpm;&aomtyifrsKd;ESifhrwlyJ uRef;yifrsm;uJhodkY tESpfig;q,fw&m
MumrS ckwf,lokH;pGJEkdifaom tzkd;wefopfyifBuD;rsKd;ESifhwlonfudk awGU&ygonf/
bmomjyeftvkyo
f nf ru&mrif;om;BuD;acwfuvnf; ta&;BuD;cJo
h nf/ (ru
&mrif;om;BuD;onf rsufarSmufacwf odyHynmaqmif;yg;rsm;udk t*FvdyfpG,fpkHusrf;BuD;
wckrS xkwfEkwfbmomjyefcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;&Sdygonf/)a,mtwGif;0efOD;bkd;vIdifacwfu
vnf; ta&;BuD;cJhonf/ vGefcJhonfh tESpf 40-ausmf t*FvdyfwkdY tkyfpkd;cJhaom acwfu
vnf; ta&;BuD;cJhonf/ ,ck 1969-ckESpfwGifvnf; qufvufta&;BuD;vsuf &Sdonf/
aemifwiG f rsufarSmufacwfynm&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmpmjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif; r&Sad o;o
rQumvywfvkH; quf ta&;BuD;aevdrfhOD;rnf/
]]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpdudk &SmMuukeftHh}}aqmif;yg;udk b,fvkdoabm&NyD;
a&;ygovJ/ ajymjyprf;yg[k rdwfaqGynm&Sdwa,muf ar;ygonf/ tar;udktus,fw
0ifv
h yd yf wfvnfatmif ajz&ygvQif xkt
d ajzonf ,ckpmwef;a&;ol\ud,
k &f nfaoG;twK
ywdjzpfoGm;rnf pkd;&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtar;udk vkH;vkH;rajzvQifvnf; oifhvdrfhrnfr
[kwfyg/ xkdYaMumifh usOf;EdkiforQ usOf;atmif tusOf;csKH;ajzygrnf/
27
bmomjyefpmay
pmwef;a&;olonf 1928-ckESpfqDavmufwGif rpwmzmeDA,fOD;aqmifwnf

axmifaom jrefrmjynf pmtkyt
f oif;ac:aom Burma Book Club pmtkyq
f idk u
f t*Fvyd f
pmtkyf tukev
f ;Hk teuf zwfcsif&mudk tcrJzh wfcsifovkd pdraf jyeajyzwfciG &hf cJyh gonf/ xkd
pmtkyq
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f iG f r&Sad ompmtkyrf sm;udv
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NyD; ta<u;0,f zwfEkdifcGifh&cJhygonf/ uif;0efrif;BuD; tcrJhyd#uwfwkdufrSpmtkyfrsm;
ESifh Bernard Free Library upmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; zwfcsifwkdif; zwfcGifh&cJhygonf/ (uif;0ef
rif;BuD;yd#uwfwu
dk f vufaxmufwu
dk rf LS ;vnf; vkycf b
hJ ;l ygonf/)txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynf
pmtkyftoif;qkdifwGif&Sdaom Home University Library Series pmtkyfrsm;ukd pdrfajyeajy
zwfcGifh& zwfaomtcg taemufEkdifiHom;rsm; BuD;yGm;aeMujcif;rSm xkduJhodkYpmtkyfrsm;
udk vIid v
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jynfom;rsm;onf taemufEidk if o
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rsKd;udk zwfEkdifcGifh &MurSjzpfvdrfhrnf[k pGJpGJNrJNrJ oabmaygufvmygonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrm
jynfom;trsm;rSm t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;udk zwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf/
xkdpmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefay;rSom jrefrmjynfom;trsm;u zwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf/
xkaYd Mumifh bmomjyeftvkyo
f nf ta&;tBuD;qk;H tvkyrf sm;teuf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf
[k ]]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpd&SmMuukeftHh}}aqmif;yg;&Sifu rSwf,lcJhygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
xkdaqmif;yg;udk pdwfygvufygESifh yGifhyGifhBuD; a&;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf[k ajzvkdygonf/
xkdaqmif;yg;udk 28-ESpft&G,fu a&;cJhNyD; ,ck 69-ESpft&G,fusrS jyefzwf&
aomtcg ]]ynmrsufpd}}qkdaom pum;vkH;a&SUu ]]avmuD}}qkdaom pum;wvkH;xnfhay;
vQif ydkwdusrnf[k oabm&ygonf/ xkdodkYxnhfay;vQif ]]bmomjyefrIjzifh avmuDynm
rsufpdzGifhay;MuukeftHh}}[k &ygvdrfhrnf/
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm awGU&Sd&aom tcuftcJ
rSm a&S;jrefrmpma&;enf;t& 0gusrsm;udk wefqmqif &Snfvsm;pGm a&;aomenf;jzpf
onf[k xifygonf/ *Eavmur*Zif; (The World of Books) u Francis Bacon \''Of
Studies" tprf;pmrS xkwfEkwfaom Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed,
and some few to be chewed and digested.
Reading maketh a full man; conference ready man; writing an exact man.
pmyk'd u
f kd jrefrmbmomjyef&ef NydKifyv
JG yk af omtcg pmwef;a&;olu jrefrmpma&;&k;d a&;
pOftwkdif; 0gus&Snf&Snf pum;vkH;<u,f<u,fjzifh jrefrmjyef NydKifyGJ0ifvkdufygonf/ Bacon \t*FvdyfpmrSm wkdwkdwkwfwkwfESifhtom;ygaompm jzpfojzifh 0gus&Snf&SnfESifhpum;
vk;H <u,f<u,fEiS hf jrefrmbmomjyefjcif;twGuf qkray;xku
d [
f k bmomjyefNydKifyJG tuJjzwf
yk*Kdvfrsm;u qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufMuygonf/ xkdqkH;jzwfcsufonf t*wdvkdufpm;aomqkH;
28
jzwfcsuf[k rqkdEkdifyg/
a&S;jrefrmpma&;ykH\&Snfvsm;[efESifhywfouf uG,fvGefol a*s? tufpf? zmeD
A,f \(J.S.Furnivall) xifjrifcsufudk zwf&vQif bmomjyefolwkdYtzkdY tusKd;&Sdrnfxifo
jzifh atmufwGif xkwfEkwfazmfjyvkdufygonf/
jrefrmjynfonf rdrd&mZ0ifwavQmufvkH; b,fwkdif;b,fjynfESifhrQ rqufqefbJ
xD;xD;aecJhNyD;aemuf pdwf"mwftopf0if tjcm;tjcm;aom wkdif;jynfBuD;rsm;ESifh&if
abmifwef;vkdufvkdaomqErsm; ay:vmonfudk vGefcJhaom tESpftpdwfcefYu uREkfyfwkdY
av;ig;a,muf pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh apmifhMunfhcJhMuonf/ xkdpOftcgu acwfpm;
aom pum;vkH;<u,f<u,fESifhwefqmqifa&;aom jrefrmpma&;enf;rsKd;rSm a&S;jrefrm
rif;wkdY acwftwGuf aumif;aomfvnf; acwfopfjrefrmjynftzkdY rvkHavmufawmhojzifh
,ckacwfay: a&mif;0,frIynm&yfrsm;ESifhavmu"mwf(odyH)ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmvlrsKd;
wkdY zwf&IEkdifap&ef ynmjzefYcsda&;twGuf jrefrmpma&;enf;topf &SmMuHzkdY vkdtyfonfrSm
xif&Sm;aeonf/
a*s? tufp? zmeDA,f
1949-ck? Ekd0ifbm 21 &uf
(ocifbaomif;\waxmifhwntwGuf rpwmzmeDA,fa&;aom ed'gef;rS xkwf
Ekwfcsuf/)
Some twenty-five years ago a few of us were watching with keen interest the
birth of a new Burma, a Burma aspiring after centuries of seclusion to take a place
among the nations of the modern world. The elaborate and ornamental style then regarded as a mark of good Burmese was better suited to a mediaeval Court than to a
modern people, and one obvious need for new Burma was a style of writing more convenient for diffusion among Burmans, a knowledge of the modern world of Business
and Science.
J.S.Furnivall
21st November, 1949.
(From Mr.J.S.Furnivall's Introduction to Thakhin Ba Thoung's A Thousand
and One Nights)
txufwu
G f azmfjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f acwfEiS ahf vsmfnaD tmif ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;t
opf&mS MuHbYdk vkt
d yfaecsdew
f iG }f } ]]armifbaomif;}}u *Eavmur*Zif;rS vpOfjyKvkyaf om
bmomjyefNydKifyGJrsm;wGif ig;cgquf qk&ojzifh ]]armifbaomif;}}udk *Eavmur*Zif;
jrefrmydkif;twGuf pmwnf;cefYvkdufygonf/ wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH; EkdifiHjyKpmpktrSwf(2) Ekd;
Mum;a&;pmwef;&Spaf pmifrmS ]]armifbaomif;}}ociftrnfc
H wkAYd rmtpnf;t&k;H rwnf
axmifru
D *Eavmur*Zif;wGi]f ]armifbaomif;}}a&;cJah om acgif;BuD;tcsKdU jzpfygonf/
29
bmomjyefpmay
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif wkdwkdwkwfwkwfESifhvkd&if;udk azmfjy

onfh ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}&SmMuHbdkY vkdtyfonf[k oabm&onfhtcsdefp rpwm
zmeDA,fEiS yhf garmuBuD;azarmifwifwYdk uruxjyKaom *Eavmu (The World of Books)
r*Zif;jrefrmydik ;f t,f'w
D marmifbaomif;u *Eavmujrefrmydik ;f acgif;BuD;rsm;udk wwf
EkdiforQ jrefrmpma&;enf;topfjzifh a&;&efBudK;yrf;cJhygonf/ wcgaomf jrefrmpmukd xkd
uJhodkYra&;oifhaMumif;ESifha0zefolwa,mufu xdkacwf jrefrmaeYpOfowif;pmwapmifrS
ae uefYuGufygonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm olYuefYuGufcsufrSm jyefajz&Sif;&ef rvkdonfudk
awGU&ygonf/ tb,faMumifq
h adk omf xku
d efu
Y u
G af omaqmif;yg;&Siu
f ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;
topf}}ESifhywfoufaom olYaqmif;yg;udk ed*kH;csKyf&mwGif ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}t&
a&;jcif;onf]]bwfvkdYawmh aumif;onf}}[k olYa0zefcsufudk olY[mol umjyefvkdufaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ jrefrmpma&;enf;topft& a&;aomtcg ]]'Dvkdqkdawmh Armpm[m
vJ zwfvkdYtaumif;om;yJ}}[k tcsKdUu rSwfcsufcsMuygonf/
bmomjyefjcif;tvkyfudk taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}
xGuf&ef qkdif;qifhay;aom jrefrmjynfynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif; (The Burma Education
Extension Asssciation) \tmabmftjzpfxw
k af om *Eavmur*Zif; jrefrmpmykid ;f udk xkwf
a0&mwGif txku
d t
f avsmuf atmifjrifrI &onf[k rpwmzmeDA,fu ,lqygonf/ tb,f
aMumifq
h adk omf rpwmzmeDA,fu ola&;aom txufyged'gef;wGif ]]*Eavmur*Zif; jref
rmpmykdif;onf armifbaomif;\pdwftm; xufoefrIaMumifh tawmfuav; ausmfMum;
vmNyD;vQif jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm; aygufymG ;&m ysKd;cif;tjzpfoaYdk &muf *E
avmuysKd;cif;rSxGufaom jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm;teuf aemiftzkdYwGif jref
rmpmavmu ausmfMum;vmol renf;ay/}}[k qkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
[Under his (Maung Ba Thoung's) inspiration the Burmese section of the periodical achieved some distinction as a nursery of young Burmese writers, of whom not a
few have subsequently become well-known in the world of letters.]
tu,f rpwmzmeDA,f\xifjrifcsufonf rSe

f ,ciftESpf 40-ausmfcefw
Y iG f
jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm;twGuf *Eavmutrnf&adS om ]]ysKd;cif;}}uav;wck
&SdcJhbl;onf[k qkdygvQif ,cktcgwGif xkd]]ysKd;cif;}}uav;rSm twdwforkdif;odkY0ifoGm;yg
NyD/ xk]d ]ysKd;cif;}}rSxu
G af om jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm uG,v
f eG Mf uNyD; aemuf
usefaompma&;q&mrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm uG,v
f eG Mf uNyD; aemufusefaom pma&;q&mrsm;
vnf; tkdrif; oZD0oabmrS edZD0oabmodkY a&mufMu&ef eD;aeMuygNyD/ ,ckpmwef;
wifjyoludk,fwkdifyif toufckepfq,feD;eD;&SdaeNyD; ]],aeYvm; eufjzef &ufrSefrSef rod}}
jzpfaeygNyD/
30
xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd b

f momrS jrefrmbmomodYk rSeu
f efpmG jyefEidk af om jrefrmpma&;
q&mrsm; tqufjywf qdwfokOf;roGm;ap&eftwGuf ,cktcgwGif bmomjyefysKd;cif;u
av;wck zefwD;ay;vQif oifhavsmfrnf roifhavsmfrnfudk pOf;pm;oifhMuygonf/
jrefrmbmomonf ta&SUwkdif;bmomwck jzpfNyD;vQif Ak'\,Ofaus;rIt&Sdeft
apmfEiS rhf uif;aom bmomjzpf t*Fvyd b
f momonf taemufwidk ;f bmomwckjzpfojzifh
c&pf,ef,Ofaus;rIt&Sed t
f apmfEiS rhf uif;aom bmomjzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmbmom
ESifht*FvdyfbmomwkdYonf wbmomESifhwbmom trsm;tm;jzifh ta&SUESifhtaemuf jcm;
em;ouJo
h yYkd if jcm;em;Muygonf/ 0guszGUJ ykcH sif;vnf; zDvmMuygonf/ t*Fvyd b
f mom0gus
tpOfu (Subject) uwm; (Predicate)0gpu (Object) uH jzpfygonf/ jrefrmbmom0gus
tpOfu uwm;? uH? 0gpujzpfygonf/ Oyrm? t*Fvdyfbmomu The boy beats the dog
udk edosenf;ESifhteufjyefvQif ]]vluav;? &kdufonf acG;}} odkYr[kwf ]]vluav;u &kduf
onf acG;udk}}[k &ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdodkYedosjyefvQif jrefrmpum;ESifhwlawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdY
aMumifh jrefrmpum;ESiv
hf nf;wlatmif olt
Y *Fvyd 0f gus\qkv
d &dk if;vnf; rSeaf tmif ]]vlu
av;u acG;udk &kdufonf}}[k uwm;ukd a&SUqkH;u xm;? uHudk tvnfu xm;NyD;vQif 0gpu
udk aemufqkH;uxm; jyefMu&ygonf/ Oyrmonf t*Fvdyfpmudk aumif;pGmwwfNyD;ol
rsm;tzkYd pum;xJxnfah jymavmufonft
h cuf r[kwaf omfvnf; t*Fvyd pf moifcgpolrsm;
tzkYdwGif ao;i,faomtcuf r[kwfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ (um; udk,fawGU/)
t*Fvyd b
f momrS jrefrmbmomodYk jyef&mwGif tajccHtcuftcJrmS 0guszGUJ ykcH sif;
rwlrIjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bmomjyef&ef&nf&G,fcsufESifht*Fvdyfpmudk oifMuolwkdYonf
a&S;OD;pGm t*Fvdyf0guszGJYykHwkdYudk odp&mrusefavmufatmif avhvmxkdufygonf/ t*Fvdyf
0guszJGYykHtrsKd;rsKd;udk ]]xkH;vkdacs a&vkdaESmuf}}EkdifolwkdYtzkdYwGif bmomjyeftvkyfonf t
jcm;tvkyfrsm;xuf xl; cufcJhp&m &Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyfpmudk ayghayghqq oif
xm;olwt
Ydk zkw
Yd iG f bmomjyeftvkyo
f nf ud,
k rf Ekid af om0efukd xrf;&aom tvkyEf iS w
hf Nl yD;
vQif tBuD;tus,f pdwfyifyef;p&m jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
'kwd,tcuftcJrSm t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; wvkH;pDwkdY\t"dym,fudk em;vnfatmif
vkyf&rnfhtcuftcJ jzpfygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;wkdYwGif jrefrmpum;wGif t"dym,fwlr&dSaom
pum;vk;H rsm;ESijhf refrmpum;wGif t"dym ,f&ydS gvsuf ud,
k u
f em;vnfatmif avhvmrxm;
aom pum;vkH;rsm; ygygonf/ jrefrmpum;wGif&Sdaom pum;vkH;jzpfygvsuf udk,fu em;
vnfatmif vkyfrxm; em;rvnfaompum;vkH;rsKd;rSm ]]uefpGef;O}}ukd t*Fvdyf sweet
potato ac:aompum;vkH;rsKd; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfvkd sweet potato udk uefpGef;O[k jrefrm
vkdac:rSef;rodd sweet csKdaom? potato tmvl;/ csKdaomtmvl; odkYr[kwf ]]tmvl;csKd}}[k
31
bmomjyefpmay
jrefrmjyefvu
dk v
f Qif Mum;&olwu
Ydk ]]jzpfrjS zpf&yav}}[k tmar#dwo
f aH y;p&m jzpfomG ;wwf
ygonf/
wwd,tcuftcJrSm t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; ESpfvkH;okH;vkH; pkaygif;vkdufonfhtcgwGif
rlvpum;vk;H wk\
Yd t"dym ,fEiS rhf wlaom t"dym ,ftopfjzpfvmaom ]]aygif;vk;H eufopf}}
pum;pkrsm;\t"dym,fudk aumif;pGm avhvmzkdY vkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm put qkdaom p
um;vkH;\rlvt"dym,frSm xnfhonf[k jzpfaomfvnf; put off, put out, put on [kpaom
pum;pkwkdYwGif rlvt"dym,f r&SdawmhyJ t"dym,ftopfrsm; jzpfay:vmMuygonf/ xkYdjyif
1) the majority ESifh 2) join the majority wkdYwGif majority \rlvt"dym,fr&SdyJ 1)]]aooGm;
olrsm;ESihf 2)]]aoonf}}[k t"dym ,fopfrsm; ay:vmygonf/ he attains his majority qkjd yef
awmh olt&G,fa&mufvmonf[k t"dym,f&jyefygonf/ xkduJhodkY pkaygif;pum;vkH;rsm;udk
idiom [kac:Muygonf/ pkaygif;pum;vkH;rsm;\t"dym,fudk rodvQif bmomjyef&mwGif
t"dym,ftBuD;tus,f vGJoGm;Ekdifygonf/
t*Fvyd b
f momrS jrefrmbmomodjYk yef&mwGif t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H rsm;\t"dym ,fukd
odxm;&ef vkad omfvnf; t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H wckc?k odrYk [kwf pum;vk;H pkwckc\
k t"dym ,fukd
tvGew
f w
d u
d susBuD; jrefrmbmom jyefrjzpfonfuv
kd nf; awGUonft
h cg awGU&ygonf/
Oyrmqkdaomf Instruction in schools should be through the medium of Burmese
qko
d nf0h guswGif medium udk enf;vrf;ESin
hf rD Qonf[k xm;Ekid af omfvnf; jrefrmpum;ajym
xk;H ? odrYk [kwf jrefrmpma&;xk;H udk xnf
h wGuzf v
Ydk nf; vkw
d wfygonf/ xkadY Mumifh txufyg
t*Fvdyfpmydk'fudk t*FvdyfpmvkH;wkdif;\t"dym,fudk twdtus pkHvifpGm azmfrjyyJ ouf
a&mufaomt"dym,fudk,l ]]pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmpum;ESifh(eYJ)
odkYr[kwf jrefrmpum;jzifh oifMum;ay;oifhonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif olYqkdvdk&if;t"dym,f
udk ay:ap&eftwGuf vkHavmufEkdifonf[k ,lqygonf/ ae&mwGif medium onf jref
rmpum; ]]ESifh(eJY)}} odkYr[kwf ]]jzifh}}ESifhnDronfudk awGUEkdifygonf/ t"dym,fay:rIudk t
"durxm;yJ ydk pum;wdusjynfhpkHvkd ]]pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrm
pum;enf;vrf;jzifh oifMum;ay;oifhonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif o'genf;t& rSefonf[kqkd
csifqkdEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xkdodkYjyefjcif;onf jrefrmpum;ajymxkH;? odkYr[kwf jrefrmpm
a&;xkH;ESifhudkufnDvdrfhrnf r[kwfonfhjyif jrefrmpum;yif [kwfrS[kwfygavp[k oHo,
jzpfp&myif jzpfEkdifvrf; &Sdygonf/
NyD;awmh point qkdaomt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;ESifhywfouf jrefrmjyefykHtaMumif;udk
tenf;i,f pum;&Snv
f ydk gonf/ (v)oGm; tykv
d (dk 11)'k;H ,mOftaMumif; azmfjyaompmyk'd f
wckwGif 32

But soon after the commitment (of a space-craft) to a lunar trajectory, there
comes a point at which the immediate return to earth cannot be made; [kygygonf/
t*Fvdyfpmykd'fudk wdusatmif jrefrmbmomjyefvQif o'genf;t& rSefcsifrSefrnfjzpfaomf

vnf; olw
Y yk'd v
f ;Hk \oufa&mufonft
h "dym ,fukd ,l jrefrmjyefjcif;u yk
d jrefrmrsm;em;
vnfEkdifvrf;&Sdygonf/ pum;vkH;rsm;udk twdtusjyefvQif commitment wkdY trajectory
wkdYtwGuf qDavsmfaom jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm; &Sm&onfxm;OD;? jrefrmwkdYtzkdY t"dym,f
xifzv
Ydk rf; enf;ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh xkpd myk'd u
f kd ]](v)oGm;'k;H ,mOfwckonf (v)bufoo
Ykd mG ;
aomvrf;aMumif;odkY a&mufoGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf urmajray:okdY csufcsif; jyefqif;
vmEkdifvrf; r&Sdawmh}}[k jyefrnfqkdvQif t*Fvdyfpmykd'f\qkdvkd&if;t"dym,f ay:EkdifzG,f&Sd
onf[k oabm&ygonf/ xko
d jYkd yefvQif point qkad ompum;vk;H \t"dym ,fukd woD;wjcm;
pOf;pm;ae&ef vkdawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ uJhodkYaom t*Fvdyfpmykd'frsKd;udk jrefrmjyefrnfqkd
vQif xkdpmykd'f\t"dym,f &Sif;vif;pGm ay:vmap&eftwGuf xkdpmykd'frsKd;udk t*Fvdyfvkd
paraphrase vkyfMunfh&ef vkdwwfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh But soon after the commitment (of a
space-craft) to a lunar trajectory udk paraphrase vkyfvQif But as soon as a space-craft
has embarked upon a lunar route [kqkdouJhodkY &ygvdrfhrnf/ paraphrase vkyfxm;aompm
ykd'fonf rl&if;avmuf qDavsmfcsifrS qDavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; omrefvlrsm;tzkdY rl&if;
pmyk'd x
f uf yd
k t"dym ,fay:zG,&f ydS gonf/ xko
d t
Ykd "dym ,fay:vmaomtcg jrefrmbmom
jyef&rIonf tcuftcJavsmh oGm;zG,f&Sdygonf/
&k&Sm;pma&;q&m Kuznetsov u olt*FvefjynfodkYvm ckdvIH&jcif;taMumif;ESifh
ywfouf ''I came to the point where I could no longer write, no longer sleep, no
longer breathe." [konf[k 1969-ck Mo*kwfv 8-&ufaeYxkwf Time r*Zif;uqkdygonf/
xkdpmydk'fwGif point qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;\t"dym,frSm jrefrmvkd ]]tajct
ae}}[laom t"dym,frsKd;&rnfxifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpmykd'fudk ]]ig[m pma&;vnf;
r&? tdy
f vnf;r&? touf&LS vnf; r&awmhonft
h ajctaeodYk a&mufomG ;ygonf}}[l
ouJhodkY jyefvQif t"dym,f vGwfrnfrxifyg/
txufyg OyrmESpcf u
k kd azmfjyjcif;rSm t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H u point [kqo
dk nft
h wGuf
point qkdonfrSm that which has position but no magnitude qkdaomt"dym,fwckwnf;udk
om pdwx
f u
J Oyg'fraeyJ tjcm;qDavsmfrnft
h "dym ,fukd MuHpnfrad p&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/
The Concise Oxford Dictionary t&qkdvQif point qkdaompum;vkH;wGif t"dym,f 23rsKd;
&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh point qkdaompum;vkH;awGUvQif ae&mom&Sd teHtvsm;r&Sdaom
t&mukdom,l bmomrjyefxkdufyg/
33
bmomjyefpmay
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif wcgw&H pmwrsufESm wrsufESmcGJ

avmuf &Snfvsm;aom t*Fvdyf0gusrsm;ESifhawGU&wwfygonf/ xkd0gusrsKd;udk olY0gust
a&twGuf &Sdoifhoavmuf &Sdatmif paraphrase vkyfMunfhNyD;aemufrS jrefrmvkd jyefvQif ydk
vG,fwwfygonf/ paraphrase vkyfaejcif;onf tcsdefukefonf tvkyfudk aESmifhaES;ap
onf[k trSwfwrJh xif&aomfvnf; paraphrase vkyfonfhtwGuf t"dym,fydk&Sif;vmNyD;
ydk bmomjyef&ef vG,fulvmwwfojzifh paraphrase vkyfonfhtwGuf ydktvkyfwGifEkdif
vrf;&Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif tNrJwrf; paraphrase csnf;vkyfMunfhae&rnf[k rqkdvkdyg/ cuf
aom pmydk'f? udk,ft"dym,f r&Sif;aompmydk'frsm;udkom tcgtm;avsmfpGm paraphrase
vkyMf unfzh v
Ydk o
dk nfukd awGU&ygonf/ bmomjyef&rnfph myk'd w
f ckonf bmomjyefot
l zk]Yd ]t
uGif;tuGif; rkHYwD[if;odkY}}&Sif;aeygvQif xkdpmykd'fudk paraphrase vkyf&ef rnfolrQowd&
vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ jrefrmbmomjyef&rnfh t*Fvdyfpmykd'ftwkdif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh zwf
&olwkdYtwGuf &Sif;atmif wvkHYwva&;xm;aompmykd'frsm; r[kwfyg/ a&;olwkdYu olwkdY
wwfovkd odkYr[kwf olwkdYrwwfovkd a&;xm;aompmykd'frsm;om jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
olw\
Ydk t*Fvyd pf ma&;ykrH sm;udk yd
k t"dym ,f&iS ;f ? yd
k vG,u
f al om t*Fvyd pf ma&;enf;jzifh
ydkvG,fulaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh jyef paraphrase vkyf&aumif;ygonf/ paraphrase
vkyf&mwGif pmjzifh a&;rvkyfyJ pdwfjzifh vkyfvnf; &Ekdifygonf/
t*Fvyd pf mu He is taking a bath [kqv
kd Qif olt
Y wkid ;f wku
d &f u
dk jf refrmjyef
f r&yg/
wkduf&kdufjrefrmjyefvQif ]]olonf a&csKd;jcif;wckudk ,laeonf}}[kqkd&ygvdrfhrnf/ jrefrm
tokH;tEIef;wGif a&csKd;jcif;udk ,lr&yg/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif tqkdygt*Fvdyf0gusudk pdwfxJ
u paraphrase vkyfMunfhEdkifygonf/ xkduJhodkY paraphrase vkyfMunfhvQif "He is bathing"
[k &ygvdrrhf nf/ xkt
d cg t*Fvyd t
f ok;H tEIe;f ESijhf refrmtok;H tEIe;f csif;eD;pyfvmojzifh ]]ol
onf a&csKd;aeonf}}[k jyef&ygvdrfhrnf/ He has given a new coat of paint to his car
udk He has painted his car recently [kk paraphrase vkyfMunfhNyD; jrefrmvkdjyefvQif cufcJ
p&mtaMumif; &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyfbmomu abstract noun rsm;ukd verb wckESifh
wGJ okH;avhrsm;ygonf/ jrefrmpmu pdwZemrfudk ud&d,mESifhwGJokH;jcif;enf;ygonf/ jref
rmqHaompmu ]]ol xrif;pm;onf}}[komqkd ]]olonf xrif;pm;jcif;trIudk jyKonf}}
[k rqkyd g/ xkt
d ok;H tEIe;f rsKd;udk ygVd[efukd ,la&;aomtcgrsKd;wGio
f m awGU&wwfygonf/
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyefrnfholonf t*Fvdyfpmudk uRrf;usifo
avmuf jrefrmpmudk uRrf;usif&EHk iS hf rvkaH vmufyg/ rdrjd refrmjyef,rl nfjh refrmpmudk yd
k uRrf;
usifoifo
h nf[k ajymMuygonf/ xko
d aYdk jymjcif;onf rSeyf &Hk ygonf/ tb,faMumifq
h adk omf
t*Fvyd pf mtok;H tEIe;f rsm;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif wku
d &f u
dk jf yef r&aomtcgrsm;wGif wrsKd;
34
wrnfvSnfh jyef&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

t*FvdyfrS jrefrmjyefrnfholwkdYonf t*FvdyftokH;tEIef;ESifhjrefrmtokH;tEIef;
uGmjcm;onfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; avhvmxm;zkdYvkdygonf/ Oyrm t*Fvdyfpmu 2nd floor
[kqkdaomtcg jrefrmpmjzifh ]'kwd,Murf;jyif}}[kjyefr&yg/ ]]'kwd,txyf}}[kyif jyef
r&yg/ wwd,txyf[k jyef&ygvdrfhrnf/ t*Fvdyfu tdrftxyfudk a&wGuf&mwGif atmuf
qkH;txyf ground floor udkxnfh ra&wGufyJ? jrefrmtac: 'kwd,txyfup yxrxyf
[k a&wGuyf gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf refrm wxyfumG aeygonf/ tar&duefwt
Ydk rd f
txyf a&wGuyf EHk iS jhf refrmtdrt
f xyf a&wGuyf cHk sif; wlygonf/ 2nd floor udk jrefrmu wwd
,txyf[kac:onfhenf;wl tar&duefwkdYuvnf; third storey [kac:Muygonf/
,ckacwfwGif t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY rSefatmifjyefEkdifolrsm; okOf;o
avmufjzpfaeNyD[k ajymMuygonf/ xkdokYdjzpf&jcif;rSm ,ckacwfwGif ,cifacwfuavmuf
t*Fvyd pf mudk wwfatmif oifMum;&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;? wwfatmifoifbYkd vko
d nfrxif
jcif;? oifMum;ay;rIpHcsdef rrSDjcif;wkdYaMumifhjzpf[efwlygonf/ ,ckacwfwGif t*Fvdyfpmudk
wu,fwwfolenf;oGm;&kHomruyJ jrefrmpmudk rSefatmif a&;Ekdifol? jrefrmpum;udk rSef
atmifajymEkdifolrsm;\OD;a&yifvQif ,kwfavsmhvsuf&Sdonf[k xifygonf/ ]]tqkdukd
igu jyifqifaxmufcHygonf}}[k tpnf;ta0;wGif x ajymaomolwa,mufudk jrefrm
pum;rSefrSefajymwwfol[k rSwf,lEkdfifzkdY cufygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tpnf;ta0;
wGif tqkdwckudk axmufcHjcif; (supporting) ESifh jyifqifjcif; (amending) wkdYrSm t"dym,f
csif; tvGefjcm;em;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ vlwa,mufonf tqkdwckckudk ]]axmufcH}}
csifvQif ]]axmufcH}}Ekdifygonf/ ]]jyifqif}}csifvQif ]]jyifqif}}Ekdifygonf/ xdkolonf t
qkdwckckudk wNydKifeufwnf; ]]jyifqifjcif;? axmufcHjcif;}}rvkyfEkdifyg/ ]]tqkdudk igu
jyifqifaxmufcHygonf}}qkdaom pum;ykd'fudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&vQif I beg to amend
and support this proposal [louJhodkY &ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt*Fvdyfpmykd'fudk rnfonfht*Fvdyfpm
wwfolurQ em;vnfEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf amend ESifh support wkdY
onf Nidr;f csrf;pGm twlwzJG ufaexkid
f jzpfEidk af ompum;vk;H rsm; r[kwaf omaMumifjh zpfyg
onf/
t*Fvyd t
f ac:ta0:rsm;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif rSm;onf[k rqkEd idk o
f nfw
h idk af tmif
xkjd refrmjyefcsufrsm;udk t*Fvyd pf mrwwfaom? odrYk [kwf t*Fvyd pf mjzifah &;xm;aom Oa&m
y&mZ0ifuJhodkYaom ynmukd roifbl;olwkdYu em;rvnfEkdifonfudk awGU&bl;ygonf/
*Eavmur*Zif; jrefrmpmykdif;t,f'DwmvkyfaepOfwGif rpwmzmeDA,fu urmh
&mZ0ifudk twkdcsKyft*Fvdyfvkd a&;ay;NyD; pmwef;a&;olu jrefrmjyefygonf/ Ancient
35
bmomjyefpmay
ponfht*Fvdyftac:ta0:rsm;udk ]]a&S;a[mif;
acwf}}? ]]tv,facwfrsm;}}? ]]rsufarSmufacwf}}pojzifh olu jrefrmjyefvu
dk af omtcg
rpwmzmeDA,fu wuokdvf&Sd jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;udk oGm;jyygonf/ waeYwGif rpwm
zmeDA,fu avSmifjyKH;jyKH; ]]a[h baomif;? rif; jrefrmjyefonfha&S;a[mif;acwfwkdY? t
v,facwfwYdk rsufarSmufacwfwq
Ydk o
dk nfh pum;awGukd jrefrmq&mBuD;awGu em;rvnfb;l
vkdYqkdygvm;}}[kajymygonf/ olu ]]olwkdYajymwmrSefygonf}}[kajymonf/ rpwmzmeD
A,fu ]]bmvkv
Yd }J }[kar;ygonf/ ]]olw[
Ydk m taemufwidk ;f &mZ0ifrsm;udk rzwfz;l awmh
tac:ta0:rsm;udk olwkdYem;vnfEkdifMurnfr[kwfygbl;}}[k ajzvkdufrS rpwmzmeDA,f
vnf; oabmaygufoGm;ygonf/ tcsKdUtac:ta0:rsm;rSm oufqkdif&mynm&yfrsm;ukd
avhvmzl;rSom em;vnfEkdifvdrfhrnf/ ,ckwuokdvfu Philosophy udk 'eduaA'?
stronomy udk euwaA'[k jrefrmjyefay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; t*FvdyfpmwwfNyD;aom q&m
rsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;omvQif ,cktcgwGif em;vnfEkdfifMuygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUu euw
aA'qko
d nfrmS euwu
f kd wGu
f a[maomaA'ifusrf;wrsKd;jzpfonf[yk if xifaumif;xif
MubG,f&Sdonf/ t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif rSefatmifjyefbdkYvkdonf/ odkY
&mwGif rSefwkdif;vnf; t*Fvdyfpmrwwfaom jrefrmrsm;u em;vnfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/
oufqidk &f mynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmjyefNyD; zwf&onft
h cgusrSom em;vnfvmMuygvdrrhf nf/
rdrd t"dym,frodaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;udk t"dym,fodatmif a&S;OD;pGm t
bd"mefuMkd unfNh yD;rS jrefrmbmomjyefEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ tbd"mefuMkd unf&h mwGif olzY w
Ydk iG f t
*Fvdyftbd"mefuydkt"dym,fay:ygonf/ olonf t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY
jyef&mwGif jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;udk rMunfhyg/ jrefrmtbd"mefwGif t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;wkdY\
t"dym,frsm;udk pkHvifatmif azmfjyrxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ (,ckaemufqkH;ay:
tbd"mefwGifawmh rajymwwfyg/)t*Fvdyftbd"mefudk Munfh&mwGif cufcJaompum;vkH;
rsm;twGuf tenf;qkH; t*Fvdyftbd"mefESpfrsKd;avmufudk Munfhygonf/ xkdokYdMunfhvQif
trsm;tm;jzifh udk,ft"dym,frodaom roJuGJaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;\t"dym,fudk
em;vnfvmygonf/ xkdokYdem;vnfvmaomtcgusrSom xdkpum;vkH;rsm;\t"dym,fESifh
wlaom odkYr[kwf t"dym,fESifhqifaom jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm;udk&Sm okH;ygonf/
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H wvk;H vk;H \t"dym ,fonf rdrt
d zkYd roJuv
JG Qif? odrYk [kwf xkpd um;
vk;H wvk;H vk;H \t"dym ,fukd rdrrd odvQif olonf t*Fvyd t
f bd"mefwckcu
k kd tNrJqnf;uyf
ygonf/ Oyrmqkdaomf txufwGif azmfjycJhaom "ropfusrf; t*FvdyfbmomjyefrS a,&I
c&pfarG;zGm;[efESifhywfouf ''he(joseph) knew her not..." qkdaompum;ykd'fwGif knew
\t"dym,fudk ol aumif;aumif; em;rvnfyg/ xkdYaMumifh knew \t"dym,fudk The
Times, Middle Ages, Modern Times
36
concise Oxford Dictionary wGif
ol &Smygonf/ xkdtcg knew \t"dym,fwrsKd;rSm be

on intimate terms with jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif C.O.D uay;aomt"dym,f
jzifh ol rauseyfao;yg/ xkdYaMumifh Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary udkMunfh
jyefygonf/ xkdtcg know \t"dym,fudk C.T.C.D u to have sexual commerce with [k
ay;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ wGif commerce \t"dym,fudk twdtusodatmifvkyfzkdYvkd
vmjyefygonf/ commerce \t"dym,fudk quf&Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u intercourse
[kay;ygonf/ C.O.D uawmh intercourse(esp.sexual) [kay;ygonf/ wcg intercouse \
t"dym,fudk&Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u coition [kay;ygonf/ C.O.D uawmh sexual connection [kay;ygonf/ wcg coition \t"dym,fudk &Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u sexual intercourse [k oHo&mvnfoGm;ygonf/ C.O.D u coition ukd sexual copulation [kt"dym,f
ay;ygonf/ wcg copulation \t"dym,fudk&Smjyefawmh C.O.D u sexual union
[kay;ygonf/ C.T.C.D awmh to copulate udk to unite in sexual intercourse [kt"dym,f
ay;ygonf/ uJhodkY know \t"dym,fudk odp&mrusefavmufatmif avhvmaomtcg
The Holy Bible - Revised Standard Version "ropfusrf;tpwGifygaom "he(Joseph)
took his wife (Mary), but knew her not until she had borne a child" qkdaompum;ykd'f\
t"dym,fudk ]]atmf-onfvkdudk;}}[koabmaygufvmygonf/ tqkdygpmydk'fudk The New
English Bible - New Testament wGift*Fvdyfjyefxm;jcif;rSm oltzkdY em;vnf&ef ydk
vG,fygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf "ropfusrf;u "he (Joseph) took Mary home to be
his wife, but had no intercourse with her until her son was born" [kodvG,faompum;
jzifh t*Fvdyfjyefxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ,ckacwf bmomjyef The New Testament
\t*Fvdyfbmomjyefcsufvnf; t"dym,fay:vGifygonf/ xkd"ropfusrf;wGif "and (Joseph) married Mary. But he had no sexual relations with her before she gave birth to
her son. [kt*Fvy
d v
f dk jyefxm;ygonf/ "ropfusrf;ESpu
f srf;u t*Fvyd b
f momjyefcsufonf
t"dym,f&Sif;aeygvsufESifh ]]bmvkdY eifu The Holy Bible - The Revised Standard Version ubmomjyefcsuf\t"dym ,fukd tbd"mefawGxMJ unfNh yD; t"dym ,f&mS ae&ao;ovJ}}
[kar;p&m&Syd gonf/ xko
d adYk r;vQif ]]'guawmh 'Dvydk g[,f/ ighpw
d x
f u
J oHo,&Si;f Ekid o
f rQ
&Sif;oGm;apcsifvkdYyg}}[k ruG,fraxmifhyJ ajz&ygvdrfhrnf/ xkduJhodkY rdrdtzkdY t"dym,fikyfae
aom t*Fvdyfpum;wvkH;\t"dym,fudk tvkyfBuD;wckvkyf &SmazGvkdufaomtcg ol
onf tqkdygpmykd'fukd jrefrmbmomjyef&rnfqkdvQif t"dym,frrSm;atmif jyefEkdifaomt
ajcodkY a&mufvmygonf/
olonf jrefrmbmomjyef&eftwGuf odyHynmESifhywfouf t"dym,fr&Sif;
37
bmomjyefpmay
vif;aompmykd'frsm;? tac:ta0:rsm;udk awGU&vQifvnf; odyHtbd"mefokH;av;tkyfudk

Munfh odkYyif t"dym,fodatmif vkyfygonf/ t"dym,frrSm;atmif bmomjyefEkdif&ef
twGuf tvsifvdk vrf;tkv
d u
dk af om tqkyd genf;rSwyg; tjcm;jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;udk ol
rawGUbl;yg/ know qkdaomt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;uJhodkY pum;wvkH;\t"dym,fudk rD;ckd;<uuf
avQmuf avhvmvkdufaomtcg olonf ,cifuxuf t*FvdyfpmwGif todwkd;vmvdrfh
rnf trSeyf ifjzpfygonf/ odt
Yk odw;dk vmjcif;onf tusKd;vnf;r,kwyf g/ aysmfp&mvnf;
aumif;ygonf/ bmomjyef&mwGiv
f nf; wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh taxmuftuljyKygonf/
,cktcg bmomjyefolwa,muf\tawGUtMuKHudkomr[kwfyJ bmomjyefjcif;
ESifhywfoufaom ol\xifjrifcsuf(twaemrwd)rsm;udkyg awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wifjy
NyD;jzpfojzifh pmwef;udk tqkH;owfyk'fr xkd;&ef tcsdefa&mufygNyD/
odkY&mwGif pmwef;udk tqkH;owfyk'fr rxkd;rDwGif pmwef;wGifazmfjycJhaom
tcsuftvufrsm;teuf ta&;BuD;onf[kxifaom tcsuftvuftcsKdUudk aumufEkwf
tusOf;csKyfazmfjycGifh jyKapvkdygonf/ xkdtcsuftvufrsm;rSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/
(1) bmomjyeftvkyfonf tjcm;tjcm;aomtoufarG;rItwwfrsm;uJhodkY wifBudKoif
Mum;ay;jcif;? odkYr[kwf wifBudKoifMum;xm;jcif;&SdrSom vuf&maumif;aumif;ESifhvkyf
aqmifEkdifrnfhtvkyfjzpfjcif;/
(2) bmomjyeftwwfwiG f tjcm;tjcm;aom toufarG;rItwwfrsm;wGif MuKHawGU&aom
tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xkdtcuftcJrsKd;rsm;rSm wifBudKoifMum;xm;jcif;&SdvQif
rajzjzwfEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;aomtcuftcJBuD;rsm; r[kwfEkdifjcif;/
(3) bmomjyeftvkyo
f nf ayghayghqq tysif;ajyvky
f &aom tvkyrf sKd;r[kwyf J xm0pOf
eufeufeJeJ avhvm vkyf&aom tvkyfjzpfjcif;/
(4) bmomjyeftvkyu
f kd ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk v
f yk Ef idk &f eftwGuf bmomjyefvo
dk rl sm;udk yd;k arG;ouJh
odkY arG;ay;zkdYvkdjcif;? odkYrSom bmomjyefwwfolwkdY qdwfokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfjcif; o
abmrsKd;wkdYjzpfygonf/
tcsKyfwGif toD;ESHaumif;rsm; pm;okH;vkdvQif tavhusaygufaomtyifrsm;ukd
csnf; tm;udk;ae rjzpfonfhenf;wl bmomjyefaumif;olrsm;udk ckdif;aptokH;jyKvkdvQif
tavhusay:vmaom bmomjyefol wa,mufaumif; ESpfa,mufaumif;ukdomtm;udk;
raeyJ a0a0qmqm azmazmvIid v
f idI f oD;rnfh yGirhf nfh bmomjyefpu
dk cf if;ysKd;cif;BuD;wck
udk tcsdefraESmif;rD wnfaxmifay;&ef tcsdefwefygNyD[k pkHq,fjzm yPmo *g&0jyKum
tMuHay;vkdygonf/
pmwef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;rSm rnfolYudkrQ tjypfwifbdkY
38
r[kwfyg/ bmomjyefvkyfief; BuD;yGm;vmrItwGuf pOf;pm;xkdufaom? pOf;pm;oifhaom?

pOf;pm;&efaumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;om jzpfygonf/ tckid t
f rmrjyKrjyif olwt
Ydk &Sd
twkdif; twkH;vkduf tpdkiftcJvkduf tokH;jyK&eft[kwfaMumif;jzifh ed*kH;owfvkdufygonf
ynm&Sdy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wkdY/ /
bmomjyefolwOD;\tawGUtMuKHESifhxifjrifcsufrsm;
/1/OD;armifarmifajy? 2/a':cifrsKd;cspf? 3/OD;jrwfpdk;? 4/OD;
cspfodrf;? 5/OD;wifat;? 6/wuodkvfjrwfol? 7/OD;vlaz0if;? 8/OD;boef;("rdu)? 9/OD;
tkef;cif(vef'ef ysHYoif;) 10/OD;baomf(armifaomfu)? 11/a'gufwmarmifjzL;? 12/OD;
ausmf0if;(&efukefwuokdvf) 13/rsKd;jrifhapm? 14/atmifoef;(rEav;)/
1/
acwfvli,frsm;onf t*Fvdyfpmukd rEkdifaomaMumifh jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkYjyef&m
wGif tqifhtwef; edrfhusaeonf[k aqG;aEG;&m pifppfrSm ESpfbmompvkH;EkdifrS
om jzpfEkdifonf[k ajzygonf/
2/
&opmayrsm;udk bmomjyef&mwGif orkid ;f qkid &f m aemufct
H csufrsm;? bef;pum;
rsm;ESifht&yfokH;pum;rsm;udk avhvmod&Sdxm;oifhaMumif;/
3/
bmomjyef&mwGif rl&if;tavhtx? rl&if;,Ofaus;rI[efygatmif jyefqkdEkdifrS
aumif;aMumif;?
4/
bmomjyeform;rsm;twGuf tbd"mefrsm;? udk;um;&nfnTef;usrf;rsm; jynfhpkHbkdY
vkdaMumif;?
5/
jrefrm Thesaurus jzpfajrmufatmif tm;xkwo
f ifah Mumif;[laom tMuHay;csuf
rsm;udk pmwef;&Sif oabmwlygonf[k ajzonf/
6/
odypH mayudk bmomjyef&mwGif tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif pum;vk;H racRwmbJ a&;oifh
NyD;? tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif vk&d if;udk rdatmif a&;oifah Mumif; aqG;aEG;&m? oabm
wlygonf[k ajzonf/
39
bmomjyefpmay
&opmay bmomjyefjyemwcsKdU
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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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d Ef iS hf jrefrmjyefc&hJ aom pmwyd'k t
f aMumif;udk ajymcsifygao;
onf/ wxdwfxdwfESifh jrefrmjyefcJh&jcif; qkdonfrSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/ rlvpma&;q&mcHpm;
cJhonfhtwkdif; rdrdcHpm;Ekdifygrnfavm/ olYcHpm;rItavsmuf oludkifwG,fcJhaom pum;rsKd;
0gusrsKd;wku
Yd kd rdru
d ikd w
f ,
G Ef idk yf grnfavm/ olcY pH m;rItavsmuf olpnf;&k;H pDpOfco
hJ nft
h wkid ;f
rdrdpnf;&kH;pDpOfEkdifygrnfavm/ odkYavm odkYavm jzpfcJh&jcif;udk qkdvkdygonf/ xkdpmykd'fonf
yav;wk;d \]]acsycsuf (Apology) uxm}}rS jzpfonf/ xkpd myk'd o
f nf a&S;acwf*&d'edu
ynm&Sif aqmhc&wd\avmutjrifwckESifhoufqkdifonf/
acsycsufuxmonf a&S;acwf *&dw&m;ckH&kH;a&SU acsyavQmufvJcJhaom aqmh
c&w\
d rdecYf eG ;f jzpfonf/ aqmhc&wq
d o
dk nfrmS trsm;odMuonft
h wkid ;f Ak'E iS w
hf csdew
f nf;
r[kwaf omfvnf; Ak'E iS ahf cwfNydKif jzpfonf/ Oa&mypmayavmuwGif ,ckacwfwidk f q&m
rkew
d yg;uJo
h Ykd MunfnKd av;pm;jcif; cHae&aom yk*K v
d af usmfwOD;jzpfonf/ acsycsufuxm
udk a&;cJholonf a&S;acwf*&d'eduynm&Sif yav;wkd;jzpfonf/ yav;wkd;qkdonfrSm
trsm;odMuonft
h wkid ;f aqmhc&wu
d kd tvGeMf unfnKd av;pm;aom wynfw
h OD;jzpfonf/
'eduPfvnf;&Sd uAsmPfvnf; &Sdoljzpfonf/
acsycsufuxmudk a&;cJh&jcif;onf taMumif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ aqmhc&
wdESifhyav;wkd;\ZmwdEkdifiHjzpfaom tufoif;NrdKUEkdifiHonf ppf&IH;NyD;onfhaemuf? *&d'Drkd
ua&pDtiftm;pkjyefwufvmaomtcg Ekid if aH cgif;aqmiftcsKdUonf *&dw\
Ydk PAvavm
uwGif odyHenf;us ar;jref;pdppfenf;jzifh vlopfpdwfopf PfopfxlaxmifcJhaom aqmh
c&wdudk rBudKuf wenf;enf;jzifh &Sif;xkwfcsifMuonf[kqdkonf/ xkdYaMumifh aqmhc&wd
onf *&davmuwGif *&dewfa'0gopfrsm;udk zefw;D aeoljzpfaMumif;? *&dvil ,frsm;\pdwf
45
bmomjyefpmay
udk zsufqD;aeoljzpfaMumif; w&m;ckH&kH; pGJcsufwif acgif;aqmiftcsKdUu w&m;pGJMu

onf/ a&S;acwf*&dw&m;ck&H ;Hk qko
d nfrmS a&S;acwf*&d'rD u
dk a&pDpepft& tvSnu
hf swm0ef
,lMu&aom tufoif;NrdKUEkid if o
H m;ig;&mu trIuMkd um;em rJqEay;um pD&ifcsufcsrSwf
&aom w&m;ck&H ;Hk jzpfonf/ xkw
d &m;ck&H ;Hk wGif touf 70-odaYk &mufaeNyDjzpfaom Ekid if aH wmf
w&m;cH aqmhc&wo
d nf Ekid if aH cgif;aqmif w&m;vkw
d \
Ydk pGcJ sufukd jyefvnfacsycJo
h nf/ odYk
&mwGif aemufq;Hk w&m;rQwrI r&S[
d k if;? Ekid x
hf ufp;D eif;jyKvkv
d Qif jyK&atmif ,dak yguf
rsm;&S\
d [kif; ,lqjcif;cH&aom a&S;acwf*&dw&m;ck&H ;Hk rJqEay;pepf\rsm;&mzdtm;jzifh
aqmhc&wdtay:wGif ao'PfpD&ifcsuf csvkdufonf/
ao'PfcsrSwfjcif;cH&aom aqmhc&wdonf ol\rdefYcGef;wGif vlwkdY\todPf?
vlw\
Ydk tusifph &ku
d f tjyKtrlwEYdk iS phf yfvsOf; Mo0g'pum;qkcd o
hJ nft
h jyif aojcif;w&m;
taumif;jzpfvQifvnf; jzpfEkdifaMumif; ajymNyD;aemuf atmufyged*kH;csKyf pum;udk w&m;
ckH&kH;a&SU rdefYygonf/ xkdaemuf tusOf;axmif&Sd&modkY vkdufoGm;&ygonf/ olYpum;onf
t*FvdyfbmomjyefwGif atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
"The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways - I to die and you to
live. Which is better is known to God(Heaven) and only to him (Heaven)." B.Jowett,tr.
yav;wk;d onf acsycsufuxmudk txl;*&kjyK a&;cJ[

h efwo
l nf/ txufyg ed*;Hk
csKyfpum;udkvnf; txl;*&kjyKa&;cJh[ef wlonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf u&kPm&o?
oE&otjynfhyg&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 0g? oem;p&m? MunfndKp&mjzpfaeaomaMumifh
yif/ t*Fvyd yf garmu*sKdU0ufuvnf; txl;*&kjyK t*Fvyd b
f momjyefc[
hJ efwo
l nf/ a0g
[m&wkdYonf vG,fonf/ 0guszGJUxkH;onf &kd;onf/ odkY&mwGif qefYusifzuf t"dym,f&Sdaom
pum;ESpf&yfudk uspfvpfatmif jyK rsufESmcsif;qkdifjyK pDpOfpnf;&kH;vkdufonfjzpf&m?
pum;ESpf&yf\teufESpfckonf qkHrdNyD;rS tomt,m cGmxGufoGm;MubdouJhodkYjzpfonf/
xkdESifhtwl aqmhc&wdtwGuf 0rf;enf;&rvkdvkd? csD;usL;&rvkdvkd jzpfvm&monf/ *sKdU0uf
\t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpum;ajyuvnf; uAsmaumif;wyk'fuJhodkY wifhw,f\[k qkd&r
avmuf aumif;ygayonf/ xkdYaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyef uspfvpfatmifjyKxm;aom I
to die and you to live [laompum;ESpf&yfudkif;? pDpOfpnf;&kH;xm;ykHudkif; cRwfpGyfr[kwf
apumrl? teD;uyfqkH;&atmif tm;xkwfzkdY vkdtyfygonf/ tm;xkwfcJhonfrSm atmufyg
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
]]tufoif;NrdKUom;wkdY .../ uREfkyf oGm;csdefwefygNyD/ xkdYaMumifh toifwkdYESifh
tuREkfyf vrf;cGJMu&rnf/ uREkfyf\vrf;onf aovrf;jzpfonf/ toifwkdY\vrf;onf ae
vrf;jzpfonf/ rnfonhfvrf;u omoenf;/ toifwkdYvnf; rod/ uREkfyfvnf; rod/ rnf
46
olrQ rod/ t*bkHom odawmhonf/

(yav;wkd;ed'gef;rS)
txufyg bmomjyefEiS phf yfvsOf; aemufq;Hk jzpfaom t*Fvyd 0f gustwGuf ajym
p&mwck&Sdaeygonf/ xkdt*Fvdyf0gusudk ]]rnfonfhvrf;u omaumif;onfudk t*bkH
odonf/ t*bkHom odonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif jzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfpmoGm;twkdif; wdus
onf[yk if qkEd idk yf gao;onf/ t*Fvyd b
f momjyefwiG f t*Fvyd b
f mom\obm0tavsmuf
ajyjypfjcif;? okwo
d mjcif;&So
d nf[k xifygonf/ odyYk gaomfvnf; olt
Y 8Fvyd pf moGm;twkid ;f
twdtus jrefrmjyefvQif ,ckMum;&onfhtwkdif; jzpfaeygonf/ rdrdtzkdYrSm raMueyfEkdif
jzpfchJonf/ xkdYaMumifh udpwGif olYt*FvdyfpmoGm;aemufodkY twdtusrvkdufawmhbJ olY
tmabmfEiS o
hf t
Yl m0Ze;f wku
Yd kd xdxrd rd d &vQif NyD;ap[k ESv;Hk oGi;f jrefrmjyefcyhJ gonf/ &o
pmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif tmabmfESifhtm0Zef; xdrdrItrSefudk OD;pm;ay; pmoGm;wdus
rI trSefudk pGefYvkdufonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ waMumif;tm;jzifh ygarmua&mufpf (Rouse)
\acwfrDt*Fvdyfbmomjyef rlopfjzpfaom And now it is time to go, I to die and you to
live; But which of us goes to a better thing is unknown to all but God (Heaven). udkawGU
&aomaMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ qifjcifMuyg&ef/
wwd,jyemukd qufqkdygrnf/ bmomjyef&mwGif udk,fhvlrsKd;pmzwfy&dowf
uvnf; tvG,w
f ul em;vnfMurnf[k rSe;f qEkid v
f Qif rlvpma&;q&m\qkyd rHk ed yYf u
Hk kd waoG
rwdr;f vku
d ef moifo
h nf[k ,lygonf/ xko
d rdYk [kwyf gu? rlvpma&;q&m\tvku
d kd rxdcu
dk f
apbJ tvdkufoifh jznfhaomfif;? qDavsmfatmifjyKaomfif; a&;csifonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;twGuf bmomjyefavhusifhcef;rsm;aomfif;? okawoDrsm;twGuf oufouf
jzpfaom bmomjyefrsm;if; wdwdusus vkdufvkdvQif vkdufEkdifygonf/ olwkdY\&nf&G,f
csufu wrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ trsm;y&dowftzdkYrSm vG,fvG,fulul oabmaygufESpf
oufatmif jyKjcif;u ykdaumif;onf[k ,laomaMumifhyif/
a&S;OD;pGm tvkdufoifhjznfh a&;cJhykHudk jycsifygonf/ t*Fvdyf0wKwkdwyk'fwGif
t*FvdyfbmomqkdykHrdefYykHwckudk atmufygtwkdif; awGUEkdifygonf/
"His spoons had gone and Smith must go, too"(John Galsworthy. Revolt at
Roger's, 1870. ]]1870
jynfhESpfu tdrfwGifolykef}})
]]olckd; tckd;cHMu&ojzifh olYaiGZGef;? olYaiGc&if;wkdYonf olYtdrfrSxGufoGm;MuNyD/
xkdYaMumifh olYb@mpdk;prpfonfvnf; olYtdrfrS xGufoGm;&rnf/ xGufap trdefYawmf}}/
wGif]]xGufap trdefYawmf}}[laompum;cGef;onf rlvbmomta&;tom;
rygyg/ tvku
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d o
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47
bmomjyefpmay
taMumif;&Sdygonf/ 0wKwkdwGif oaX;a&mf*sm\tdrf aiGZGef;? aiGcuf&if;wkdY olckd;tckd;cH

&aomtaMumif; ygonf/ oaX;a&mf*smonf pnf;BuD;? urf;BuD;? ude;f BuD;? cef;BuD;? pcef;
BuD;aomoljzpfonf/ olYtdrfwGif wm0ef&Sdaom olYb@mpdk;prpfqkdolonf wnwGif t&uf
trl;vGef tdyfaysmfoGm;&m olYtcef;odkY olckd;0if aiGZGef;? aiGcuf&if;wkdYudk ckd;oGm;onf/
rk;d vif; olc;dk tck;d cH&aMumif; odMuaomtcg oaX;a&mf*smonf prpfuakd c: qlonf/
xkaYd emuf tvkyrf x
S u
G &f rnf[k trdeaYf y;onf/ rlvpma&;q&monf tcef;rSp pnf;
BuD;urf;BuD;? udef;BuD;cef;BuD;? pcef;BuD;vSaom oaX;a&mf*sm\obm0ukd azmfcsif[ef
wlonf/ xkdYaMumifh txufyg0guswGif oaX;\ZGef;uav; xGufoGm;aomaMumifh vlw
a,mufvkH; tvkyfrS xGuf&awmhrnfhykHudk jyvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ xefvGef;aom? w&m;vGef
usaom oabmESifhtaMumif;rwef cH&awmhrnfhoabmESpfckudk OD;yJhjyK jyvkdufjcif;jzpf
onf/ xko
d jYkd yvku
d jf cif;tm;jzifh oaX;a&mf*sm\ude;f BuD;cef;BuD;obm0onf ay:vmonf
[k xif&ygonf/ ]]xGufap trdefYawmf}}udk tvkdufoifhjznfhvkdufaomtcg jrefrmwkdY em;
vnfvG,faom rif;oHpkd;oH [dwf[ef xyfxnfhjcif;tm;jzifh a&mf*sm\obm0 toufydk
0ifvmrnf[k xifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ um; tajzjzpfygonf/ oifh roifh rajym
wwfyg/ jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfurlum; a&mf*sm\udef;BuD;cef;BuD; obm0udk vG,fvG,ful
ul oabmayguf ESpfoufMuvdrfhrnfxif tvkdufoifh jznfhcJhjcif;ukd rdrdaMueyfrdonf/
xkdYaemuf udk,fhvlrsKd; pmzwfy&dowftzkdY tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmayguf
ESpo
f ufjcif;jzpfapvko
d jzifh qDavsmfatmif jyK a&;cJah ompmyk'd w
f cktaMumif;udk qkcd sif
ygonf/ xkdpmykd'fonf tar&duef0wKa&;q&m qifuvJ,m;-vl;0pf (Sinclair Lewis)
\]]yGJpm;BuD;AufApf}} (Babbitt) ac:0wK&Snfygaom ZmwfuGufwckrS pmykd'fjzpfonf/ xkd
pmykd'fonf 0wKa&;q&mvl;0pf\b0tjrifESifhoufqkdifonf/
vl;0pfonf urmausmfpma&;q&mwOD; jzpfonf/ tar&duefa,;vf (Yale)wu
-odkvfausmif;xGufjzpfonf/ tar&duefqkd&S,fvpf0g'D tywef-qifuvJ,m; (Upton
Sinclair) \qkd&S,fvpfvufawGYvkyfief;wGif &kH;vkviftjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ xkdY
jyif atmufajcodr;f tvkyrf sm;udk tawmftwef vkycf o
hJ v
l nf;jzpfonf/ ola&;aom0wK
rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tar&dueft&if;&Siaf vmuwGif azmufazmufjyefjyef usifo;Hk
aeMuaom vlvwfwef;pm;t&if;&SifaygufpwkdY\obm0udk uJh&JU? oa&mf o&kyfazmf
avh&Sdaom 0wKrsm;jzpfonf/ ]]yGJpm;BuD;AufApf}}0wKonfvnf; xkd0wKrsKd;jzpfonf/
xk0d wKygaom Zmwfuu
G w
f ckonf odjYk zpfonf/ xkZd mwfuu
G w
f iG f Zmwfaqmif
okH;OD;ygonf/ wOD;onf Zif;epfNrdKU ajryGJpm;tdrfyGJpm;tvkyfudk vkyfaom yGJpm;AufApf
jzpfonf/ aemufwOD;onf Zif;epfNrdKUyif ajraps;upm;jcif;tvkyf? tdrfaps;upm;jcif;
48
tvkyfwkdYjzifh pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifhaeaom aps;upm;orm; vkdifwDjzpfonf/ usefwOD;onf

Zif;epfNrdKUyif rdrd\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk wdk;csJUaeaom csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Djzpfonf/ xkd
ZmwfuGuf zGJUxm;aom tjzpftysufonf udk,fusKd;tjrwftpGef;twGuf vkdifwDu Auf
Apfukd acgif;ykjH zwf? AufApfu yg'Dukd acgif;ykjH zwf? yg'Du pm;ok;H olvx
l u
k kd acgif;ykjH zwf
toD;oD; toutou pD;yGm;&SmaeMuaom tjzpftysufjzpfonf/
Zif;epfNrdKUwGif vifwefac: uGuo
f pfukd wk;d csJU&ef pDpOfaeMuaMumif; odvmojzifh
uGufopf\pnfyifom,ma&; tvm;tvmudk jrifaom yGJpm;AufApfonf olYrdwfaqGvdkif
wDukd xkduGufopf ajrwuGuf t0,fckdif;onf/ vkdifwDonf aiGxkyfykdufum aps;upm;
pD;yGm;&Smaeoljzpfonft
h avsmuf AufApf\tMuHay;csuft& a':vmaiGaomif;waxmif
ay;um xkdajruGufudk 0,f t&if;jrKyfvdkufonf/ yGJpm;AufApf rsufapmif;xkd;xm;onf
rSm xkdajruGufESifhab;csif;uyfjzpfaom csKdcsOfqkdifjzpfonf/ csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Donf waeY
aeYwGif olYtvkyfudk wkd;csJUcsifvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg olwkdY\ajruGufudk rwefwq aps;wif
a&mif;xkwrf nf/ um;AufApf\&Gut
f yk o
f ;D tMuHjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ajcmufvavmuf
Mumjrifah omtcg yGpJ m;AufApfonf csKdcsOfqidk &f iS yf g'Dukd acsmhcsnfwcg? acsmufcsnfwvSnhf
jyK qG,fygavawmhonf/
aemufqkH; csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Donf AufApf\yGJac:yGJjrLenf;y&d,m,fpkH'Pfudk r
cHEkdifojzifh AufApf\yGJ&kH&Hk;cef; yGJpm;AufApfESifhqkwfwkHwufwkH? csDwkHcswkH tusdwfte,f
aps;qpfMuNyD;onfhaemuf? aps;upm;orm; vkdifwDtm; yg'Du a':vmaiGESpfaomif;w
axmifay; ajruGufudk 0,fvkduf&onf/ xdktcg vkdifwDonf a':vmukd;axmifausmft
jrwf& AufApfonf yGJc av;&mhig;q,f &vkdufonf/ ta&mif;t0,fudpNyD;Mu vkdifwD
ESifhyg'DwkdY jyefMuaomtcg yGJ&kH&kH;cef; AufApfwOD;om usefcJhonf/ jrefrmjyefxm;onfhpm
ykd'fonf AufApf\&kH;cef; AufApfwa,mufwnf; usefchJ&mrS? ol aiGt&enf;udk wpdrfpdrfh
awG; emusnf;pdwfjzifh nnf;vkdufaomAufApf\nnf;jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdnnf;jcif;onf
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
"It had been a manly battle, but after it Babbitt dropped...He muttered, "Makes
me sick to think of Lyte carrying off most of the profit when I did all the work, the old
skinflint!...."
t8Fvdyfbmomta&;tom;twkdif;vkduf jrefrmjyefvQif AufApf\nnf;jcif;

onf ]]tvkyfvkyfawmh igucsnf;vkyf&w,f/ tjrwfudkawmh olutrsm;qkH; usKH;,loGm;
w,f/ vJaovku
d zf o
Ykd m aumif;wmbJ/ 'DvBl uD;[m uyfap;eJ aumfw&mBuD;? pm;zm;BuD;}}
[kjzpfvmEkid o
f nf/ xkjd refrmjyefukd jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfonf tvG,w
f ul em;vnfMuvdrhf
rnf[k xifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdjrefrmjyef wckckvkdaeao;onf[k rdrd\pdwf paemifh
49
bmomjyefpmay
peif; jzpfcJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm toufygoifhoavmuf rygao;[k txif&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

0wKa&;q&mvl;0pfonf ud,
k u
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Muaom t&if;&Sifavmuudk rBudKufoljzpfonf/ o&kyfazmf&mwGif xkdavmu\obm0ukd
toufygatmif zGJUwwfonf/ pmzwfy&dowf\pdwf pufqkyfcsifp&m? &,fcsifp&mjzpf
atmif zGUJ wwfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh yGpJ m;AufApf\nnf;jcif;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif AufApf\puf
qkyfp&m? &,fp&mobm0 toufygEkdiforQ ygatmif tm;xkwfzkdYvkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
jrefrmtodcH? jrefrmhtBudKufcHwkdYESifhqDavsmfatmifjyK tm;xkwfcJhonfrSm atmufygt
wkdif;jzpfonf/
]]wzufESifhwzuf tusdwfte,f ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf usm;usm;&m;&m;
aps;qpfNyD;Mu yGjJ ywfpOftcguaomf yGpJ m;BuD;AufApfonf 0rf;omvk;H BuD;qko
Yd mG ;rdonf/
olYyGJ&kH&kH;cef; olwOD;wnf; usefcJhaomtcgum; csufcsif; ol 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf
nnf;vdkufonf/ ]]vkyfp&m&SdawmhvJ igucsnf; vkyf&w,f/ EGm;BuD;vkdbJ/
/ajym
p&m&Sdawmh vJ igucsnf;ajym&w,f/ vQmxGufrwwfbJ/
/ &p&m&Sdawmh olu ukd;
axmifausmf/ tqDeJY w0if;0if;/ / ighrSmawmh av;&mhig;q,f/ t&kd;t&if;&,f/}}
jrefrmjyefwiG f jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efukd ok;H cJo
h nfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfonf/ oifh
roifh rajymwwfyg/ jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfrmS um; AufApf\trlt&mwkYd toufygpuf
qkypf &m? &,fp&mjzpfvmvdrrhf nf[k if;? AufApf\&avvkad v tkw
d ap oabm0udk oa&mf
ykHwGif jrefrmhtoJckduf tBudKufawGUMuwef&m\[kif; xif qDavsmfatmif jyKcJhjcif;udk
rdrd aMueyfrdonf/
taMumif;aumif;&Sd tvkdufoifhjznfhjcif;udkif;? qDavsmfatmifjyKjcif;udkif;
aMueyfoifah Mumif; axmufc&H ma&mufaom oufaoESpOf ;D udk wifjyygrnf/ oufaowOD;
onf umvD'go\oukEvjyZmwfudk ouwbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefqkdaom armf
eD,m0DvsHjzpfonf/ wOD;onf yav;wk;d \uxmrsm;udk *&dbmomrS t*Fvyd b
f momodjYk yef
qdkcJhaom ygarmu*sKdU0ufjzpfonf/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;\&opmayukd bmomjyef&mwGif wcsKdU
wcsKdUaom udpr sm; bmomjyefukd zwf&MI urnfv
h rl sKd; pmzwfy&dowf\todcH tBudKufcH
wku
Yd kd axmufvsuf xkyd &dowf em;vnfvufcEH idk af tmif bmomjyefoifah Mumif;ESiphf yfvsOf;
armfeD,m0DvsHu qkdcJhonfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
"I have felt inclined to accuse myself of having taken, in some cases, too great
liberties with the Sanskirt original. But in the end I have acquiesced in my first and still
abiding conviction that a literal translation might have commended itself to Oriental
students, but would not have given a true idea of the beauty to India's most cherished
drama to general readers, whose minds are cast in a European mould, and who require
a translator to clothe Oriental ideas, as far as practicable, in a dress comformable to
50

European cannons of taste." (M.Monier - Williams, tr. Sakoontala, Perface to the eighth
edition.)
xkdYaemuf ygarmu *sKdU0ufu qkdcJhonfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
''An English translation ought to be idiomatic and interesting not only to the
scholar but to the unlearned reader. Its object should not simply be to render the words
of one language into the words of another or to preserve, the construction and order of
the original....To him the feeling should be more important than the exact word." (B.
Jowett, tr. The Dialogues of Plato, preface to the second and third editions.)
&opmayudk bmomjyefMu&mwGif wcgw&H xkad e&mwuGu?f ae&mwuGuw

f Ydk
tvkdufoifh jznfhaomfif;? qDavsmfatmifjyKaomfif; bmomjyefoifhaompmykd'frsm;
udak wGUMurnfjzpfonf/ a&Smif&rnfr[kwyf g/ xdt
k cg bmomjyefoo
l nf rdr\
d uavmif
vGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd tcsdet
f qjzifh NcdK;NcdK;jcHjcH tok;H jyKoifo
h nf[k ,lqygonf/ txl;owdjyK
oifo
h nfrmS pm\tmabmf? pm\tm0Ze;f ? pm\&owku
Yd u
kd m; wrsKd;wzkH jzpfroGm;atmif
tcgcyfodrf; apmifha&Smuf&efvkdtyfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/
txufu qkdcJhorQonf rdrd\bmomjyefjyemtcsKdUomjzpfonf/ jyemt
rsm;tjym; usefvrd Ohf ;D rnf/ qufavhvmMu&efjzpfonf/ pmwef;tzkrYd mS pmwef;
wifjycJhonfwkdYudk ppfaq;aqG;aEG;Mu&ef jzpfygonf/ /
&opmay bmomjyefjyemtcsKdU
1/ OD;aomif;a&T(apma&TAkdvf)
2/ ocFg?
3/ '*kefa&TrQm;
4/ OD;ausmf0if;?
5/ awmifwGif;BuD;OD;ukdukdBuD;?
6/ OD;ausmharmif(aiGrQm;)?
7/ qef;vGif?
8/ armifomEkd;?
9/ OD;vlaz0if;?
10/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
51
bmomjyefpmay
1/
&opmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif obm0udk rsufjcnfrjywf&SdzkdYvkdonf[k aqG;aEG;
&m oabmwlygonf[k ajzonf/
2/
bmomjyef&mwGif rl&ifpmtay: opm&SdzkdYvkdonf[k aqG;aEG;&m pm\tmabmf?
pm\tm0Zef;? pm\&owkdYudk rxdcdkufbJ bmomjyefvQif opm&Sdonf[k qkdEkdif
aMumif; jyefajzonf/
3/
bmomjyef&mwGif wdwu
d sus r&Sb
d J azmif;yGpmG bmomjyef&ef roifah Mumif; aqG;
aEG;&m azmif;yG[laompum;\t"dym,fukd odzkdYvkdaMumif;? ykdvnf;ae xkdtydk
uvnf; tusKd;r&Sdjzpfaom pum;rsKd;udkom azmif;yGonf[k qkdEkdifaMumif;? &o
pmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif udk,fhvlrsKd; pmzwfy&dowfem;vnf&kHrQru ESpfouf
jcif;vnf;jzpfatmif? wcgw&H tvkdufoifhjznfhif;? qDavsmfatmif jyKif;?
bmomjyefvQif jzpfEidk o
f nf[k if;? tusKd;&So
d nf[k if; ,lqaMumif;jyefajzonf/
4/
pmwef;\pmrsufEmS 55-wGif ]]a&S;OD;pGm awmifapmif;rS ...}}[k bmomjyefEiS hf
pyfvsOf; wufvu
dk ?f avQmufvu
kd ?f aemufjyefavQmufvu
dk ?f qif;vku
d ?f wufvu
dk f
[kqkdvQif wkdoGm;aMumif; aqG;aEG;&m? wkdoGm;onfrSm trSefjzpfaomfvnf; pdwf
armp&m obm0aysmufomG ;aMumif;/ ]]eef;MumndKaMumh}}'de;f oHonf tvGr;f o
bm0jzpf av;av;wGJYwGJYoDqkdwD;rIwf&aMumif;? odkY&mwGif wcg 'dk;ywf0kdif;wGif
pnf;okw0f g;okwjf zifh cyfou
G o
f u
G rf w
I Mf u wD;Muonfukd awGb
Y ;l aMumif;? wD;rIwf
jzpfygaomfvnf; 'def;oH\obm0 aysmufoGm;aMumif; jyefajzonf/
5/
pmwef;\pmrsufESm 58-wGif Heaven udkt*bkHtpm; aumif;uifbkH[k jyefvQif
vG,faMumif; aqG;aEG;&m? aumif;uifbkHonf c&pf,efwkdYtjrifjzpfaMumif;? a&S;
acwf*&dwkdY\tjrifonf wrsKd;jzpfaMumif;? jA[ZmvokwfxJu {upow'd
|dtcef;wGif tb&jA[mbkEH iS chf yfqifqif wlaMumif;? ok&Yd mwGif jA[mbk[
H b
k m
omjyefvQifvnf; roifah Mumif;? xkaYd Mumifh woD;woefjY zpfatmif ]]t*}}ud]k ]bk}H }
ESifhwGJ t*bkH[k jyefvkdufjcif;jzpfaMumif; jyefajzonf/
52
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;

wifjyol
OD;wif{
OD;wnfcsuf
pmwef;wGif OD;wnfcsuf ESpfcsuf&Sdygonf/
,if;wkdYrSm
1/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; toD;oD; A[kokw ydkrkd<u,f0vmap&efESifh
2/ wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; wOD;taMumif; wOD;ydrk o
dk &d edS m;vnfvmMuap&ef jzpfygonf/
wGif eHywf 1 OD;wnfcsufrSm &Sif;aeygonf/ tus,f&Sif;jyaep&m rvkd[kxif
ygonf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;wrsKd;\taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmayodkY
jyefqkda&;om;vkdufvQif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;tzkYd tMum;tjrif ydkrsm;vmrnf? taxGaxG
A[kow
k ydrk <dk u,f0vmrnfrmS tvGeaf ocsmaomudpj zpfygonf/ taxGaxGA[kow
k enf;
yg; t&m&mwGif todynmtqifhtwef; edrfhaeao;aom uRefawmfwkdY jynfaxmifpkjref
rmEkid if zH mG ; wkid ;f &if;om;wkt
Yd zkdY A[kow
k wk;d yGm;aprnfu
h pd r eS o
f a&GU vkv
d m;tyfonfcsnf;
vkyaf qmiftyfonfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ck bmomjyefa&;udpo
nfvnf; vkv
d m;
tyf vkyfaqmiftyfaom udpw&yfjzpfygonf/
OD;wnfcsuf eHywf 2 udkrl tenf;i,f &Sif;jyyg&ap/
uRefawmfwEdYk idk if o
H nf vlO;D a& 28-oef;cefo
Y m&Sad om Ekid if iH ,fuav; jzpfonf/
vlOD;a&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfwkdYxuf rsm;pGm
tiftm;BuD;rm;aomEkdifiHBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif nyfaeaom EkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY
jzpfaeonft
h xJwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;wrsKd;wnf;om &So
d nfr[kwyf ?J wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGm pkaygif;aexkdifvsuf&Sdojzifh xkdwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;\pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI
udk r&t& wnfaqmuf&efrSm vGefpGmta&;BuD;ayonf/ wzef? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;t
rsm;pkonf jynfaxmifpk\e,fedrdwf wavQmufwGif aexkdfifvsuf&Sd&um; wkdif;&if;om;
pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIonf ydkydkyif vkdtyfvmayawmhonf/
vufawGYtm;jzifh uRefawmfwkdYonf 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv yifvkHrS tpjyK
wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw
G rf u
I kd rsKd;aphcsEkid cf o
hJ jzifo
h m Ekid if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;udk &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpf
onf/ xkd&&Sdxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;udk xm0&wnfwHhatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif
&ef wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw
G rf u
I d ydrk cdk idk rf m awmifw
h if;vmatmif qufvufvyk af qmif
Mu&ayrnf/ xkx
Yd ufum; ,cktcg wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd; tm;vk;H \tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf qkd
&S,fvpfvlYabmifopfudk BudK;yrf;wnfaqmufvsuf&Sd&m wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIudk
53
bmomjyefpmay
yiftajccH wnfaqmufomG ;Mu&ayrnf/ odv

kY Qif wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw
G rf o
I nf
jynfaxmifpkBuD;\twdwf? ypKyef? tem*wfumvokH;yg;pvkH;twGuf t"duusaom vkd
tyfcsufBuD;w&yf jzpfaeayawmhonf/
,if;odkYjzpf&m uRefawmfwkdYonf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; wOD;taMumif;
wOD; ydrk o
kd &d edS m;vnfvmatmif wwfEidk o
f rQ aqmif&u
G af y;Ekid v
f Qif jynfaxmifpBk uD;pnf;
vkH;nDnGwfrItwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
]]wOD;taMumif;}}qko
d nfrmS tvGew
f &mrsm;jym;us,f0ef;ygonf/ wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;\yx0D0if? orkdif;? bmompum;? pmay? "avhxkH;pH? ,Ofaus;rIpojzifh
wkid ;f &if;om;wa,muf\arG;onfah eYrpS aoonfah eYtxd jzpfysuf? awGMY uKHcpH m;? awG;
awm? vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G af omudpt
m;vk;H tMuKH;0ifygonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;\
taMumif;yifvQif rQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;aevQif 70-eD;yg;&Sdaom wkdif;&ifom;aygif;pkH
wkdY\taMumif;rSm rnfrQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;rnfudk awG; MunfhEkdifygonf/
odp&m? rSwfp&m? avhvmp&mu rQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;aeaomfvnf; tu,fod
&Sed m;vnfNyD;aom t&mum; tenf;i,frQom&Sad o;onft
h aMumif;udrk l txl;ajymzdrYk vkd
[kxifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; wOD;taMumif;wOD;aumif;pGm rod
ao;onfhtaMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; aumif;pGm odMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifh wOD;t
aMumif; wOD;yd
k od&edS m;vnfvmatmif uRefawmfwYdk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh vkyaf qmifMu&yg
rnf/
,if;enf;rsm;xJwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;pmaytcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;
onfvnf; enf;aumif;wck jzpfonf[k xifjrifygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;
wOD;\taMumif;udpu
kd wOD;u tcgtcGi&hf wkid ;f avhvmrSwo
f m;aeMurnf? a&;om;azmf
jyaeMurnfqkdygu wOD;taMumif; wOD; ydkrdkod&Sdvmayvdrfhrnf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; em;vnfrI
ydrk &dk &Sv
d mayvdrrhf nf/ rodem;rvnfraI Mumifh jyKrdwwfavh&adS om tajymtqkd rSm;,Gi;f rI?
tvkyftudkif rSm;,Gif;rIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EkdifMuayvdrfhrnf/ wOD;tay: wOD; onf;cHcGifh
vTwrf ?I cifrifav;pm;rI wk;d yGm;vmayvdrrhf nf/ enf;tm;jzifh wu,fch idk rf mawmifw
h if;
aom cspfMunfpnf;vkH;rIudk aemufqkH; &&SdvmEkdifayvdrfhrnf/
wkid ;f &if;om;pmaytcsif;csif;]]aygif;ul;}}ay;jcif;? ES;D aESmzvS,jf cif;? tjyef
tvSe,
f pkd ;D pdr0hf ifjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G jf cif;vkyif ef;onf tvGeo
f rd af rGUaomfvnf; xm
0&ckdifrmNrJjrHuspfvpfaomoabmudk aqmifayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh t&m0wKESpfckudk ydk;
BudK;rQifuav;jzifh csnfaESmif&pfpnf;ay;ouJhodkY jzpfonf/ ydk;BudK;onf ao;oG,fEl;nHh
tvG,fwul rjrif&aomfvnf; ykdrkdNrJjrHckdifcHhatmif pnf;aESmif&pfywfay;wwfaom owd
54
&Sdayonf/
xkdYaMumifh 'kwd,OD;wnfcsufjzifhvnf; pmwef;udk wif&jcif;jzpfygonf/
vkyfief;pOf
vkyfief;pOf av;&yf&Sdygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm1/ wkdif;&if;om;pmay toD;oD;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk jrefrmodkYjyefjcif;? (pmjzifhyifr&Sd
aomfvnf; wkdif;&if;om;wkdYEIwfjzifh ajymqkdrSwfom;xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;ykpH/ /ykHjyif? orkdif;? pum;ykHponfwkdYudk jrefrmvkd a&;om;jcif;vnf; u@wGif t
MuKH;0ifygonf/)
2/ jrefrmpmayrS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;bmomtoD;oD;odkYjyefjcif;?
3/ wkdif;&if;om;pmaywrsKd;rS jrefrmodkY jyefxm;onfwkdYudk tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;bmomw
rsKd; odkYr[kwf bmomtrsm;odkYjyefjcif;?
4/ tjcm;bmompum;-txl;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;xm;aomwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
rsm; taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGm pdppf bmomjyefjcif;[l jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYaqmif&Gufoifhoenf;
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSefbmomjyefa&;twGuf atmufygenf;ESpf
enf;teuf wenf;enf;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k tMuHay;vdkygonf/
yxrenf;/
/oufqkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsKdUwGif (ykHpHtm;jzifh jynf
e,frsm;ESichf sif;0daoowkid ;f wkw
Yd iG )f pmayjyKpka&;ESib
hf momjyefaumfrwD toD;oD; zGUJ pnf;
wnfaxmif&ef/
,if;aumfrwDwkdY\vkyfief;rsm;rSm1/ tjyeftvSef bmomjyefoifhaom pmayrsm;pdppfa&G;cs,fay;jcif;?
2/ bmomjyefEidk rf nfph mayvkyo
f m;rsm; &SmazGa&G;cs,foifMum; avhusifch efx
Y m;ay;jcif;?
3/ (txl;tm;jzifh odyHESifhtwwfynmqkdif&m pmayrsm;ESifhywfouf)ynm&yfa0g[m&
rsm; jyKpkowfrSwfay;jcif;
4/ wnf;jywfolrsm; &SmazGxm;&Sday;jcif;?
5/ bmomjyefNyD;aom pmrlrsm;udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzefYcsDay;jcif;ponfwkdY jzpfoifhygonf/
enf;jzifh rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaomf'kwd,enf;/
/wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsKdUxJrS oufqkdif&mwkdif;&if;om;bm
omESifhjrefrmbmomukd aumif;pGmwwfuRrf;ol okH;av;OD;pDudk ,Ofaus;rIXmeESifh]]pmay
55
bmomjyefpmay
Adrmef}}wGif wGzJ ufxm;&Sad pNyD;vQif txufygtwkid ;f tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;vkyif ef;

rsm;udk vkyfaqmifoGm;apoifhonf/ (wGif azmfjyyg yk*KdvfwkdYudk vrf;jynTefMum;aernfh
pmaytzGJYtpnf;w&yfpDum; jynfe,ftoD;oD;ESifhcsif;0daoowkdif;wkdYwGif &Sdoifhonf/)
vkyfief;tvm;tvm
vkyfief;tvm;tvmudk cefYrSef;Munfhvkdufaomf tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm;rS
jrefrmokdYjyefzkdYu enf; jrefrmrS tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;bmomrsm;odkY jyefzkdYu ydkrsm;rnf[k
,lqygonf/ taMumif;udkqkdaomf1/ jrefrmpmayu tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmaywkdYxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkrkd<u,f0aom
aMumifh jzpfonf/
2/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pma&;&ef tu&myif r&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
3/ tcsKdUaomwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif ]]pmay}}tenf;i,fom &SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
(ykHpH/ /ykjH yif? pum;yk?H orkid ;f ? aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;? vufryI nmtcsKdUponf)
xkaYd Mumifh wkid ;f &if;om;toD;oD;wkYd pmjzifh odrYk [kwf EIwjf zif&h adS om ykjH yif? pum;
ykH? orkdif;? vufrIynm? aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;ponfwkdYudk jrefrmodkYjyef jrefrmpmaywGif
&Sdaom pmaumif;ayrGEfrsm;? 0wKrsm;? odyHynmrsm;? vlrIa&;pmayrsm;udk tcsKdUaom
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm;odkYjyefqkday;oGm;vQif avsmfuefrnf[k xifjrifygonf/
jyemrsm;
wkdif;&if;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;udk vufawGYtaumiftxnf
azmfaomtcg atmufazmfjyyg rsm;jym;&Iyaf xG;aomjyemrsm;ESihf &ifqidk &f zG,&f ydS gonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w
H iG f wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;tvGerf sm;ygonf/ ('daYk oG; 'do
Yk m;
wkdif;&if;bGm;pmtkyfwGif OD;rif;Ekdifu 70-[k azmfjyonf/)
wGif ,if;wkdif;&if;om;pmay tm;vkH;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk jrefrmodkYjyef
rnfqkdvQif jyemBuD;BuD;us,fus,f ray:Ekdifyg/ bmompum;qkdif&m tcuftcJwck
omvQif &ifqkdif&zkdY&Sdygonf/
odkY&mwGif jrefrmpmay
mpmayrS jyefoifh jyefxdkufonfrsm;udk tqkdygpmay]]tm;vkH;}}odkY
jyefrnfqkdvQifum; jyemrSm tvGefrsm;jym;us,f0ef; &IyfaxG;ygvdrfhrnf/
1/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif tu&myifr&dSao;yg/ (ykHpH/
/u,m;/)xkaYd Mumif,
h if;
wkdYtwGuf tu&mwDxGifay;zdkY a&S;OD;pGmvkdygonf/ NyD;aemuf pmwwfvmatmif oif
ay;&OD;rnf/
56
2/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pmtrsKd;rsKd;? ]]rl}}trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;aeygonf/ tjiif;tckH

jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpf&m rnfonfhpmjzifh jyefrnfenf;/ rnfonfh]]rl}}jzifh a&;
rnfenf;/ (ykHpH/
/&Sr;f wGi]f ]rlopf}}]]rla[mif;}}uGjJ ym;aeonf/ u&ifwiG f paum
ESifhydk;? ydk;wGifvnf; a&S;ydk;ESifhacwfydk; uGJjym;aeonf/ csif;wGif wD;wdef? zvrf;? [m;
cg;pojzifh uGjJ ym;aeonf/ a&S;OD;pGm tu&mwckc?k rlwckcu
k kd trsm;oabmwl vufcH
twnfjyK&ef vkdayao;onf/)
3/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm vlOD;a&tenf;i,frQom &Sdygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ykHESdyfxkwfa0
&mwGif r]]ukduf}}jzpfum tcuftcJ awGYEkdifygonf/
4/ tcsKdU wkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pm&Sdaomfvnf; pmwwfol OD;a&u enf;yg;aeygonf/ xkdY
aMumifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&;wGif r]]udkuf}}jzpfum jyemay:Ekdifygonf/ ,if;wkdYtwGuf
pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;vkyfief; tvsifvkyfaqmif&ef vkdygvdrfhOD;rnf/
odkYjzpfvQif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tm;vkH;\pmayrsm;odkY bmomrjyefyJ wkdif;&if;
om;vlrsKd;]]tcsKdU}}\pmayokdYomvQif jyefrnfavm/
,if;odkYqkdvQif1/ rnfonfw
h idk ;f &if;om;pmrsm;udo
k mvQif a&G;cs,frnfenf;/ rnfonfrh t
l & a&Gcs,frnf
enf;/ pmvnf;&Sd vlOD;a&vnf; tawmftoifhrsm;aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdY\pm
rsm;udk a&G;cs,frnfavm/
2/ pmr&dSao;onfhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tzkdY twkdif;yif t e aemufus aeoGm;&
awmhrnfavm/ odkYum; rjzpfapoifhyg/
xkdYaMumifh avmavmq,f vufawGUtm;jzifh jzpfEkdifonfrSmum;1/ ud,
k yf idk t
f u&mvnf;&SNd yD;? vlO;D a&vnf; tawmftoif&h adS om rGe?f &Sr;f ? u&if? ucsif?
csif;? ytkd0f;paom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\pmayrsm;odkY OD;pGmyxr jrefrmESifht*Fvdyfpm
aywkdYrS jyefoifh&m&mrsm;udk jyefqkday;&ef jzpfygonf/
2/ pmr&Sdao;onfhusefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tzkdYum;u/ a&S;OD;pGm tu&mwDxGifay;oifhygonf/
c/ NyD;aemuf pmwwfvmatmif oifay;&ygrnf/
*/ NyD;rS bmomjyef vkyfief;rsm;udk wpwp vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhygonf/
vkyfief;xk yrmPrnfrQ rsm;jym;BuD;av;onfudkvnf;aumif;? jyemrnfrQ
odraf rGU&Iyaf xG;onfuv
kd nf;aumif;? csDwuf&rnfch &D;wm rnfrQa0;vHyifyef;onfuv
kd nf;
aumif; awG;Munfh&kHrQjzifhyif odomEkdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
tm;vkH;twGuf wlnDaom tqifhtwef;? wlnDaomtcGifhtvrf;&&Sdaprnfhqkd&S,fvpfvlY
57
bmomjyefpmay
abmifopfodkYcsDwuf&ef vkH;yef;vsuf &SdMuaom uREkfyfwkdYtzkdY tjcm;vrf;r&Sdyg/ vrf;

twkdif;om raoGrznf rrSdwfrokef pdkufpdkufrwfrwf csDwufoGm;Mu&rnfjzpfygownf;/
aemufqufwJG
(,cifu wkdif;&if;om;pmay tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef bmomjyefcJhMuonfhudp
tcsKdU&Sdygonf/ bmomjyef&ef oifhavsmfonfhpmaytcsKdUvnf; &Sdygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;
pmayjzifhyif r[kwfaomfvnf; wkdif;jcm;pmaytrsKd;rsKd;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom wkdif;&if;
om;taMumif;t&m pmtkyt
f csKdUvnf;&Syd gonf/ ,if;wku
Yd v
kd nf; aocsmpGm pdppfa&G;Ekwf
jrefrmbmomjyefoifhonfwkdYudk jyefrnfqkdvQif tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;rsm;zG,f&m &Sdyg
onf/
pmaywku
Yd kd wifjyvk
d vufvrS ;f rD&m wkid ;f &if;om;rdwaf qGrsm;xHrS uRefawmf
ar;jref;pkHprf; awmif;cHcJhygonf/ tcsKdUrdwfaqGrsm;xHrS toifhtwef &ygonf/ tjynfh
tpkHum; r&ao;yg/
,aeYtxd &&SdorQESifh uRefawmfodxm;orQwkdYudk wifjyvkdufygonf/ vkdaeonfh
t&m? <uif;usef&pfao;onft
h &m trsm;yif&ydS gvdrrhf nf/ ,if;wku
Yd kd odaomolrsm;u jznfh
pGuaf y;MuvQif uRefawmf\pm&if;onf ydrk jdk ynfph v
Hk mygvdrrhf nf/ jznfph u
G af y;Muyg&efvnf;
tav;teuf arwm&yfcHygaMumif;/
/)
1/ rGef
u/ rGefrS jrefrmodkY jyefxm;NyD;aom pmayrsm;
(1) 0g*&l(r*'l)"rowfusrf;
(2) uvsmPD rGefausmufpm
(3) a&Twd*kH rGefausmufpm
(4) eef;awmf rGefausmufpm
(5) a&Tpnf;ckH rGefausmufpm
(6) &mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;(0efBuD;Anm;'v)
(7) if;
(Ekdifyef;vS)
(8) arGYEGef;&uef (a&TawmifeEol)
(9) rGef&mZ0if (ppfuJOD;a&Taemf)
c/ jrefrmrS rGefodkY jyefxm;NyD;aom pmayrsm;
58
(1) rEk"rowfusrf;(jyefqkdolESifhou&mZfryg)/
(2) yg&rDcef;ysKdU(a0gq&mawmftoQifOwr? 1138cefY/)
(3) &mrrif;ysKdY (if;? 1140cefY/)
(4) usef&pfrif;ysKdU (1272 wGif wqifhul;onf/)
*/ rGefrS tjcm;bmomrsm;odkY jyefqkdxm;aom pmayrsm;
(1) em&'Zmwfudk P.Dupont u jyifopfbmomodkY jyefxm;onf/
(2) 'Gg&0wDacwf a&S;rGefausmufpmrsm;udk G.Coedes u jyifopfbmomodkYjyefxm;onf/
(3) rGefausmufpmrsm;udk Dr.C.O.Blagden u t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefxm;onf/
(4) vdufoDto;a&mif (LIK SMIN ASAH). The Story of the Founding of Pegu and a
Subsequent Invasion from South India. R. Halliday ut*FvdyfbmomokdY jyefxm;onf/
*/ (4)rSvGJ usefpmtkyfpm&if;udk ,Ofaus;rIXme rGefa&;&m t&m&SdEkdifyef;vSxHrS &&dSo
jzifh aus;Zl;wifygonf/
2/ csif;
csif;ESiyhf wfouf wuov
kd rf sm;A[kpd mMunfw
h u
dk w
f iG f pmtkyaf [mif;wtkyaf wGY
xm;ygonf/ 1884-ckESpfwGif tpdk;&pmykHESdyfwkduf &kdufESdyfxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfygonf/
trnfrSm ajrxJNrdKYppfuJawmfrif; armifwufNzdK; pD&ifa&;om;aom ypdZecsif;vlrsKd;wkdY
tay:wGif pD&ifqkef;jzwf&mjzpfaom "rowfusrf;pm jzpfygonf/ pmtkyfudk rSwfpkrSwf
csufrsm;ESifhwuG t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg pmtkyfudk jyefazmf
xkw
f zwf&aI vhvmMuvQif csif;wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;wk\
Yd "avhx;Hk pH Oya'rsm;taMumif;
udk ydrk o
dk ed m;vnfciG hf &Muayvdrrhf nf/ xkaYd Mumifh wenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnfazmfxw
k o
f ifo
h nf
[k oabm&ygonf/
3/ ytkd0f;
The Pa-O People of the Shan State. Union of Burma by William Dunn Hacket.
pmrlrSm rpwm[ufuufu aumeJwuokdvfwGif 1953-cku yg&*lbGJYtwGuf

a&;om;wifoiG ;f aom pmwef;jzpf ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif; rjyK&ao;aMumif;? pmrsufEmS 736
rsufESm&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ pmrludk zwf&IavhvmcGifh&vQif tawmf tusKd;&Sdvdrfhrnf
xifygonf/ ytkd0f;wkdYtaMumif;udk ydkodEkdifygrnf/
59
bmomjyefpmay
4/ &Srf;
u/ &Srf;rS jrefrmodkYjyefqkdxm;aom pmayrsm;
(1) omoem0if rif;pOforkdif;
&Srf;vkda&;xm;aom jrefrm&mZ0ifyk&ykdufjzpfonf/ q&mOD;0ef &Srf;jynfawmif
ydkif; aus;oD;refpHNrdKUrS &vm jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;aumfr&SifodkYay;tyfxm;&m orkdif;aumf
r&Sifu &Srf;ausmif;om; pdkif;pdkif;pifhtm; jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqkdaponf/
(2) usKdif;wkH&mZ0if
*kHpmjzifh a&;xm;onf/ rl ESpfrl&Sdonf/ wrludk vTwfawmftrwfa[mif; A,od*F
ydik
f usefwrlukd p0fa,mhridk ;f ykid o
f nf/ rEav; 0dZm ESio
hf yd w
H uov
dk o
f rkid ;f ygarmua'guf
wmoef;xGe;f u ,if;rlEpS rf u
l kd usKdi;f wkaH iGwu
dk t
f &m&Sd pdik ;f vdwq
f o
dk t
l m; bmomjyefajym
apNyD;vQif ]]prL'DyOD;aqmif;? avmuAsL[m? oQrf;ud;k jynfaxmifpm&if;csKyf at'D 1827
(trsKd;om;pmMunfw
h u
dk f uif;? yk? 452)? rSeef ef;? uke;f abmifquf? vTwaf wmftrSwt
f om;?
a&Teef;okH;a0g[m&tbd"mef? ausmufpm{csif;? &Srf;e,frsm;eJYtxuf jrefrmEkdifiHa*Zuf?
ygvDrefpmwef;rsm;eHr,feJY 10? 8? 1869-ck ykHESdyfcJhwJha'gufwm'D&pfcswfqefeJYuufywdef
'AvsLpDrufuvkwfwkdY&JU]]c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;}}wkdYESifhndEIdif;wkdufqkdif usKdif;wkH&mZ0ifudk
a&;cJhygonf/ (e,fvSnfh&mZ0if (1) a'gufwmoef;xGef;? eHYomwkduf? &efukef? 1968? (1184)/
c/ &Srf;rS t*FvdyfokdYjyefqkdxm;aompmayrsm;
(1) Three Shan Legends-
(1) Nang Maag Bin, (2) The Silver Oyster, (3) The Story of Argance B.R.Pearn,
Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol. 22. Part I, p.23.
(2) "Shan Short Tales," "Folklore and Legends of Burma, L.F.Taylor, JBRS.
Vol. 10, Pt.3, p.100.
(3) acG;r[kwf
(4) cGefqHavm ESifh eef;OD;ysif
(5) qkxEkrif;om; (aemufqkH;okH;tkyfrSm jynfolYw&kwfjynfu t*Fvdyfvkdjyef
qkdxm;aom xif&Sm;onfh&Srf;ykHjyifrsm; jzpfygonf/)
*/ jrefrmvkd jyefqkdoifhaom&Srf;pmayrsm;
(1) 18 Shan Stories
60
(2) 16 Shan Legends

(ESpftkyfrSm &Srf;ESifhu&ifeDe,f ynma&;t&m&SdcsKyfu 1939-ck? 1940wkdYwGif
ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom &Srf;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf/ oDaygNrdKU &Srf;jynftvif;ykHESdyfwkdufwGif
&kdufESdyfygonf/)
(3) qefuef;ikd0fh
(*syefacwftwGi;f u OD;ausmfaZm &Sr;f vkad &;om;aom &Sr;f awmifov
l ,form;
b0o&kyfazmf0wK&Snfjzpfonf/ q&marmifxif\]]ib}}ESifhqifonf[k tqkd&Sdonf/)
(4) &Sr;f bmomjzifh a&;xm;aom ppfwef;ESio
hf rkid ;f rSww
f rf;tcsKdU awmifBuD;NrdKU
&Srf;jynfe,f ,Ofaus;rIjywkdufwGif &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;wkdYudk a&G;cs,fpdppf jref
rmjyefEidk v
f Qif jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f jyKpk&mwGif taxmuftul &wefoavmuf &ayvdrrhf nf/
&Sr;f wkw
Yd iG f tke;f abmif&mZ0if? rk;d rdw&f mZ0if? anmifa&T&mZ0ifpojzifh rdrw
d eYdk ,f
toD;oD;\orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkaom tavhtxaumif;wck&Sdygonf/ xkdY
aMumifh xkdxkd&Srf;e,ftoD;oD;\orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd jrefrmjyefqkd zwf&IavhvmMunfh
vQif jrefrmorkid ;f twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnfh tcsuftvufawmfawmfrsm;rsm; &&Sv
d rd hf
rnf[k ,kHMunf&ygonf/
(5) txufygpm&if;wGif azmfjyxm;aom pmayrsm;ESit
hf *Fvyd b
f momjzifh &Sad om
&Srf;jynf&Srf;vlrsKd;qkdif&m tjcm;pmayrsm;/
5/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDu xkwfa0aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;taMumif;pm
tkyfrsm;/
pmtkyfrsm;rSm wkdfuf&kdufbmomjyefyif r[kwfaomfvnf; (1)uGif;qif;avhvm
ar;jref;rSwfom; pkaqmif;wnf;jywfa&;om;xm;csufrsm; jzpfjcif;? (2)oufqkdif&m pm
tkyfpmwef;rsm;udk zwf&IrSwfom; pdppfndEIdif;a&;om;xm;csufrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh pm
wef; tMuKH;0ifonf[kyif ,lqvkdygonf/
6/ vlxkOD;vS a&;om;xm;aom wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifpmtkyfrsm;/
pmtkyrf sm;wGif OD;vSu,
kd w
f idk f oufqidk &f ma'orsm;odYk oGm;a&mufum ar;jref;
pkaqmif;cJhaom ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/ oufqkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdYu pkaqmif;
a&;om;ay;ydkYaom ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aompmtkyf
rsm;rS xkwfEkwfbmomjyefxm;aom wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/
xkdYaMumifh OD;vS\pmtkyfrsm;onfvnf; uRefawmf\pmwef;wGif aumif;pGm t
61
bmomjyefpmay
MuKH;0ifonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;

1/ armifpifMu,f?
2/ a&Twnfavsmif?
3/ rsKd;jrifhapm?
4/ [Hom0wDOD;b&if?
5/ OD;vlaz0if;?
6/ OD;armifpdef?
7/ OD;rif;Ekdif?
8/ a':&DBudef?
9/ Ekdifyef;vS?
10/ OD;qef;vGif?
11/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;?
12/ OD;ombef;/
1/
wkdif;&if;om; pmaytcsif;csif; bmomjyefa&;udk rltm;jzifh axmufcHonf/ w
csdefwnf;rSmyif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;zGHYNzdK;rIudk vkyfay;&if;pm
ayr&SdaomvlrsKd;rsm;udk pmay wDxGifay;oifhonf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;udkvnf;
tajctaet& qufvkyfoGm;oifh[k wifjy&m pmwef;&Sifu vufcHonf/
2/
jrefrmpmrwwfao;ol wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;udk wwfatmifvyk af y;apcsifonf/ wkid ;f
&if;om;rsm;uvnf; ESpfNcdKufygvdrfhrnf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/
rGefjrefrm tbd"mefuJhodkY wkdif;&if;om; pmaytbd"mefrsm; &SdbdkYvkdaMumif; aqG;
aEG;onf/
4/
wkid ;f &if;om;pmayrsm;udk jynfaxmifpo
k m;rsm; wwfajrmufav aumif;avjzpf
ygonf/ Ekid if jH cm;bmomrsKd;pkaH tmif oif,al eonfxuf yd
k tusKd;&SEd idk rf nfxif
aMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
5/
pmayAdrmefpmrlNydKifyw
JG iG f wkid ;f &if;om;u@ xnfah y;oifah Mumif; aqG;aEG;csuf
udk pmwef;&Sifu jyefMum;&m pmrla&G;cs,fa&;tzGJYwGif wkdif;&if;om;pmaywwf
62
6/
uRrf;olrsm;&SNd yD;jzpfaom oufqidk &f mjynfe,fO;D pD;tzGrYJ sm;u jyKvkyo

f ifo
h nf[k
ajymMum;onf/
wkid ;f &if;om;pmayrsm; bmomjyefrsm;&Sad omfvnf; 0wK? jyZmwfEiS o
hf cD sif;rsm;
avmufom &Sdao;ojzifh ydk<u,f0jynfhpkHatmif tm;xkwfay;oifhonf/ e,fcsJY
orm;rsm;a&;om;cJhaom rSm;,Gif;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;bm
omjzifh a&;om; &Sif;vif;wifjyoifhonf[l aqG;aEG;onf/ /
63
bmomjyefpmay
bmomjyefaqmif;yg;
wifjyol
OD;xifzwf(armifxif)
tcsD;
rsufarSmufacwf trsKd;om;EkdifiH (nation-states)topftopfay:aygufaeaom
acwfjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh urmay:wGif EkdifiHtrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;aeMuaom tajc
udk uREkfyfwkdYawGYae&onf/ odkYaomf xkdEkdifiHrsm;onf rdrdvlrsKd;ESifhrdrd? rdrdEdkifiHESifhrdrd[l
tjcm;wyg;ESirhf qufo,
G yf J aeEkid Mf uyg\avm/ tv,facwfu Ekid if rH sm;onf ]]ud,
k x
hf ;D
uk,
d ehf ef; ud,
k Mhf uiSe;f }}aexkid Mf u rdrEd idk if u
H o
kd m rdrAd [drk @Kdi[
f k txifBuD;cJMh uapumrl
,kwfpGmhtqkH; tdrfeD;yg;csif; tcsif;csif; a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufcJhMuonf/ ,ckacwfrl
omref a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufjcif;xuf vGefuJ owif;pma&'D,kd w,fvDApf&Sifpaom
qufoG,fa&; ypnf;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fvsuf&SdMuav&m EkdifiHwEkdifiH\tawG;tac:? t
MuHtpnf? tajymtqdk? tjyKtrl? tvkyftudkifwkdYonf tjcm;EkdifiHwEkdifiHodkY ul;pufEkdif
onf/ onfwGif EkdifiHwumwkdYonf qufoG,fa&;tvkdYiSg olwyg;\pm? pum;? pmay?
tEkynm? odyHponfwkdYudk od&Sdem;vnfavatmif bmomjyefrIudk tm;udk;&avonf/
acwfonf pufrIvufrI xkwfvkyfa&;acwf jzpfonf/ vGwfajrmufp EkdifiHwkdif;
onf jynfwGif;zlvkHrIudk taMumif;jyK jynfwGif;pufrIvufrIvkyfief;rsm;udk wnfaxmif
aeMuonf/ xkt
d cg odyyH nm? wufcEkv
d *dk sDac: enf;edosynm? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
[lonfww
Ydk iG f wEkid if EH iS w
hf Ekid if H qufo,
G af &; ruif;Ekid af omt&yfa'owkw
Yd iG f vsifjrefpmG
jyefYyGm;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ taemufEkdifiHwGif &SmazGwDxGifvkdufaom enf;edoswckonf t
a&SUEdkifiHodkY wrk[kwfcsif; a&muf&SdvmEkdifonf/ xkdtcg ta&SUEkdifiHu ,if;enf;edosudk rSD;
,lonf/ odkYrSD;,laeqJwGif taemufEkdifiH xkdenf;edosonf acwfrrSDjzpfoGm;av\/
xdkYaMumifh aemufxyfenf;edoswck topfwDxGif&jyefonf/ xkdrQavmuf twk,lvdkolwkdY
yif trSDrvkdufEkdifavmufatmif wkd;wufjzpfxGef;rIrsm; vsifjrefaeonf/ xkdodkYvsifjrefpGm
wkd;wufjzpfxGef; EkdifiHtrsm;odkY ul;vmaom odyHwufcEkdvkd*sDESifhuRrf;usifrI ynm&yfwkdY
udk qufoG,fa&; ruif;EkdifaomEkdifiHrSeforQ t&,lMu&ef&Sdonf/ xkdtcg bmomjyefvkyf
ief;onf tvGefta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaom vkyfief;jzpfvm&onf/
odyH? wufcEkdvkd*sDESifhoufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm; ,ckacwfrSmuJhodkY rjyefY
yGm;rDu pmay? tEkokckrynm? 'eduaA't,l0g'ponfwkdYonfvnf; wEkdifiHrS wEkdif
64
iHodkYul;puf jyefYESHYcJhzl;onf/ odkYaomf a&S;acwfu xkdynmrsm; jyefYESHYykHrSm wtdtdESifh jyefYESHY

jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,ckacwfvnf; xkyd nm&yfwo
Ydk nf ul;pufjyefEY NYHS rJ jyefEY aYHS eonf/ odaYk omf
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l nf topftopf ay:vmaom a0g[m&wku
Yd kd trsm;em;
vnfatmif &Si;f vif;jy&ayvdrrhf nf/ ,cktcg 0dZm odyaH 0g[m&wku
Yd kd acwfEiS w
hf ajy;wnf;
trSDvkdufae&aomaMumifh aeYpOfa0g[m&aygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifrQ ay:aeonf/ odkY
aomf vlxkESifhtokH;wnfhaom a0g[m&rsm;um; toifhtwifhom &Sdygrnf/ vlxku rokH;
yJ raeEkdifaom a0g[m&rsm;udk a&S;OD;yxrbmomjyefolu vlxktm; rdwfqufay;&yg
rnf/ odkYrdwfqufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdaejcif;aMumifh txufwGif ygVdrS bmomjyefykHESifh
acwf0Zd m odypH aom ynm&yfqidk &f m a0g[m&wku
Yd kd bmomjyefyu
Hk kd ,SOjf ycJjh cif; jzpfygonf/
bmomjyef&m tao;pdwfwkdYwGif a&S;acwfESifh,ckacwf uGJvGJcsif uGJvGJrnf/ odkYaomf t
&if;rlvwkdYum; uGJvGJp&mr&Sdyg/ ,ckbmomjyefaeMuonfrSm a&S;acwfu EkdifiHjcm;bm
omrsm;udk jyefqkdaeMuonfESifh oabmoGm; twlwlyif jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwYdk i,f&,
G pf Ofu wuov
kd af &mufrS trD;Am;[laom a0g[m&udk t"dyg,fo&d taumiftxnfEiS w
hf uG jrif&onf/ acwf uRefawmfw\
Ydk om;orD;rsm;onf
trD;Am;udk uAsmzGJY pyfaeMuNyD/ ,aeY uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf ]]pdrf;}}aeaom a0g[m&wkdYonf
tem*wfwGif &kd;oGm;ayrnf/ bmomjyefolwkdYu tajccHa0g[m&rsm;udk vlxkESifheD;pyf
atmif aqmifMuOf;ay;onfEiS t
hf rQ tem*wfwiG f topfay:vmaom ynm&yfqidk &f m a0g
[m&tajccHwkdYudk trsm;u tuRrf;0ifvmMurnf jzpfonf/
pG,fpkHuRrf;usif&ef vkdjcif;
bmomjyefoo
l nf rdr\
d bmompum;ESirhf rd u
d bmomjyef&rnfb
h mompum;ESpf
ckpvk;H udk uRrf;usif&ayvdrrhf nf/ uRrf;usifqo
dk nfrmS xrif;pm;a&aomuf uRrf;usif
jcif;xuf ydk uRrf;usifoifhygonf/ rdrdbmompum;udk rdrdrEkdifvQifvnf;aumif;? olw
yg; bmompum;udk rdrdrEkdifvQifvnf;aumif; bmomjyef&mwGif trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;
csnf; jzpf&ygvdrfhrnf/
0dZm odypH aom ynm&yfwu
Ydk kd bmomjyefaomtcg ygVdrS jrefrmvkd edosjyef jyefqdk
r&yg/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf jrefrmwk\
Yd 0gus zGu
YJ ;Hk enf;ESit
hf *Fvyd w
f \
Ydk 0gus zGu
YJ ;Hk enf;
onf reD;pyfjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh t*FvdyfrS jrefrmvkd wvkH;csif; t"dyg,f
71
bmomjyefpmay
vkH;aumufrsm;udk bmomjyefbdouJhokdY jyefvQif jrefrmwkdYrsm;pGm em;axG;bG,f&Sdygonf/

xkdYaMumifh bmomjyefolonf rdrdbmompum;\o'gtokH;tEIH;? tD'D,rfrsm;udk ywfywf
eyfeyf uRrf;usifbo
d uJo
h Ykd olwyg;bmompum;\o'g? tok;H tEIe;f ? tD',
D rfrsm;udk uRrf;
usif&ygrnf/ wkdwkdajym&vQif ESpfbmomudk ykdifydkifEkdifEkdif wwfuRrf;&rnf[k qkd&ygrnf/
odaYk omf bmompum; uRrf;usif&EHk iS hf rjynfph yHk g/ rdrb
d momjyefvadk om ynm&yf
udkvnf; uRrf;usif&ygrnf/ "mwkaA'? &lyaA'odyHbmomjyefolonf "mwkaA' &lyaA'
ynm&yfwkdYudk ESHYpyf&ygvdrfhrnf/ vnf; ,ckacwf "mwkaA' &lyaA'ynmudkom wzuf
owfwwfuRrf;ae&kHESifh rvkHavmufyg/ jrefrmrI &SdESifhNyD;aom aq;usrf;"mwfusrf;wkdYukd
vnf; tajccHtm;jzifh wwfuRrf;oifhygonf/ jrefrmrI&Sdaom yx0D? awaZm? tmayg?
0ga,m? r[mbkwfav;yg;wkdYudk tEkjrLzGJYpnf;ykHESifh,SOf MunfhwwfvQif a0g[m&ESifht
aMumif;&yfEpS cf pk vk;H udk ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk f jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ xkt
d cg pG,pf o
Hk abmaygufoo
l nf
vlxktrsm;wkdY ydkifykdifEkdifEkdif em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif; bmomjyefqkdEkdifp&mtaMumif; &Sd
vdrfhrnf/
rdrb
d momjyefq&dk rnfh ynm&yfvnf; ESpzf ufp,
G pf u
Hk Rrf;usif&rnfqadk omtcsuf
onf 0dZm ynmESit
hf usKH;0ifaom tEkynmpmayponfwu
Ydk kd bmomjyefow
l EYdk iS v
hf nf; ouf
qkdifygonf/ xkdynm&yfwkdYwGif ,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;wrf;wkdYonf tajccHyifjzpfonf/ xkdY
aMumifh tEkynmqkdif&m taMumif;&yfudk EkdifiHjcm;rS ,l bmomjyefvkdvQif EkdifiHjcm;tEk
ynm&yfudk ywfywfeyfeyf em;vnf&kHESifhrNyD;yg/ rdrd\wkdif;&if;om; tEkynm&yfudkvnf;
ywfywfeyfeyf em;vnf&ygrnf/ pmayqkdif&m ynmwkdYudk bmomjyef&m olwyg;\,Of
aus;rI"avhx;Hk pHuv
kd nf; em;rvnf? rdrEd idk if EH iS v
hf rl sKd;\,Ofaus;rI"avhx;Hk pHuv
kd nf; em;
rvnf/ tbd"mefwGif ay:vmaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk tajcwnf edosjyefbdouJhodkY bm
omjyefvQif rdrad &;aompmudyk ifvQif rdrt
d "dyg ,f razmfwwfavmufatmif aoGz&D UJG apmif;
oGm;Ekid yf gonf/ tvG,b
f momjyefjcif;ESit
hf vGb
J momjyefjcif;wkaYd Mumifh rMumcPtjiif;
yGm;cJhMuaom jyemrsm; &SdcJhzl;ygonf/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm rdrd\bmompum;udk rEkdif?
olwyg;\bmompum;udkvnf; rEkdif? rdrd\,Ofaus;rItajccHudk ruRrf;usif? olwyg;
,Ofaus;rItajccHudkvnf; ruRrf;usif? taMumif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;? ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f mynm&yfwu
Ydk jdk zpfap? ody?H wufc
Edv
k *dk sD? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qkid &f mynm&yfwjYdk zpfap bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Siu
f wifjy&ef
&nf&,
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f Qif? rdrw
d ifjyaeaom aqmif;yg;\e,ferd w
d af bmiftwGi;f &Sad om a0g[m&ESihf
taMumif;&yfEpS cf pk vk;H wGif uRrf;usifap&ef BudK;yrf;oifo
h nf/ ,if;odu
Yk Rrf;usifvQif a0g
[m&wkdYudk em;vnfatmif &Sif;jywwfrnf/ pdwful;pdwfoef; tawG;tac:wkdYukd em;0if
72
atmif&Sif;jywwfrnf/ odkYrSomvQif bmomjyefaqmif;yg;onf tusKd;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf/

txufwGif ygVdrS jrefrmvkdjyef&mwGif edosenf;udk csJUxGif tzGifh0Pemoabm
bmomjyefyu
Hk kd O'g[&kPaf y;cJo
h nf/ O'g[&kPu
f kd avhvmvQif t"dyg ,fziG q
hf adk y;aom
bmomjyefenf;onf vlxt
k wGuf tvGet
f usKd;rsm;vdrrhf nf[k ,lqygonf/ t*Fvyd pf m
paraphrase [kac:aomoabm&Sdonf/ cJcufaom uAsmudk t"dyg,fzGifhqdkay;NyD;vQif
pum;ajyjyefaom oabmjzpfygonf/ oabmudk bmomjyefenf; tokH;jyKvQif vlxk
em;vnfvG,frItusKd;w&m; jzpfxGef;vmp&m &Sdygonf/
uJhodkY tzGifh0Pemenf;jzifh &Sif;vif;jy bmomjyefoifhaom erlemESpf&yfudk
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
I knew that I had no lyrical quality. I had a small vocabulary...I had little gift
of metaphor; the original and striking simile seldom occurred to me. Poetic flights and
the great imaginative sweep were beyond my powers. I could admire their far-fetched
tropes and the usual but suggestive language in which they clothed their thoughts, but
my own invention never presented me with such embellishments; and I was tired of
trying to do what did not come easily to me.
-W.Somereset Maungham in
The Summing Up
txufwiG f pmvk;H apmif;jzifjh yxm;aom pum;&yfwu

Ydk kd bmomjyefou
l wku
d &f u
dk f
jyefqkday;&kHrQESifh t"dyg,fay:rnfr[kwfyg/ wkduf&kdufjyefqkdjyefvQifvnf; jrefrmhtawG;
ESifht*FvdyftawG; rwlMu jrefrmem;wGif 0ifrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdtcg bmomjyefolonf
t"dyg ,ftzGiEhf iS b
hf momjyef&if;? eD;pyfaom pum;vk;H rsm;udk wDxiG af y;&ef &Sad yvdrrhf nf/
Dr.Hugh Simpson points out that the samples of the astronaut's urine would
have provided priceless evidence about the biological rythm of the body. But the material was dumped into space.
Daily rythms occour not only in the cycle of sleep and waking but also on the
molecular levels in the amounts of various chemicals produced throughout the day.
Little is known about the clock that sets the rythms, and some scientists have supposed
that influences as subtle as the earth's magnetic field may be involved. It is hard to
exclude such influences in the laboratory, which is why Apollo 8...would have provided unique opportunity to study the origin of biological clocks.
-Nature, Jan 11, 1969.
aumufEkwfcsufvnf; pmvkH;apmif;jzifhjyxm;aom a0g[m&wkdYudk jrefrmp

um;tpm;xkd; ay;vkduf&kHrQESifh udpNyD;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ aumufEkwfcsufwGif clock
qkad om a0g[m&udk owdjyKrdMuygvdrrhf nf/ ,if;udk em&D[k wku
d &f u
dk jf yefvQif jrefrmwkt
dY zkYd
em;axG;rnfqo
dk nfukd trsm;yif od&MdS uEkid yf gonf/ yxrpmyk'd f ygaom biological rythm
73
bmomjyefpmay
qkad ompum;udk aqmif;yg;&Siu

f 'kw,
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f iG f rodrom &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;yku
H v
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bmomjyefoo
l nfvnf; bmomjyef&if;ESihf vdrm uRrf;usifpmG rodrom &Si;f jyoGm;Ekid pf &m
taMumif;&Sdygonf/
,aeYtajctaeESit
hf em*wftvm;tvm
bmomjyefaqmif;yg; wifjy&m odyH? wufcEkdvkd*sD? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
&yfrsm; vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvmykHudk pum;csD; ajymqkdcJhaomaMumifh if;wkdYcsnf; ta&;
BuD;aeonf[k wzufwnf;udkom rjrifoifhyg/ ,ckacwf tawG;tac: ajymif;vJjcif;
vnf; ta&;BuD;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh tawG;tac:ESifhywfouf EdkifiHjcm;avmut
jrifrsm;onf aeYpOf vsifjrefpGm ul;pufvsuf&Sdaeonfudkvnf; qifjcifMu&ef &Sdygonf/
tawG;tac:ydkif;ESifhpyfvsOf; ajym&vQif wkdif;wyg;om;wkdY\EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdY xdxda&mufa&muf avhvm bmomjyefEkdifMurSom zwf&I
oly&dowfwo
Ydk nf oabmw&m;udk vufawGEY iS n
hf aD tmif tok;H csEkid Mf uNyD;vQif vufawGrY S
vnf; oabmw&m;wku
Yd kd aumufEw
k
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S m jrefrmhajra& jrefrmhtajc
taeESifhukdufnDaom jrefrmh0g' jrefrmhvrf;pOf jrefrmhpHepfwkdY xGef;um;vmEkdifygrnf/ xkdY
aMumifh acwfopftawG;tac: t,ltqydkif;qkdif&mwkdYwGif rSefrSefuefuef bmomjyef
EkdifaomtajcodkY a&mufatmif BudK;pm;Mu&ygOD;rnf/
a&S;,cifu Ekid if aH &;a0g[m&? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;a0g[m&? 'eduaA'a0g[m
&wkdYudk tvG,fbmomjyefcJhMujcif;aMumifh t"dyg,f taumufrSm;Edkifaomoabmudk uRef
awmfonf wifjyzl;ygonf/ ,ckpmwef;ESifhtwl 1952-ck ZGefvxkwf aoG;aomufr*
Zif;wGif uRefawmfa&;om;cJhaom ]]bmomjyefjrefrmpum;}}aqmif;yg;udk aemufqufwGJ
tjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf/ xkad qmif;yg;udMk unf
h ,aeYrnfrnfrQ wk;d wufvmNyDqo
dk nf
udk csifhcsdefEkdifMuygNyD/ t"dyg,fay:atmif ykHpHwckudk xkwfEkwfjyqkdygrnf/ a&S;,cifu
Dialectical Materialism udktEky#davmr&kyf0g'[k bmomjyefcJhonf/ ,if;udk rajyjypf
ao;[k uRefawmfapm'uwufczhJ ;l ygonf/ Dialectics qkad oma0g[m&udk t"dyg ,frad tmif
ajyjypfatmif bmomjyefay;Muyg&ef wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhygonf/ ,cktcg Dialectical
Method udk tnrnenf; (0g) rZsdry#dy'genf;[k bmomjyefqkdvmMuNyD/ a&S;uESifhEIdif;
pmvQif rsm;pGmwkd;wufvmonfudk awGYEkdifygrnf/
,cktcg Means of production udk ukefxkwft&if;tESD;? Instrument of productions udk ukex
f w
k u
f &d,m? Production relations udk ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;ponfjzifh a&S;,cif
74
uxuf ykdrkduspfvpfatmif? ydkrkdwdusatmif? ydkrdk trSefESifheD;pyfatmif bmomjyefvmMu

onfudk awGYae&onf/ aqmif;yg;bmomjyefolwkdYonf 0dZmodyHbmom&yfrsm;udk ,aeY
wnDwnmwnf; jzpfatmif BudK;pm; bmomjyefaeMuonfudk avhvmMu&ef &Sdygonf/
,cktcg bmomjyefXmersm;? okawoetzGJYtpnf;rsm; ponfwkYdrSm wuodkvfvnf; &Sd
onf/ tpkd;&Xmeqkdif&mwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvnf; &Sdonf/
if;XmetoD;oD;wkdYrS bmomjyefqkdykHudk bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;u avhvmoGm;Muyg
vQif bmomjyefykHjyefenf; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmrnf trSefjzpfygonf/
,ck uRefawmfwb
Ydk momjyef pmayES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usif;ycku
d w
f iG f tmumo,mOf
apvTwjf cif;qkid &f m a0g[m&aygif;rsm;pGmwkYd ay:aygufaeygNyD/ ,if;wku
Yd kd owif;pmq&m
rsm;u yxrOD;pGmMuKHawGY bmomjyefvsuf &SdaeMuonf/ O'g[&kPfjy&vQif Service
Propulsion System, Lunar Excursion Module, Lunar Orbit Insertion, Extravehicular
Activities, Pericynthion, Apocynthion, Mascons paoma0g[m&wkdYudk
wDxGifvsuf &Sdae
MuygNyD/ wufcEkdvkd*sD wkd;wufrI&SdonfESifhtrQ a0g[m&rsKd;pkHwkdY ay:vmygOD;rnf/ tawG;
tac: tajrmftjrif &ifhoefvmonfESifhtrQ a0g[m&rsKd;pkHwkdY ay:vmygOD;rnf/
1868-ckEpS w
f iG f artd*sDb&k ifonf *syefEidk if u
H kd yxrOD;pGm pnf;&k;H onf/ onf
rSp *syefb&k ifonf Ekid if t
H oD;oD;odYk ynmoifapvTwNf yD;vQif taemufwidk ;f ynm&yfrsm;
ukd *syefbmomjyefqkdapcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;acwfu ynmoif
rsm; apvTwf taemufwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;udk bmomjyef&ef BudK;yrf;cJhaom oabmoGm;
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
okdYaomf pifppf *syefwkdY\ynma&;orkdif;udk jyefMunfhvQif *syefwkdYonf 1756ckESpf taemufEkdifiHaq;ynmausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1811-ckESpfwGif EkdifiHjcm;
pmayrsm;ukd bmomjyef&ef XmewnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ artd*sDbk&ifvufxufa&muf
aomtcg ,if;uJhodkY uvva&Munf wnfcJhaom bmomjyefvkyfief;onf ydkrkdBuD;rm;wkd;
wufvmonf/ ,aeYwkdifatmifyif *syefEdkifiH bmomjyefvkyfief;onf tBuD;tus,fwkd;
wufaeonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYtzkYd&m &k&SEkdifiHonf *syefEkdifiHxuf rsm;pGm wkd;wufus,f
0ef;BuD;rm;aom bmomjyefXmeudk xlaxmifNyD; jzpfonf/ tem*wfwGif uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiH
bmomjyefjcif;onf wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK vkyif ef;wckjzpfvmvdrrhf nf/ tem*wfukd ajrm
f ,aeY
yif jyifqifoifhonf[k xifjrifygonf/ bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;rS tpjyK tjcm;
bmomjyefock rdew
f Ydk tm;vk;H yg rdrw
d \
Ydk uRrf;usifru
I kd ajymifajrmufonfxuf ajymifajrmuf
atmif BudK;pm;MuygvQif tem*wftwGuf BudKwifjyifqif&ma&mufygonf/
75
bmomjyefpmay
bmomjyef jrefrmpum;
armifxif
jrefrmbmomudk &kH;okH;[l jy|mef;vkdufonfESifhwNydKifeuf vltrsm;onf jrefrm
pmta&;BuD;vmykHudk tm&kHapmrdvmMuonf/
od&Yk mwGif t*Fvyd pf mudk ok;H avho;Hk x&Sad om wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS hf jrefrmpmudk rwwf
uRrf;aom EkdifiHawmfom;tjzpf cH,lMuolwkdYum; csLoHygavmufatmif nnf;wGm;Muay
vdrrhf nf/ tcsKdu
Y m; nnf;wGm;&krH QESirhf NyD;ao;bJ urmok;H t*Fvyd pf mudk jrefrmpmESit
hf pm;
xkd; rjzpfEkdif[laomtaMumif;jycsufjzifh ESmacgif;&IHUMuonfvnf; &Sd\/
xkEd mS acgif;&IUH Muonfukd oabmw&m;em;rvnfow
l u
Ydk a,mif0g;0g;jzifh [kwv
f S
NyD[k rSwfaumif;rSwfMuayvdrfhrnf/ urmokH;t*Fvdyfpm\ynmwefzkd;udk em;rvnfolu
vnf; t*FvdyfpmwwfwkdYudk tjyeftvSefESmacgif;&IHU jrefrmpmudk rSDum rmefrmew&m;
rsm; 0ifojzifh ynmrsufpd pkHvkH;uef;jcif;b0okdY usa&mufMuayvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufum; acwfESifhEIdif;,SOf ay:vmaomjyemwkdYudk ,xm
blwusatmif qifjcifokH;oyfEkdifMuapjcif;iSm taMumif;jcif;&mwkdY\rlvblwudk EIdufjy
&ef jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \
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tcsufonf obm0wusaomtcsufjzpfonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpum;\tvm;tvm
onf acwfrSDurmokH;bmompum;wkdYESifh,SOfEkdifoavm? Oyrm *DwESifhpyfvsOf;aom a0g
[m&rsm;onf wvDbmompum;uJhodkY jrefrmpum; <u,f0yg\avm/ *smrefbmom
pum;uJo
h aYkd om aq;ynmESiphf yfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg\avm/ r*"bmom
pum;uJhodkY y&rwt&mESifhpyfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg\avm/ vufwifESifh
*&dwfbmompum;rsm;uJhodkY avmu"mwfynmESifh pyfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg
\avm/
,if;odaYk r;onf&adS omf ajz&efcufonf/ odaYk omf xkad r;cGe;f wkdY Zmwday:aeonf
xkad y:aeaom ZmwdrmS tjcm;r[kw?f wvDbmom *Dwqkid &f ma0g[m&rsm; <u,f0\/
odkYaomf tjcm;ynm&yfqkdif&m a0g[m&wkdY <u,f0onf[k rqkdEkdif/ oabmtwkdif; *sm
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bmompum;[lonfudk bk&m;u zefqif;ay;onfr[kw/f vlEiS v
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wkdif urmt&yf&yf okH;pGJvsuf&Sdaom t*Fvdyfbmom? jyifopfbmom? *smrefbmomwkdY
um; trsKd;rsKd;aom a0g[m&wkdY <u,f0vmcJhavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdYonf &k&Sm;vlrsKd;wkdY\qvAf
bmoE& (Slavonic Language) wkdY ruRrf;usifaomaMumifh xkdbmompum;wkdY\twdrf
teufudk rrSef;qEkdifacs/ odkYaomf acwfay:EkdifiHa&;0g' toD;oD;qkdif&m a0g[m&rsm;
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pum;wkdYrS ET,fvmaom pm;okH;ol or0g,rqkdifrsm;udk vrf;ay:rS vlxkonfyifvQif uGef
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bmomjyefonf/ bmomjyefenf;rsKd;rSm 'k&if;t"dym ,fEiS t
hf vSr;f a0;aom bmomjyef
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baomif;onf abm*aA'usrf;i,fwckukd jrefrmEkid if H bmomjyefXme\pmwapmiftae
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hf momjyefaomtcg jrefrmpum; &k;d &k;d jzpfaom t&if;&Si[
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Ek;d Mum;rI &Sv
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wkd;yGm;cJhonfrSm aumif;pGmrodomacs/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhpyfqkdif&mjzpfaom
aAmufcsm? tvfpD (L.C.=Letter of Credit) ukefvkyft&if;tESD; (means of production)?
[Ge'f D (Hundi) csuf (cheque) atmf'rD ef (On demand) a&TpcH sdef (Gold standard) ? tifaqmf
vif (insolvent) ukrPDvDrdwuf (Company Limited) paoma0g[m&wkdYum; txdkuft
avsmuf <u,f0vmcJo
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rsm;pGmvkdao;onf/
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xGef? Mum;xGef? Industrial Revolution pufrIvufrIvkyfief; &kwfw&uf wkd;wufajymif;vJ
rI? face value jy|mef;wefbkd;? fineness(of Coinage) tuJ('*Fg;) monoculture area wrnf
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tcg Industrial Revolution udk pufrIvufrIawmfvSefa&;[k rokH;Ekdifygavm/ '*Fg;\tuJ
82
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onf/ xkda&S;okH;jzpfaom aiG&nfudk fineness \t"dym,fESifh[yf r&Ekdifoavm/ ,if;okdY
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acwfrSDynmrsm;ukd uRrf;usif&ef vkdtyfaMumif; aumif;pGm em;vnfolrsm; jzpfonf/ t
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aemufEidk if ,
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u"mwfynm&yfrsm;udk t*Fvefjynf? Oa&myjyef yk*KdvfwkdYxHrS avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;jyKcJh
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ynm&yfwkdYudk jrefrmbmomjzifh rSD; zGifhqkdxm;aom um,mEkyemusrf; Dietetics ac:
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wkjYd zpfonf/
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BuD; vufxufwGifvnf; xGef;vif;p jyKcJhonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf taemufEkdifiH\avmu"mwfynm&yfwkdYESifh ezl;awGY awGYMu&onfh
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83
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pdwf? Owk? tm[m&[lonfif; jrefrmpum;wvkH;rQ r[kwfacs/ pifppf ygVdonf vufwif
ESifh*&dwfbmomwkdYuJhodkY pum;vkH;&Smjcif; wDxGifjcif;wkdYtwGuf pl;aqmuf wef;qmyvm
rsm;ozG,f jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&Tjynf0efonf zvfcsuf0efrif;xifod'dausmfacgif\t
ultnDjzifh uifrpBwDukd pwifbmomjyefaomtcg ygVdpum;tok;H tEIe;f wk\
Yd tultnDudk
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rsKd;aygif; 66 rsKd;rQxGef;ay:aeacsNyD/ if;wkdYrSm ,ckacwfac:a0:aom [dkufN'dK*sif? tkyf
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pifwkdYudk rl&if;twkdif; rac:bJ ygVdpum;udk wDxGif okH;pGJcJhonf/
a&Tjynf0efMuHq okH;aom a0g[m&wkdY\erlemudk jy&vQif &DwdZ? aomPm&d? t
ZD0? zvduEu? umXm&? 'k*E? pE0S ponfwkdYwnf;/ odkYaomf xkd"mwfwkdY\rl&if;urmokH;
avmu"mwfa0g[m&rsm; rnfokdY&Sdrnfukd cefYrSef;&ef cufcJvSayonf/ tu,f atupD
*sifudk atmuqD*sif[kom a&;rSwfcJhvQif aESmif;vlwkdYtbdkY tokH;rsm;pGm 0ifayvdrfhrnf/
odkYaomf "mwf\vuPmoabmwkdYudk a&Tjynf0ef abmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; ajc&mvkduf
aumufvQif tcsKdY"mwfwkdY\trnf&if;udk cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
Oyrm a&Tjynf0efu oHacs;tp&Sdaom acs;jzpfaMumif; "mwfudk &DwdZ[k trnf
ay;onf/ oHudk oHacs;wufapaom "mwfum; atmuqD*sifjzpfonf/ aomPm&drSm uefY
yifjzpfonf/ Mo'ZrSm a&jzpfaMumif; "mwf[kqkdjcif;aMumifh [kduf'&kd*sif jzpf&vdrhfrnf/
,ckacwf 'ef (alluminium) [kac:aom"mwfudk a&Tjynf0efu ausmufcsnfrSxGufaom
bdvmab'du"mwf[k trnfay;onf/
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aumif;aom"mwf? v\trnf&Sdaom"mwf? tNrD;uHuRef;(tar&duef) aumvr Columbia rS&aom ausmufrsKd;rS xGufaom"mwf? tjcm;"mwfwkdYESifha&mvQif ESif;qDyef;tqif;
jzpfapwwfaom"mwf ...ponfwkdYudkrl tb,f"mwfrsm;udk &nf&G,f qkdavoenf;/
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avmu"mwfynm bmomjyefq&mwkdY twk,lbG,faumif;onfwkdYvnf; &Sdayonf/ pifppf
element udk"mwfpif[k bmomjyef&m bmomjyefq&mygarmuOD;azarmifwifonf a&T
jynf0ef\enf;udk ,loifo
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compound udk rdu[l bmomjyefcJhonf/ q&mOD;azarmifwif\tokH; "mwfaESm[k
okH;onfxifh/ "mwfaygif;[lif; &dk;&kd;ac:Ekdifayonf/
acwf t&nf (Liquids) ? tpkdtcJ (solids) ? taiGY (gases) wkdYudk a&Tjynf0efu
84
Ce"mwf? '0"mwf? Zr"mwf[k cGJjcm;jyonf/ ,ckacwf tufwrf (atom) udka&Tjynf0efu

y&rmEkjrLtaygif;pk[k zGifhqkdonf/ orl[duy&rmEkjrLum; molecule udkqkdvkd[ef&Sd\/
Alloy udk a&Tjynf0efu o[Zmwf[k bmomjyefonf/ tvGeq
f aD vsmft"dym ,f
&Sdayonf/ Law of gravitation udka&Tjynf0efu EsLwef (Newton) \qGJiifpk&kH;jcif;oabm
[k zGifhqkdNyD;vQif tpmue[ktrnfay;onf/ xkdrSwyg; solubility udk 0Dve? catalytic
udk oHzk|? electricity udk tuPDu? chemical action ESifhqkdif&mwkdYudk tmAEeESifhoH*,Se?
vQyfppfzkdY(+) r(-)"mwfwkdYudk "eESifhum? zkdr"mwfqGJiifjcif;udk zkvd*F (attraction) ? zdkESifhr
wkdY aygif;pyf neutral jzpfonfudkvspfvsLO'godef? amorphism udk toror[lif; t
oD;oD;trnfay;oGm;ykHwkdYudk uREkfyfwkdY jyefvnfpdppf jyefvnfokH;pGJoifhaom a0g[m&wkdY
udk jyefvnfokH;pGJxkdufvSayonf/
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onf/ aemifESpfaygif; 50-Mumaomtcg avmu"mwf pdwfyg0ifpm;aom ynm&SifwkdYu
Natural philosophy ukd "re,
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[dkuf'&kd*sifudk a&"mwf? Sophism udk rSm;aomqifajc? Organic Chemistry udk Èd,"mwk
aA'? Inorganic Chemistry udk tedÈd,"mwkaA'? chemical action udk tbde0kyE0daoo
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ac:ouJo
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pGrf;tif? rdwfa&G;cs,fjcif;? b0NrJrIvkH;yef;a&;ponfjzifh bmomjyefvmMuayonf/ odkY
aomf tcsKdYaomf AufwD;&D;,m;? qJ? *vif;? yvmprmponfwkdYudk rl&if;twkdif;xm; jref
rmtu&mESifhzvS,f a&;aoma&;enf;jzifh okH;EIef;avonf/
rlvu qJac:aom cell udkuvmyf[k bmomjyefqkdcJhMuonf/ uvmyfrSm ouf&Sd
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tbd"rmenf;jzifh t|uvmyf[kvnf; ac:Muao;onf/ t|uvmyfrSm yx0D? awaZm?
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85
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jynf0ef\um,mEkyemusrf;ESiOhf ;D a&TZaH tmif\um,orm&usrf;wku
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vein udk jrefrmqHatmif 0De[k trnfrSnfhonfvnf; rSwfrdao;onf/
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od[l bmomjyefonfrSm jrefrmvnf;qHonf/ okwdvnf; om,mayonf/
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&Syf (crank shaft) &bpf (rivet) yvifcsonf (To draw up a plan) uGeaf ygif;'g (compounder)
(forme) azmif (journal) *sme,f (challan) csvef (chash book) uuf&SbGwf (cadre) u'g
au'g (dynamo) 'kdiferkd (wire) 0dkif,m (mutton chop)rwfwifacsmh (cutlet) uwfwvdyf
(stew) pusL; (warrant) 0g;&rf; (summons) ormef (sten gun) pwif;*ef; (Mortar) armfwm
tp&Sdaom jrefrmtoGifESifht*Fvdyfpum;rsm;onf vlxk\EIwfzsm;odkYyif a&mufvsuf&Sd
onf/ tcsdet
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rSefuefrIonf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ avmu"mwfenf; (scientific method) t& twdtus
rSeu
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4/ OD;vSjrifh?
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7/ '*kefewf&Sif?
8/ armifausmfom?
9/ a':cifrsKd;cspf?
10/ vSordef?
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12/ '*kefa&TrQm;?
13/ OD;tkef;cif(vef'efysHYoif;)
14/ OD;vlaz0if;?
15/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
1/
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onf/
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87
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&ygrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;OD;pGm xkwfa0onfhowif;pmjzpfaom "rodowif;pmwGif
w&m;"rESifhqkdifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;xuf ppfESifhywfoufaom owif;u rsm;onf
udk awGY&onf/ xkdowif;pmxJ Oa&mywkdufwGif jzpfyGm;aomppfowif;rsm;udk bmom
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bvkd? ywfAvdk[l owif;pmwapmifvQif wrsKd;pDjzpfaecJhMuonf/ udpESifhywfouf
wnDwnf; wykHpHwnf;ac:a0:Mu&ef ndEIdif;cJh&m owif;pmtrsm;u ayGbvkd[kac:a0:
&ef oabmwlaomfvnf; ]]aMu;rkH}}u rdrdrlvac:a0:cJhonfhtrnfudk rajymif;vkdojzifh
]]tar&duefolvQKdoabFm}}[laom pum;udk tpm;xkd;NyD; okH;pGJcJhavonf/
,ckvkd jyKvkyfjcif;onf tavQmhray;vkdaom rmeaMumifh jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&p
&m &Sdaomfvnf; rsm;pGmaom owif;pmq&mwkdYonf rSm;vnf; qufwkduf? rSefvnf;quf
wkduf usifhokH;wwfonfhrlESifhum; udkufnDvSayonf/ w&kyf0efBuD;csKyf\trnfudk csKtif
vkdif;[k owif;pmtrsm;u ac:a0:a&;om;Muaomfvnf; vlxkowif;pmurl csKdtif;
vIdifu wjym;rS ravQmhcJhacs/ armfpDwkef;udkvnf; armifpDwkef;[k worwfwnf; a&;om;
cJhonf/ owif;pmwkdufrsm;wGif (House Style) [kac:aom]]wkdufokH;a&xkH;}}wtkyfxm;&
jcif;onf oabmaMumifh jzpfonf/ wcgokH;pGJaomtrnfudk jyif&&kd;xkH;pHr&Sdacs/ trdefY
Oya'wpkHwckt& jyifp&m&SdrSom jyifMuavonf/
xkdYjyif tcsKdYaom t*Fvdyfpum;rsm;udk wkduf&dkufjyefqkd rjzpfonfvnf; &Sday
onf/ EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;wGif Far East, Middle East, Near East ponfjzifh yg&Sdonfudk
ta&SUzsm;EkdifiH? ta&SUtv,fydkif;EkdifiH? teD;uyfaeaom ta&SUtv,fydkif;EkdifiH[kjyefqkd
wwfMuonf/ xkdtac:ta0:rsm;onf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;\tokH;tEIef;jzpf&m olwkdY
taetm;jzifh rSefuefaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdYtzkdY rudkufnDay/ Oyrm Middle East ta&SU
tv,fykdif;onf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;tzkdY rSefaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdY\ta&SUtv,ftydkif;
onf uarm'D;,m;? vmtkd;wkdYomvQif jzpf&ef&Sdonf/ tZa&;onf Oa&mywkdufom;wkdY
tzkYd ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmwkt
Yd zkYd tm&Staemufyikd ;f jzpfaeavonf/ xkYd
aMumifh Middle East udk ta&SUtv,fydkif;[k qkd&rnfhtpm; tm&Staemufydkif;[k qkdrSrSef
onf/ xkt
Yd wl tcsKdt
Y csKdaY om pum;tok;H tEIe;f wku
dY kd jrefrmwkt
Yd jrifEiS Mhf unf
h qDavsmf
atmif jyefqkd&ayonf/
tar&duefwu
Ydk tmumo,mOfwckukd Surveyor [k trnfay;xm;&m]]vkyo
f m;}}
u ]]ajrwkdif;pma&;}}[k jyefqkdcJhonf/ tjcm;owif;pmrsm;u ]]wkdif;wma&;}}[kjyefMu
onf/ wkdif;wma&;u ydkqDavsmfrnfxifonf/ ]]vkyfom;}}url a&;vufp&Sdonfudk jyef
99
bmomjyefpmay
rjyifyJ ajrwkdif;pma&;[lyif awmufavQmufokH;pGJcJhavonf/

rsm;rMumrDu tydv
k dk 10-udk vAdrmefteD;odYk csOf;uyfysHoef;&ef ypfvw
T v
f u
dk &f m
vAdrmefoYkd vlrqif;rD aemufq;Hk prf;oyfMunfo
h nfo
h abmjzpf Dress rehearsal vkyo
f nf
[kaMu;eef;owif;u azmfjycJhonfudk owif;pmwapmifu t0wftpm;tjynfhtpkHjzifh
Zmwfwkdufjcif;[l wkduf&kdufjrefrmbmom jyefqkdcJhavonf/ ]]t0wftpm; tcrf;tem;
tjynfhtpkHjzifh Zmwfwkdufovkd}}[kqdkvQif jrefrmpmzwfolwkdY em;vnfoabmaygufEkdifMu
rnf jzpfaomfvnf; t0wftpm;tjynft
h pkjH zifh Zmwfwu
dk jf cif;[l a&;vku
d o
f nft
h cg pOf;
pm;& cufp&m jzpf&awmhonf/
xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefMu&mwGif wkduf&dkufjyefqkdrIrsm;udk
wwfEkdiforQ a&Smif&Sm;oifhMuonf/ ta&;BuD;onfrSm t*Fvdyfvkd zwfwwfolwkdY em;vnf
oabmaygufovkd jrefrmpmzwfwwfow
l Ydk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif jrefrmpum;tok;H
tEIe;f rSeu
f efpmG jzifh jyefqb
dk Ydk jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif t*Fvyd pf mud,
k x
f w
J iG f yg&So
d nft
h wkid ;f tm;
vkH;jyef&efrvkdyg/ rdefYcGef;rsm;? aMunmcsufrsm;u vGJvQif jrefrmrsm;taejzifh odoifhod
xkduf odvnf;odEkdifpGrf; &SdorQavmufudkom aumufEkwfjyefqkdMu&ayonf/ jrefrmwkdYrod
em;rvnf oabmraygufEkdifonfhtcsuftvufwkdYudk csefvSyf&ayonf/
rdefYcGef;rsm;? aMunmcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;vnf; Communique udk Joint Communique udk yl;wGJjyefwrf;[k jyefqkdxm;onf/
Official qka
d ompum;udk wcsdeu
f rdrw
d BYdk udKufovkd trsKd;rsKd;jyefqMdk uonf/ ,ck
w&m;0if[l jyefqkdMuonf/ odkYjzpf w&m;0ifxkwfjyefaMunmcsuf[k qkdvQif Official
statement udkqkdvkdaMumif; em;vnfaeMuonf/
owif;rsm;udk wkEd idk o
f rQwkw
d dk jyefqadk &;om;jcif;onf taumif;qk;H jzpfonf/ odYk
aomf xkdokdYtwkdcsKH;&mwGif vkd&if;tcsufudk rvGwfbdkY owdjyK&ayrnf/ wkdvGef;ojzifh t
&kd;t&GufomygNyD; tom;usefae&pfvQifvnf; zwf&olwkdYtzkdY tusKd;r&Sdacs/ bmomjyef
&mwGif 'defcJeHY azsmufNyD; ig;yda&usKdeHYuav; oif;aeatmif jyefqkdEkdifbdkY BudK;pm;Mu&ay
vdrfhrnf/
/
bmomjyefowif;
1/ OD;aomif;(atmifAv)
2/ OD;armifarmifav;(cifav;armif)
3/ OD;oef;vIdifopf(jrefrmhtoH)
100
4/ taxmufawmfvSatmif
5/ OD;bkef;oefY
6/ OD;xGef;oef;(jrefrmhtoH)
7/ OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
1/
owif;pmrsm; wkdif;wyg;NrdKYtrnf? a'ornfrsm;udk azmfjy&m pmzwfy&dowf
odvG,fatmif EdkifiHtrnfudkyg yl;wGJazmfjyoifhonf/ aiGaMu;pepfudk azmfjyygu
jrefrmaiGEiS n
hf rD Qaom wefz;dk ukyd g yl;wGaJ zmfjyoifo
h nf[k jznfph u
G af qG;aEG;onf/
2/
t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh xkwaf 0aom owif;pmrsm;wGif wyfrawmf? &Jar? vlq;dk ? bke;f
BuD;ponfh jrefrma0g[m&rsm;udk bmomrjyefbJ twkdif;okH;pGJaeMujcif;onf
pHepfrusaMumifh jznfhpGufaqG;aEG;onf/
3/
owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefqadk zmfjy&m Ekid if jH cm;trnfemra0g[m&rsm;udk owif;
pmrsm;u trsKd;rsKd; okH;pGJaeMuojzifh uRrf;usifolrsm;u pkaygif; ndEIdif;oifh
aMumif; tMuHay; aqG;aEG;onfudk jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu ,if;udptwGuf
tzGJYi,fw&yf zGJYpnf; aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;onf/
4/
Ekid if w
H uma&;&mESiyhf *k K v
d rf sm;\owif;udk bmomjyef&mwGif bmomjyefrmS ;ygu
EkdifiHtcsif;csif; cspfMunfa&;ysufjym;apEkdifonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
/
101
bmomjyefpmay
qDavsmfonfb
h momjyefEi
S hf
rqDavsmfonfb
h momjyefrsm;
wifjyol
OD;xifBuD;
qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk zGifhxkwfazmfusL;&m um,uH&Sifrsm;onf ESpf
axmif;tm;&&SdMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk zGifhcs&mrl ouf
qkdifolrsm;onf pmwef;&Sifudk axmif;xkacsrIef;vkdrnfrSm {uefjzpfygonf/
okdYaMumifhvnf; qDavsmfaom bmomjyefrsm;udk pmwef; azmfxkwf&mwGif
&nfnTef;csufrsm; tjynfhtpkH xnfhoGif;NyD;? rqDavsmfaom bmomjyefrsm;\Zmpfjrpfudkrl
ZmwfjrKyf xm;ygrnf/
qDavsmfonf rqDavsmfonfqkd&m pmwef;wifol\twkdif;twmt&if;? olY
xifjrifcsuft&if; aumufcsufcsjcif;rQom jzpfojzifh 0d0g'uGJp&m&SdEkdifygonf/ xkd0d0g'
uGJjym;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cGifhay;csdefwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muyg[k av;pm;pGm zdwfac:&yg
onf/
pmwef; rsm;aomtm;jzifh ykEH ydS Nf yD;pmtkyrf sm;rS qDavsmfonfb
h momjyefrsm;?
rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ owif;pmrsm;rS bmom
jyeftvGJrsm;udk t"duxm; razmfjyyg/ odkYaMumifh pmwef;onf tvkH;pkHNyD;jynfhpkHonfh
pmwef; r[kwfaMumif; 0efcHygonf/ xkdodkY NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;r&SdaomaMumifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cGifh
tcsdef aqG;aEG;cGifh&Sdolrsm;onf usef&Sdao;aom qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;ESifh rqD
avsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk jznfhpGuf qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:ygonf/
bmomjyefonf qkd&m bmompum;wckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkY vTJajymif; t
"dyg ,fazmfjcif;jzpfygonf/ odaYk Mumifh jrefrmrS ygVd? ygVdrS jrefrm? jrefrmrS t*Fvyd ?f t*Fvyd f
rS jrefrm? jrefrmrS jyifopf? jyifopfrS jrefrm? jrefrmrSm *smref? *smrefrS jrefrm ponfjzifh
jyefqkdjcif;wkdYukd aqG;aEG;&rnfjzpfygonf/
odaYk omf pmwef; t*Fvyd rf S jrefrmodjYk yefqo
dk nfu
h pd u
o
dk m t"duxm; aqG;
aEG;oGm;ygrnf/
uJhodkY uefYowf aqG;aEG;&onfrSm t*FvdfyfrS jrefrmodkYjyefqkdjcif;u tjcm;
acwfokH;bmompum;rS jrefrmodkY jyefqkdjcif;xuf ydkrkdrsm;jym;jcif;? urmokH;pmrsm;teuf
t*Fvdyfpmonf jrefrmrsm;ESifht&if;ESD;qkH; jzpfjcif;wkYdaMumifhyg/
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H rsm;udk t"dyg ,fazmfjcif;? bmomjyefjcif;rjyKyJ jrefrmpum;vk;H
102
tjzpf toHvS,f okH;&mrS trsm;vufcHaeNyDjzpfonfhpum;vkH; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf/

xkdpum;vkH;rsm;rSm aumfvdyfawmft&m&Sd (collector) ? uyfwvuf (cutlet) ? uwfbdeuf
(cabinet) ? aumfrwD (commitee) ? csvef (chalan) ? *smuif (jerkin) ? a*smh*suf (gorget) ?
*sL&D (jury) ? *&ef (grant) ? *&Gwf (gross) ? 8dk; (goal) ? *D,m (gear) ? parmfaumf&kH; (small
cause court) ? pD;u&uf (cigarette) ? qmMuLvm (circular) ? qDedwf (senate) ? qkdufum;
(sidecar) ? qkdif;bkwf (signboard) ? qyfuyf (circus) ? 'kdiferkd (dynamo) ? bDvpfBuD; (baliff)?
armfawmf (motor) ? 0g&rf; (warrant) ? ygvDref (parliament) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
jrefrmpum;jzifh t"dyg,fjyefqkdoifhygvsuf t*Fvdyfpum;udk wkduf&kduftoHvS,f
tokH;jyKjcif;udk rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefcsuf[k qkdcsifygonf/
Oyrm 1957-ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom vpOfpmapmifwck ]]uorD;,m;jynfe,f
J m;
onf {&d,mtm;jzifh puG,
m;rkid af ygif; &Spaf omif;ESpaf xmifausmf us,f0ef;NyD;vQif...}}
[lif;?
1904-ckESpfowif;pmwapmif ]]...pkHprf;Munfh&I&ef apvTwfcefYxm;aom t
&m&SdwkdYu wifoGif;aom &DyGwfpmmukd vufa&muf&&SdMunfh&Iqifjcif...}}[lif;? xkdo
wif;pmyif]]...vGecf o
hJ nfh pufwifbmv 12-&uf aomMumaeY rGe;f vGt
J csdew
f iG f awmif
a[mf&kH;awmf tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfMuavonf...}}[lif;?
1961-ckESpfxkwf aeYpOfowif;pmBuD;wapmif\acgif;BuD;ydkif;]]...xkdodkYokH;
ESpfMum;cHxm;onfrSm jrefrmtm; ckepfESpftwGif; oef; 30 udk rokH;EkdifvQif 10 ESpftwGif;
okH;pGJEkdifatmif rm*sifjcm;ay;uJhokdY jzpfayonf...}}[lif;?
tjcm;owif;pmBuD;wapmif\acgif;BuD;]]...qk&d ,
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f pfpepfu t&if;&Sipf epf
avmuf xda&mufuRrf;usifrI r&S
d tufz&d iS hrf jzpf r[kwaf y}}[lif; a&;om;xm;onf
udk zwf&ygonf/
tcsKdYaom bmomjyefpmvkH;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfbmomrS wkdfuf&kdufteuf azmfxm;
aomfvnf; owif;pmrsm; rMumcPyg&Sdojzifhif;? tokH;rsm;ojzifhif; t"dym,fudk od
aeMuNyD[k,lq&ygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;rSm aumfvmjzLtvkyform; (White collar employee) ? ppfat;wkdufonf (to wage a cold war) ? rD;pdrf;jyonf (to give green light) ?
wif;rmrI (tension) ? azmif;yGrI (inflation) ? puLusm; (paper tiger) ? ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSef
a&; (cultural revolution) ? yOrHwyfom; ((fifth columnist) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
wcgw&H pmvk;H wvk;H csif; bmomjyef qufpyfvu
dk af omtcg &,fb,
G jf zpfae
wwfygonf/ 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;rjzpfrD &ky&f iS af Mumfjimwck\rl&if;rSm *E0ifajrmuf t*Fvyd f
0wK David Copperfield jzpfonfudk bmomjyefolu vkH;csif;pdwf ]]'g0dwf\aMu;eDv,f
103
bmomjyefpmay
uGif;}}[l jyefqkdcJhbl;ygonf/ *syefacwfxkwf Armhacwfowif;pmvnf; c&D;oGm;rSwf

wrf;wckwGif sweet potato udk bmomjyefum ]]tmvl;csKd}}[l azmfjycJhbl;ygonf/
pmwvkH;csif; bmomjyefapumrl t"dym,fvnf;&Sdrnf? toHxGuftm;jzifhvnf;
eD;pyfrnfqkdygu xdrdaom bmomjyefjzpfEkdifygonf/ 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfcgeD; Tank
(,cktac: wifhum;)ESifhywfouf q&mBuD;ocifbaomif;u ]]wkduf,mOf}}[l jyefqkd
cJhNyD; Dr. Thorndyke ac: t*FvdyfpkHaxmufBuD;udk ]]a'gufwmbaomif;xkduf}}[l q&m
BuD;a&TOa'gif;u jyefqkdcJhbl;ygonf/
bmompum;wckrS jrefrmpum;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJazmfjy&m rl&if;bmom\t
okH;tEIef;ukd ruRrf;usifbJ bmomjyefygu jrefrmpmzwfolrsm; em;rvnfEkdifatmif jzpf
wwfygonf/
1938-ckEpS cf efu
Y r*Zif;wapmif yg&Sad om bmomjyef 0wKwyk'w
f iG f ]]avcRef
vkdufygvm;}}[lygvm&m? pum;tquftpyfr&Sdojzifh &kwfw&uf em;rvnfEkdifjzpfrdyg
onf/ aemufrS to whistle [laoma0g[m&udk owd&NyD; bmqkv
d o
dk nfudk t"dym ,faygufyg
awmhonf/
t*FvdyfpmtokH;tEIef;udk odrf;oGif; bmomjyefaomtcg t*FvdyfpmESifhr&if;
EDS;aom zwf&olrsm;tzkdY em;rvnfEkdifjzpfwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ]]...,aeY uREkfyf
wkYd rsufarSmufjyKae&aom urmt
h ajctaeudk wGuq
f vQif uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf cg;ywfwif;xm;
&rnfhtajcodkY qkdufa&mufaeayonf...}}[lif;?
]]OD;EkxGufawmhrnf[k owif;ay:vmwkdif; vlawGu qm;wjrKHavmufikHNyD;rS ,kH
MunfMu\}}[lif;? ]]...,ckwkdufyGJpumeD; oknem&DwGif awGY&Sd&aom zqyvwyfBuD;
onf]t&ifwek ;f ueJY rwlygw,f}[kq&dk onfh ygwDwiG ;f wku
d yf u
JG ykd if cyf&&J J rqifEo
JT nfw
h yf
rsKd;tjzpfodkY ysufpD;avsmhusaeygNyD...}}[lif;?
]]...rdrdwkdY qGwfcl;&&Sdaom atmifjrifrI yef;acGay:wGif tNrdKifhom;xkdifaerIwkdY
aMumifh jzpfavonf}}[lif;?
]]...jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfwiG f yrnwtrwfwOD;u xkod
doed f;wefar;cGe;f udk Mo*kwf
vpnf;a0; ar;\}}[lif; azmfjyMuygonf/
tcsKdYbmomjyefolrsm;onf rl&if;pum;vkH;\t"dym,fudk rSef; bmomjyef&m
wufwufpifrSef;aewwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &k&Spma&;q&mBuD; a*:*Da&;onfh*E0if
ajrmuf 0wKwyk'fudk bmomjyef&mwGif rl&if;yg&Sdaom hors d'oeuvre qkdonfhpum;vkH;\
teufukd &SmazGjcif;rjyKbJ ]]jrif;om;aMumf}}[l vGJrSm;pGm bmomjyefxm;ygonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynmay; A[kokwpmtkyfwtkyf alter ego udk]]tjcm;
104
wck}}? idee fixe udk ]]cufcJonfhtMuHtpnf}}? cherchez la femme udk ]]rdef;rudk ajrmfonf?
&Smonf}}[k bmomjyefxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
xkdYtwl *syefacwf jrefrmowif;pmwapmifvnf; the fleet was sent to Davy
Jones' locker ...udk]]...a&wyfi,fonf vQKdY0Sufaom a'AD*sKH;oabFmqdyfodkY xGuf
ajy;av\}}[k jyefqkdxm;ygonf/
xkt
Yd jyif 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;twGi;f *syefEidk if &H NdS rdKUwNrdKUudk tar&duefavwyfu
AkH;BuJonfhowif; inflammable [laompum;udk ]]rD;ravmifEkdif}}[k ajymif;jyefbmom
jyefxm;onfudk zwf&bl;ygonf/
tmumom,mOfrS urmodkY &kyfjrifoHMum;vTifh&mwGif Keep those cards and letters coming in, folks [laomqki
d ;f bkwu
f kd ]]xku
d yfjym;rsm;ESiphf mvk;H rsm; 0ifrvmapESi}hf }[k
1968-ck? atmufwb
dk mv 16-&ufaeYxw
k f jrefrmowif;pmBuD;wapmif bmomjyefxm;
onfudkif;? There are no dark places in the lives of the Burmese as there are in the lives
of other orientals ukd bmomjyefpmtkyfwtkyf ]]jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYonf tjcm;ta&SUwkdif;
om;rsm;uJhodkY woufvkH;arSmifaomae&mrsm;wGif aexkdifjcif;rjyK}}[kif;? who will take
him in hand and continue his instruction uk]d ]olv
Y ufxx
J nfNh yD;...}}[lif; jyefqx
dk m;yg
onf/
bmomjyefpmwtkyfvnf; graphic account of the situation udk]]rSwfwef;xJ
tao;pdwZf ,m;cs a&;xm;cJo
h nfrmS }}[lif;? ...return from furlough ud]k ]c&D;a0;
rS jyefvmaom}}[lif; bmomjyefxm;ygonf/
bmomjyefpmtkyw
f tky\
f rl&if;trnfrmS For your eyes only jzpfaomfvnf; jref
rmjyefxm;onfhpmtkyftrnfrSm ]]rif;&JUrsufvkH;awG twGufaMumifh}}jzpfaeygonf/
tjcm;rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;rSm philosopher's stone udk]]tbd"rmq&m
wk\
Yd ausmufoyH wjrm; odrYk [kwf a&Tw;Hk a&Tc&J mS azGjcif;}}[l jyefqjdk cif;/ South East Asia
Relief Fund udk ]]ta&SUawmiftm&S &kyfazmif;&kyf<u&efykHaiG}}? left-handed compliment
udk]]b,fvufeJYcsD;rGrf;w,f}}? not a public meeting udk]]y&dwfw&m;em r[kwfbl;}}ponfh
jyefqkdcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/
rl&if;t*Fvyd pf mpyfrsm;udk jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfwdYk xif;ueJ t"dyg ,faygufatmif
y&d,m,fjzifh bmomjyefxm;onfrsm;udkvnf; awGY&zwf&ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 1938ckESpfcefYu &kyf&SifaMumfjimt*Fvdyfrl&if;rSm One hour with you jzpfonfudk jrefrmqHqH t
"dyg ,frad tmif ]]wem&DxJ cspfyg&ap}}[k bmomjyefxm;onfukd awG&Y bl;ygonf/ 1951ckESpfxkwf "rodowif;pmqkdvQif Registry office udk]]pmcsKyfrSwfykHwifwkduf}}[lif;?
105
bmomjyefpmay
scape goat uk]d ]"m;pmcH}}[lif;? Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
udk]]apmapmtdyfx? jyKusifhu? wGif;yudk,fcEm? a&m*gcyfodrf;? a&SmifcGmwdrf;?

uif;Nidrf;vGefusef;rm? Opm"eayg<u,f0? xGef;yPfynm}}[lif;? Necessity is the
mother of invention udk]]vkdvQif MuHq enf;vrf;&}}[lif; q&mBuD;ocifbaomif;u
God forbid [laoma0g[m&udk ]]zG[Jh vGJap z,fap}}[lif; bmomjyefcJhMuygonf/
rMumao;rDu &efuek Nf rdKUokYd tdE,
d 0efBuD;csKyf rput
f if'&m*ED a&mufvmaom
tcg ]]tajrmuf 19-csuf ypfazmuftav;jyK\}}[k owif;pmwapmifu azmfjycJyh gonf/
tvm;wlyif 1904-ckESpftwGif;u xkwfa0cJhaom owif;pmwapmifurl ...gun salute
was fired udk]]uefawmhtajrmuf ypfazmufawmfrlavonf}}[k eef;qHqH bmomjyefxm;
onfudk zwfrdygonf/
xkdenf;wl 1851-ckESpf "rodowif;pmyif 0dwkd&d,bk&ifr\Muif,mawmfESifh
ywfoufowif;pma&;&mPrince Consort Albert ud]k ]arsmufom;awmf tmvAwfocif}}
[k azmfjycJhygonf/
t"dyg,fudk rlwnf qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefcJhaom tjcm;pmvkH;rsm;rSm air
raid trench (at;usif;)? all clear (vGwfNyD uRwfNyD)? anti-personnel bomb (vlxdAkH;)? black
market (arSmifckdaps;)? ambush (csKHcdkwkdufckdufjcif;)? brain drain (Pf&nfqkH;yg;rI)? overhead (OaoQmifp&dwf)? floor price (Murf;cif;aps;)? Is it a deal ? (pdefNyDvm;)? groud floor
(ajrnDxyf)? rock and roll (t&l;yef;csD)? foul ball (jypf'Pfabm)? hand ball (vufxad bm)?
hula hoop (zifvdefuGif;)? swivel chair (qkHvnfukvm;xkdif) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
wBudraf omtcgu Armhacwfowif;pm uke0f ifuek x
f u
G o
f wif; toilet paper udk
]]a&tdrfokH;puL}} odkYr[kwf ]]tdrfomokH;puL}}[l bmomrjyefbJ]]csKH;uD;puL}}[kjyef
qdkcJhonfudkvnf; zwf&zl;ygonf/
tcsKdYaompum;vkH;rsm;udk bmomjyef&m wae&m qDavsmfaomfvnf; tjcm;
wae&m rqDavsmfjzpfwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh professional gunman ESihf professional
artist wkdYwGif professional [laom pum;vkH;udk ]]aMu;pm;}}[l ESpfae&mpvkH; bmom
jyef&ef rqDavsmfyg/
owif;pmtcsKdY sedan car udk]]ZdrfcHum;}}[l wbufpD;enf; jyefqkdxm;ygonf
udk awGY&Sd&ygonf/ xkdtpm; ]]rkd;vkHavvkHum;}}[l jyefoifhonfxifygonf/
,cktcg t*Fvyd af 0g[m&rsm;onf acwftvku
d f ajymif;vJvsuf&ydS gonf/ txl;
ojzifh tar&duefokH;t*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;onf vsifjrefpGm jzpfysufaeaom urmhtajc
taet& topftopfwkd; aeygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;udk omreftbd"mefrsm; rawGY
and wise
106
Ekdifojzifh bmomjyefolwkdYrSm tcuftcJ awGYMu&ygonf/ jrefrmr*Zif;wapmif olvQKd

vkyif ef;ESiyhf wfoufaom bmomjyefaqmif;yg;wGif period [laompum;vk;H t&G,&f dS "mwf
ykx
H J pma&;xm;onf}}[kyg&S&d m tawmfMumpOf;pm;rS tar&dueftac: period ? t*Fvyd f
tac: full stop udkqkdvdkaMumif; owdjyKrdygonf/ jrefrmrsm; em;vnf&ef bmomjyefrnf
qkyd gu ]]atmufjrpfcef&Y adS om tpufuav;t&G,f "mwfyx
Hk J pma&;xm;onf}}[kjyefqdk
&rnfjzpfygonf/
ppfNyD;p *sme,fwapmifwGif bmomjyeftar&duef0wKwyk'f ]]acG;ylBuD;pm;
aeonf}}[kyg&S&d m t"dyg ,frnfoYkd aumuf&rnfrodjzpfcyhJ gonf/ aemifaomtcg hot dog
ac: tar&duefabmZOfukd awG&Y rS rnfonft
h pm;tpmudk qkv
d adk Mumif; od&ygawmhonf/
tar&duefokH; t*Fvdyfa0g[m&tcsKdYum; bootleg, blue collar worker, crash program,
on the cuff, egg head, grass roots, hot dog, hard liners, hitch hike, hard-sell, play hookey,
jaywalker, leather necks, one-upmanship, pocket book, public address system, screw
ball, snafu, scuba diving, shot in the arm, speakeasy, stuffed shirt, zip code
ponfwkdY
jzpf xkda0g[m&rsm;udk vkH;csif;bmomjyef r&paumif;yg/

tcsKdYpum;vkH;rsm;rSm owif;pmq&mrsm;u xGif tokH;jyK&mrS ]wGif}oGm;wwf
ygonf/ Oyrm? ppfrjzpfonfhab;uif;&modkY yifv,furf;rS a&TUajymif;jcif; (evacuation
by sea ) udktwkdcsKH;NyD; seavacuation [l pum;vkH;opfxGifcJhay:cJhbl;avonf/ smoke
* bootleg: smuggled, illegal whisky
blue collar worker: manual worker
crash program: a speed-up program, a program designed to overcome an emergency in a hurry.
on the cuff: free of charge
egg head: an intellectual who does not participate in popular fads and diversions
grass roots: the rural sections of the country
hot dog: a kind of sausage ususally served in a bun, having the same elongated shape
hard-liners: those who are orthodox or those who stick strictly to a belief
hitch-hike: to travel on foot and by asking rides from passing vehicles
hard sell: the use of aggressive methods of salesmanship
play hookey: to stay away from school for a one day vacation
jaywalker: any person who walks in or crosses the street in violation of traffic rules
leathernecks: a common term for marines
one-upmanship: seeing who can outdo the other
pocket book: wallet
public-address system: a complete assembly of sound reproducing apparatus for the proper amplification and
recording of programs for performance in public places
screw ball: an eccentric person
snafu: a chaotic situation, (Situation Normal, All Fouled Up)
scuba diving: a popular acquatic sport, (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
shot in the arm: (to give) an immediate effect
speakeasy: unlicensed saloon, bar or restaurant selling illegal or smuggled whisky
stuffed shirt: a pretentious person
zip code: zone improvement plan code
107
bmomjyefpmay
ESihf frog udk aygif;pyf smog [kif;? motor ESifh hotel udkaygif;pyf motel [kif;? breakfast ESifh lunch udkaygif; brunch [kif;? talk ESifh marathon aygif; talkthon [kif;?
advertising man ukd adman [kif; pum;vk;H opf xGic
f MhJ uygonf/ xko
d aYkd om pum;vk;H opf
rsm;\Zmpfjrpfudk rodygu t"dyg,faygufatmif bmomjyef&ef rvG,fvSyg/
t*Fvyd rf S jrefrmodYk jyefq&dk m awGb
Y ;l onfyh gpifatmif vGrJ mS ;aombmomjyefrsm;?
avsmh&J&Jbmomjyefrsm; ponfwkdYudk azmfxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf? bmomjyefolrsm; pdwfoufom
&ap&ef azmfjyvdkonfrSm bmomjyef&m jrefrmrsm;om rSm;Muonfr[kwf? taemufEkdifiH
om; trsm;tjym;vnf; rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f bmomjyefrw
d wfaMumif;udk qmpwefvt
D ef0if
(Sir Stanley Unwin) \aqmif;yg;t& od&ygonf/
xdkaqmif;yg; "You are kidding" [laoma0g[m&ukd "Your are uncovering
yourself " [lif;? "I took her word for it" udk "I promised her I would do it" [lif;?
"He has the run of the village" udk He drinks all the village's rum" [lif;? "A patient
who is fit for light work" udk "A patient who is fit for work by artificial light" [lif;?
"A girl with a face like that could get away with murder" udk "A girl with a face like that
had to travel with a murderer" [lif; jyifopfbmom? pydefbmom? ay:wl*DbmomwkdY
jzifh t&rf;bmomjyefxm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xGuo
f rQpmtkyrf sm;udk oGuo
f u
G Bf uD; bmomjyefavh&adS om *syefjynfvnf; rSm;
rSm;,Gif;,Gif; bmomjyef wykHwacgif;BuD; &SdaMumif;jzifh *syefygarmuwauOcsD (Kenji
Takeuchi) u 1964-ck? ZGefvtwGif; xkwfa0cJhaom Goyaku (bmomjyeftrSm;rsm;)qkd
onfhpmtkyf zGihfcscJhygonf/ ygarmuwauOcsDonf emrnfBuD;abm*aA'bmomjyef
q&mrsm;\trSm;rsm;udk axmufjy&m pmrsufESm 216-txd&Sdaom pmtkyftjynfhjzpfyg
onf/ xkdpmtkyfudk &kdufqJwGifyif ygarmuwauOcsDonf jyifopfEkdifiHodkY tNyD;tydkifxGuf
cGmoGm;onf[kvnf; aemufqufwGJ owif;tjzpf od&Sd&ygonf/
/
qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;
1/'*kefa&TrQm;
2/OD;tkef;armif(a&Twnfavsmif)
3/atmifoef;(rEav;)
4/OD;armifarmif(orm"darmifarmif)
5/OD;at;armif(pmayAdrmef)
108
6/wuodkvfpef;
7/wuov
kd jf rwfol
1/
jrefrmjyefa0g[m&rsm; csKdw
Y ahJ ejcif;rSm a0g[m&opfrsm;udk ok;H pG&J ef r0efrY &Jaom
aMumifh jzpfaMumif;? a0g[m&opfrsm;udo
k ;Hk pG&J mwGif jrefrmqefNyD;? rSerf eS u
f efuef
ESifhuspfvpfbdkY vkdaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
2/
bmomjyef&mwGif wkdif;wyg;\ obm0p&kdufrsm;? taiGYtoufrsm; yg&Sdonfudk
tqD;twm;rjzpfapbJ rl&if;pm\aemufcpH &ku
d o
f abmwkyYd g0ifatmif a&;zGo
YJ ifh
aMumif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/
109
bmomjyefpmay
jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY bmomjyefqkdjcif;

wifjyol
OD;0if;az
jrefrmuAsmudk t*FvdyfodkY bmomjyefqkd&m jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY
jzpfap? jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY jzpfap bmomjyefqkdEkdifayonf/ bmomjyefvkyf
ief;wGif awGYMuKH&aom jyemrsm;? xajrmufrIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;ESifhauseyfrIrsm;udk
uAsmrS pum;ajyodkY jyefqkdonfxuf uAsmrS uAsmodkY jyefqkd&m ykdrkdxif&Sm; av;eufpGm
MuKHawG&Y aomaMumifh pmwef;wGif jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvyd u
f AsmodYk bmomjyefqjdk cif;udp
udk wifjyayrnf/
jrefrmuAsmudk t*Fvyd u
f Asmjzpfatmif jyefqjdk cif;tvkyo
f nf jrefrmr[kwaf om
pmzwfow
l OD;tm; jrefrmwOD;u jrefrmuAsmudk zwf cHpm;&onft
h wkid ;f t*Fvyd b
f mom
pum;jzifh cHpm;Ekid af tmif jyKvkyaf y;aomvkyif ef;jzpfayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifq
h adk omf jref
rmr[kwaf om pmzwfow
l OD;ukd jrefrmjzpfvmatmif bmomajymif;vJay;onfv
h yk if ef;[k
qkdEkdifayonf/
wu,fawmh jrefrmpmzwfol\tm&kHwGif jzpfay:aomcHpm;csufrsm;udk t*Fvdyf
pmzwfol\tm&kHwGif waoGrwdrf; wdwdusus xyfwlxyfrQ ay:vmatmif rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrS vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwfacs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf bmomjyeft*FvdyfuAsmonf
jrefrmuAsmr[kwyf J t*Fvyd u
f Asmom jzpfaomaMumifo
h mwnf;/ bmomjyeft*Fvyd u
f Asm
wyk'fonf t*FvdyfuAsmu ay;aqmifEkdifpGrf;aom cHpm;rIukdom zwfoltm; cHpm;apEkdif
jrefrmuAsmu ay;aqmifEidk pf rG ;f aom cHpm;rIuu
kd m; cHpm;apEkid rf nf r[kwaf y/ pmzwf
olcpH m;&aom t&omonf jrefrmuAsmudk t&if;cH cHpm;&aomt&omr[kwyf J t*Fvyd f
uAsmudk t&if;cH cHpm;&aomt&omomjzpfacsonf/
odaYk omf jrefrmuAsmwyk'u
f kd zwfaom jrefrmpmzwfow
l idk ;f onf wlnx
D yfrQaom
t&omudk cHpm;Muonfr[kwfay/ wOD;\cHpm;rIESifhwjcm;wOD;\cHpm;rIwkdYonf uGJjym;
jcm;em;Muavonf/ xkduJhodkY cHpm;rItzkHzkH &SdwwfaomaMumifh bmomjyeft*FvdyfuAsmudk
zwf cHpm;&aom t&omonf rl&if;jrefrmuAsmudk zwf cHpm;&aomt&omESifhrwl
aomfvnf; jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvyd u
f AsmodjYk yefqjdk cif;vkyif ef;onf tcsD;ES;D rjzpfwef&mav
onf/
wdusrI
bmomjyefqkd&mwGif rSefuefwduspGm jyefqkdzkdY ta&;BuD;ayonf/ odkYaomf pum;
110
vkH;tvkduf wvkH;csif; wduszkdY&m rvG,fulay/ txl;ojzifh uAsmrS uAsmodkYjyefqkd&m

pum;vkH;tvkduf wdusrIukd r&apatmif [efYwm;aom tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdavonf/
jrefrm0gus wnfaqmufyEHk iS t
hf *Fvyd 0f gus wnfaqmufyw
Hk rYdk mS uGjJ ym;Muavonf/
jrefrm0guswGif Bud,mu aemufqkH;rS vmonf/ jrefrm0gusudk Bud,mjzifh owfonf/ t*F
vdyf0guswGif Bud,mu tv,f yg0ifonf/
jrefrm0guswGif armifeDu acG;udk bmvkyfaMumif; aemufqkH;rS azmfjyonf/ acG;
udk &kdufovm;? acG;udk auR;ovm;[k ajrmfrSef;awG;qNyD;rS acG;udkvkdufaMumif; od&onf/
t*Fvyd 0f guswGirf l armifeu
D vku
d o
f nf? rnfonft
h &mudk vku
d af Mumif; qufzwf
awmhrS acG;udk vkdufaMumif; od&onf/
0gusESpfckpvkH;wGif armifeDu acG;udk vkdufaMumif; azmfjyaomfvnf; 0guswnf
aqmufykHcsif; rwlaomaMumifh zwfolrSm cHpm;&ykHcsif; rwlay/ cHpm;rItpOf jzpfay:rIu
jcm;em;onf/
0guswnfaqmufykHcsif; rwlaomaMumifh jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY
jyefqkdonfhtcg wcgw&H tcuftcJESifhMuKHawGY&avonf/ odkYaomf vSnfhywfjyefqkd ajy
aumif;onf/ uAsmwGifrl 0guszGJYaom pum;vkH;rsm;\tpOfu ta&;BuD;aomaMumifh
jyefqkd&mwGif pum;vkH;pOfonf cHpm;rIudk rsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufEkdifavonf/
uAsm[lonf taumif;qkH;pum;vkH;rsm;udk taumif;qkH;tpDtpOfjzifh pDrHxm;
&m jzpfonf[k aumfvm&pf*sfu qkdbl;onf/ "Poetry is the best words in the best order"
xkaYd Mumifh pum;vk;H rsm;udk taumif;qk;H tpDtpOfrS ajymif;vT
J pDpOfvQif uAsmowyd suf
jy,fwwfavonf/
rl&if;uAsmwyk'fESifhbmomjyef uAsmwyk'fwkdYudk tqkH;txd zwfNyD; tm;vkH;udk
jcKHMunfhvQif tawG;wckwnf;udk ESpfyk'fpvkH;u azmfjyonf[k qkdEkdifp&m &Sdacsonf/ odkY
aomfvnf; cHpm;rItpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfay:ykH tpOfrwlaomaMumifh t&omay:ykH jcm;
em;Ekdifavonf/ vG,faom uAsmwyk'fudkyif &Iav/
r&GmyJ rrJygeJY a&Trkd;ndK?
tdrfuvl taeusKHYatmif? rIdif;tkHYvSoudk/
&Gmawmh &GmrvkdvkdeJY? a&Trkd;ndK ajrmufajrxl;qDu
csKef;oifhygbl;/
Do not darken without pouring,
oh, overcast sikies.
You loom and lour
to constrict this home-dweller.
111
bmomjyefpmay
Ever as though about to pour,
you should not thunder
from above Myedu Town in the north.
yxr>rufcsufjzpfaom ]]r&GmyJ rrJygeJY}}udk bmomjyef rrJygeJY r&GmyJ[k jyefqkd

xm;&avonf/ 'kwd,>rufcsufjzpfaom ]]tdrfuvl taeusKHYatmif rIdif;tkHYvSoudk}}udk
vnf; bmomjyefwGif ajymif;jyefvSef qkdxm;&avonf/ xkd'kwd,>rufcsufwGifTo constrict this home-dweller
You loom and lour.
[k jyefqkdEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf t*Fvdyf0guspOf trSefudk uJhodkY ajymif;jyefvSef a&;om;

jcif; (inversion) rsKd;udk 0dw&dk ,
d bk&ifrvufxufwiG f usifo
h ;Hk Muaomfvnf; acwfay:uAsm
wGif tokH;jyKonfhtcg uAsmht&omudk ysufjym;apavonf/
wwd,>rufcsufu ydk ta&;BuD;onf/ uAsm\txG#fonf csKef;oifhygbl;[k
qkad om awmif;yefcsufyif jzpfonf/ t*Fvyd 0f gus zGyYJ pHk epfu rwlaomaMumifh bmomjyef
wGif 0gus\tv,fyikd ;f odYk a&mufomG ;&avonf/ a&mufEiS t
hf rQvnf; tm;aysmhavonf/
Ever as though about to pour,
from above Myedu Town in the north
you should not thunder
uJo
h Ykd jyifqif jyefqv
dk Qif ajrmufajrxl;qDu csKef;oifh rcsKef;oifu
h pd u
kd rqkd
yJ ajrmufajrxl;qDu &Gmrnfh-r&Gmrnfhudpudkqkd&ma&mufayonf/
You should not thunder,
ever as though about to pour,
from above Myedu Town in the north,
odjYk yefqv
dk Qif rcsKef;oifah om udpq
o
D Ydk vkt
d yfaomtm&kaH &mufomG ;aomfvnf;
]]&Gmawmh&GmrvkdvkdeJY}}qkdaomudpudk tm&kHjyKoifhoavmuf rjyKEkdifawmhacs/
bmomjyefqkd&mwGif pum;vkH;tpOf ajymif;onfudk vkduf cHpm;rItpOf ajymif;
&jcif;aMumifh tcuftcJESifhodkYMuKH&avonf/
ykHpHwGifyif jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY jyefqdk&m awGYMuKH&aom wjcm;t
cuftcJwckukd jrifEidk af yonf/ jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvyd pf um;ajyodjYk yefqo
dk nft
h cg jref
rmpmyk'fu &Snf t*Fvdyfpmyk'fu wkdaMumif; awGY&ayrnf/ t*Fvdyfpmyk'f\t&Snfonf
jrefrmpmyk'ft&Snf\ 65 rS 75 &mckdifEIef;txdom &Sdwwfayonf/ t&monf jrefrm
pum;ajyu usJ t*Fvdyfpum;ajyu pkpkpnf;pnf;&SdaMumif;udk jyonf/
jrefrmuAsmonf jrefrmpum;ajyESirhf wlay/ jrefrmpum;ajyu odyo
f nf;onf/
vGefpGmyif odyfonf;rI &Sdayonf/
112
aqmif;aqmif;qkdif;qkdif;? NydKif;&&kdif;wd?
rIdif;rIdif;tkwfaxG? a0a0rkdYrkdY?
ndK&&kdUESifh? jrodkY&Sdrf;&Sdrf;?
cyfodrf;awmawmif? ukefatmifywfukH;?
ajrmfrqkH;onf? ESvkH;rsm;bG,f,SdvS\/
The domineering skies darken, overhang,
spill and spread. The forested hills
of hazy brown or glimmering jade,
reach beyond my vision's range
and create occasion for much distress.
jrefrmpmykd'fwGif ygorQaom oabmrsm;udk rdatmifjyefqkd&vQif t*Fvdyfpmykd'f

onf rQxufyif &Snfavrnf/
apmav/ rcspf&vnf; rcspfcsif/
Listen, my friends. I do not wish
to love that which I should not love.
jrefrm\odyo
f nf;rIukd rDatmif renf;jyefq&dk aMumif; awG&Y onf/ odyYk ifjzpfaomf
vnf; apm
apm\cefYaomoabmukd my friends jzifh rdatmif r,lEkdifaMumif; awGY&avonf/
jrefrmbmompum;wGif pum;vkH;zGJYykHaMumifh tcufMuKH&jyefonf/ jrefrmpum;
wGif pum;vkH;rsm;udk pyfwGJ okH;wwfaomaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif wlnDaom
a0g[m& &Sm&cufavonf/
vlMuKHESifhnDaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& r&SdaomaMumifh vSnfhywfjyefqkd&onfhtcg
uAsm\odyfonf;rI vGwfoGm;wwfavonf/
puf0#f? xGwo
f u
dk 0f if? bke;f acgifae&if;? jymjrrGwpf if? nufpifprH sm;txGwaf omf
kwkdYwGifvnf; wlnDaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& r&Sday/
vSrSefuif;udk spire of beauty ? vSwefaqmifudk torch of beauty [kjyefqkdEkdifaomf
vnf; vSacgifrkd;udk roof of beauty [kjyefqkdvQif &kdif;onf/ top of beauty [kjyefqkdEkdifaomf
vnf; top ESifhpyfygvmaom &kyfykHrsm;ESifh qifhyGm;teufrsm;aMumifh uAsmemayonf/
i,fcspf? i,fuRrf;wkdYtwGuf auseyfavmufaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& &Smr&ay/
vGrf;wkHYwiftwGufqkdvQif ydkcufayonf/
wu,fawmh vGrf;qkdaompum;vkH;onf jrefrmuAsmwGif awGY&aom pum;vkH;
rsm;teuf t*FvdyfodkY jyefqkd&ef tcufqkH;pum;vkH;[k qkdEkdifayonf/
onfESpfawmif awmifpyfMum;rSm
113
bmomjyefpmay
vGrf;bG,fursm;
At the sights so full of exciting scenes
vGrf;onf exciting r[kwfwef&may/

vGrf;udk nostalgia, pensiveness ponfjzifh jyefqcdk &hJ mrS jyefqo
dk rl sm;uyif auseyf
ykH ray:onfhtwGuf pum;pyfrsm;udk iJh qDavsmfatmif trsKd;rsKd;jyefqkdMuaMumif; awGY
&avonf/
vGrf;vkdufvSao;
I am mournful
vGrf;aygifuG,fhav;
No distress lingers
vGrf;aygifuG,hfav;
Why languish?
vGrf;e,fcsJYrkd;
And the rain will sadden us in many ways
vGrf;pmwJhav;
vGrf;olYpmacG
a&Tjynfukdom vGrf;awmhonf/
a letter of yearning
a lonely girl's letter
longing for my golden city
qD;csKH&dyfrSmv wqdwfu,f ckdNyD;vQif

csKHndKpGrf;rSmwJh tvGrf;ajzav;
I seek the shelter of the jujube's brown shade and pause a moment to ease my
aching heart.
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI "avhx;Hk pHrsm;uvnf; uAsmjyefq&dk m tusKd;oufa&mufav

onf/
aoQmifBuD;aAG? a&TaoQmifyGwkdYudk big topknot, golden puffed topknot [kjyefqkdEkdif
aomfvnf; xkb
d momjyefpum;vk;H rsm;onf t*Fvyd u
f AsmxJoYkd qDavsmfatmif r0ifqEH idk f
acs/
cg;awmif;usKdufudk ay:vGifatmif with longyi tucked high between the thighs
[k jyefqkdxm;aomfvnf; uAsmemavonf/
vkHcsDudk sarong [k jyefqkdvQif rrSefaomaMumifh longyi, lungyi, lonji ponfjzifh
jyefqkd&aumif;rnfvm;[k pOf;pm;p&m jzpfacsonf/
oeyfcg;g;ukd bark cream, bark cream slurry [kjyefqkdcJhaomfonf/ thanakha [k
toHvS,f jyefqkdEkdifaomfvnf; teufay:rnf r[kwfay/
jrefrmuAsmwGif rdef;uav;u olYudk,fol ESrav;
av;[k ac:avh&Sd&m sister [kjyefqkd
114
vQif t*Fvdyfpmzwfolu txifrSm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&Sdayonf/

t*Fvyd w
f \
Ydk "avhwiG rf &Sad om tusifrh sm;? trlt&mrsm;udk jyaom jrefrmpum;
vkH;rsm;udk jyefqkdEkdifaomfvnf; pmzwfolonf t&omrS av;eufpGm cHpm;&ygrnfvm;[k
pOf;pm;p&m &Sad yonf/ qGr;f oufaphavmif;udk t*Fvyd pf mzwfow
l OD;u av;av;eufeuf
cHpm;Ekdif&ef cJ,Of;onf/
jrefrmtyifrsm;? yef;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk t*Fvdyftac:ta0:wGif
chukrassia, coccininia, keena, ipoemea, kampfera, cinchona ponfjzifh &SdMuonf/
pum;vkH;wkdY\toHrsm;rSm uAsmrqHaomaMumifh uAsmxJ xnhf&rSm cufayonf/
ydawmufukd pterocarp [kac:onft
h cg toHaxmifah omaMumifh ydawmuf\tvS
tyawG aysmufuG,fqkH;&IH;&ayonf/
c0Jukd luffa [kac:onfhtcg &,fp&myif jzpfoGm;avonf/
t*Fvyd t
f rnfu t&kyq
f ;dk toHq;dk aevQif jrefrmtoHuv
kd ,
S
f jyefqydk gvm;[k
qkdEkdifonf/ toHvS,f,lonfhtcg uAsmrsKd; ay:xGufEkdifavonf/
On mountain tops sweet nwe-kyo creepers
Bloom midst other blooms
And thabye leaves and pet-sut flowers
Are once again pure bright colours
On the Festival of Tabaung
Tharaphi and gangaw open into flowers
And fragrance pervades everywhere
On Mount Popa
awmifxdyfay:rSm EG,fcsKdaESmvkdYudk uJhodkYjyefqkdvQif rjyefqkdbJ csefxm;onfh

pum;vkH;u rsm;aomaMumifh jyefqkdjcif;\&nf&G,fcsufyif aysmufwwfavonf/ vS,f,l
xm;aom toHrsm;onfvnf; t*FvdyfuAsmoHESifh rqDavsmfMuay/
ydawmuf? c0J? ql;ykyf? rIdewkd ponfhopfyifyef;rvf [if;oD;[if;&GufwkdY\odyHt
rnfrsm;tpm; t&yfac: t*Fvdyftrnfrsm; &EkdifvQif aumif;ayrnf/
pmayESifh,Ofaus;rItcH&Sdaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk jyefqkd&m <u,f0aom aemufcH
ykHjyifrsm;? t,ltqrsm;? cHpm;rIrsm;onf usef&pfcJhwwfavonf/
awmifuRef;udk southern isle [kjyefq&dk m rrSm;aomfvnf; jrefrmyx0D\t&om
udk qkH;&IH;&onf/
ajrmufuRef;olukd lady of the nothern isle [kjyefqkd&mwGif ajrmufuRef;olwkdY\
*kPft*FgawG usefcJhonf/
a'0rmefvQif? nHwNcdrfhNcdrfh?
115
bmomjyefpmay
b0ifpdrfhrQ? odrfhodrfh&kdufausmf? AkZGefaqmf?

the beat of the coming rain's
crustacean drum throbs against the breast
AkZGefaqmfudk crustacean drum [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&Sdao;aMumif;

t&dyfjyEkdifaomfvnf; uu#a&TpnftaMumif; odapEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
a'0rmefudk coming rain [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&SdaMumif; t&dyfrQyif
rjyEkdifacs/
bmomjyef&mwGif teufiyk rf sm; usef&pfwwfjcif;udpo
nf tBuD;qk;H aom qk;H &I;H
rIyif jzpfavonf/
These four will last through time:
a quail's lair, a rainproof edifice,
a forest of reeds and the hare in the room.
Angelic member of things sublime,
you make the fifth.
xkH;rwdrf? ikH; tdrf usL v ESifh wlrQpHEIdif;?

xyfwnD? uy|D wifxkdufayh?
,Ofokduf0if unmarESifh? ig;qifhorkdif;/
pum;wvkH;csif; wdusrIudk bmomjyefqkd&mwGif r&vG,faMumif; xif&Sm;ayNyD/
OD;ykn\a'G;csKd;wGif ikH; tdrf usL v udk quail, house, reed, moon [k pum;wvkH;csif; wd
uspGmom jyefqkdvQif t"dyg,fvkH;0uif;aom uAsmwyk'fuJhodkY jzpfoGm;acsrnf/
wu,fawmh uAsmrS uAsmodkYjyefqkd&myif rqdkxm;ESifhOD;? pum;ajyrS pum;ajy
odkY jyefqkd&myif vkH;0wdusrI r&Ekdifay/
udk;q,fudk t*Fvdyfvkd ninety [kjyefqkd&mwGif rSef\/ wdus\/ &k&Svkd devianosto
[kjyefqkd&mwGif rSef\/ rwdusay/ udk;q,fqkdonfrSm q,fvDudk;ck[k qkdvkdonf/ ninety
D ;dk ck? q,fvD
onfvnf; nine decadic units [kqv
dk o
dk nf/ odaYk omf devianosto onf q,fvu
wck,kwf w&m
w&m[kqkdvkdonf/ wck,kwf 90ESifh 89 rwlouJhodkY jzpfacsonf/ jyifopfvkd udk;
q,fudk quatre vingt-dix [kac:&m 20 av;vDESifhwq,faygif;[k qkdvkdonf/ vG,fonf[k
xif&aom udpyif t,ltqcsif; jcm;em;aMumif;? MunfhykHcsif; rwlaMumif; cHpm;ykHuGJ
jym;aMumif; awGY&ayonf/
bmomjyefqkda&;tvkyfwGif pum;vkH;wckudk rnfuJhodkY jyefqdk&rnfenf;[k MuHq
avh&adS yonf/ odaYk omf udpx
uf a&SUusaomudp &Sad yao;onf/ bmompum;wckonf
rnfrQomvQif >rufqkdEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mukdomvQif >rufqkd&ef owf
116
rSwo
f nfqadk om udpy ifjzpfonf/ udpo
nf bmomjyefqo
dk El iS rhf qkid yf J bmompum;wck
ck\oD;jcm;*kPfom jzpfayonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf yuwdobm0udpwckudk >rufqkdEkdif&ef uREkfyfwkdYwGif t
&nftcsif; r&Sday/ yuwdobm0wck\oabmudk rSef;qxm;aom teuf,lcsufwckudk
omvQif >rufqkdEkdifpGrf;&Sdavonf/
xkaYd Mumifh bmomjyefq&dk mwGif rl&if;bmompum;yk'd (f jrefrmpum;yd'k )f wGiyf gaom
pum;vkH;rsm;ESifhbmomjyefrl\pum;ykd'f(t*Fvdyfpum;ykd'f)wGifygaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk
wvk;H ESiw
hf vk;H nDrnD ndz &Ydk ef r[kwaf y/ rl&if;pum;yd'k w
f iG yf g0ifaom oabmtm;vk;H ESihf
eD;pyfEkdiforQ eD;pyfatmifom vkyfaqmifEkdifzkdY &Sdacsonf/
jyefq&dk mwGif xyfwx
l yfrQjzpfaom vk0H wdusrI r&Ekid o
f nft
h wGuaf Mumifh rrSeu
f ef
jcif;wnf;[laom tpGef;wzufodkY a&mufroGm;atmif xdef;odrf;&ayrnf/
aemifvJ arQmfawmfa,mifeJY
nDvJ arQmfawmfa,mifeJY
onfESpfawmif awmifpyfMum;rSm
vGrf;bG,fursm;/
The elder looks intently
And so does the younger.
At the sights so full of exciting scenes
They both stare.
rl&if; tvGrf;udk pdwfvIyf&Sm;ykH exciting jcm;em;aom jzifhrjyefqkdoifhay/

rwG,fwm q,fcgvTwfr,fwJh
a'gcsKdcsKd ajymqkd&Gwfavaygh
Not only once but ten times
She must allow him to join the Order,
But she does it with anger.
a'gcsKdcsKdudk anger jzifhjyefqkd&kHrQjzifh rvkHavmufay/ sweet anger [kqkdvQif ydkrdkeD;

pyfEkdifayrnf/
aqG&if;pkH MuKHawGYjyefw,f
qkHaqG;zvS,f atmifyGJqifvkdYjrL;/
It's a Family Reunion
Once a year-
jyefqkdcsufonf rjynfhpkHay/ usefcJhonfhtcsufrsm; &Sdavonf/

117
bmomjyefpmay
The family assembles once again
And celebrates a victorious conference
[kjyefqkdvQif usefcJhaomtcsufudk jznfh&ma&mufayrnf/

tzsufjynfh&ef [lorQudkv
twlwuG NzdKvSJawmfvSef
Obstructionists, saboteurs
Our sworn enemies
We'll strike them down
Once for all!
jyefqdkcsufwGif rl&if; rygaom >rufqkdcsufrsm; ygvmonf/

We will together strike down
and remove
the country's destructive enemies.
[kjyefqkdvQif awmfavNyD/
awmifawm&,f om
rmvmu ikHzl;
Ah...beautiful...
The mountains
The forests
The quivering buds
[kjyefqkd&mwGif rl&if; rygaom &kyfykHudk xnfhoGif;xm;avonf/ rl&if;wGif tikHtzl;rsm;

u wkefaeaMumif; quivering [krygay/ rl&if;rygaom &kyfykHudk bmomjyefrlwGif rxnfh
oGif;tyfay/
rl&if;pum; tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk *&krloifhayonf/ yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&mhocif
wGif tokH;tEIef;udk *&krrlrdaomaMumifh yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&m;ocif[k jyifqif
Look at Lord Buddha
For the development of virtues
[kjyefqkdcJhvQif rSm;,Gif;avonf/ bk&mhonf eef;wGif;olwkdY okH;avh&Sdaom armif

awmfbk&mhrSvm ocifonfvnf; ocifudk,fawmfponfwkdYrS vmonf/ eef;wGif;ol\t
zGJYtEGJYpum;jzpfonf/ Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;udk rqkdvkday/
uAsmtjzpfoYkd
bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk jyefqo
dk \
l pdww
f iG f pum;vk;H ray:rD tqifh yif pwifvyk f
118
aqmif&avonf/
bmomjyefqkdonfhtvkyfonf uAsmwyk'fygaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk Munfh t
bd"mefwGif teuft"dyg,fwlonf[k azmfjyaom wjcm;bmompum;rS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh
uAsmykHoGif;aom tvkyfr[kwfay/ rl&if;uAsmwGifygaom cHpm;rItwGif;odkY 0ifpm; rdrd
udk,fydkifcHpm;rIjzpfatmif cH,l&onf/ xdkYaemufrS xkdcHpm;rIudk azmfusL;Ekdifonfhwjcm;bm
omrS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zGJYqkdjcif;tvkyfjzpfayonf/ jyefqkdolonf rl&if;uAsmudk pdwful;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? cHpm;rItm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ikHrd&ayrnf/
rl&if;uAsm\pdwu
f ;l csufcpH m;csufwu
Ydk kd jyefqo
dk u
l rdr\
d pdwu
f ;l Pf rdr\
d tm&kH
wkdYjzifh aumif;pGm cH,lNyD;onfhaemuf0,f rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufwkdYudk oPmeftopf
jzifh yko
H iG ;f &avonf/ yko
H Pmeftpdwt
f ykid ;f topfwu
Ydk kd wDxiG
f rl&if;pdwu
f ;l csuf cHpm;
csufwkdYukd o&kyfazmf&avonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufwkdYu oHcsKdo
Pmefjzifh wnf&SdcJhayrifh jyefqkdolu bmomjyefpmaywGif&Sdaom wjcm;oHcsKdr[kwfaom
oPmefrsm;jzifh ykHazmf&avonf/
tvm;wlyif rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufrsm;ukd jcm;em;aom pum;vkH;zGJYpnf;rI?
uGJjym;aom pum;vkH;pnf;&kH;rIwkdYjzifh cHpm;csufrsm;udk pum;vkH;zGJYpnf;ykHwrsKd;jzifh zGJYpnf;
xm;ayrnf/ jyefqo
dk nft
h cgrSmrl bmompum;topfwiG &f adS om pum;vk;H rsm;? o'gpnf;
rsOf;rsm;okH;um rlvzGJYpnf;ykHESifhrwlaom ajymif;vJaomzGJYpnf;ykHjzifh azmfusL;&ayrnf/
rl&if;pdwu
f ;l csuf cHpm;csufrsm;udk oPmefopfjzifh zGpYJ nf;onft
h cg? pum;vk;H opf
jzifh pnf;&kH;onfhtcg rlvuAsmwGifygcJhaom xyfydk;teuf overtones rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHopf
wGif ygvmatmif pDrH&avonf/
yGJwckwGif? wkdufuif;jyifaomf
t&SifvSvS? &ef"m;jyudk
vuf&zrf;av? rSmvkdufacsvnf;
aorif;ocif? aoG;ewf0ifonf
vkvif rxdef;EkdifcJhNyD/
q&maZmf*sDu twdtvif; >ruf[zGJYqkdjcif; rjyKbJ uAsmzwfol\&if wpdrfhpdrfh
ay:vmap&ef pDrHcJhaom pdwful;csufrsm;ESifhcHpm;csufrsm;udk jyefqkdolu q&maZmf*sDpDrH
ovkdjzpfatmif bmomjyefrlwGif pDrH&avonf/ wpdrfhpdrfhay:&rnfh cHpm;rIrsm;udk twdt
vif;>ruf[ zGifhqkdvQifvnf; rSefuefrnf r[kwfay/ csefvSyfcJhjyefvQifvnf; rSefuefrnfr
[kwfay/ rl&if;uAsmwGif pDrHxm;ovkd bmomjyefuAsmwGifvnf; pDrHEkdifrS rSefuefayrnf/
Once on a fighting patrol
119
bmomjyefpmay
though the order was to bring

the robbers back alive,
possessed by the Lord of Death,
the blood, the nat,
the young man could not hold himself.
bmomjyefuAsmonf zwfoltm; xda&mufpGm ajymqkdEkdif&eftwGuf acwfay:

uAsmrsKd;jzifh zGJY&efvkdayonf/ jrefrmuAsmudk t*FvdyfuAsmtjzpfodkYjyefvQif acwfay:
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H ? acwfay:t*Fvyd zf q
YJG edk nf;jzifh jyefqzdk v
Ydk o
dk nf/ acwfwidk ;f wGif acwf\
toH? acwf\[ef &Sdonf/ acwf\toHESifhacwf\[efudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifazmf
usL;Ekid rf S xkad cwf&dS zwforl sm;tm; t&om tjynft
h 0ay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ t,fvZD buf
bk&ifrvufxuf pmzwfy&dowftm; 0dw&dk ,
d bk&ifrvufxufu pmayoHaqmifaom bm
omjyefuAsmrsKd; ay;&ef rjzpfawmhay/
bmomjyefuAsmwkdif;onf waeYaomf a[mif;EGrf;&rnfomwnf;/ xkdtem*wf
acwf\toHEiS u
hf mG jcm;&rnfomwnf;/ odaYk omf rdrad cwfou
H kd rSeu
f efpmG aqmifaomuAsm
ESirhf aqmifaomuAsmESpyf 'k u
f kd ,SOv
f Qif acwfou
H akd qmifaomuAsmu umvwm&Sncf EH idk f
p&mtaMumif; &Sdayonf/ tem*wfacwfyif wefzkd;&Sdp&m taMumif;&Sdavonf/
bmomjyefuAsmonf uAsm*kPfajrmuf&ayrnf/ uAsm*kPfrajrmufvQif rl&if;
uAsmwGif yg&Sdaom owif;qHqH tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;aqmifaom pmyk'fom jzpfacs
rnf/ rl&if;uAsmwGifygaomcHpm;csufudk ydkYaqmifay;Ekdifaom uAsmjzpfrnfr[kwfacs/
uAsm*kPrf ajrmufaom bmomjyefpmESiEhf idI ;f pmvQif pum;ajyuyif rl&if;cHpm;csufudk xd
a&mufpGm azmfusL;EkdifayOD;rnf/
bmomjyefqkdonfhtcg um&efpkHaom t*FvdyfuAsmykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdoifhoavm? um
&efrpkHaomuAsmykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdoifhoavm ar;p&m&Sdayonf/
jrefrmbmomwGif um&ef rsm;jym;onf/ t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif um&ef&Sm;yg;
onf/ jrefrmuAsmwGifygaom um&efrsm;ESifhnDatmif t*FvdyfuAsmudk zGJYqkdEkdifayonf/
q&mrif;ok0Pf\uAsmudk q&mBuD;vkpfu uJhodkY jyefqkdxm;avonf/
rkd;aygufus
xonf*,uf? 0dkif;pufpufonf
0uGufcif;ESD;ES,fwum;/
cPcsif;wGif? rkd;oufqifu
a&ajyvIdif;<u? ckefaygufMuvsuf
Muufzcsif;xkd;? acgif;jzLrkd;
120
a&&kd;&IyfayG? rkd;oD;a<uonf
apGapGapmif;apmif;? &GmoGef;avmif;/
Pit-a-pat-pat
The rain spilled:
Ring-a-ling-ling
The ripples rose.
The lake's a quilt
Pattern'd with O's
Sudden the squall
'Cross slant of rain
Hail-fruits fall
The watery plain
Swells to a wave
Leaps to a spire;
March the white horses,
Arch their crests;
Cock-necks strutting,
Their beaks butting,
They twist and twire,
The rock and rave,
The wave-line lost,
Jumbled and tossed.
um&efrsm;aom jrefrmuAsmESin
hf aD tmif um&efrsm;aom t*Fvyd u
f Asmudk q&m
BuD;vkpfu pyfqkdonf/ odkYaomf rajrmfrSef;aom&v'f jzpfxGef;vmonf/ um&efrsm;ykHcsif;
wlaomfvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufykHcsif;um; rwlawmhacs/ q&mrif;ok0Pf\uAsmonf
av;vk;H pyfuAsmwk\
Yd rSew
f ef;tvsifjzifh oGm;avonf/ q&mBuD;vkp\
f uAsmonf jrefveG ;f
onf/ q&mrif;ok0PfuAsm\toHonf wnfNidrfonf/ t*FvdyfuAsmonf qlvGef;onf/
em;NiD;aponf/ odkYjzifh t*FvdyfuAsmjzifh jrefrmuAsm\um&efukd nDatmifwkvQif rvkd
tyfaom tusKd;udk &wwfaMumif; od&avonf/
enf;udkokH; jrefrmuAsm trsm;tjym;udk jyefqkdEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ xkdYtjyif
jyefqkdonfhenf;rsKd;onf wrifzefwD;,lovkd jzpfaeonf/ obm0 rusay/ xkdYaMumifh
pGJpGJNrJNrJ rokH;oihfay/
omref um&efzGJYykHenf;rsm;udk okH; jyefqkdEkdifayonf/
e,fcsJYawG Ncdrf;acsmufvJ
'l;raxmuf nHhrcH
&JpdwfawGvQH/
121
bmomjyefpmay
zdESdyfrItwefwef &kef;uefvkdY0ifh<um;
'kdYArm owdcJrkdY &JMuonfwum;/
jynfaxmifrSm nDaemifrsm; pnf;&kH;tm; tajccH
vGwv
f yfcjhJ yef
vlaerIawmfvSef a&SUquf&ef&Sdao;/
vufwn
JG t
D wly
'dkYjynfol 'kdYjynfom;? tm;opfyghav;/
Imperialist threats to shake us;
Repeated suppressions did not make us falter or waver.
Up we rose, and fought and strove,
And, as Burmans, it behove
Us to be braver.
Broad-based unity all over the land,
Brethren with one goal, one solid band,
Sovereign Independence then,
Is Revolution over? No!
Socialism forges right ahead;
Put the best foot forward, all in step;
We, countrymen, have far to go.
bmomjyefrlyxrykd'fonf uAsmajrmuf rl&if;ESifhtawmfyif eD;pyfavonf/

'kwd,ykd'fwGif um&ef&Sm&cufcJrIaMumifh yxrykd'fykHpHudk rvkdufEkdifbJ taMumif;ydkaeav
onf/ rl&if;ESifhvnf; tawmfuGmvmavonf/
um&efykHpHjzifh jyefqkdEkdif&eftwGuf tawmftyifyef;cH&avonf/ um&efukd iJh&
aomaMumifh vSnfhywf>rufqkd&avonf/ tydktvkdjzpfay:&onf/ rl&if;ESifhuif;uGm&av
onf/
jrefrmum&efukd rwkoifah Mumif; azmfjycJah vNyD/ jrefrmuAsm\toHomG ; toHvm
rhythm ESifh toHcsykHpHepf cadence wkdYudk rlrdatmif zGJYqkdEkdifvQif t&omwrsKd; cHpm;&av
onf/
0gqkd0gacgif a&awGBuD;vkdY
oajyoD;rSJY aumufpkdYuG,f/
c&mql;csKH [dktxJu
arQmheufrJBuD; wG,fwwfw,f/
arQmheufqkdwm csKdeJYvm;uGYJ
a>re*g;awmif aMumufbl;uG,f/
122
wdkYvJaMumufaygif twloGm;pdkY
tkef;vufEGm;av; xm;cJhr,f/
oGm;uG,f/ oGm;uG,f/
July, August - rain and flood Let's go pick the ripe rose-apple,
Hi! Take car! In thorns and mud,
That's where big, black leeches grapple.
Leeches? pah! the hornless things!
I'll fight snakes or serpent-kings.
Who's afraid? let's all go now.
I'll just leave my coconut cow.
Come on! Come on!
q&mBuD;vkpf\uAsmonf q&mrif;ok0Pf\oajyoD;aumufuAsmwGif&Sdaom
f dkuo
toHomG ; toHvmudk yJw
h ifEidk o
f nf/ uav;uAsmyif rubJ eufeaJ om ysOf;rikww
hJ dYk
aomuAsmudkvnf; toHtoGm;tvm udkufnDatmif q&mBuD;vkpfu zJGJYqkdEkdifavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ysOf;rikwfwkdonf av;vkH;pyfjzpfaomaMumifh bmomjyefuAsmwGif um&ef
rsm;jym;vGef;aeaMumif; awGY&ayonf/
zkxpf&GwfwG? iSufVif;wodkY
ysOf;rikwfwkd? oufusm;tkdonf
ukef;rkdxufwGif wyifwnf;/
cGqkHtauG;? opfacgif;aqG;vnf;
taz;wufvSm? tkdif;trmodkY
us,fpGm[ufyuf jctdrfysuf/
ukef;rkdurf;yg;? ajrywfMum;wGif
ppfom;carmuf? ydefajcmufajcmufvnf;
ppfa&mufpcef; vufjynTef;/
xkdyifikwfwkd? ysOf;rtdkonf
ppfukdvnf;MuKH? jctkHvnf;jzpf
"m;xpfvnf;cH? aevQHvnf;wkduf
av;jyif;ckdufvsuf? rikdufOD;acgif;
aEGopfavmif;aomf
&Gufa[mif;nma<u? &Gufopfa0
avjynfxJwGif i,f&kyfqifonf
123
bmomjyefpmay
toif a,musfm;aumif;wum;/
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma,
Gnarled and twistened
Knotted, wizened,
Like an aged
Vulure, naked on the mound!
Where the quoining
Roots are joining,
Ants have nested,
Feasted, wasted;
Left a yawning
Ulcer, horning
To a scab.
Sunk in cranny
Near the summit,
Lies a helmet
Wan and scranny,
Dinted, broken
- a sure token
War was here!
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma!
Battle savage,
Termite's ravage,
Knife-blade notching,
Sun-fire scorching,
Shock of tempestAll thou bravest,
Head unbow'd!
Soon, when summer
'Stils his humour,
Old leaves casting,
New leaves bursting,
Warm winds wooing,
Thou from ruin
Shalt renew thy
Youth of beauty!
Hero! Thou!
um&efrpkaH om ykpH jH zifv

h nf; jrefrmuAsm\toHomG ; toHvmudk zrf;,lEidk o
f nf/
ok0Pfybm? a&TMumzl;popf
ysKdrspfrspfvQif? uspfvpfwifhpHy,f
124
vSrsKd;<u,fom;? qHoG,fjrNrdwfrkdY
qif;a&mifysKdYudk? ewfwkdY qifxkdufwef/
Colour of gold, new-born lotus bud,

Youthful, delicate, lithe and elegant,
Lovely, her hair hanging charmingly,
The gods deserve to wear her liquid glow.
wavQmufv;Hk enf;ESiEf iS f oGm;rnfqv

dk Qif NiD;aiGpY &mjzpfaomaMumifh t*Fvyd f
uAsmwGif ajymif;vJay;&onf/ odkYaomf tcswGif toHoGm;udk jyefaumufavonf/
ewf&kyfoGifodkY? jzLoGifa&Ta&mif0if;?
vSrSefuif;udk? ncif;qnf;psmwGif
uREkyf jf rifonf
&,f&TifjyKH;wkYH rjyKH;xkHY/
Face of angel shining golden-white,
Spire of beauty, I have seen her
In the twilight,
She does smile and yet not smile.
um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh &wktoGm;ESifhwlatmif zGJYqkdEkdifayonf/

pEjcnf0g? va&mifjzmokdY? omoemxGef;y? MuKHcJ;vS\/ awG;qa&SUaemuf? Pf
jzifah xmuf? vufaumufa&TuiG ;f ? aiGajccsif;ESi?hf [ko
d if;wkq
Yd ?D aemifroDEiS ?hf tusuydk pf?
uspfpkHukdy,f? ckrzG,fbl;? ypfy,fOD;avmh? ysKdvl;ouf&G,f? i,fvnf;i,f\? ckES,fcsdefu?
tdraf xmifusrI? ESpcf rG tm;? xGew
f ifEmG ;od?Yk r,m;aysmif;EG?YJ rm,mzGv
YJ rd ?hf [Jrh wfwwfaqG;?
ab;BuD;oifhom;? vlYtyg;rSm? rrIdifvmESifh? oGm;ygawmhav? aiG&Smacsavmh? om;awGw
&kdif? rarG;Ekdifbl;? om;OD;om;Ek? ykvkauG;av;? rjrifao;vm;? qkdvurl? avmbEkdifiH?
armifrif;MuHvnf;? vkdufvHMuHpm;? aiG&SmoGm;aomf? r,m;vifajrmif xm;vdrfhrnf/
A faith which illuminates like the moon
is hard to come by. Therefore, consider.
Approach not those who wear bangles and anklets,
throw aside your shirt and shave off your hair,
If you marry now you will be doubly busy
like an ox at the plough. Your wife will weave wiles;
"You there rotting on your feet, son of a man
of ill-fated death. Don't mope near me.
Go search for money. I cannot bear you
a basket of children. Look at your eldest son,
your youngest son, see" And as you set out
to look for money in the country of greed
125
bmomjyefpmay
she will seek pleasure with a lesser husband.
jyefawmhrif;oQifudkvnf; um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdxm;onf/

py,fokH;ukH;? nu ukH;
okH;ukH;NyD;atmif? armifrvm/
jyefawmhrif;oQif? rif;ndKpif
vkvifjyefawmh jyefawmhav/
zGJrD;okH;ykH? nu ykH
okH;ykH uRrf;atmif? armifrvm/
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
oydwfu&m;? xD;,yfrm;ESifh
oQifrsm;qGrf;cH 0ifcJhNyDav/
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
Last night I threaded three jasmine garlands
Three garlands were threaded but you did not come.
Go back, Great One, Brown-Pure One
Go back Young Man, go on back.
Last night I ignited three heaps of husk.
Three heaps were burnt but you did not come
With bowl, jug, umbrella and upright fan
The monks have entered the village for alms.
toHoGm; toHvmESifh toHcsykHpHepfwkdYudk t&if;cHaom um&efrpkH t*FvdyfuAsm

ykHpHonf jyKjyifvG,fonfjzpfaomaMumifh wjcm;bmompum;rS uAsmrsm;udk jyefqkd&eft
wGuf tvm;tvmtvGeaf umif;aomykpH jH zpfaMumif; t*Fvyd b
f momjyefpmqkrd sm;u ajym
qkMd uavonf/
vufvw
G jf cif;om
uAsmrS uAsmodkY jyefqkdrIonf pmemrIrS ay:aygufavonf/ rlvpmqkdonf jyef
qkdolu udk,fcsif;pmwwf olcHpm;ovkd cHpm;onf/ ol\cHpm;EkdifpGrf;&nfESifhnDatmif
ud,
k \
f cHpm;Edik pf rG ;f &nfukd ndo
nf/ ol\cHpm;ykpH epfEiS w
hf al tmif ud,
k \
f cHpm;ykpH epfukd jyK
126
jyifay;onf/
rdru
d ,
dk f rdrpd w
d rf S cGx
J u
G Nf yD; wjcm;ud,
k f wjcm;pdwx
f J 0ifpm;um jyefqzdk EYJG &YJG aom
aMumifh jyefqo
dk nft
h vkyo
f nf uAsmzG&YJ onft
h vkyx
f ufyif cJ,Of;avonf/ jyefq&dk mwGif
rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;ykH tpOftwkdif; raoGrzDbJ vkduf&onf/ uAsmzGJY&mwGif zefwD;pma&;
&mwGifrl cHpm;ykHtpOfudk rdrd\0goem rdrd\cHpm;ykH pepfwkdYu aphaqmfovkd jyKjyifzGJYqkdEkdif
avonf/ uAsmoDukH;jcif;tvkyfonf uAsmudk bmomjyefqkdjcif;tvkyfxuf vGwfvyfrI
&Sdavonf/
pmqkw
d OD;ESiw
hf OD; cHpm;ykpH epfcsif; uGjJ ym;wwfav&m rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;rIEiS hf wl
nDatmif jyefqkd&ef rvG,fulaMumif; odomavonf/ wcgw&H bmomjyefrlonf rl&if;
uAsmxuf aumif;wwfonf/ aumif;onf[k qkdEkdifjim;aomfvnf; omonf[k rqkdom
ay/ wrsKd;aumif;jcif;om jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf trsm;tm;jzifh rl&if;uAsmESifheD;pyfatmif
xyfum xyfum BudK;pm;jyefqkda&;om;&avonf/ bmomjyeftvkyfonf NyD;jynfhpkHaom
tvkyf r[kwfay/
jyifopfuAsmq&mBuD; aygvfA,fv&Du qkdbl;onf/ rnfonfhbmomjyefqkdcsuf
udkrQ tqkH;rowfEkdifay/ vufvTwf&jcif;om &Sdacsonf/
No translation is ever finished, it can only be abandoned.
jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmokdY jyefqkdjcif;

1/ OD;jrifhodef;(M.M.T)
2/ OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
3/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
4/ a&Twnfavsmif
5/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
6/ yef;csDOD;bMunf
7/ OD;tkef;armif(armifMo)
8/ armifomEkd;
9/ awmifwGif;BuD;OD;udkudkBuD;
10/ OD;vSwif(vSordef)
11/ OD;ausmf0if;
12/ OD;cspfodrf;(ausmfodrf;)
127
bmomjyefpmay
13/ wuodkvfpef;
14/ OD;vlaz0if;
1/
uAsmudk bmomjyef&mwGif pum;vk;H tvku
d f wdwu
d sus bmomjyefzrYdk vkad Mumif;
cHpm;rIonf wdusaom pum;vk;H rsm;xufy
kd ta&;ygt&ma&mufaMumif; aqG;
aEG;onf/
2/
bmomjyef&mwGif bmomwckEiS w
hf ckrwlonfah emufco
H bm0rsm; &So
d nf/ "avh
xk;H wrf;rsm;udk wygwnf;o,faqmif jyefqadk y;bdYk rjzpfEidk yf g[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/
urmu
h Asmrsm;udk jrefrmwkYd od&t
dS &omcHEidk af tmif jyefqadk y;oifo
h nf[k aqG;aEG;
onf/
4/
jrefrmbmomrS t*Fvyd b
f momodYk jyefq&dk mwGit
f ok;H jyK&ef acwfrjD refrm-t*Fvyd f
tbd"mefwck &Sdoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
5/
jrefrmuAsmudk jyeforl sm;onf a&S;OD;pGm jrefrmpmayESiphf um;wku
Yd kd wwfuRrf;oifh
onf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
6/
jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o
f Ykd jyefaom uAsmrsm;twGuf wkid ;f jcm;pmzwfy&dowfwYdk t&om
cHEidk Mf uap&ef jrefrmhtaMumif;aemufcEH iS jhf refrmhval erIp&ku
d w
f u
Ydk kd ed'gef;wkt
d jzpf
azmfjyoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;&m oabmwlonf[k ajzonf/
128
jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyokdY jyefqkdjcif;

wifjyol
OD;cifaZmf
pifppf uRefawmf bmomjyefuavmifudk pwifukdifpOfu jrefrmpum;ajyudk bm
omjyefjcif; r[kwfcJhyg/ jrefrmuAsmudk bmomjyefqkdjcif;om jzpfcJhygonf/ ESpfaygif;av;
q,fausmfavmufu vlBudKufrsm;cJhonfhacwfprf; uAsmrsm;udk jyefcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ t
xl;ojzifh aZmf*sDESifhrif;ok0PfwkdY\vuf&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ yxrqkH;bmomjyefcJhonfrSm
1926-27-ckESpfavmuf ESpfaygif; 40-ruonfhtcsdefwkef;u aZmf*sD\]]ydawmufyef;}}
uAsmjzpfygonf/
rif;ok0Pf wuokdvfodkYa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf t*Fvdyfpmenf;jy
q&mjzpfaeygNyD/ 1929-ckrSm aZmf*sD\rdwfqufay;rIaMumifh rif;ok0PfESifh&if;ESD;cGifh &&Sd
NyD; olYuAsmawGxJrS uRefawmfyxrqkH; bmomjyefonfhuAsmrSmv,fawmu jyef
yefcsifw,f ca&zl;qkdvkdY
armifcl;umay;/
reufw;Hk qDu
aMumhqkH;ukd armifjrifawmh
olYqHyif ESif;qDyGifhawGeJY
*kPfwifhw,f-av;/
/
,ck uRefawmfwifjyaeonfrSm pum;ajyqkdonfhacgif;pOfESifhawmh rudkufnDyg/
okaYd omfvnf; bmomjyefacwfopforkid ;f bufrmS tMuKH;0ifae toift
h wifah zmfjy&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
rif;ok0Pf\ ]]v,fawmujyef}} tpcsDonfh uAsmrSm aemufqkH;tcsjzpfonfh
]]av;}}qkdonfhpum;vkH;udk tvGefxl;jcm;onf[k uRefawmfjrifrdygonf/ jrefrmpum;rSm
]]av;}}qkdonfhpum;vkH;udk tawmhfudk zGwfzGwfausatmif tokH;rsm;vSaMumif; tm;vkH;
odMuygonf/ aw;xyfrSeforQ]]av;}}ESifhtqkH;owfovkd? ojzefrSmvnf;]]av;}}awG t
rsm;BuD;yg0ifygonf/ oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH? a'G;csKd; av;csKd; rusef jrefrmaw;uAsmawG
rSm ]]av;}}uawmh ygpNrJjzpfonf/]]av;}}onf tqifray:awmhaom rJjymykq;kd jzpfaeyg
NyD/ xkdYaMumifh rif;ok0Pf\uAsmwkduav;rSm ydwfxm;onfh]]av;}}udk awGYonfhtcg t
vGefxl;jcm;onf[k oabmayguf,lqrdygonf/ armBuD;yef;BuD;? pdwftysufBuD; ysuf&m
u oufjyif;cs,if;? aighvkdufonfh]]av;}}jzpfygonf/
129
bmomjyefpmay
uJo
h Ykd t"dyg ,fav;eufonf]h ]av;}}\xl;jcm;csufukd bmomjyefoo
l nf rl&if;
jrefrmuAsmudk zwfMunfh&kHESifhjrif&rnf/ bmomjyefonfhtcgrSmvnf; xl;jcm;atmif bm
omjyef&rnf/ 'gwGifbJvm;? r[kwfao;yg/ bmomjyefxm;onfht*FvdyfuAsmudk zwfol
rsm;uvnf; xl;jcm;aMumif; odNyD; t&om,lwwfygrS atmifjrifxda&mufrSmjzpfygonf/
Oyrm - Last eve her ladyship fancied some flowers,
She saw on the wild wood way.

I risked myself to get them for her
Those forest flowers...
But to-day,
In her hair are roses, Roses!
Very pretty she looks with roses!
tckvkd &kd;&kd;BuD; zwfvkdufvQif t&om ysufygvdrfhrnf/

olu aighajymxm;onft
h wGuf zwf&mrSmvnf; aighukd aihg&rnfjzpfygonf/ onf
uAsmudk tjcm;tjcm;aom wdwu
d susbmomjyefcsufawG &Syd gonf/ uRefawmfu ygarmu
za&Zm (prof. Fraser) qD,o
l mG ;NyD; wifjyygonf/ olu zwfMunfNh yD;? ajymqko
d nfrmS "They
don't have your venom." wJh/ tqdyfr&Sdbl;wJh/ &oudk qkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ uAsmudk bmom
jyef&mrSm wdusonfxuf &oajrmuf&ef ydNk yD;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ uRefawmfb
h momjyefonf
rnfrQ rwdusrSe;f udk &dypf m;rdMuygvdrrhf nf/ wjcm;aMumifh r[kwyf g/ ]]av;}}udk t"duxm;
jyefqkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tvsOf;oifh ygarmu vkpf (Prof. Luce) \orkdif;0if
tqkH;tjzwfwckudk azmfjyvkdygonf/ 1936-ckESpfu rif;ok0PfynmawmfoiftjzpfESifh
atmufpzk'dY w
f uov
kd f oGm;cgeD;rSm olu
Y Asmpkudk t*Fvyd b
f momjyefqNdk yD; pmtkyif ,fuav;
&ku
d Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0vsuf *kPjf yKyGJ vkyMf uygonf/ onfpmtkyif ,f\ed'gef;wku
d av;udk ygarmu
vkpfu a&;om;ay;&Smonf/ olYtqkdu "The translations are strangely felicitous because
the translators are poets themselves. They sound like variatons on the same theme."
"Variations on the same theme" qkdonfrSm *DwtoHkH;tEIef;? *Dwa0g[m&jzpfyg
onf/ *DwESifhOyrmjy&rnfqkdvQifref;awm tune qkdonfrSm theme ygyJ/

if; 1st variation qkdif;/
if; 2nd variation ESJ/
Main theme \wm0efrSm oHrSef oHcsudk a&mufatmif ydkYzkdYjzpfNyD;? qkdif;uvnf;
oleY nf;ol? ESu
J vnf; oleY nf;ESio
hf l ta&mufyMYkd u&ygonf/ b,fenf;ESib
hf yJ yYkd ?Ykd vk&d ma&muf
vQif wm0efausygonf/ bmomjyef&mrSmvnf; onfoabmyif jzpfygonf/ wcgw&H bm
130
omjyef&rHk QESihf rwif;wdrb

f J topfzefqif;onftxd a&mufomG ;wwfygonf/ rlvuAsm\
cHpm;csuf? &otjynfht0 &&SdayrnfhpmaMumif; waMumif;pD? pmvkH;wvkH;pD vkdufppfMunfh
vQif uAsmopfwckvkd jzpfaewwfygonf/ rlvuAsmudk rzwfwwfonfhvlrsKd;awGu olwkdY
bmomrSm r&Sad o;onf&h owckukd bmomjyefuAsmrSm cHpm;&vQif wm0efaus&ma&mufyg
onf/ Oyrm Ed. Fitzgerald \ Rubaiyat of Omar Kheyyam bmomjyefqkdvQif 0d0g't
rsm;BuD;&Syd gonf/ rlut
JG zkzH Hk &Syd gonf/ &Syd gap/ t*Fvyd pf mayrSm uAsmaumif;wck wk;d oGm;
NyD; Omar Kheyyam \uAsmhtawG;tac:awGudk jrnf;bl;oGm;NyD/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;rSm
q&mBuD;vkpfajymouJhodkY bmomjyefoludk,fu uAsmpmqkdwa,mufjzpfzkdY vkdygonf/
wck owdjyK&efrSm tcsKdYpmqkdrsm;onf pdwfaemufudk,fygqkdovkd pdwfwuf<urI
inspiration aemuf uavmifygoGm;wwfygonf/ uavmifukd t&Se
d rf owfEidk yf J aumif;onf
xuf aumif;atmif rGr;f rHvydk gonf/ olwaYdk wGo
Y rQudk rrGr;f rHyJ raeEkid Mf uyg/ olwu
Ydk kd tpk;d
&pmawmfjyefcefYvQif MumMumcHrnfr[kwfyg/ Oyrm wifjy&ygrl rif;ok0Pf\uAsmwyk'f
rSm onfvkdqkdxm;ygonf/
yifv,foaYkd 0
ylrsKd;axG
jyefavausmif;rS
tdro
f u
Ykd saomf
rmwEIwfcsKd
wcGef;qkdu
xkx
d ydk ifv,f
avQmownf;/
When, engulfed in seas of trouble,
I fled the college and sought refuge at home,
One word from Mother's sweetest lips
And seas of trouble seemed as naught
rqkd;ao;yg/ aemufwykd'frSmumvaemufaemif
avmuabmif0,f
avaqmifwdrfom;
[dkonfvsm;odkY
vmoGm;rwnf
csmcsmvnfpOf
131
bmomjyefpmay
pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;

rnfolacsmif;
aysmhaysmif;csKdom
azsmfrnfenf;/
When, in times to come,

A whirl in the whirligig of life,
Adrift like a wind-worried cloud,
My need be sore...
Who will there be to give me succour,
Ambush cares, and on fretting brows
Lay the leaves of love?
pvmygNyD/ (pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;? rnfoal csmif;)udk ambush cares vkjYd yefvu
dk yf g
onf/ [kwfyg\/ aomuESifhrsufESmcsif; rqkdifrD a&SUu BudKNyD;csKHckdwkdufyGJ qifETJum z,f
&Sm;ypf&rnfr[kwfygavm/ odkYaomf(aysmhaysmif;csKdom azsmfrnfenf;)u aeNyD; on fretting brows lay the leaves of love jzpfvmonfrSmrl uGJjym;aom tm&kHedrdwfESifhwefqmqif
&musvSygonf/ &SdapOD;/ onfxuf qdk;ygvdrfhOD;rnf/
odaYk r;BudKufwiG f
pef;a&mif&Sifvnf;
MunfvifxeG ;f y
yef;xkdrQvnf;
ompGMuLoif;
uRefYem;&if;0,f
jyefYnif;csKdat;
oHi,fao;onf
uRefYar;csufudk
ajzaomvkjd zifh
]]cif}}qkdNyD;um
avwGiyf gonf
bZm&yfu vmoenf;/
"That instant, it seemed to me,
The moon shone forth more brightly bright,
A burst of fragrance filled the night,
My heart's ear faintly caught,
As if in answer to my question,
132

A whisper, wondrous soft"
onftxdawmh rlvuAsmESifhtvGefeD;uyfygao;onf/
uRefYem;&if;0,f=my heart's ear
jyefYnif;csKdat;? oHi,fao;=a whisper, wondrous soft.
uRefYar;csufudk? ajzaomvkdjzifh=as if in answer to my question.
rQ eD;uyfae&mrSm oa0xk;d oGm;vku
d o
f nfrmS &p&mr&Sad tmif jzpfayonf/ bmh
aMumifhqkdvQif El;nHhodrfarGYvSonfhnOfhtm&Hku bmomjyefoludk zrf;pm;oGm;onfhtwGuf
Zuftkyf r&awmhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ question tcHum&efESifhttkyfum&ef fashion uvnf; pdwfxJ ay:vmNyD; uavmifvTifhrdygawmhonf/
As if in answer to my question,
A whisper, woundrous soft,
In the timid sighing fashion
Of rose-buds opening when besought
By breezes in the night
Whence came it?
rlvuAsmxJrmS vk;H vk;H rygonfn

h Ofah vEkat;uav;rsm;u ylqmvGe;f aMumuf
aMumufEiS o
hf ufEu
k av;csNyD; (oufjyif; r[kwaf Mumif;owdjyKyg)oufEck sum ik&H mu yGihf
tmpjyKvmonfEh iS ;f qDz;l uav;wk\
Yd avoHuav;vkyd gbJw/hJ tif; onfavmufyv
J m;vkYd
qkd&avmufatmif El;nHhodrfarGUwmawmh [kwfyg\/ rlvuAsmrSm ygonfh tvGefYtvGeft
a&;BuD;onfhtajz? b,folazsmfyghrvJqkdonfhtar;udk ajzonfhemrnf]]cif}}wJh/ tJonf
]]cif}}awmh vkH;vkH; jyKwfusef&pfcJhygonf/ aumif;Muygao;&JUvm; cifAsm;/
tJonfavmuf uavmif uGefYcJhygonf/
bmomjyefonfhuavmifrsm;onf tvGef versatile jzpf&ygonf/ uAsmbmom
jyefvQif uAsmqHrS? jyZmwfbmomjyefvQif jyZmwfqHrS? owif;bmomjyefvQif Journalese, not literary ? rdefYcGef;bmomjyefvQif tm0Zef;? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfbmomjyef
vQif wdwdusus? technical terms bmomjyefvQif technical terms tcsif;csif;&Sm&ygrnf/
r&SdrSom bmomjyefvQif jyef? emrowfenf;vkdufvkdvdkuf? Oyrm - pennant qkdonfh pum;
onf tvHvnf;jzpfEidk yf gonf/ wHceG q
f v
dk nf; [kwyf g\/ MuufvQmqkv
d nf; rrSm;yg/ uku
vHvnf; jzpfEkdifonfyif/ qDavsmf&mudk &Sm&ygrnf/ tbd"mefudk Munfhyg/ odkYaomfvnf;
odyftm;udk;rjzpfyg/
,ck uRefawmfajymrnfo
h m ajymaeygonf/ bmomjyefenf;edosnf;pmapmifa&;
ygqkdvQif uRefawmfra&;wwfyg/ ,cktcsdeftxd bmomjyeftrsKd;rsKd;udk vufawGYvkyfae
aomfvnf; vkyfomvkyfwwfygonf/ b,fvkdvkyf&rnf[k ykHaoum;cs rajymwwfyg/ jyif
133
bmomjyefpmay
ay;&rnfqkdvQif jyifwwfygonf/
txl;ojzifh pum;ykHrsm;udk bmomrjyefbJ wkdufqkdifonfhpum;ykHudk &SmonfrSm
taumif;qkH;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm Make hay while the sun shines udk]]aeylwkef; jrufajcmuf
vSef;yg}}[kqkdrnfhtpm; ]]vomwkef; Akdif;iif}}qkdvQif omNyD; reD;uyfygvm;/ wcku ae
ae/
wcku jrufvSef;/ wcku csnfiif/ udpr&Sdyg/ olY[mESifhol tHudkufaeygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY jyefqkdjcif;[lonf e,fus,fvSygonf/ b,fbmomrS b,f
bmomodkYyJjzpfjzpf? bmomjyeforkdif;rSm av;pm;xkdufqkH;yk*Kdvf? csD;usL;xkdufqkH;yk*Kdvf
wa,muf&Sdygonf/ olYtrnfrSm John Tyndale jzpfygonf/ olonf c&pfou&mZf 1523
-ckEpS rf pS c&pf,meformusrf;pmudk bmomjyefygonf/ 14-&mpkEpS u
f wnf;u C. Wyclif
\nTeMf um;csuft& ormusrf;pmukd bmomjyefpjyKMuaomfvnf; t*Fvyd b
f momjyeform
usrf;pmonf John Tyndale \bmomjyefcsufay: rlwnfygonf/ olYvuf&mESifholYpGefYpm;
rIonf bmomjyefrSwfwkdifBuD;wck jzpfygonf/ olYacwfwkef;uqkdvQif bmomjyefpmayudk
tm;ay;onfhacwf r[kwfao;yg/ ,ckvkd toufqHzsm; ykef;vQKd;uG,fvQKd; jyefMu&onfh
acwfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh bmoma&;rSm bk&ifutp t,lonf;vSonfh 16-&mpkESpf
acwftcgrSm rnfrQtE&m,fBuD;oenf;qkdvQif Tyndale onf olYEkdifiH t*Fvefjynfquf
aevQif ol\
Y rGejf rwfonfo
h rmusrf;pmbmomjyefrjI zifh &mZ0wfoifrh mS {uefrck sjzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh vkyfief;vufpESifht*FvefrSaeNyD; *smreDudk ajy;&&Smygonf/ Cologne NrdKYpwJ
csNyD; qufvufbmomjyefae&mrS &mZ0wfab;u vkdufvmjyefonfhtwGuf Cologne NrdKYrS
wqifh Worms NrdKUudak jy;&jyefygonf/ Worms NrdKUrSmvnf; rMumvSyg/ zrf;rnfqD;rnfESifh
Ncdr;f acsmufc&H onft
h wGuf *smreDjynfu xGuNf yD; b,fv*sD,jH ynf Antwerp NrdKrY mS yke;f a&Smif
,if; ESpf&Snfvrsm; BudK;pm;csufaMumifh ol\bmomjyefwcsKdYw0ufudk pufwifykHESdyfjzpfcJh
ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ol\bmomjyefpmrlBuD;udk vufpowfroGm;&&Smyg/ 1535-ckESpf
rSm rdpm'd|dt,lwdrf;yg;rIESifhao'Pftjypfay;cHoGm;&ygonf/ toufay;NyD; bmomjyef
onfhtmZmenfBuD;jzpfygonf/ olYvuf&mudk ckacwfvlwkdYqkH;jzwfykHu"With the exception of Sir Thomas Molory (the author of Morte D' Arthur)
and Tyndale, and perphaps Miles Coverdale, there are no writers of English whose
names are worthy of being singled out during the 15th and early 16th century"
Miles Coverdale qkdolu Tyndale \pmrludk qufvufNyD;qkH;cef;wkdif bmomjyef
oGm;onfyh *k K v
d jf zpfygonf/ ormusrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh pum;ajy
qkdayrnfh uAsmqHonfhtykd'fawG trsm;BuD;ygaeaMumif; owdjyK&ygvdrfhrnf/ Sermon
on the Mount qkdvQif uAsmBuD;wyk'fjzpfygonf/ aemufNyD; MunfhygOD;/ "Consider the
lillies of the field. They toil not, neither do they spin. Yet Solomon in all his glory is not
134

arrayed like one of these" wJh/
aemuf? rcGJEkdif rcGm&ufaom Ruth u Naomi udkajymykHrSm Where thou goest I
will go, where thou lodgeth I will lodge, thy people shall be my people, thy god my god
wJh/ onfrSm poetic prose jzpfygonf/ uAsmqHaom pum;ajy[kac:&rnfvm; rajym

wwfyg/
xkdYaMumifh pum;ajy bmomjyef&m ormusrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;
rajym rjzpfEidk yf g/ pum;ajybmomjyefow
l t
Ydk zkYd rsm;pGm taxmuftul &Ekid rf nfb
h mom
jyefenf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk tcef;u@wcktaeESihf jyKpkxm;onfrmS vnf; Eugene A. Nida
a&;onfh Bible Translating ac:pmtkyfrSm&Sdygonf/ pmrsufESmaygif; ESpfq,f&Sdygonf/
pum;ajybmomjyeforl sm;tm; pmtkyu
f ykd J nTe;f vku
d yf g&ap/ ,ckpmwef;udk a&;aepOf
rSm rif;ok0Pfu aus;Zl;jyK uRefawmfzwf&ygonf/ pmtkyfxJrSm xkwfEkwfNyD; jrefrm
vkdwqifh azmufonfcsaevQif uRefawmfhpmwef; tvGef&Snfvsm;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
t*FvdyfuAsm bmomjyefu@rSmvnf; rSwfwkdifwck &Sdygao;onf/ rSwfwkdif
udkum; vlodrsm;ygonf/ Chapman's translation of Homer jzpfygonf/ jrefrmvkd Epic udk
r[muAsmBuD;[k qkdMuygpkdY/ uRefawmfwkdY ta&SUurmrSm r[mbm&wESifh&mr,Pqkdonfh
r[muAsmBuD;rsm;? taemufurmrSm Iliad ESifh Odyssey qkdonfh Homer \r[muAsmBuD;
rsm; jzpfygonf/ *&dbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomwkdY Chapman u jyefNyD;onfhtcg uAsmpmqkd
John Keats u csD;usL;a&;om;onfhqGef;eufuAsmrSmvnf; urmausmfuAsmwyk'fjzpfyg
onf/
ON FIST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN'S HOMER
Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,
And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;
Round many western islands have I been
Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.
Oft of one wide expanse had I been told
That deep brow'd Homer ruled as his demense;
Yet did I never breathe its pure serene
Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold;
Then felt I like some watcher of the skies
When a new planet swims into his ken;
Or like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes
He stared at the Pacific - and all his men
Looked at each other with a wild surmiseSilent, upon a peak in Darien.
Christopher Columbus
acwfwkef;u Oa&mywkdufom;wkdYonf ajrxJyifv,frSaeNyD;vQif twvefwdwf

135
bmomjyefpmay
ork'&mudk pGefYpGefYpm;pm;xGufcGgcgp oabFmESifhurmudk wywfrywfrdao;yg/ ypdzdwf

ork'& mudk pydeaf &wyf\Akv
d f Cortez acwfusrS jrifb;l Muygonf/ Darien jynf awmifxyd f
wckay:rSaeNyD; Cortez \rsufvkH;tpkHonf {&mrypdzdwfork'&mBuD;udk yxrqkH;tBudrf
jrif&ouJhodkY? odkYr[kwf euwaA'q&monf aumif;uif&IaepOf N*dK[fopfwvkH;ay:xGuf
vmbdouJhodkY jzpfygonf[k qkdxm;ygonf/ uRefawmfawmh bmomrjyefwwfyg/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajybmomjyefwkdYonf t*FvdyfvufatmufcHjzpfcJhonfhwkdif;jynf
rsm;rS t*Fvyd b
f momwckwnf; wwfuRrf;NyD; wjcm;Oa&mybmomawG rwwfonfyh *k K v
d f
rsm;tzkdY tvGeftokH;0ifygonf/ 0dZmynm&yf? odyHynm&yf? pmya'om? 0wK? aqmif;yg;
pmEk? pm,Ofru *&dESifhvufwifpmay? aZmf*sD\yav;wkd;ed'gef;txd us,fjyefYonfhpm;
usufBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdY usufpm;EkdifcJhygonf/ jyifopfpmayrS Balzac, Maupassant,
Gautier, Roussou, Voltaire ponfp
h ma&;q&mBuD;wk\
Yd vuf&mrsm;? *smrefpmayrS Goethe,
Schiller, Lessing, Thomas Mann, Max Muller polwkdY? &k&SpmayrS Tolstoy, Turgenev,
Pushkin, Chekov, Gorky polw?Ydk pydep
f mayrS Mendoza, Cervantes, Manuel polw\
Ydk rqk;H
Ekdif *rkef;ckdif? {&mrpmaypm;usufBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdY usufpm;Ekdifygonf/
pm;usufBuD;rSm usufpm;avav? urmt
h qift
h wef;udk &dypf m;rdavav? ud,
k hf
tqift
h wef;udk wk;d jrichf sifavavjzifh urmph cH sdeu
f kd jrifa,mifvmygonf/ ]]bkOm [d}}
pm;usufBuD;&SdaeygvsufESifh usufrpm;yJ? a&wGif;xJu zm;oli,fvkd rdrd\e,fusOf;usOf;
av;rSm wif;wdraf evQifjzifh pHcsderf jrifEh idk yf g/ rdr0d goemtavsmuf BudKufEpS o
f uf&m vSnhf
vnfusufpm;Ekdifonfh pm;usufBuD;&SdaeNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf tm;remwrf; usufpm;Mu
bdkY wkdufwGef;vkdygonf/
ed*kH;rcsKyfrD uRefawmf\bmomjyefuavmif txdef;&cufykHudk pum;ajyykdif;rS e
rlemjycsifygao;onf/ OD;vS\vDqlykHjyifrS ]]raoaq;}} (Water of Immortality) udkbm
omjyefpOf ykHjyifrSm ygonfu]]avmuBuD;rSm raoyJ 'Dvkdae&wm tvum;yJ/ [kdvJ r
a&muf? 'DvJ ra&mufeJY/ vlow0gav;tjzpfeJY aigif;pif;pif; jzpfaewm qkH;&IH;wmyJ? ao
wm[m wu,fawmh aMumufp&m r[kwf? aojcif;qkdwm avSum;yJ/ vrf;qkH vrf;cGyJ/ t
aumif;bufukdvJ oGm;Ekdifw,f/ raumif;wJhbufudkvJ oGm;Ekdifw,f/ tay:ukdvJ wufEkdif
w,f/ atmufudkvJ qif;Ekdifw,f/ raocJh,if? 'DoabmawG r&Sdawmhbl;/ avmuBuD;rSm
vlawGarG;vmwmawG? aooGm;wmawGuMkd unfNh yD; ae&wJt
h vky[
f m tvum;tvkyyf gu
vm;vkdY bk&ifBuD;u awG;NyD; aocsifvmw,f/ 'gayrJh bmrSrwwfEkdifbl;/ twwfqef;vkdY
raowJhvljzpfaeNyD}}[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/
avmutjrif awmfawmfygonfh&dk;&mykHjyifuav; jzpfygonf/ olYudk t*Fvdyfvkd
136
jyefvu
dk &f mwGif wrsKd;jzpfvmygonf/ ]][kv
d J ra&muf? 'DvJ ra&muf}}qko
d nfph um;ukd [mo
oGif;NyD; csJYxGifykHrSm]][dkra&muf onfra&muf}}udk It led nowhere ESifhrauseyfEkdifao;yg/ &Tef;vkduf
csifygao;onf/
It was eternal now-here."nowhere" ESifh "Now here" onf pmvkH;csif; twlwljzpf
ygonf/ N-O-W-H-E-R-E udk No rSm rjzwfyJ Now rSm jzwfvkduf where onf here jzpf
oGm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh philosophy of ISISM udk jznfhxnfh&ygonf/ Immortality led
nowhere. It was eternal now here, ''now" and ''here" eternal. Is Alas, immortality was
that thing, which made life itself meaningless. What a terrible bore watching from the
side, the well ordered procession of births and deaths, out of the swim, like a nonparticipator in this meaningful process of nature. He was weary unto death and longed
to die. Curse his own arrangement, he could not die."
onfrmS oufoufbmomjyefuavmifaqmhjcif;jzpfygonf/ bk&ifBuD;vnf; r

aoaq;udk ajzEkdifonfhtajzqkd; Antidote to immortality t&SmxGuf&ygawmhonf/
pum;ajybmomjyef,if; [mooGif;onfhae&mrSm oGif;&apumrl [moazsmuf
oifhonfhae&rSm azsmuf&ygao;onf/ aomfwmaqGa&;onfh ]]bmoma&;eJY"e&Sif0g'}}
(Buddhism and Capitalism) udkjyefqkdonfhtcgrSm rl&if;twkdfif;jyef rjzpfonfudk awGY&
ygonf/ taMumif;t&mu tvGefw&m emusnf;p&maumif;onfhuRefawmfwkYd awmifol
v,form;rsm;tay: cspfw;D rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf rw&m; aoG;pkw
f e,fv;Hk uRwfqif;
&JwGif;euf? a<u;vnfyif;cdkuf? arQmfvifhcsuf urf;ukefonfh'kuZmwfBuD;jzpfygonf/ uRef
awmfvnf; awmom;b0u vmoljzpf onf'kuZmwfBuD;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGYrkdY a'gre
jzpfcJh&ygonf/ pma&;oludk,fwkdifvnf; a&;,if; rsuf&nfusonf[k od&ygonf/ odkY
ayrifh [mo0wKa&;onf0h oDu rukeaf o;onft
h wGuf t&Te;f taomhuav;rsm;? aemuf
ydk;cef;uav;rsm; rqDrqkdifyg0ifaeygonf/ 0wKzGJYykHrSmudk xdckdufygonf/ odkYjzpf av;
yifonfhtaMumif;t&mudk av;yifonfhtrlt&mESifhbmomjyef&ygonf/ rsOf;abmift
wGif;uaeNyD; atmufygtwkdif; BudKwifawmif;yef&ygonf/ ''This story has been chosen
as the most important and 'telling' vignette of the Burma scene. Written in a period of
translation from humorous writing to serious writing his old habits still lingered. Levity still obtruded on serious statement. The translator apologises for the liberties taken
in the reorganisaion of the story for a wider public."
pum;ajybmomjyefco
hJ nh0f wKawGxrJ mS ckwifu wifjyonfah omwmaqG\0wK
ESifhvlxkOD;vS\]]ppfNyD;p? axmifwHcg;0}}0wKtcsKdYudk y&dowfrsm; od&atmif bmomjyef
137
bmomjyefpmay
jzpfojzifh uRefawmft
h zdYk tvGeaf useyftm;&rdygonf/ awmifov
l ,form;wk\
Yd &efol cspf
wD;ESifhtm;EGJYonfhrdef;uav;rsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf zsufqD;ydkufqH&Smcdkif;onfhacgif;awG
udk i,fpOfuyif tcJrausjzpfcJh&ojzifh oif;wkdY\,kwfuef;rIawGudk ykdrkdus,fjyefYatmif
azmfxkwfvkduf&onfhtwGuf &mZ0ifa<u; ausonf[k tm;&rdygonf/
jrefrmpum;wGif Usage t& pum;av;ig;vkH;ESifhav;eufonfht"dyg,faqmif
oGm;csufrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm; &Syd gonf/ Oyrm ]]ppfNyD;p axmifwcH g;0}}xJrS ]]tarhtwGu}f
0wKxJrSm ]]a&pkefarQm&SmNyD}}qkdonfhpum;pk qkdMuygpdkY/ OD;vSa&;xm;onfu ]]tarckdif;
csifwmom cdik ;f ygawmh}}[k wcgrS rjrifb;l onft
h arudk ykt
H yfvu
dk jf cif; jzpfygonf/ rlr\
l
b0Zmwfvrf;uawmh a&pkerf mS arQmygaeonhrf ed ;f uav;wa,muf jzpfaeygNyDw/hJ a&pkef
arQmonfh&lyutvuFmonf jrefrmbmomajymonfhvlwkdif;vkdvkd odNyD;om; jzpfygonf/
OD;vStwGuf onfpum;ESifhyif jynfhpkHaeygNyD/ t*FvdyfbmomrSmum; driftwood &Sdygonf/
flotsan and jetsam qkdwm&Sdygonf/ b0qkH;onhft"dyg,fudk a&mufatmif rydkYEkdifMuyg/ xkdY
aMumifh ]]a&pkeaf rQm}}pum;vk;H tenf;i,fukd tus,fw0ifh &lyucsJNY yD; bmomjyef&ygonf/
"Thus, on the broad stream of life, was another piece of driftwood set adrift
with the current whithersoever it flowed, at the mercy of winds and waves, rapids and
whirlpools, down, down to the shoreless sea."
onfvkdrS av;eufonf/ t"dyg,fvnf; jynfhpkHonf/ u&kPm&ovnf; ygonf/

onfwGif ruao;yg/ onfpeufu qufNyD; 0wK\ed*kH;urwfrSm tifrwef xda&mufjyef
ygonf/
(Sad to record, the drift-wood Mu Mu could not sprout sail or paddle to go
against the current, which swirled round her the more violently as she got into deeper
waters, till, in the vicious whirlpool of brothel, sick-bed and jail, syphillis claimed her.)
aemufwcsufrSm rl&if;pm rjynfhpkHonfhtcsufuav;rsm;udk awGY&wwfygao;

onf/ Oyrm jy&rnfqkdvQif pmtkyfxJrSmyif Jonah Aramon 0wKxJrS Ariyampa ac:
ukvm;vl&;dk vlaumif;wa,mufonf *syefawGukd jyefcsNyD; xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;&mu
ESpaf wGvawG Mumanmif;cgrS &Gmudk jyefa&mufvmygonf/ w&Gmvk;H jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;atmif
*syefrsm;u &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ajrvSefzsufqD;oGm;cJhonfrSm &Gmr&SdawmhbJ wJuav;
rsm;\wnfae&mrsm;om usef&pfygonf/ onf&Gmuav; cHpm;oGm;&onfhMurmqkd;rsKd;
tvm;wl cHpm;&onfNh rdK&Y mG awG ArmjynfwiG f trsm;BuD;&Syd gonf/ rSww
f rf;wif rcHMu&&Sm
yg/ Czechoslovakia rSmqkdvQif uRefawmfwkdYa&mufoGm;pOfu Lidice qkdonfh&Gmuav;udk
*smrefemZDrsm;u ajrvSefzsufqD;oGm;ykHudk urmtm; odap&kHru trSwfw& rSwfwrf;wif
Muygonf/ urmaMuaomfvnf; O'gef;raMuEkdifrnfhtrSwfw& AdrmefBuD; wnfaqmuf
138
xm;NyD; &Gmol&mG om;rsm;\"mwfyrHk sm;? pdwx

f cd u
dk pf &mrsm;jzpfonfh ypn;f yp,rsm;ukd xde;f
odr;f jyoxm;ygonf/ Lidice qko
d nfh "m;pmcH&mG trnfrmS urmodjzpfomG ;&ygonf/ rl&if;
0wKrSm ppfawmif;jrpfem;rS &Gmuav;w&Gm[kom qkdxm;ygonf/ &Gmemrnfyif rygyg/ xkd
taMumif;udk urmok;H t*Fvyd b
f momodjYk yefqo
dk nft
h cgrSm onftwkid ;f xm; rjzpfawmh
yg/ urmod Lidice &GmemrnfESifhwifpm;&ygawmhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh bmomjyefrSm jznfhpGuf
ay;&ygonf/
"Back he went to his beloved little village to find it razed to the ground. He
could not even trace which homestead stood where on the scorched earth - one of Burma's
many unknown and unmourned little Lidices. Overwhelmed with sorrow he slowly
retreated from the scene of desolation."
urmok;H bmomodYk jyefqo

dk o
l nf urmAh [kow
k <u,f0vQif yd
k yifaumif;ygonf/
erlem wifjyp&m trsm;tjym; &Sdjim;aomfvnf; onfrQESifhyif oifhavmufygNyD/ ed*kH;csKyf
taeESifh uRefawmfajymvkdonfrSm bmomjyefvkyfief;qkdonfrSm oabmudku tjiif;yGm;
zG,f jzpfygonf/ vlqo
dk nfrmS wOD;ESiw
hf OD; tjrifcsif; rwlouJo
h Ykd t,ltqcsif;? tBudKuf
csif; rwlEkdifMuyg/ uRefawmfhtxif ajym&vQif tjrifcsif;wlbdkY? t,ltqcsif;wlbdkY rcJ
,Of;aomfvnf; tBudKufcsif;wlbkdY tawmhfudk cJ,Ofygvdrfhrnf/ wOD;wa,mufwnf;yif
vQif i,fpOfA[kow
k r<u,f0ao;onft
h csdeu
f BudKufEpS o
f ufco
hJ nfph um;vk;H yif jzpfvifh
upm;? touft&G,fBuD;&ifh todPf&ifhusufvmonfhtcgusvQif BudKufcsifrS BudKuf
ayvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfqkdvQif vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; okH;av;q,ftcsdefu bomjyefcJhonfh
pmawGudk ckxufwkdif jyifwkef;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf bmomjyefolrsm;onf wOD;ESifhwOD; t
jrifrwlovdk? t,ltquGJvQif uGJovkd? tawG;tac: Mental association of ideas csif;
rwl? rwlovkd? Denham \rSwfom;bG,fpum;t& Translation is intertraffic of the minds
rlvpma&;ol\pdwfESifhjyefqkdol\pdwfESpfpdwf tjyeftvSefqufoG,fNyD; olYenf;olY[efESifh
bmomjyefMurSm jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfawGYrdwmawG &Sdygonf/ tcsKdYaomuAsmbmom
jyef? pum;ajybmomjyef ponfwkdYudk zwf,if; uRefawmfhpdwf]]igomqkdvQif onfae&m
rSm onfvkdjyefrnf/ onfpum;vkH;udk okH;rnf}}pojzifh pdwfxJwGif awG;awmrdygonf/ ol
jyefxm;ykH rSm;aeygonf[
l uRefawmf b,fawmhrS rqkrd yd g/ wufwufpif vGaJ ewmrsKd;qkd
vQif axmufjy&ygrnf/ jrefrmbmomudk ESpYH yfatmif ruRrf;usifaomfvnf;aumif;? ynm
A[kokwr<u,f0ao;aomfvnf;aumif;? rSm;MuonfhudprsKd;udk ynmay;onhfoabm
ESifhaxmufjyrdygonf/ onfuvGJvQif vGwfvyfpGm BudK;yrf;Muygap[l apwema&SUxm;
&ygonf/ ]]olwyg; rsufacs;om jrifw,f? ud,
k rhf sufacs;awmh ud,
k rf jrifb;l }}qko
d nfh pum;
onf oabmtwkdif;vnf;aumif;? Oypmt&vnf;aumif; tvGefrSefygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
139
bmomjyefpmay
bmomjyeforl sm;tm;vk;H ? tm;vk;H oabmxm;BuD;Muyg/ apwema&SUxm;Muyg/ BudK;yrf;

Mu,if; ,kdif;yif;ulnDMuyg[k wkdufwGef;,if; ed8kH;csKyfygonf/ /
"Translation is inter-traffic of the Mind"
By Dr.Malcolm Burr
Few arts are so little understood as that of the translator, for in what other is
success measured by the suppression of the artist? Yet what task can be more diffcult
and more delicate? It is the transfer to the mind of the reader of the translation the same
impression that was produced on the native mind by the original text from another
man's brain, not only in a different language, but in a different world.
Far more is demanded of the translator than of the author himself. The author
needs the mastery of one language only; the translator needs command of two. The
author is free to let his fancy wander unrestrained, to build up his own construction and
to express it in his own way; the translator is cramped and hampered. He, poor devil,
has no freedom of construction and very little of expression. The author may choose his
own subject; for the translator the subject is provided. The author is responsible to one
public only ---to his readers; the translator is responsible to two----to his readers, but
first and foremost to the author himself. The author reveals in a blaze of publicity; the
translators sinks into oblivion.
In spite of all these diffculties, which are general, these are the diffculties
which are special, inherent in each separate ask.
Now what are the duties of the translator? The first, clearly, is to understand
his author; for unless he has really mastered his brief, how can he be an advocate before
the public which is his court? He must understand more than the mere words the author
provides; he must understand his author's mentalily, his inner thoughts and his ultimate object.
To fulfil his duty, the translator must possess qualifications of the highest
order, including literary talent approaching, or even equal to, that of the author himself, and far greater knowledge, with delicate judgment, not only in the choice of words,
but degree of freedom desirable in the rendering.
When he has really understood his author---and it is by no means easy to
understand some authors---his duty is to render him accurately his word or his thought,
into the language and understanding of his new audience. It is in the fine judgment of
the balance between thought and word that lies the whole secret of his craft.
At times it is necessary to explain allusions or expressions that would be incomprehensible to his readers. For instance, in a Siberian fable, when a crazy man
rushes through the village crying frantically.
"God is sowing raspberries!"
It is not enough to translate the words only. It is necessary to explain to the
English reader that the Siberian peasant knows perfectly well that wild raspberries are
most numerous on burnt ground, that is to say, that the village was threatened by a
140

forest fire. Similarly, the mention of a grove of aspens in the description of a house of
gloom conveys little to the English reader, unless he knows, as does every Russian
peasant, that the aspen quivers for shame because it was upon that tree that Judas
Iscariot hanged himself. To meet such cases, all that is necessary is to add a few explanatory words, "as everybody knows."
Here is another instance which, of its very nature, is diffcult to understand,
and requires a somewhat elaborate explanation. But it is illuminating. Once in a business document that was submitted to me for examination, the Articles of Association of
a company limited by shares, the text stated that the share certificates should glase na
donosioca. That was rendered "should be to the name of the bearer." Poor man, the
translator could not find the English for the very useful Serbo-Croaian glasiti, for we
have none. But to anyone who knew the language there was no doubt whatever about
the meaning, which was that the share certificates should be bearer warrants, as is
customary on the Continent. Na donosioca means "to the bearer", the nearest we can
approach to the exact wording is "should read to the bearer." It was extremely unfortunate that the poor devil of a translator had dragged in the very word that was excluded
by the sense, the world name, for by so doing he actually inverted the meaning of the
article, so that the London directors understood it to mean that the company in question
should use the form of share certificate customary in this country, registered with the
name and address of the owner, transferable only by deed. It was a case where the
translator's duty was to give the meaning of the sentence. not the exact words. The
correct translation was; "The shares shall be in the form of bearer warrants."
Another duty of the translator is to find a suitable paraphrase for expressions
that are untranslatable. For every language has conception peculiar to itself which cannot be rendered exactly into any foreign tongue, and in such cases the translator must
abandon the words, but yet convey the thought. Try as he will, there are many things
that cannot even be paraphraseed, especially puns, and inevitably a big proportion of
the value is lost. I have regretted never to have had the occasion to read Alice Through
Looking Glass in any other language, but I cannot believe that translators could have
conveyed more than seventy-five per cent of the original. And how much of Dickens, or
Kipling, and of Surtees must have fallen by the wayside?
There are three rules which every translator has to observe. The first is that he
shall know thoroughly well the language from which he is translating, and it is surprising how many otherwise well-infromed people, many publishers, for instance, think
this is the only qualification.
The second rule is even more important, for what if the translator is not perfect in the language into which he is translating? This is generally taken for granted,
but it is the most important rule of all. The meaning of an unfamiliar foreign word may
be sought in the dictionary, provided that dangerous instrument is used with discrimination and care, but of his own tongue the translator should not feel in doubt. Yet how
many writers refer to weasels as "little rodents," and those who confuse vultures and
eagles reveal ignorance of more than mere ornithology. I venture to quote the following
from a recent issue of the Times Literary Supplement: "Herr Emil Ludwig writes to say
141
bmomjyefpmay
that the lapses in English, to which attention was drawn, are the responsibility of the
translator."
The third rule, without which even a profound knowledge of the two languages involed is unavailing, is this, that the translator must have some knowledge of
the subject in question, of the milieu in which the book is cast, of the atmosphere with
which it is enveloped, of the phraseology which is part of its technique. That legal
document to which I have alluded was a translation from the Croatian, sworn as accurate by a notary who did not know the language. The translator was a Croat who had
lived eleven years in the United States, where he had learnt, no doubt, good colloquial
English, but the very heading betrayed him. He called the document "Fundamental
Rules." Now it may be argued that that was the correct rendering of the Croatian words
Temel jna Pravila, which is a fact, but that is not what an Englishman calls that particular kind of document. He calls it Articles of Association. Such a mistake could not
have been made by an Englishman with some knowledge of a Croatian, but seems
inevitable in the case of a Croat who knows some English.
Perhaps the most delicate of the duties of the translator, and one ungoverned
by any rule, is the choice of degree of freedom. How closely should he adhere to the
original text, and how much dare he sacrifice literal rendering for the sake of the
atmosphere or clarity of the meaning? It is the old contest between the letter and the
spirit, and it is here more than in any other function that the translator has the chance
of proving himself an artist. It is so easy to overstep the mark. Vvedensky, for instance,
who interpreted Dickens to the Russian reading public, made his Cockneys drink not
"gin", but "vodka". Greater liberty still was taken by Viskovaty when he translated and
to stimulate patriotism, he deliberately put into his hero's mouth the words:
"My Fatherland! I will sacrifice myself for thee!"
But it was Diderot who reached the limit of freedom. He is reputed to have
read a book on philosophy, closed it, and then written it out in French from memory
and called it a translation.
As a reviewer I rarely come across a translation free from the taint of sloth,
and as a translator I appreciate the diffculties. I know, too, that it is very seldom that
there is a word or phrase (except, possibly, a pun) that will not yield its secret to
determined research, even if the author be not available to explain it. Recently I found
in a translation from the Russian an allusion to an avenue of Karagach. The translator
had given it up in despair, and left it untranslated, with at least the decency of putting
it in italics. It was clearly a kind of tree, but the shirking of the diffculty made the book
nearly useless for the audience to whom it appears to have been addressed, the children of the English-speaking world, none of whom are likely to know any more than
the translator that a Karagach is a kind of elm.
Slovenly work is the unforgivable sin, and yet so many translators apparently
feel that they are not called upon to make an effort to understand a diffcult word. No
142

man can have universal knowledge, and there is nothing to be ashamed of in ignorance of technical expression, even in one's own tongue. It is seldom indeed that a
translator's task is so straight forward that it involves no research.
Some years back I read with enjoyment a translation from the German of a
book on Mogolia. A distinguished literary authority gave it his blessing in a special
introduction, in which he stated that he could not praise the translation too highly as a
work of great literary merit. Yet when I was reading the book, I was held up several
times by the word jurt. As it was neither in inverted commas nor italics, I was obviously expected to understand it, and threw the blame upon my own ignorance, until
the context reveal the truth. It meant the portable dwelling of the nomads of Central
Asia, familiar to all readers of travel books upon that part of the world in the form in
which the Russian have adopted it from the Tartar. yurta. In our English books it is
generally spelt yurt, in italics. Evidently the Austrian author had spelt it in the German way, jurt which had so puzzled the translator, who clearly had no knowledge
either of Russian or Tartar, that he shirked the diffculty. That was slovenly work,
betraying not only his own ignorance but also his sloth for very little research would
have made the point clear to him. His style may have been the purest English, but he
was a bad translator for leaving a diffcult word untranslated and deliberately trying to
deceive his readers by not indicating that it was a strange and foregin word that was
beyond his powers. He made other grave faults, too, which show that he had not the
second essential of his craft, a complete knowledge of his own language for he used
gazelle, antelope and deer as synonymous terms.
When translators try to be clever they often fall into the pit.
Once I had occasion to review a purely literary translation in which there was
a whole string of incomprehensible words presumably intended for English. I did not
wish to do injustice to what was really a skilled piece of work form from the point of
view of pure literature and took great pains to elucidate thes mysterious passage. I
found eventually that in order to give a "scientific" aspect to the book the translator
has used a dictionary as a source of technical words and not corrected the proof, with
incredible results. Dictionaries are seldom accurate in technical expression, and the
wrong words were chosen and then distorted beyond recognition. Yet that translation
enjoyed a paean of praise at the hands of the critics (save one), who swallowed the
gibberish without question.
This is a terrible lesson, for dictionaries are dangerous things that need great
caution in use. In the standard Russian dictionary, for instance, the names of plants
and animals are almost without exception wrong, and include a mass of provincialisms that would puzzle any reader. I have had to use a Portuguese dictionary in which
homonyms and synonyms were given indiscriminately and without explanation. For
143
bmomjyefpmay
instance, the word "fine" would have two Portuguese words at least, but without indication which meant thin, i.e. "fine like a thread," or fat, "fine like a fine woman," as a
foreign student of English once expressed it to me.
The culture of Russia is largely based upon translations, and yet many scholarly interpreters of foreign literatures have made serious mistakes owing to ignorance
of the milieu. Thus , I have seen the expression "Many happy returns" put into Russian
as "Many happy returns from the other side." and another translator describes the
Speaker of the House of Commons as the man with the loudest voice in the assembly.
Vvedensky made another quaint mistake. I have not had the opportunity of
collating his translation with the original, but the meaning is clear enough. He makes
a Society hostess ask the footman in the presence of a guest:
"Where is Miss Dombey now?"
"In the closet, Madam."
"Take us to her."
I suppose the translator was in diffculties with the modern meaning of the
word. I have known well-read Russians whose knowledge of English was based on
Shakespeare. They were surprised when I explained to them that the word "Mistress"
to-day has two meanings, but neither meant a "respectable married woman."
It is surprising that it should be necessary to remind that, except in cases of
emergency, translations should never be made into a foreign tongue. The translator
should invariably translate into his mother tongue. Even fluent colloquial knowledge
of a foreign language, even ability to write a correct letter, do not qualify a man to
translate into that language. Of the educated people in England how many are qualified to produce a literary work even in their own language? And truly bilingual people
are excessively rare.
A rather unexpected danger against which the translator must be on his guard
is the fact that in an ordinary publisher's or editor's office there is no one competent to
correct his proofs. Solecisms have slipped in my work for which I shall be held responsible by posterity owing to such lack of correction, rendered unavoidable owing to my
absence.
In a story of village life in Serbia in the nineteenth century I had used the
word rakiya plum brandy, retaining it as a word familiar to all who have read of
Balkan countries for the sake of local colour. Unknown to me, this was altered in the
published text to "whiskey". The introduction of the regional Gaelic drink, which has
spread to England within my memory, to a remote village community in Serbia of a
century ago is worse than anachronism. It is an "anachronism in space."
A similar instance occured in a description from the Russian of a debauch,
when, for some reason during my absence, the reader put into the mouth of a young
144

Russian officer the English colloquialism, "Say when!"
It is contrary to the Russian tradition, for a Russian never says "When!", and
the implied ideas of restriction and dilution are foreign to his temperament. These two
fatal words conveyed ignorance of the milieu, of which I was personally not guilty.
In all diffculties the translator should, of course, consult the author. One of
the most serious difficulties that a translator can face is to tackle obscure points when
the author is dead or inaccessible.
But one must not be too critical of the poor translator. His task is extremely
hard. He is the target for all the abuse, but the receptacle of little of the praise. The
author can awlays throw the blame upon his interpreter, and who shall be judge between them?
The responsibilities of the translator may be very great and have consequences
that are often quite comical, sometimes grave and far-reaching.
When Bernard Shaw telegraphed Maxim Gorky comparing his heroes very
favourably with the half-demented creatures of the Cherry Orchard, the Russian papers with common accord fell unmercifully upon this new English bourgeois writer,
Mr. Ch. Orchard, and it was some time before one journalist more penetrating than
the others point out "Cherry Orchard" is the English translation of the title of the well
known play "Vishnyevy Sad."
It is not inconceivable that a translator may produce a work of art that is an
improvement on the original. Fitzgerald's version of Omar Khayyam springs at once
to the mind.
And if you ask me what are the ideal conditions for the work of a translator,
I will tell you.
He must know the foreign language really well, but not necessarily perfectly.
He must have lived in the country, or in the atmosphere described in the work, and he
must know the current technical phraseology. He must be unhurried in his work and
be sufficiently remunerated, so that he can devote time to research, without which no
translation can be perfect.
Those conditions are essential for the production of good translations.
To make those conditions ideal, what factor is still missing?
The personal friendship of the author, for every translation is, in more or less
degree, a collaboration.
The translator is not without his reward. He is not denied the joy of creation.
There is an exquisite pleasure in turning out a neat rendering that preserves not only
the exact meaning, but the atmosphere and perhaps even the music, of the original.
But the highest reward of all is a spiritual one, for the aoptheosis of the translator is absorption into the Nirvana of Oblivion.
145
bmomjyefpmay
jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif;
1/ OD;jrifhodef; (MMT)
2/ OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
3/ Arkd;
4/ oxkHwifxGef;
5/ OD;ombef;(aMu;rkH)
6/ aZmfjrifhodef; (ZMT)
7/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
8/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
9/ OD;armifarmif(orm"d)
10/ OD;vlaz0if;
1/
jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o
f Ykd jyefqadk omtcg tcsKdaY 0g[m&rsm;udk wku
d &f u
dk jf yefq
dk r&yg/
t"dyg ,fazmfoifo
h nfukd azmf&onf/ odt
Yk wGuf t"dyg ,fazmfveG ;f vQifvnf; &o
ysufEkdifaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
2/
jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkY jyefqkdjcif;wGif Ekdifeif;uRrf;usifol tvGefenf;yg;aeonf[k
aqG;aEG;onf/
3/
bmomjyef&mwGif pmzwfoel m;vnfatmif tvku
d o
f ifjh znfph u
G
f a&;oifah Mumif;
wifjyonfudk aqG;aEG;olu axmufcHonf/
4/
*syfqifjrefrmtbd"mefudk ydkrkdjynfhpkHap&ef jyefvnfjyifqifoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;
onf/
5/
wuodkvfjrefrmtbd"mef qufvufxkwfa0Ekdifa&;udk BudK;yrf;oifhonf[k aqG;
aEG;onf/
6/
jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o
f Ykd jyefqadk om bmomjyefpmayrsm;udk NydKifyu
JG sif;yay;oifo
h nf
[k aqG;aEG;onf/
7/
bmomjyef&mwGif rlvpma&;q&m\tmabmfudk rdatmif BudK;pm;&onf/ txl;
ojzifh jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkYjyefqkd&mwGif vkyfom;jynfolrsm; em;vnfEkdif&ef vG,f
vG,f&Sif;&Sif; jzpfoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
8/
bmomjyefrnfqkdaomtcgwGif rlvpma&;q&mESifhif;? ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;ESifh
146
9/
if;? aemufcHtaMumif;rsm;ESifhif; &if;ESD; vrkdif;uyfaeoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;

onf/
rl&if;pma&;q&m\pmudk bmomjyefolonf tb,frQ uavmifuGefYoifhovJqkd
aomjyem Oya'o[l &So
d vm;[kar;jref;aqG;aEG;&m avSe"H m;xpf r&SEd idk f
[k jyefajzonf/
147
bmomjyefpmay
bmomjyefvx
l o
k y
d p
H may
wifjyol
OD;wifarmif (rSL;wif)
1967-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13-&ufaeY pmayAdrmefrS BuD;rSL;usif;yaom odyH
pmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tcrf;tem;zGifh rdefYcGef;wGif jyefMum;a&;Xme twGif;0efonf odyH
pmayESifhywfouf odyHpmaywkdYonf ausmif;om;rsm; r[kwfol? yg&*lrsm;r[kwfol? t
vkyform; v,form;ESifh omreft&yfol t&yfom;wkdYtwGuf a&;om;tyfaMumif;ukd]]ckvdk ynma&; aemifwacwfrSm odyHynmwwfawG tvQKdtvQKd ay:aygufvm
rJhta&;[m ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJ jzpfaeygNyD/ 'gayrJh >cif;csufwck usefaeygao;w,f/
tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwyf gbl;? ausmif;ynmeJrY eD;pyfawmhwhJ vkyo
f m;jynforl sm;udk odyyH nm
eJY&if;ESD;vmatmif b,fvkdvkyfMurvJqkdwJh jyemjzpfygw,f}}
[l ajymqkdoGm;ygonf/
xkaYd Mumifh odypH mayudk omrefvyk o
f m;jynfow
l Ydk em;vnfEidk af omtqifo
h aYkd &muf
onfhwkdif bmomjyefMu&ef uRefawmfwkdY tm;xkwf&rnfjzpfygonf/ ]]odyHynmESifh&if;ESD;}}
vmap&efomjzpfNyD; ]]odyyH nmwwf}}oGm;ap&ef oifMum;jcif;r[kwo
f nfrmS ta&;wBuD;
rSwfom;tyfaom tcsuf[k ,lqygonf/
a0g[m&
odyb
H momjyefa&;udp ay:avwkid ;f a0g[m&jyemay:aygufvmwwfygonf/
rnfonfhpum;vkH;udk rnfokdYjyefrnf? rnfodkYtrnfwGifaprnf ponfjzifh rvGJraoG ay:
aygufvmwwf&m uRefawmht
f ,ltq vlxo
k yd pH may bmomjyef&mwGif a0g[m&jyem
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jzifh avhusifhqnf;yl;&onf/ wkdif;&if;om;bmomrS EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckwGif wckpD? EkdifiH
jcm;bmomwckpDrS wkdif;&if;om;bmomodkY tjyeftvSef jyefqkd&onf/ q&mu trSm;rsm;
udk axmufjyNyD;vQif enf;jyoabmjzifh oifjyonf/ pmoifom;rsm;u 0dkif; aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/ oifcef;pmrsm;udk a&;om;ajzqkMd uonf/ Ekid if jH cm;bmomjzifh a&;xm;aompme,f
Zif;rsm;ESifhpmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm zwfjcif;? EIwfjzifh bmomjyefavhusifhrIjyK
jcif;ponfjzifh vkyfief;udk wGifus,fpGm aqmif&Guf&avonf/
pwkw( omrefaemufq;Hk )ESpw
f iG f pma&; bmomjyefqjdk cif;? EIwjf zifh bmomjyef
qkdjcif; ponfwkdYudk wESpfywfvkH; vkyfaqmifMu&onf/ aemufqkH;wGif tqifhtwef;jrifh
cJcufaom ta&;tom;rsm;udk bmomjyef pmwef;w&yftaejzifh wifjyMu&onf/ ay;
vku
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qkdif&m tjcm;pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk zwf&onf/ wcgw&H oufqkdif&m ynm&Sifrsm;xHodkY
csOf;uyf a0g[m&rsm;? taMumif;&yfrsm;? twGi;f cHt"dyg ,frsm;ESiyhf wfouf aqG;aEG;
&avao;onf/
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ar;yGJatmif bGJY&Muonf/ &aombGJYrSm ]]'DyvkH;}}[kac:aom bDatbGJYrsKd;yif jzpfonf/
xkdokYdatmifjrifolrsm;teuf xdyfwef;a&mufol tenf;i,fudk a&G;cs,f aemifwESpfae
bGJYvGefoifwef;wGif oifMum;avhusifhcGifhjyKonf/ xkdvufa&G;pifausmif;om;wkdYonf
csufjcif;EIwjf zifh userSeu
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wzufpD ppfaq;Muonf/ ppfaq;,if; oifMum;ay;Muonf/ ykyH rmqk&d vQif t*Fvyd ?f *sm
ref tjyeftvSefpum;jyeftwwfoifwef;wGif *smrefq&mESifht*Fvdyf(NAdwdoQ odkYr[kwf
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om;rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;Muonf/ bmomjyeftrSm;rsm;udk axmufjyNyD;vQif oifhawmf
aom tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk xkwfazmfajymjyMuonf/
167
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jzpf aqmif&GufMu&onf/
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p wavQmufv;Hk t*Fvyd b
f momudk r,lrae& bmom&yfwcktjzpf ,lMu&onf/ &Spw
f ef;
rS 12 wef;(txufwef;ausmif;)wGif jyifopftp&SdonfhEkdifiHjcm;bmomwckckudk r,lrae
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jrm;pGm oifMum;avhusifMh u&onf/ wuov
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udk bGJYvGefoifwef;wGif oifMum;Mu&onf/ ESpfESpfokH;ESpfMumonf/ ]]bmomjyefoifwef;
Xme}}wGif pum;ajym avhusifhcef;? owif;pmrsm;udk zwf EIwfjzifh bmomjyefrIavhusifh
cef;? pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk yifwkdifxm; bmomjyefa&;om; avhusifhcef;ponfwkdYudk jyK
vkyfMu&onf/ EkdifiHwumtpnf;ta0;rsm;? okawoeESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;odkY oifwef;
om;rsm;udk vTw
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rsm;ESifhpum;jyeftjzpf aqmif&Gufolrsm;tzkdY oif&kd;oifwef;wGif twlvkdvkdjzpfonf/ odkY
aomf bmomjyeform;rsm;rSm ta&;tom; avhusifrh rI sm;NyD;vQif pum;jyefoifwef;om;
wdkYtzkdY pum;ajymavhusifhrI rsm;avonf/
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tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyefoifwef;\oif&kd;oifwef;udk tMurf;zsif; azmfjyygrnf/ t*F
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ukd Zpfjrpftxd &SmazGavhvmrI? pum;tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk avhusifhjcif;? 0guswnfaqmuf
rIESifho'g? 0guspdppfa0zefrI ponfjzifh bmompum;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;tcsuf
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bmomjzifh oifMum;ay;onf/ 'kwd,ESpfukefqkH;NyD;onfhaemuf wwd,ESpftprSonf oif
wef;oufwrf;qk;H onftxd t*Fvyd b
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vkd oifjya[majymonf/ yxrESpfESpfu oif&kd;ukdyif wzef t*Fvdyfvkd jyefoifonf/
wwd,ESpfukef;qkH;NyD;onfhtcgrl oifwef;om;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY pdwftm; Pftm; oef&m
bufodkY tkyfpkcGJ txl;uRrf;usifrI&&Sda&;twGuf oifMum;Mu&onf/ pwkwESpf tprS
oifwef;oufwrf; tqk;H txd bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk vufawGaY vhusifah vhvmoifMum;Mu
&onf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;wGif tcef;u@tm;jzifh okH;ckcGJjcm;xm;onf/ wckckudk pGJ,l
vkdufpm;avhvmoifMum;Mu&onf/ ,if;u@okH;ckrSm
(1) vlrIa&;;? EkdifiHa&; bmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrI?
(2) odyHpufrIbmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrI?
(3) pmaytEkynmbmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrIwkdY jzpfonf/
u@toD;oD;odkY0ifcgeD;wGif oifwef;om;toD;oD;wkdY\aemufcHynmukd pdppf
onf/ wuov
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bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;cJholrsm;onf vlrIa&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;u@odkY 0ifMu&onf/ pmay?
bmomaA'ponfwkdYudk oifMum;cJhbl;rSomvQif pmaytEkynmu@odkY 0ifMu&onf/
,if;odYk bmom&yftm;jzifh cGjJ cm; oD;oefw
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169
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rsm;udkrl tm;vkH;wufa&muf oifMum;Mu&onf/ bmom&yfokH;u@wGif pmaytEkynm
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rl&if;\&oMoZwkdYudk bmomjyefwGif ygEkdifoavmuf ygatmif jyefqkdEkdifrSom atmif
jrifrnf jzpfavaomaMumifh vkyfief;onf tcufqkH;jzpfonf[k qkdonf/
pmaytEkynmukd bmomjyefEdkifbdkY avhvmBudK;yrf;jcif;ESifhywfouf qkd&ayOD;
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oufonfha0zefpmrsm;? jcif;&mpmwef;rsm;? pma&;q&mtwKywdrsm;udk zwfxm;Mu&
onf/
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rsm;? w&m;Oya'taMumif;t&mrsm;? awmawmifa&ajr rSw
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pm;taomuf t0wftpm;rSp t*Fvyd v
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jzifh xked nf;ESiEf iS f avhvmMu&onf/ ,if;odYk aemufcyH nm A[kow
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oefYusonf[k qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/ xkdbmom&yfrsm;ukd jyefqkd&m bmomjyefolonf ouf
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pmtkyfrsm;udk q&m0efrsm;u bmomjyefNyD;vQif bmomjyefoifwef;qif;wkdYu wnf;jzwf
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170
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odkY jyefqkdonfhtwGuf &oifh&xkdufaom bmomjyefcrsm;udk &Muonf/
bmomjyefoifwef;om;wko
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onf/ pum;jyeftjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnfholwkdYonf toHxGufrSefuefatmif avhusifhMu&
onf/ &k&Sm;bmomjzifh ajyma[maom rdefYcGef;udk em;axmifNyD; csufjcif; t*Fvdyfbmom
(odkYr[kwf rdrd,lxm;aom EkdifiHjcm;bmom)odkYEIwfjzifh jyefqkd ]]wdwf&Daumf'g}}wGif oGif;
NyD; q&mhxHodkYwifjyMu&onf/ uRrf;usifrI wkd;wufvmonfhtcgwGif EkdifiHaygif;pkHtpnf;
ta0;BuD;rsm;odkYoGm; pum;jyeftjzpf vufawGYaqmif&GufMu&onf/
bmomjyef&mwGif tNrJrSwfom;em,ltyfaom tajccHnTefMum;csufrsm;rSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
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(2) rl&if;yg&SdaomtESpfom&ESifhMoZ*kPfwkdYudk xGif;azmufodem;vnfjcif;/
(3) wduspGm bmomjyefqkdjcif;/ (wdusonfqkd&m pum;vkH; wvkH;csif; jyefqkdjcif;r[kwf?
t"dyg,fudkwdusapjcif;? rl&if;t"dyg,fESifhteD;uyfEkdifqkH;jzpfapjcif;wkdYudkqkdvkdonf)
(4) tao;pdwftcsuftvuf taMumif;t&mwkdYudk rcsefrvSyfbJ jynfhpkHatmif xnfhoGif;
jyefqkdjcif;/
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cs,fokH;EIef;jcif;/
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(7) xkdenf;wlpGm pum;ykHrsm;? qkd&kd;pum;rsm;udk jynfhpkHpGm jyefqkdjcif;/
(8) a0g[m&rsm; txm;tokd tpDtpOfrSefuefjcif;? Xmefu&kdPf;usapjcif;/
xkn
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vmjcif;/
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bmom avhvm xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk rSwfom;jcif;wkdY jzpfonf/
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171
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,if;odkYvQif &k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif xdyfwef;bmomjyefq&mBuD; rkd&kdaZmhAf (Morozov)
uqkad vonf/
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r&Sdao;aoma0g[m&rsm;udk topfwDxGif&onf/ (,if;onf tkwfzkwfjcif;rnf\/) NyD;rS
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tcsKdYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; bmomjyefoifwef;rsm;? ausmif;rsm; oD;oefYr&Sd
Muay/ odkY&mwGif xkdEkdifiHrsm;wGif bmomjyefvkyfief;rsm;udk raqmif&Guf[l r[kwf&kHom
ru tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm; wGifwGifus,fus,f aqmif&GufaeMuaMumif; od&ygonf/ yrm? csuf
udkpvkdaAuD;,m;EkdifiHwGif EkdifiHjcm;bmomoif Xme&Sdaomfvnf; bmomjyeftwwfynm
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186
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187
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E-book is created by shanyoma

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E-book is created by shanyoma

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E-book is created by shanyoma

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