Pa Auk Sayadaw Cittasamyutta

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf pdwåoH,kwfw&m;a'oemawmf
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåoH,kwfw&m;a'oemawmf
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aEGvzGJU*gxm
0eyÜ*karÁ ,x zkódwa*¾?
*drSmermao yXro®ð *darS/
wxlyrH "r®0&H ta'o,d?
edAÁme*grð y&rH [dwm,/
£'rÜd Aka'¨ &weH yPDwH?
{awe oapöe ok0w¬d a[mwk/
(ck-1-7? ck-1-314 - &weokwf/)
*drSmeH = aEGvwkdY\/
yXro® ð *darS = a&S;OD;tp aEGvjzpfaom/
rmao = pdMwrmo wefcl;vü/
zkódwa*¾ = yifvkH;uRwfyGifhaom cufzsm;pkH&Sdaom/
0eyÜ*karÁ = awmtkyfonf/
ood&Daum ,xm = toa& &SdvSbdouJhokdY/
wxlyrH = teufo'´g yef;pkHpGmjzifh a0qmjyefYajym xkdawm tkyfvQif ykHyrm&Sdaom/
edAÁme*grð = tNidrf;"mwfrSef jrwfedAÁmefokdY {uefxkwfacsmuf a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom/
"r®0&H = okH;ykHyd#uwf w&m;jrwfa'oemawmfukd/
y&rH [dwm, = vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwk\ Yd edAmÁ e"mwfwnf; [laom tjrwfq;Hk tusK;d pD;yGm;csr;f omtvkiYd mS /
ta'o,d = u½kPm a&SUoGm; arwåmxm;í a[mMum;awmf rltyfcJhavNyD/
Aka'¨ = okH;avmuxG#fxm; &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ü/
£'rÜd &weH = þ jrwfEkd;zG,f&m &wemtjzpf odomzG,ft- aMumif; ESpfoufzG,f *kPfawmftaygif;onf
vnf;/
yPDwH = xl;jrwfawmfrlvSygay\/
{awe oapöe = 0pDr*Fvm þopömpum;aMumifh/
wkrSmuH = oifw&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif; wkdYtm;/ 0g?
ygPDeH = taygif;rsm;pGm owå0gwdkYtm;/
ok0w¬d = ab;&efukefuif; csrf;omat;jrjcif;onf/
a[mwk = rkcsraoG jzpfygapownf;/ / (om"k om"k om"k)
aEGvtcg yifvHk;uRwf yGifhaewJh cufzsm;pHk&SdwJh awmtkyfBuD;[m toa&&SdouJhodkY bk&m;a[ma'oem
yd#uwfoHk;yHkqdkwJh awmtkyfBuD; uvnf; teuf-o'´g ac:wJh yef;awGjzifh a0qmjyefYajymNyD; tvGef usufoa&
&Sdw,f/ xdkyd#uwfoHk;&yf w&m;jrwfa'oemawmfudk bk&m; &Sifonf uRwfxdkufool ewf vl jA[®m a0ae,sMum
owå0gwdkY&JU edAÁme"mwfvkdY ac:qdktyfwJh tjrwfqHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;omtvdkYiSm a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhjcif;
jzpfygw,faemf/
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]] 'D rSefuefwJh opömpum;aMumifh (owå0gtaygif;wdkYonf ...) a0omvDjynfoljynfom; trSL;&SdaewJh

owå0gtaygif;wdo Yk nf ... ab;&efuek u
f if; csr;f omat;jrjcif; jzpfMuygap...}} qdNk y;D awmh opömjyKwhJ *gxmwpfck
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sif&JU yd#uwfoHk;yHkrSm vm&SdwJh w&m;a'oemawmf awGonf vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwdkY&JU
edAmÁ e"mwfwnf;[laom tjrwf qH;k tusK;d pD;yGm;csr;f omtwGuf OD;wnfNy;D bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm; awmfrw
l ,fvYkd
'Dvdkawmh ,HkMunfxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
"
wu,fhtcGifhta&;
tcGifhta&; qdkwmuawmh . . .
&cJwJhoabm &Sdwwfygw,f/
ckvdk . .
! omoemawmfESifh awGUqHk&jcif;ç
! omoemawmf u d k
ouf0if,HkMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaejcif;ç
! bk & m;&S i f & J U w&m;awmf t ay:ü
,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaejcif;ç
! oD v orm"d ynmqk d w J h od u © m oH k ; &yf tusif h j rwf a wG u d k
wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh . . .
jzLpifwJh oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfum
orm"dwnf;[laom jrwfaom ausmufzsmxufü
or®m'd|d ynmoefvsufudk jrjrxufatmif aoG;jcif;qdkwJh
orx-0dyóem bm0emawGudk
usifhEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;awG yGifhvef;vsuf&Sdjcif; . . pwJh
'Dvdk tcGifhta&;awG[m . . .
tvGef&cJwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
'Dvkd . . . &cJwJh b0wpfckudk &&SdaewJh tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm
rdrdwkdY&JUoEÅmefrSm tvGef tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aewJh
or®m'd|dÓPfynmtrsKd;rsKd;awGudk &&Sdatmif . . .
BudK;pm;zdkY vkdygw,f/
(pmrsufESm-16/)
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tcef; (1)
wefzdk;&SdwJhb0wpfckjzpfatmif BudK;pm;yg
,ckvkd omoemawmfESifh awGUckduf MuHKcdkuf qHkckdufrSm rdrd&JUb0[m wefzdk;t&SdqHk; b0wpfck jzpfzdkYawmh tvGef
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ b0udk rufarmvGef;vdkY 'Dpum;ukd ajymaewmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ odkYaomf rdrdwdkYu b0udk
tqH k ; owf E d k i f a tmif oH o &m0#f r S xG u f a jrmuf a Mumif ; jzpf w J h ed , smed u w&m;aumif ; awG u d k 'D b 0rS m
atmifatmifjrifjrif usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf idk v f Qiaf wmh taumif;qH;k ygyJ/ 'D BuKd ;yrf;rIuawmh bk&m;&Sif
tESpfNcdKufqHk; vkyfief;&yfyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gayrJh b0wpfckudk tqHk;rowfEdkifao;vQifaomfvnf;aumif;ç odkYr[kwf b0ukd tqHk;owfzkdY&eftwGuf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeqJjzpfvQif aomfvnf;aumif; bmawG vdktyfovJ¿ --
vd k t yf w J h tcsuf u awmh pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; wk d Y v k d oD v -orm"d - ynm od u © m oH k ; &yf
tusijhf rwfawGudk enf;rSev f rf;rSef pepfwus usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf Ykd vdt
k yfygw,f/ 'Dvdk usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfwJhtydkif;rSm --
1/ b,fvkdvkyfief;&yfawGu aumif;wJh vkyfief;&yfawGvJ¿
2/ b,fvkdvkyfief;&yfawGu raumif;wJh vkyfief;&yfawGvJ¿
3/ b,fvkdw&m;awGukd ukodkvfvkdY ac:ovJ¿
4/ b,fvkdw&m;awGukd tukodkvfvkdY ac:ovJ¿
5/ tukodkvfw&m;awGudk usL;vGefcJhvQif b,fvdktjypf&SdovJ¿
6/ ukodkvfw&m;awGudk jznfhusifhcJhvQif b,fvkdtusKd;w&m;awGukd &&SdEkdifovJ¿ --
'DtaMumif;t&mawGuawmh Ak'b ¨ mom0if olawmfpifwYdk tav; *½kjyKum ½kad oav;pm;pGmjzifh qnf;yl;oifw
h çhJ
tajzukd &SmazGoifhwJhç tajzawGukd odoifh odxkduf odxm;oifhwJh taMumif;t&mawG jzpfMu ygw,f/
'DtaMumif;t&mawGESifh qufpyfaewJh *gxmwpfyk'fukd pwif emMum;MunfhMu&atmif .../
"r® ESifh t"r®

e [d "ar®m t"ar®m p? Oabm or0dygudaem/
t"ar®m ed&,H aewd? "ar®m ygaywd ok*¾w ð/
(Zmwu-1-357/ aewåd-157/)
"ar®m p = okp½dkuf q,fyg; olawmfw&m; (= ukodkvfw&m;)onf vnf;aumif;/ t"ar®m p = 'kp½dkuf q,fyg;
rolawmfw&m; (= t ukodkvfw&m;)onfvnf;aumif;/ Oabm = "r®-t"r® ESpf0ukefaom w&m;wkdYonf/
or0dygudaem = wlrQaom tusKd;w&m; &SdMuukefonf/ e [d a[mEdÅ = rjzpfMuavukef/ t"ar®m = 'kp½dkuf
q,fyg; rolawmf w&m; (= tukov f &m;)onf/ ed&,H = i&Jo/Ydk aewd = a&mufatmif raoG ykaYd qmifwwfygay\/
dk w
"ar®m = okp½dkuf q,fyg; olawmfw&m; (= ukodkvfw&m;)onf/ ok*wð = vl ewf edAÁmef oHk;wefblrd taumif;
qHk;aom *wdodkY/ ygaywd = a&mufatmifraoG ykdYaqmifwwfygay\/
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"r®ESifh t"r® ESpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ 'kp½kduf q,fyg;ukdvnf; t"r®vkdY ac: w,f? tukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;ukdvnf;
t"r®vkdY ac:w,f/ okp½kduf q,fyg;ukdawmh "r®vkdY ac:w,f? ukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;udkvnf; "r®vkdY ac:ygw,f/
xdk "r®EiS t
hf "r® ESprf sK;d wk[
Yd m tusK;d ay;csi;f wlnrD I b,fvrdk S r&Sd bl;vdYk 'D*gxmu qdak ew,f/ t"r®w&m;awGu
i&Jukd a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;wwfwJh oabm&Sdw,f? "r®w&m;awGu vl ewf edAÁmef oHk;wefaom csrf;omvkdY
ac:qdktyfwJh taumif;qHk;aom *wdodkY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f? pGrf;tm;csif; pGrf;tif
csif; wpfckESifhwpfck[m rwlnDMubl;/
'gaMumif h 'D v k d "r® E S i f h t "r® w k d Y & J U tusKd ; ay;yH k c sif ; rwl n D w J h t csuf u k d 'D a eY w&m;emy&d o wf a wG
tav;teufxm;Ny;D pOf;pm;zdaYk wmh vkw d ,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J 'DaeY w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawGtm;vH;k [m wpfaeYrmS
aoMu&rSmcsnf; jzpfMuygw,f/ oHo&mc&D; rqHk;Muao;bl;qkdvQif aoNyD;wJhaemufumvrSm b0wpfckudkawmh
vufcH&awmhr,f/ tJ'Dvkd vufcH&rnfh tcsdeftcgrSm -- i&J wd& pämef Nydwåm tol&um,f qkdwJh tyg,fav;bHkukdyJ
rdrw
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Ydk vufcrH vm;¿ odrYk [kwf vl ewf edAmÁ ef oH;k wefaom csr;f omvkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ taumif;qH;k aom *wdawGuykd J
vufcrH vm;¿ 'Dtcsuu f kd ckaetcgrSm rdrw d u
Ydk BuKd wifNy;D a&G;cs,f &r,f/ 'Dtcsed t f cg[m a&G;cs,cf iG hf &Sad eao;wJh
tcsdeftcg jzpfw,f/
tu,fí tyg,fav;bHkqkdwJh tyg,fblrd 'k*¾wdudk tvdkr&Sdbl;? vl ewf edAÁmef oHk;wefaom csrf;omvkdY
ac:qdktyfwJh taumif;qHk;aom *wdawGukdom tvkd&Sdygw,fqkdvQifç vdkvm;awmifhwcJhw,fqkdvQif - okp½dkuf
q,fyg; ukodkvfw&m;awGukd tajccHxm;wJh oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfawGudk wu,fvufawGU
jznfhusifhzkdY vkdtyf ygw,f/
or®m'd|dÓPftjrif
okp½kduf q,fyg;xJrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk; okp½dkufwpfckuawmh 'd|KZkuwmvkdYac:qkdwJh ajzmifhrwfrSefuefwJh
t,l0g'&Sjd cif;qdw
k hJ uH-uH&UJ tusK;d ukd ouf0if,MkH unfum wwfoed m;vnfaewJh ur®óuwm or®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/
yk*K¾d vwf pfa,muf[m oDv-orm"d-ynmqkw d hJ odum© oH;k &yf tusihf jrwfawGukd jzLjzLpifpif atmifatmifjrifjrif
jznfu
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dk Qif uH-uH&UJ tusK;d ukd ESpEf pS u f mum ouf0if,MkH unfum wwfoed m;vnf aewJh ur®óuwm
or®m'd|Ó d PftjrifEiS hf jynfph zkH aYkd wmh vktd yfyg w,f/ ]]ukov kd w f &m;awGu aumif;usK;d udk ay;w,f? tukov kd w
f &m;
awGu raumif;usK;d ukd ay;w,f}}qkw d hJ 'Doabmw&m;ukad wmh tenf; qH;k ESpEf pS u f mum vufc, H MkH unfwhJ o'¨gw&m;
jy"mef;wJh todÓPf or®m'd|d &SdzdkYawmh vkdtyfygw,f/
yxrykdif;rSmawmh - rdb q&morm; pwJh olawmfaumif; oljrwf avmif;wkdY&JU qdkqHk;rrIç bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;awmfrlwJh w&m;awmfawGudk avhvmoifMum;rIwdkYjzihf oifod-Mum;od taeESifh uH-uH&JUtusKd;ukd
vufcH,HkMunf&rSm jzpfw,f/ odkYaomf oifod-Mum;od tqifhwGif &yf wnfraebJ usifhodtqifhtxda&mufatmif
wpf q ih f w uf u m Bud K ;yrf ; &rS m jzpf y gw,f / 'D u H - uH & J U tusKd ; uk d usif h o d a c:wJ h tod r sKd ; &&S d a tmif
olawmfaumif;wpfOD;u bmawGudkodatmif usifh&rvJvkdY ar;vQif a&S;OD;pGm ...
pwkopöor®m'd|d
1/ 'ku©opömw&m;awGudk odatmif usifh&r,f/
2/ ork',opömw&m;awGudk odatmif usifh&r,f/
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3/ ork',opömaMumifh 'ku©opömjzpfyHkukd odatmif usifh&r,f/

'Dvkd odatmifusiw
hf t
hJ ykid ;f rSm yxrykid ;f rSmawmh oifo-d Mum;odvYdk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tm*rokwtaeESiyhf J odatmif
BudK;pm;&ygw,f/ 'D tm*rokwukd tajccHNyD;awmhrS t"d*rokwac:wJh usifhodtqifhudk a&muf&Sdatmif
BudK;pm;&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd t"d*rokwac:wJh usifhodtae ESifh odwJhtykdif;udk or®m'd|dvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/
0dyóemor®m'd|Ó d Pfu vnf; 'D'u k o
© pömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awGukd xk;d xGi;f odygw,f/ r*¾or®m'd|ad c:wJh
t&d,r*fÓPfuvnf; 'D'ku©opömw&m; ork', opömw&m;awGudk xkd;xGif;odygw,f/ 'Dvdk xdk;xGif;odwJh
or®m'd|dÓPf taMumif;ukd xyfNyD; ajymMu&atmif .../
bk&m;&Sifu r[mowdy|meokwåefrSm or®m'd|dudk (4)rsKd; cJGjcm;NyD; awmh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ --
uwrm p bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ ,H acg bdu©a0 'kau© ÓPH? 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH? 'ku©eda&ma" ÓPH?
'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH/ t,H 0kpöwd bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ (r-1-88/)
]]&[ef;wkdY ...or®m'd|d[lonf tb,fenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ...
1/ 'ku©opömü odaomÓPfç
2/ 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',opömü odaomÓPfç
3/ 'ku©csKyfaMumif; 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"opömü odaomÓPfç
4/ 'ku©csKyf&meda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf r*¾opömü odaomÓPf
þ (4)rsKd;aom todÓPfudk or®m'd|d[k ac:qdktyf\/}} --
'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ 'Dor®m'd|dÓPf av;rsKd;udkawmh pwkopöor®m'd|dvkdY
ac:qkdygw,f/ 'Dpwkopöor®m'd|d [mvnf; avmuDpwkopöor®m'd|d avmukwå&mpwkopöor®m'd|dqdkNyD;
ESpq
f if&h adS eygw,f/ avmuD0yd óemÓPfEiS v
hf nf; opömav;yg;udk xk;d xGi;f odygw,f? 0dyóemor®m'd|d odrYk [kwf
avmuDpwkopöor®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/ avmukwå&m t&d,r*fw&m;uvnf; opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif;odygw,f?
avmukwå&mpwkopöor®m'd|dvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu - avmukwå&mpwkopöor®m'd|dÓPfudk &&Sda&; twGuf avmuDpwkopöor®m'd|dÓPfudk
&&Sdatmif yxr BudK;pm;&yg w,f/ 'Dvdk BudK;pm;wJhtykdif;rSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu ckajymrnfh or®m'd|d trsKd;rsKd;awGudk
tqifq h if&h atmif BuKd ;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tMurf;pm; taeESihf 'Dor®m'd|ad wGukd cJw
G rf;csvu
dk v
f Qif tqifh (5)qifh
&Sdaeygw,f/
ur®óuwmor®m'd|d
1/ eHygwfwpf or®m'd|u
d awmh Ak'b ¨ mom0if olawmfpifwidk ;f rSm wnf&&dS rnfh uH-uH&UJ tusK;d udk vufc,H MkH unfwhJ
wwfodem;vnfwJh ur®óuwmor®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/ yxqifhtaeESifhawmh oifodtqifh jzpfygw,f/ rdb
q&morm; ponf w k d Y & J U oG e f o if j yorI u k d tajccH u m vuf c H , H k M unf x m;wJ h wwf o d e m;vnf a ewJ h
ur®óuwmor®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/
psmeor®m'd|d
2/ tJ'Duae aemufwpfqifhwufvkdufawmh psmeor®m'd|d jzpfyg w,f/ Oypm&orm"dvkdY ac:qkdwJh
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Oypm&psmefudkyJjzpfjzpfç tyÜem orm"dvkdYac:qkdwJh tyÜempsmefudkyJjzpfjzpf 'DpsmefESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd; rsKd;aom

psmefudk odkYr[kwf ESpfrsKd;vHk;aom psmefwdkYudk rdrdwkdYu &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;&r,f/ bmaMumifh 'DpsmefawGukd &&Sdatmif
BudK;pm;&ovJ¿ bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrlwJh 'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m; qkdwJh y&rwftppfjzpfwJh ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;awG[m orm"d&SdrS odEdkifvkdY jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd psmefawGudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;vkdufwJhtykdif;rSm 'D
psmeft*FgawGESifh ,SOfwJGNyD; jzpfay:aewJh or®m'd|dÓPfynmudk psme or®m'd|dvdkY ac:ygw,f/ odyfNyD; tvGefBuD;
tqifhrjrifhao;wJh or®m'd|d wpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemor®m'd|d
3/ 'Duae aemufwpfqifh wufvu dk af wmh 0dyóemor®m'd|d jzpf w,f/ 'kuo
© pömtrnf&wJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;
(= ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m;) awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwJh or®m'd|dç 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',opöm w&m;awGudk
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odwJh or®m'd|d - 'DESpfrsKd;aom or®m'd|dÓPfudk a&S;OD;pGm a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu &atmif
BudK;pm;&w,f/
'D 'k u © o pö m w&m; ork ' ,opö m w&m;awG [ m 0d y óemÓPf & J U t½I c H t m½H k a wG jzpf M uygw,f /
'D'ku©opömw&m;pkawGxJrSm txuf u ajymcJhwJh psmefw&m;awGvnf; yg0ifMuygw,f/ 'D 'ku©opömw&m;
ork',opömw&m;awGudk qkdif&mqkdif&m taMumif;w&m;awGu jyKjyif ay;rS jzpfay:vm&wJh w&m;awGjzpfvkdY
ocFg&w&m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/
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tm;aysmo h mG ;Ny?D 'grSr[kwv f nf; r&Sad wmhb;l ? ukecf ef;oGm;Ny/D tJ't
D csed t
f cgrSm bmukyd J MuMH u?H rdrv
d w
dk hJ tusK;d [m
rNyD;rpD;bJ &Sdwwfw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ ypöKyÜefrSm 'kp½kduf awGudkom avhvmvdkufpm;rI rsm;jym;aewJh 'Dyk*d¾KvftzdkY
twd w f u uk o d k v f u H u tusKd ; ay;zd k Y & ef tcgtcG i f h roif h a wmh b l ; / 'grS r [k w f v nf ; tusKd ; ay;aewJ h
twdwu f ok v dk u
f &H UJ t&Sed t
f 0gawGu ukecf ef;oGm;NyD qdv k Qiçf aemufxyf tusK;d ay;rnfh ukov dk uf uH vnf; tcgtcGihf
roifh ao;bl;qdkvQif raumif;wJh tukodkvfuHu tusKd;ay;zdkY&ef raumif; usKd;awG 0ifvmzdkY&ef tcefYoifh
jzpfaewwfw,f/ {nfha*[mawGu {nfhonfudk zdwfac:aeovkd jzpfwwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh --
]]aMumif;&if;Mur®m? uHrygvQif? MuH&mrNyD;? tcsnf;ESD;jzifh? ysufpD; wwfpGm? rcRwf&mwnfh? uvsmPm-uvsmP?
usifhur®jzifh? yknç ygy? udpötrI? cJGa0½Iaomf? tukodkvfç ukokdvf? ESpfckukdvnf;? rjyKvkdcJ? jyKvkd &J\/}}
ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkY&JU oabmu 'D ukokdvf tukokdvfwkdYudk rjyK csifbl;qdkvQifvnf; jyKvkyfzkdY&ef tifrwef
cJ,Of;aewwfwo hJ abm &Sd w,f/ 'if;wku
Yd kd jyKcsiv
f mNyD qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qiv
f nf; ukov
kd u
f ykd jJ zpfjzpfç tuk odv
k u
f ydk jJ zpfjzpf
jyKvkyfzdkY&ef tvGefvG,fulwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ &J&J0Hh0Hh jyKjzpfvmw,f/
]]uHrGJ rajymif? uH raqmifvQif? *kPfa&mif rvS? rxGef;ybl;? 'ku© vlUabmif? qif;&Jacgifvdrfh?}}
tusK;d ay;aewJh ukov
kd u
f aH wGu tm;r&Sad wmhvYdk txufukd jri§ hf wifay;Edik w
f hJ pGr;f tifawG r&SMd uawmhb;l qdv
k Qif
*kPfa&mifawGvnf; rvSawmhbl;? wjznf;jznf; usqif;oGm;NyD/
wcsKdUyk*d¾KvfawGqkdvQif twdwfu ukodkvfuH t&Sdeft0gaMumifh vl jzpfvm&aomfvnf; 'D ukodkvfuH
t&Sed t
f 0gawGu avsmo h mG ;Nyq
D v
dk Qif touft&G,f Bu;D &ifw
h hJ tcsed t
f cgusrS pD;yGm;a&;awG om;a&;awG orD;a&;awG
use;f rma&;awG tppt&m&mawG tm;vH;k tqifrajy jzpfomG ;Muw,f/ awmufajymifaewJh *kPt f &Sed t
f 0gawG[m
tukefvHk; ysufpD;oGm;wwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh --
]]usifhaqmifr,kwf? apmifhudk,fEIwfESifh? OykofjA[®? p&d,vnf;? umvtpOf? tjrJ,SOfavmh? zJMuOfapwem?
wpfnpmjzifh? t*Fgrysuf? aeYwpf0ufrQ? usKd;pufvGefatmif? rif;jzpfaqmif\/}}
um,uH pifMu,frI &Sdatmifç 0pDuH pifMu,frI &Sdatmifç raemuH pifMu,frI &Sdatmif jznfhusifhyg/ Oykof-
oDwif; usifhoHk;yg/ omoemh jA[®p&d, r*¾jA[®p&d,ac:wJh rGefjrwfaom oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf
ynmusif h p Of a wG u k d r*f q d k u f zk d v f q d k u f o nf h w d k i f a tmif jznf h u sif h y g/ aeY w pf 0 uf r Q apmif h o H k ; tyf w J h
OykofoDvuaomfvnf; rif;jzpfatmif ydkYaqmifay;EkdifwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
aool ESifh raool

]]q,fyg; ynwf? ukodkvf&yfudk? jyKtyfNyD;onf? vl wrnfum;? vlUjynf ewfyJG? &rcJwnf;? ,lpJGrkcs? ,Gif;rcGbl;/
}}
'gaMumifh 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukodkvfq,fck jrwfaumif;rIawGukd atmifatmifjrifjrif
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jyKpkysKd;axmifxm; NyD;wJh vlom;wpfOD;om jzpfygap? a&SUuajymcJhwJh or®m'd|dÓPftjrif ig;rsKd;ESifhom
jynfph ykH gap - 'Dvo l m;wpfO;D twGuf vlUjynf-ewfjynf vlUcsr;f om-ewfcsr;f omqdwk hJ oHo&mcsr;f omawG[m &&Szd &Ykd ef
rcufcJ awmhNyD? usdef;ao &&SdEdkifNyDjzpfw,f/ pwkopöor®m'd|dqdkwJh rSefuefwJh todtjrif &&Sdxm;NyD;wJh
'Dolawmfaumif;tzdkY oHo&mc&D;rSm t,l0g'&JU azmufjyef ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;qdkwJh 'Doabmw&m;[m b,fawmhrS
r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/
]]'ge oDv? ukovü? vHkYvvTwfavsmh? av;zifhayghí? arhavsmh aomol? olao [l\/ -- tvSLoDwif;?
ruif;bm0em? rcsm&ufaeY? rarhavsmhwwf? xkdoljrwfwdkY? vl ewf cE¨m? ajymif;vJumvQif? csrf;om okc?
rysufMuaMumifh? b0oabm? a&GUavsmjcif;[l? pkwdrlvnf;? aool rrnf? [lwHkonfwnf;/}} (rCa'0-pmydk'f-291/)
'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudk jyKpk ysKd;axmifzkdY&ef rBudK;pm;bJ arharhavsmhavsmh
ayghayghqq aexkdifum 'DukodkvfawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifzdkY vHkYv0D&d,ukd vTwfcsxm;wJh yk*¾dKvf awGudk vlaoawGvkdY
ac:qdkygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif
tjyif; txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygrS txufrSm ajymjycJhwJh or®m'd|dÓPftjrif trsKd;rsKd;awGukd &&SdrSm jzpfw,f/
'D or® m 'd | d ÓPf t jrif a wG u txl ; ojzif h - 0d y óemor® m 'd | d - r*¾ o r® m 'd | d - zvor® m 'd | d q k d w J h
'Dor®m'd|dÓPfawGu rao&m tNrdKuf edAÁmefudk a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dor®m'd|d ÓPftjrif
awGudk r&&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawGç &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI r&SdwJh yk*¾dKvf awG[m rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefudk b,fvkdrS
r&&SdEkdifbl;/
rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefokdY ra&muf&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m wpfb0NyD; wpfb0 aoaeMu&rSmcsnf; jzpfw,f? aovkdY
rqHk;Edkifawmhbl;/ 'D yk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf tyg,fav;bHkqdkwJh wHcg;BuD;u tjrJwrf; yGifhae w,f/ tyg,fav;bHkodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;wJh yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,muftwGuf tkd-em-aoa&; 'ku©ab;rS vGwfajrmufzkdYqkdwJh tcGifhtvrf;onf tvGef
tvSrf;a0;vsuf &Sdaew,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ tkd-em-aoa&; 'ku©ab;rS vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;jzpfwJh orx-
0dyóemuJo h aYkd om w&m;aumif; awGukd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf q Ykd w
kd hJ tcGit
hf a&;u tyg,f av;bHrk mS
r&&SdEkdif jzpfaejcif;aMumifh jzpfw,f/
yHkpHwpfck xkwfjy&vQifawmh 'k-o-e-aomqkdwJh olaX;om; (4)OD;wkdY jzpfMuygw,f/ 'DolaX;om; (4)OD;wkdY[m
'DaeY avm[ukrÇDi&JrSmyJ wnf &Sdaewkef;yJ jzpfygw,f/ i&JrS vGwfcsifuRwfcsifwJh tmomqE´"mwfawGç oDv-
orm"d-ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifhjrwfawGudk jzLjzLpifpifESifh jznfhusifhcsifwJh tmomqE´"mwfawGu b,fvkdyif
jyif;jyayrJhvkdY olwdkY vlUb0wkef;u vGefusL;cJhwJh tukodkvfuH t&Sdeft0gawGu rukefao; awmh tJ'Di&JrS uRwfcGifh
vGwcf iG uhf kd b,fvrdk S r&&SEd idk f jzpfaeMuw,f/ rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ efoaYdk &mufaMumif; usiphf Ofaumif;awGukd rusiEhf ikd f
jzpfaeMuw,f/ i&JrS uRwfcGifhvGwfcGifh r&ao;awmh 'Di&JrSmyJ 'Dtyg,f av;bHkrSmyJ aemufxyf xyfumxyfum
ao&rnfhoabm &Sdw,f/
'gaMumif h - ud k , f u sif h o D v uvnf ; raumif ; wJ h ç 'ge-oD v -orx-0d y óem
tpjzmwJh ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;&yfawGrSmvnf; arharhavsmhavsmh ayghayghqq aeaewJhç om;ESifhaysmf orD;ESifhaysmf
ZeD;ESifhaysmf ypönf; awGESifhaysmf umr*kPfawGESifh taysmfBuD; aysmfaewJh yk*d¾KvfawG[m aemufxyfwpfzef
tyg,fav;bHkrSma&m oHo&mc&D;rSma&m Budrfzef rsm;pGm xyfumxyfum aoaus&rnfh oabm&SdwJhtwGuf
'Dyk*¾dKvfawG udk bk&m;&Sifu --

a, yrwåm ,xm rwm/ ("r®y')
touf y if & S i f a eaomf v nf ; aool a wG v d k Y a[mMum;xm;awmf r l y g w,f / rao&mtNrd K uf e d A Á m ef o d k Y
oGm;&mvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY ra&muf&Sd ao;wJh yk*d¾KvfawG jzpfMuygw,f/
'gayrJ h 'ge-oD v -orx-0d y óem tpjzmwJ h uk o d k v f w &m;wd k Y u d k rarh r avsmh tjyif ; txef
vHv
Yk BuKd ;ukwt
f m;xkwaf ewJh olawmfojl rwf wd[ Yk m txufrmS ajymcJwh hJ or®m'd|Ó
d PfynmtrsK;d rsK;d wdEYk iS hf jynfph v
kH m
wJhtcg 'Dpwkopöor®m'd|dÓPfawGu 'Dolawmfaumif;awGudk rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefodkY {uefxkwfacsmuf
a&mufatmif ydkYaqmifay;rSm jzpf wJhtwGuf 'Dyk*¾dKvfawG[m y&dedAÁmefrpHrDtwGif;0,f b0wpfckrS b0 wpfckokdY
a&GUavsmjcif;oabm &SdayrJhvkdY olwdkY r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfwdkYjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifxm;wJh &&Sdxm;wJh edAÁmefcsrf;om
w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D [m ysupf ;D oGm;½k;d "r®wm a&GUavsmoGm;½k;d "r®wm r&Sw
d thJ wGuf 'Dy*k K¾d vrf sK;d awGuakd wmh aoolawGvYdk
rac:bl;/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; --
tyÜrwåm e rD,EÅd? ("r®y')
raowJholawGvdkY 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ olwdkY&&Sdxm;wJh edAÁmefcsrf;omBuD;om rysufpD;onf
r[kwfbl;/ 'Dolawmfaumif;awGtzdkY oHo&mc&D;qdkwm &SdaeOD;r,fqdkvQif olwdkY&&SdEkdifwJh ok*wdqdkwJh csrf;om
BuD;[mvnf; rysufpD;Ekdifbl;/ b,fvkd rysufpD;EkdifovJ¿ vlcsrf;omukd tvdk&SdvQif vlcsrf;omukdç ewfcsrf;omudk
tvdk&SdvQif ewfcsrf;omukdç jA[®mcsrf;omudk tvdk&SdvQif jA[®mcsrf;omukd vG,fvG,fESifh &&SdEkdifyg w,f/ olwdkY
&&Sdxm;wJh or®m'd|dÓPfOD;aqmifaewJh ukokdvfuHawGu 'Dvdkcsrf;omawGudk a&muf&Sdatmif usdef;ao
aqmif&Gufay;MurSm jzpf w,f/ 'Dvdk csrf;omawGu a&GUavsmNyD;awmh tyg,fav;bHkodkY jyefvnf a&muf&Sdjcif;qdkwJh
'Doabmw&m;awG[m b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdif r&SdEdkifbl;/
'gaMumifh olw&Ykd &Sw
d hJ csr;f omokcudk jrw
J ,fvaYdk jymjcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk csr;f omokcawGukd &&Syd EkH iS hf ywfoufvYkd
'DaeYrSm bkef;BuD;uvnf; pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;ukd pHxm;NyD;a[mzdkY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f/
0dyv’mo\pGrf;tif
]]0dyv’mo? azmufjyefuvnf;? arm[vTrf;NyD;? t,loD;í? pyg;BuD; csufNid? [lwkHbdodkY? t0DpdoGm;? tusifhrSm;ukd?
jrpfwm;r&? qHk;r rem? &SdwwfpGmcJh/}}
0dyv’mow&m; (3)yg; &Sdygw,f/ --
1/ onm0dyv’mo = trSwfrSm;rIç
2/ pdwå0dyv’mo = todrSm;rIç
3/ 'd|d0dyv’mo = t,lrSm;rI --
'Dvdk 0dyv’mo (3)rsKd;&Sdw,f/ bmawGukd trSwfrSm; todrSm; t,l rSm;aewmvJ¿
1/ tedpöw&m;awGudk edpö (= jrJw,f)vkdY trSwfrSm;w,f todrSm;w,f t,lrSm;w,f/
2/ 'ku©w&m;awGudk okcvdkY (= csrf;omw,fvkdY) trSwfrSm;w,f tod rSm;w,f t,lrSm;w,f/
3/ tewåw&m;awGukd twåvkdY trSwfrSm;w,f todrSm;w,f t,l rSm;w,f/
4/ tokbw&m;awGudk okbvdkY (= wifhw,fw,fvkdY) trSwfrSm;w,f todrSm;w,f t,lrSm;w,f/
tm;vHk;aygif;vkdufawmh trSwfrSm;rI (= onm0dyv’mo)u (4)rsKd;ç todrSm;rI (= pdwå0dyv’mo)u (4)rsKd;ç
t,lrSm;rI (= 'd|d0dyv’mo)u (4)rsKd;? aygif; - 0dyv’mo (12)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/

'Dae&mrSm tedpö-'ku©-tewå-tokbw&m;awGudk edpö-okc-twå-okbvdkY trSwfrSm;rI todrSm;rI t,lrSm;rI
jzpfae&m 'Dtedpöw&m;-'ku©w&m;-tewåw&m;-tokbw&m;awGu bmawGvJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdw,f/
tedpEö Åd cEÿÍöuH/ (0dok'¨d-2-276/)
tedpö-'ku©-tewå-tokbw&m;awGqdkwm Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;ukdyJ qdkvkdygw,f? wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh
ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk; jzpfMuygw,f/
oaAÁ ocF g &m ted p ö m 'k u © m tewå m ...ponf j zif h bk & m;&S i f u a[mMum;xm;awmf r l w J h t wG u f
ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;[m tedpö-'ku©-tewå-tokbw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dtedpö-'ku©-tewå-tokbjzpfwJh 'DocFg&w&m;awGudk y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif xGif;azmuf
rodwt hJ wGuf edpyö -J okcyJ-twåy-J okbyJvYdk 'Dvdk trSwrf mS ;rI-todrmS ;rI-t,lrmS ;rIqw
kd hJ azmufjyefcRwf ,Gi;f aewJh
'DrmS ;,Gi;f csuf 0dyv’mow&m;awG[m rdrw d &Ykd UJ oEÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJt
h cg y&rw¬opömw&m;awGukd [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG
xkd;xGif; rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wJharm[uvnf; tvGeftm;aumif;aeNyDqdk vQif 'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u
t,l0g'wpfckckudk oGm;NyD; pGJ,lrdr,fqdkvQif 'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfrsKd;[m t,l tifrwef oD; (onf;) wwfwJh yk*¾dKvfrsKd;
jzpfwwf w,f? y&rw¬opöm trSefw&m;ukd xkd;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;aevdkY jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd yk*Kd¾ vrf sK;d awG[m t0Dpid &J txG#w
f yfxm;wJh tyg,f (4)bHu
k kd a&mufapEkid w
f hJ pGr;f tifawG tjynft
h 0&Sad ewJh
'kp½dkufawGukd rjyKrusifh ygESifhvkdY wm;jrpfaomfvnf; wm;jrpfvkdYr&Ekdif &Sdwwfw,f/ qHk;rpum;ukd vufrcHvkdwJh
pdwfxm;awGuom olU&JU pdwftpOfrSm vTrf;rdk;aewwf w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ trSwfawGuvnf; rSm;aeNyD?
todawGuvnf; rSm;aeNyD? t,lawGuvnf; rSm;aeNyD/
tedpöw&m;awGukd edpövdkY rSwfw,f? edpövkdY odw,f? edpövkdY ,HkMunf w,f/ raeYuvnf; ]]ighom;yJ}}? 'DaeYvnf;
]]ighom;yJ}}? eufjzefvnf; ]]ighom;yJ}}/ raeYuvnf; ]]ighorD;yJ}}? 'DaeYvnf; ]]ighorD;yJ}}? eufjzef vnf; ]]ighorD;yJ}} -
ponfjzifh trSwrf mS ;rI todrmS ;rI t,lrmS ;rIawGu ol&UJ pdwt
f pOfrmS ae&mtjynfh ,lxm;wJt h wGuaf Mumihf jzpfw,f/
tvm;wlyJ 'ku©jzpfaewJh w&m;awGudk okcvdkYç tewåjzpfaewJh w&m;awGukd twåvkdYç tokbjzpfaewJh
w&m;awGudk okbvkdY trSwf rSm;aew,f todrSm;aew,f t,lrSm;aew,f pGJvrf;,HkMunfaew,f/
tJ'vD dk pGv
J rf;csuaf wGuvnf; odyt f m;aumif;vmNyD arm[w&m; awGuvnf; odyzf pd ;D vTr;f rk;d vmNyD qkv d &Ydk v
dS Qif
'D'pk ½du
k af wGukd rvGef usL;ygESiv hf Ykd 'Dy*k Kd¾ vrf sK;d udk oGm;ajymayrJv h Ydk - olUrSm 'D'pk ½ku
d af wGukd pGev Yf w
T Ef ikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm;r&Sd
jzpfwwfw,f/ pGev Yf w
T Ef ikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm;awGu r&Sjd zpfcv hJ Qif rSm;,Gi;f aewJh 'Dtusiu hf ykd J tvGeaf umif;rGef rSeu f efaewJh
edAÁmefuJhodkYaom csrf;omxl;BuD;ukd jzpfapwwfwJh usifhpOfwpfcktjzpf vnf; pGJ,lwwfw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh
ruao;bl; --
]]ynmtm;enf;? o'¨gonf;u? t&nf;rnfum? ,lrdpämü? o'¨g av;jrwf? qnf;uyfwwf\/}}
yk*K¾d vw
f pfa,muf[m opöm (4)yg; trSewf &m;ukd xk;d xGi;f odwwf wJh pwkopöor®m'd|Ó
d Pfqw
kd hJ ynm"mwfu
odyt
f m;enf;aew,f/ odaYk omf MunfnKd o'¨guawmh awmfawmfav;udk aumif;aew,f/ tJ'D vkd yk*Kd¾ vaf wGusawmh
bmjzpfwwfjyefovJ¿ --
]]t&nf;rnfum? ,lrdpämü? o'¨gav;jrwf? qnf;uyfwwf\}}-wJh/
[kda&S;acwfuawmh &[ef;awmfrsm;ukd t&nf;vkdY ac:qkdMuygw,f/ txl;ojzifhawmh t&nf;qdkwm

&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfrsm;udkac:wJh trnfwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ emrnfuawmh t&nf; (= &[ef;) rSefw,f/ 'gayrJh t,l
0g'u rdpämt,lawGukd ,laew,f/ &[ef;jzpfygvsuf &wemoHk;yg;udk ausmay;NyD; rif;BuD;-rif;uav;udk
udk;uG,fw,f? bkd;bdk;BuD;udk ukd;uG,f w,f? txufq&mBuD;awGukd ukd;uG,fw,f? 0dZÆm"kd&fa,mufsm;awGukd
ukd;uG,fw,f - ponfjzifh &wemoHk;yg;&JU tjyifbufrSm&SdwJh t&m0w¬K awGudk ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfaewwfw,f/
tJ'vD kd uk;d uG,q
f nf;uyfaewJh bke;f Bu;D awGuv
dk nf; 'g,um 'g,dumrawGu wpfqifjh yefNy;D uk;d uG,f Mujyefw,f/
aemufwpfck jzpfwwfyHk &Sdao;w,f/ ]]bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh 'D½kyf'DemrfawGukd 0dyóemr½Ivnf;
r*fzvdk ef Ad mÁ efudk &Ekid yf gw,f/ 'Dt0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqw
dk hJ twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;awG aMumifh cE¨mig;yg;
(= ½kyfemrf)w&m;wkdYjzpfyHkukd r½Ivnf; r*fzkdvfedAÁmefudk &Ekdifygw,f/}} 'Dvkd yk*d¾KvfwpfOD;OD;u vmajymcJhvQifvnf;
'DvdkajymwJh yk*d¾KvfrsKd;ukd ,HkMunfpdwfcspGmjzifh oGm;a&mufum ukd;uG,fqnf;uyf wwfjyefw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
rdrdukd,fwdkifu pwkopöor®m'd|dÓPfukd [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm r&&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck --
]]y&rwft&m? rvdr®mbJ? o'¨g EkHYeJ? ynmuJvnf;? tvGJajy;0if? tjrif,Gif;cG? wdrf;yg;Muvsuf? rD;jyorm;?
wGif;uRHrSm;okdY? q,fyg; aumif;rI? vSL0w¬Kukd? pGefYjyKrvTwf? pdwåKyÜg'frQ? 'getvSL? ajrmufaom [lí? t,lazmufvGJ?
rdpämpJG\/}}
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf[m y&rw¬ÓPfynmrsufpd r&Sdbl;/ ½kyfw&m; awGudk y&rwfodkYqkdufatmif [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
or® m 'd | d Ó Pf y nmjzif h ud k , f w k d i f r suf a rS m uf xG i f ; azmuf r od b l ; / emrf w &m;awG u d k v nf ; y&rwf od k Y
ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodbl;/ t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-
ocFg&-uHqdkwJh taMumif; w&m;awGaMumifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkukdvnf; or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh
ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodbl;/ taMumif; w&m;ESifhwuGaom 'Dy&rwf ½kyfemrfwkdY&JU tedpöoabm-
'k u © o abm-tewå o abm-tok b oabmawG u d k v nf ; or® m 'd | d Ó Pf y nmjzif h ud k , f w k d i f r suf a rS m uf
xGif;azmufrodbl;/ 'Dvdk rodrIawGudk wpfyHkBuD; xrf;um oHo&mrSm vrf;ovm;aewJh olawG[m ]]y&rwft&m
rvdr®m wJh}}yk*d¾KvfawG jzpfMuw,f/
'Dvkd y&rwft&mrSm vdr®muRrf;usifrIr&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf[m y&rwft&mrSm rvdr®m½HkwGifomru
&wemoH;k wef uH-uH&UJ tusK;d w&m;wkt
Yd ay:ü ,HMk unfcsuf o'¨gw&m;uvnf; odyt f m;enf;aeNyD qkMd upd/Yk 'gayrJh
ynmu vGefuJaejyefw,f/ bmynmawG vGefuJovJ vkdY ar;vQifawmh tajzuawmh - y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd
r&SdayrJhvkdY wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh t"d*rokwac:wJh usifhodjzifh xkd;xGif;odxm; wJh y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd
r&SdayrJhvkdY wjcm;wjcm; A[kokwa&;&m ynmt&yf&yfawGudkawmh olu uRrf;usifw,f/ wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh
y&d,wfw&m; tawmftwefudkvnf; oifodtaeESifhawmh odxm; w,f/ tJ'Dvdk uRrf;usifvmNyDqdkvQifawmh
bmjzpfvmwwfovJ¿
'Dyk*¾dKvfu pGJ,lNyD - ]]tdk ...'geqkdwm oGm;NyD;jyKaezdkY rvdkygbl;/ pdwfxJuae pdwful;ESifh vSLaevQifvnf;
'geukodkvf jzpfygw,f}} qkdNyD; awmh 'Dvdk azmufvGJazmufjyef rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;ESifh rdpämt,l0g'awGudk oGm;NyD;
pGJaewwfw,f/ rD;jyorm; wGif;uRHrSm;odkY jzpfwwfw,f/
ntcgrSm awmvrf;c&D;udk oGm;Mu&m a&SUu rD;jywJhyk*d¾Kvfu wGif;xJ acsmufxJ usoGm;NyDqkdvQif aemufu
vkdufvmwJholawG[m vrf;rSef ay:odkYa&mufzkdY vrf;rSeftwdkif; c&D;qufzdkYqkdwm tvGefcufcJoGm;NyD/
'DypkH t
H wkid ;f yJ - y&rwft&m rvdrm® bJ o'¨g EkeYH J ynmuJvmygu t,lazmufvu JG m edAmÁ efa&mufaMumif;r[kww
f hJ
rdpämt,l0g'awGudk edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOftjzpf rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; pGJ,laewwf w,f/ tJ'Dvkd pGJNyDqdkvQif
bmjzpfvmwwfovJ¿
]]vdyfcJyrm? jrJjrHpGmvsuf? owå0gwpfa,muf? ,lrSm;arSmufukd? odef; avmuf bk&m;? vSefaomtm;jzifh?
a[mMum;acscRwf? ajzrvGwfbl;/}}
t,l0g'wpfcu k dk pGNJ yq
D v
kd &Ykd v
dS Qif vdycf w
J yhJ pkH EH iS hf pGw
J wfw,f/ vdyf rsm;u t&m0w¬Kwpfcu
k kd udu
k v
f u
kd Nf yq
D v
kd Qif
vG,fvG,fESifh b,fawmhrS rvTwfbl;? odyfNyD; jrJjrJjrHjrH ukdufcJwwfwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ tJ'DyHkpH twkdif;yJ
yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,muf[m y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpduvnf; r&SdbJ o'¨guvnf; EHkYeJvmNyDqdkvQif wjcm;wjcm;
A[kokwa&;&m ÓPfynm awGuvnf; odyfxufjrufvmNyD qdkvdkY&SdvQif t&m0w¬Kwpfckudk vdyfu ae
uk d u f c J x m;onf h yH k p H t wk d i f ; rS m ;,G i f ; azmuf j yef a ewJ h rd p ä m t,l 0 g' awG u d k jrJ j rJ j rH j rH E S i f h
pGJvrf;qkyfudkifxm;wwfwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
tJ'v D dk jrjJ rjJ rjH rH pGv
J rf;qkyu
f ikd x f m;NyD pG,
J x
l m;NyD qdv
k Qiaf wmh 'Dvkd pGv
J rf; qkyu
f idk x
f m;wJh owå0gwpfa,muf[m
rSm;,Gif;aeNyD jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd rSm;,Gif;aewJh t,l0g'udk vufqkyfvufukdif pGJ,lxm;wJh owå0g wpfa,mufudk
tqlwpfoed ;f rQaom bk&m;&Siw f u Ydk olU&JU rSm;,Gi;f aewJh t,l0g'awGudk ajymif;jyefveS Nf y;D rSeu f efwhJ w&m;"r®awGukd
a[mjyum vma&muf acscRwfayrJhvkdY b,fvkdrS ruRwfEkdifwJh oabm&Sdw,f/
]]tuRwfr&? ed,wjzifh? 0g'tvdk? ajrBuD; rsKdvnf;? ,ludk pGefYbJ? tusifhvGJí? i&JcHvdrfhrnfaomaMumifh/}}
(rCa'0-pmykd'f-319/)
'Dvdk tuRwfr&wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;[m jrJjrHpGm qkyfudkifxm;wJh rdrd&JU t,l0g'udk ajrrsKdawmif rpGefYvTwfbJ
&Sdaewwfw,f/ rrSefruef rSm;,Gif;aewJh tusifhukdyJ qufvuf usifhaewwfw,f/ 'DrSm;,Gif; azmufjyefwJh
usipfh OfawGaMumifh aoonf\ tjcm;rJüh i&JoYkd a&muf&dS Edik w
f hJ oabm&Sad ew,f? apwd,rif;wkvYd dk jzpfwwfygw,f/
'gaMumifh w&m;emy&dowfjzpfMuwJh 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD; awG ...,ckvkd omoemawmfjrwfBuD;ESifh
awGUcku d f MuKH cu
dk f qHck u
kd rf mS tJ'v
D dk t,l0g' azmufvaGJ ewJh 'Drpd mä t,l0g'udk vdycf yJ rm jrjJ rpH mG pGv
J rf;qkyu
f ikd x
f m;wJçh
wpfoed ;f avmufaom bk&m;&Siw f Ydk 0kid ;f cRwaf omf vnf; ruRwEf ikd w
f hJ b0rsK;d udk ra&mufatmif 'DaeY-'Dv-'DEpS af wGrmS
rdrdwdkY&JUoEÅmefü --
½kyfawGemrfawGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodwJh y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwwfwJh y&rwf ÓPfynmrsufpdç taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom 'D½kyfemrfwkdY&JU tedpö oabm-
'k u © o abm-tewå o abm-tok b oabmawG u d k [k w f w k d i f ; rS e f p G m xk d ; xG i f ; od w wf w J h od a ewJ h
y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpdç tocFw "mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;ukd xGif;azmufodjrifaewJh
y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd? 'Dvdk tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;wJh ynmrsufpdawG udk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfxm;zkdY
vdktyfygw,f/
'DynmrsufpdawG &&Sda&;twGuf tyg,f0#fqif;&JpwJh oHo&m0#f qif;&J 'ku©BuD;rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfawGudk tpDtpOfwus wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh jrifhoxuf jrifhatmif
&ifhoxuf&ifhatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfzdkY tvGef vkdtyfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tm;xkwfoGm;wJh
yk*¾dKvfawGxJu twk,l zG,f&maumif;wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;uawmh pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;yJ jzpfygw,f/
tcef; (2)
*dvme'óeokwåefa&SUydkif;
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; usifhpOfawGxJu pdwåoH,kwfü vm&SdwJh *dvme 'óeokwåefudk jynfwnfNyD;awmh
emrnfausmfjzpfwJh pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;taMumif;udk a[mzdkY bkef;BuD; a&G;cs,fxm;ygw,f/
]]w&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdv Yk nf; pdwo
å <l u,f ausmif; 'g,umBu;D udk twkvu
kd Nf y;D usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMu ygap}} - 'Dvdk arwåm apwem a&SUxm;NyD;awmh 'DokwåefawGudk a&G;cs,f NyD; a[mMum;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ uJ emMunfhMu&atmif .../
awe acg ye ora,e pdawåm *[ywd tmAm"daum a[mwd 'ku©dawm AmV§*dvmaem/ (oH-2-491/)
awe acg ye ora,e = xdt k cgüum;/ pdawåm *[ywd = pdwo å <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D onf/ tmAm"daum
= usifemcHcuf ESdyfpufzdpD;tyfaom tema&m*g&Sdonfjzpfí/ 'ku©dawm = jzpfaom ukd,f\qif;&Jjcif;&Sdonf/
AmV§*dvmaem = tjyif;txef rusef;rrm jzpfvsufaeonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay\/pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;
- wpfcsed rf mS ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufwthJ csed af ygh? tema&m*gawGu tjyif;txef ESyd pf ufaeNy?D r&PEÅu
d -
a0'emvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh aojcif;vQif tqkH;tykdif;tjcm; &SdaewJh a&m*ga0'emawGu uyfa&mufvmNyD jzpfw,f/
'D v k d ao&manmif a pmif ; avsmif ; puf & rnf h tcsd e f t cgrsKd ; onf 'D a eY w&m;a[maewJ h y k * ¾ d K vf
w&m;emaewJhyk*¾dKvfawGvnf; wpfaeYrSm taES; ESifhtjref rcRwf{uef awGUMu&rnfh tcsdeftcgrsKd;om jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dvkd ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufwJh tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm rdrdwkdYtwGuf bm awGrsm; tm;ukd;p&m&SdovJ¿
pdwfcsvufcs tm;ukd;&wJh w&m;aumif;awG igwkdYrSm &Sdxm;NyD;NyDvm;qdkwJh tcsufudk jyefvnfqef;ppfzkdY vkdygw,f/
tJ ' D v k d pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; u ao&m anmif a pmif ; avsmif ; puf a ewJ h tcsd e f t cgrS m
bmjzpfvmovJ¿ --
tx acg orÁ[kvm tm&mra'0wm 0ea'0wm ½ku©a'0wm Moo"dwdP0eyÜwDok t"d0w¬m a'0wm
o*Fr® orm*r® pdwåH *[ywð {w'a0gpkH --
tx acg = xkt d cgü/ orÁ[vk m = rsm;pGmukeaf om/ tm&mra'0wm = tm&mrfapmifh ewfwoYdk nf/ 0ea'0wm
= awmapmifh ewfwkdYonf/ ½ku©a'0wm = opfyifapmifh ewfwkdYonf/ Moo"dwdP0eyÜwDok t"d0w¬m a'0wm =
aq;yif jrufyif awmpkd;opfyifwkdYü apmifha&Smufpkd;tkyf aexkdifMuukefaom ewfwkdYonf/ o*Fr® orm*r® =
tnDtñGwf aygif;pkMuukefí/ pdwåH *[ywð = pdwåol<u,f ausmif; 'g,umBuD;ukd/ {wH 0peH = þpum;ukd/
ta0gpkH = ajymqkdMuav ukefNyD/
tm&mrfapmifeh wfawGç awmapmifeh wfawGç opfyifapmifeh wfawGç aq;yifawG jrufyifawG awmpk;d opfyifawGrmS
pkd;tkyfNyD; aexkdifwJh ewftaygif;awG pka0;NyD;awmh pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;xH vmNyD; ajymMuw,f/
b,fvkdajymMuovJ¿ --
yPda"[d *[ywd ]tem*wr'¨geH &mZm tóH puú0wåD}wd/
*[ywd = ausmif;'g,umBuD; .../ tem*wr'¨geH = aemif tem*wf umvü/ &mZm puú0wåd =
pMu0aw;rif;BuD;onf/ tóH = jzpf&vkd\/ £wd = þokdY/ yPda"[d = awmifhwvkdufprf;yg/
]]pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD; ... aemiftem*wfumvü pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpf&vkd\vkdY 'Dvkd pdwfxJu

awmifhwprf;yg}} qkdNyD; awmh 0kdif;NyD;ajymMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd 0kdif;NyD;ajymvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm pdwåol<u,f
ausmif;'g,umBuD;u 'DewfawGukd bmjyefajymovJ¿ -
]]wrÜd tedpöH? wrÜd t'¨K0H? wrÜd y[m, *reD,}}EÅd/
wrÜd = xdkpMu0aw;rif;\ pnf;pdrfonfvnf;yJ/ tedpöH = jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfwJh teufoabmaMumifh
tedpw ö &m;omwnf;/ wrÜd = xkd pMu0aw;rif;Bu;D \ pnf;pdro f nfvnf;yJ/ t'¨K0H = rcdik cf w
hH hJ t'¨K0 w&m;omwnf;/
wrÜ d = xk d p Mu0aw;rif ; BuD ; \ pnf ; pd r f o nf v nf ; yJ / y[m, = wpf a eY w G i f y,f p G e f Y í / *reD , H =
oGm;&rnfhoabmw&m; omwnf;/
]]'DpMu0aw;rif;Bu;D &JU pnf;pdrq
f w
kd mvnf; jzpfNy;D ysuaf ewJh tedpö w&m;om jzpfw,f? rcdik cf w
hH hJ t'¨K0w&m;om
jzpfw,f/ 'DpMu0aw; rif;&JU pnf;pdrfqkdwm wpfaeY y,fpGefYoGm;&rnfh oabmw&m;om jzpfyg w,f}} qkdNyD;awmh
'Dvkd pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u ewfawGukd jyefNyD;awmh ajymw,f/
'DvdkajymvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm ab;em;rSm 0kdif;tkHNyD; xkdifaeMuwJh apmihfa&SmufaeMuwJh aqGrsKd;awG rdwfaqGawG
&SMd uw,f/ 'DaqGrsK;d om;csi;f awG rdwaf qGawGu ewfawGajymwJh pum;oHuakd wmh rMum; Mu&bl;? pdwo å <l u,fajymwJh
pum;oHudkom Mum;Mu&w,f/ 'gaMumifh olwdkYu pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;ukd bmajymMuovJ¿ --
owð t,sykwå Oy|ay[d? rm 0dyÜvyd/
t,sykwå = t&Sifhom; .../ owð = owdukd/ Oy|ay[d = a&S; ½I wnfapyg/ rm 0dyÜvyd = ua,mifuwrf;
a,mif,rf;jrnfwrf;í rajymqkdygESifh/
]]t&Sifhom; ...owdxm;yg? ua,mifuwrf; a,mif,rf; jrnf wrf;NyD;awmh rajymqkdygESifh}} qdkNyD;awmh ab;u
rdwfaqGawG aqGrsKd;awG arG;csif;awGu 0dkif;NyD;awmh owday;Muw,f/ xdktcsdeftcgrSm pdwå ol<u,f
ausmif;'g,umBuD;u --
]]ig[m bmawGudkrsm; ua,mifuwrf; a,mif,rf;jrnfwrf;NyD; ajymqkdaevdkY oifwdkYu ighudk 'Dvdk
owday;aeMu&wmvJ}} vdYk jyefNy;D awmh ar;w,f/ ar;vdu
k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm ab;u rdwaf qG aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGu
bmjyefajymMuovJ --
]]wrÜd tedpöH? wrÜd t'¨K0H? wrÜd y[m, *reD,}}EÅd/
wrÜd = xdk[monfvnf;yJ/ tedpöH = jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfwJhteuf oabmaMumifh tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ wrÜd
= xdk[monfvnf;yJ/ t'¨K0H = rcdkifcHhwJh t'¨K0 w&m;omwnf;/ wrÜd = xdk[monfvnf;yJ/ y[m, = wpfaeYwGif
y,fpGefYí/ *reD,H = oGm;&rnfh oabmw&m; omwnf;/
]]oifu tJ'v
D dk ajymaew,f/ xd[
k mvnf; rjrwJ hJ tedpw
ö &m;om jzpfw,f/ xd[
k mvnf; rckid cf w
hH hJ t'¨K0w&m;om
jzpfw,f/ xdk[mvnf; wpfaeY y,fpGefYoGm;&rnfh oabmw&m;om jzpfw,fvkdY oif 'Dvkd ajym aew,f/ bmaMumifh
oif 'Dvkd ua,mifuwrf; a,mif,rf;jrnfwrf; NyD; ajymae&ovJvkdY}} ab;u 0kdif;NyD; ajymMuw,f/
]]ig[m ua,mifuwrf; a,mif,rf;NyD; ajymaewm r[kwfbl;/ tm&mrfapmifhewfawGç awmapmifhewfawGç
opfyifapmifhewfawGç aq;yifawG jrufyifawG awmpkd;opfyifawGrSm pkd;tkyfNyD; aexkdifwJh ewftaygif;awGu
pk½kH;NyD;awmh ighukd vmajymaeMuw,f/

]yPda"[d *[ywd tem*wr'¨geH &mZm tóH puú0wåD}wd/
]pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD; ... aemiftem*wfumvü pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpf&ygvkd\vkdY 'Dvkd pdwfu
awmifhwvkdufprf;yg}- qkdNyD;awmh vmNyD;awmh 0kdif;NyD;awmh ighukd ajymaeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ajymaewJh ewfawGukd
igu wpfzef jyefNyD;awmh --
wrÜd tedpöH? wrÜd t'¨K0H? wrÜd y[m, *reD,H/
]'DpMu0aw;rif;&JU pnf;pdrf[mvnf; jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh tedpöw&m; om rSefw,f/ 'DpMu0aw;rif;&JU
pnf;pdrf[mvnf; rckdifcHhwJh t'¨K0 w&m;om rSefw,f/ 'DpMu0aw;rif;&JU pnf;pdrfqkdwmvnf; wpfaeYrSm
y,fpGefYNyD;oGm;&rnfh w&m;om rSefw,fvkdY}— 'Dvkd igu jyefajymaejcif; jzpfygw,f}} qkdNyD;awmh tajzay;&w,f/
tJ ' D t csd e f t cgrS m ab;em;rS m &S d a ewJ h aqG r sKd ; om;csif ; awG rd w f a qG awG u aeNyD ; awmh ]]oif h r S m
b,fvkdtusKd;xl;w&m;awGukd ewfawGu awGUaeMuvkdY 'Dvkd vmNyD;awmh wkdufwGef;aeMu&wmvJ}}qkdNyD;awmh ar;
jref;Muw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmjyefajzovJ¿
ewfawGu ighrSm 'Dvkd tusKd;xl;w&m;awGukd awGUjrifaeMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh olwkdYu wkdufwGef;wm/
b,fvkdtusKd;xl;w&m;awGvJ¿
pdwåol<u,f\ *kPf&nf
t,H acg pdawåm *[ywd oDv0g uvsmP"ar®m? oap yPd'[dówd ]tem*wr'¨geH &mZm tóH puú0wå}D wd?
wó acg t,H £ZÑdówd oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm/ "r®daum "r®duH zvH tEkyówd/
t,H acg pdawåm *[ywd = þpdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,um BuD;onfum;/ oDv0g = ukd,fusifhoDvESifh
jynfhpkH\/ uvsmP"ar®m = aumif;aomw&m;"r®ESifh jynfhpkH\/
taMumif;jycsuf ESpfckaygh/ pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u oDv &SdwJh olawmfaumif;BuD;vnf;jzpfw,f/
uvsmP"r®ac:wJh aumif;wJh w&m;"r®awGESifhjynfhpkHaewJh olawmfaumif;BuD;vnf;jzpfw,f/ 'DESpfcsuf ayghaemf/
b,fvkd uvsmP"r® - aumif;wJhw&m;awGESifh jynfhpkHovJ¿
tJ't
D ykid ;f ukd 'Dn OD;pm;ay;Ny;D a[mzkYd &nf&,
G x
f m;ygw,f? 'Dtykid ;f ukyd J csUJ xGiNf y;D a[mzkYd &nf&,
G x
f m;ygw,f/
aumif;wJh w&m;"r®awGESifh jynfhpkHw,f/ ukd,fusifhoDvESifhvnf; jynfhpkHw,f/ jynfhpkHwJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ¿
--
t[H = igonf/ tem*wr'¨geH = aemiftem*wfumvü/ &mZm puú0wåd = pMu0aw;rif;BuD;onf/ tóH =
jzpf&vdk\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ oap yPd'[dówd = tu,fí awmifhwcJhonfjzpftHh/ oDv0awm =
oD v &S d í aeaom/ wó = xd k p d w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; \/ t,H apawmyPd " d =
þpdwf&JUawmifhwcsufonf/ 0dok'¨wåm = oDvpifMu,faeonfhtwGufaMumifh/ £ZÑdówd = rcRwf {uef
jynfhpkHayvdrfhrnf/
'Dpw
d o
å <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D u uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D ESihf jynfph w
Hk hJ yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfw,f? uvsmP"r®ac:wJh aumif;wJh
w&m;"r®awGESifh jynfh0 aewJh olawmfaumif;vnf; jzpfw,f/ 'Dpdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,um BuD;rSm (0dok'¨wåm)
oD v awG pif M u,f a ewJ h t wG u f a Mumif h oD v pif M u,f aewJ h yk * ¾ d K vf u pd w f u ae awmif h w vk d u f w J h

awmifhwcsuf[lorQonf rcRwf{uef jynfhpkHayvdrfhr,f/
"r®daum = w&m;&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ "r®duH zvH = w&m;ESifhavsmfnD wJh tusKd;w&m;ukd/ tEkyówd = tzefzef
txyfxyf awGUjrifí ae&wwfay\/
w&m;&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfqkdwm w&m;ESifhavsmfnDaewJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd tzefzef txyfxyf rcRwf{uef
awGUjrif&wwfw,f/ tJ'Doabmukd 'DewfawGu awGUaew,f jrifaew,f/ 'gaMumifhrkdYvkdY --
]]'D p d w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; onf uk d , f u sif h o D v ES i f h jynf h p k H w,f ? uvsmP"r® a c:wJ h
aumif;aomw&m;"r®awGEiS v hf nf; jynfph aHk e wJh olawmfaumif;jzpfw,f/ 'Doal wmfaumif;Bu;D tzkYd pdwuf ae awmifh
wr,fqdkvQif awmifhwcsuf[lorQonf rcRwf{uef jynfhpkHEkdifw,fvdkY 'Dvdk ewfawGu odjrifaeMuw,f/
tu,fí aemiftem*wfumvrSm pMu0aw;rif; jzpfcsiyf gw,f qkw
d hJ 'Dpw
d u
f av;wpfco
k m awmifw
h vku d yf g/
awmifhwvkdufvQif 'D awmifhwcsufawGonf oDvpifMu,faeonfhtwGufaMumifh rcRwf {uef jynfhpkHvdrfhr,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿ --
w&m;&S d w J h y k * ¾ d K vf q k d w m w&m;ES i f h a vsmf n D a ewJ h tusKd ; w&m;awG u k d Bud r f z ef r sm;pG m xyf u mxyf u m
awGU&wwfygw,f}} --
'Dvkd oabmaygufNyD;awmh ewfawGu ighukd vmwkdufwGef;Mujcif; EId;aqmfMujcif; jzpfw,fqkdNyD; pdwåol<u,f
ausmif;'g,umBu;D u jyefNy;D awmh tajzay;w,f/ 'gayrJv h Ydk iguvnf; 'DewfawGudk ]]'DpMu0aw;rif;&JU pnf;pdr[
f m
vnf; jzpfNyD; ysufaewJh tedpöoabmw&m;om rSefw,f? rckdifcHhwJh t'¨K0oabmw&m;om rSefw,f? wpfaeY
y,fpGefYoGm;&rnfh w&m;om rSefw,fvkdY}} igu 'Dvkdjyefajymaewm qkdNyD;awmh pdwåol<u,f ausmif; 'g,umBuD;u
olU&JU aqGrsKd;om;csif; rdwfaqGawGudk tajzay;w,f? ua,mifuwrf; a,mif,rf;jrnfwrf;NyD;awmh ajymcsif&mawG
ajymae wmr[kwfbl;vdkY jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;vdkufw,f/
tJ'Dtydkif;rSmaygh? pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;rSm udk,fusifhoDvawGESifh b,fvdkjynfhpHkovJ¿ uvsmP"r®ac:wJh
aumif;aomw&m;"r®awGESifh b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh jynfhpHkaeovJ¿ 'Dtydkif;udk 'Dn
enf;enf;csJUxGifNyD; a[mMunfhMu&atmifaemf .../
"""
" "r®uxdu Oygoum tausmftarmf jzpfwJh

pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;[mvnf;
,ck . . a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemawmfwGif;rSm . .
y#dorÇd'gÓPfav;yg;ukd &&SdwJh
tem*grf t&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD;
jzpfwJhtwGuf . . .
(pmrsufESm -61/)
tcef; (3)
pdwåol<u,f\ yg&rDc&D;
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sif ESifh pdwåol<u,ftavmif;tvsm
pdwo å <l u,f 'g,umBu;D [m urÇmwpfoed ;f ESichf sND y;D awmh yg&rDrsK;d aph xlaxmifcw
hJ hJ olawmfaumif;Bu;D jzpfygw,f/
'DurÇmuae jyefa&wGuf cJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif vGefcJhwJh urÇmwpfodef;xufu avmurSm y'krkwå& jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
xdky'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemawmfwGif;ü 'Dpdwåol<u,f ausmif; 'g,um[m trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD;
olaX;om;wpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f/
tJ'DolaX;om;u wpfaeY y'krkwå&bk&m;&SifxHoGm;NyD;awmh w&m;em ,lwJh tcsdeftcg y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifu
vlOygoum 'g,umawGxu J w&m;a[maumif;wJh 'g,umwpfO;D udk "r®uxdut&mrSm tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH tjzpf
{w'*fxm;awmfrlwmudk awGUjrifod&Sdvdkuf&w,f/
tJ'D {w'*fxm;awmfrlwJh 'g,umudk tm;usNyD;awmh pdwåol<u,f tavmif;jzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;uvnf;
bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawGukd yifzh w
d Nf y;D awmh tvSL'geawGukd tBu;D tus,f jyKvyk yf gw,f/ tBu;D tus,f jyKNy;D awmh
bmvkyfovJ? trsKd;om;"r®uxdu{w'*f&mxl;udk qkawmif;yefxGmcJhygw,f/
qkawmif;yefxGmwJhtwGuf .. 'Dqkawmif;yefxGmrIawG jynfhpHkEdkif ovm;vdkY 'Dvdkawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/
tJ'DtcsufESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh bkef;BuD;wkdY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh t*¾yÜom'okwåefudk enf;enf;
'Dae&mrSm Mum;n§yfNyD; emMunfhMu&atmif/ t*¾yÜom' okwåefuawmh t*FkwådK&fygVdawmfrSm vm&Sdygw,f/
t*¾yÜom'okwåef
t*¾awm a0 yoEémeH? t*¾H "r®H 0dZmewH/
ta*¾ Aka'¨ yoEémeH? 'u©daPa,s tEkwåa&/
ta*¾ "ar® yoEémeH? 0d&m*lyoar okac/
ta*¾ oHaC yoEémeH? yknau©awå tEkwåa&/
t*¾o®ð 'geH ''wH? t*¾H yknH y0×wd/
t*¾H tm,k p 0aPÖm p? ,aom udwåd okcH AvH/
t*¾ó 'gwm ar"m0D? t*¾"r®orm[dawm/
a'0blawm rEkaóm 0g? t*¾yÜawåm yarm'wd/
(tH-1-344/)
t*¾H "r®H = tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfu/kd 0dZmewH = od&MdS uukeo
f nfjzpfí/[qkawmif;rnfh
yk*¾dKvfawGbufrSm jynfhpHk&rnfh ta&;tBuD;qHk; t*Fg&yfwpfckyJaemf/]
t*¾H "r®H = tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk/ 0dZmewH = od&SdMuukefonfjzpfí/ a0 =
pifppf{uef trSeftm;jzifh/ t*¾awm = tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh &wemoHk;yg;ü/ yoEémeH = MunfndKMuukefaom
olwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;/
'u©daPa,s = uHESifhtusKd; &nfudk;ajrmfoef tvSLaumif; tvSLrSef [lorQudk pdk;,lydkifo cH,lawmfrljcif;iSm

xdkufwefawmfrlayxaom/ tEkwåa& = omvGefol rxif tjrwfqkH; &wemt&Sif jzpfawmfrl ayaom/ ta*¾
Aka'¨ = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh bk&m;&wemü/ yoEémeH = MunfndKMuukefaom olwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;/
0d&m*lyoar = &m*\ uif;jywfcsKyfNidrf;&m jzpfaom/ okac = csrf;omjcif;\taMumif;jzpfaom/ ta*¾ "ar®
= tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; jzpfwJh edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfü/ yoEémeH = MunfndKMuukefaom olwkdY tm;vnf;aumif;/
yk n acawå tEk w å a & = aumif ; rI w nf ; [l a om rsKd ; aph u k d MuJ c s pk d u f y sKd ; &m tomqk H ; tjrwf q k H ;
v,f,majraumif;ozG,f jzpfawmfrl aom/ ta*¾ oHaC = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh oHCm&wemü/ yoEémeH
= MunfndKMuukefaom olwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;/
t*¾o®ð = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh &wemokH;yg;ü/ 'geH = tvSL 'geukd/ ''wH = ay;vSLMuukefaom
olwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;/ --
t*¾H yknH = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh ukokdvfaumif;rIonf/ y0 wd = wkd;yGm;í vmay\/ t*¾H = tomqkH;
y0×wd
tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh/ tm,k p = touf&Snfjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ 0aPÖm p = tqif;vS jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/
,aom p = tjcHt&H rsm;jcif;onfvnf; aumif;/ udwåd p = ausmfapmjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ okcÍö = ukd,f\
csrf;omjcif; pdwf\csrf;omjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ AvÍö = ukd,ftm; ÓPftm;onfvnf;aumif;/ y0 wd =
y0×wd
wkd;yGm;í vmay\/
wo®m = xkaYd Mumif/h t*¾"r®orm[dawm = tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ w&m;&wemESihf jynfph MHk uukeo f nfjzpfí/
t*¾ó = tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ &wemok;H yg;tm;/ 'gwm = ay;vSLavh&adS om/ ar"m0D = ynm&Sw d yhJ *k Kd¾ vo
f nf/
a'0blawm 0g = ewfjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ rEkaóm 0g = rEkóblawm 0g = vljzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ t*¾-
yawåm = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh tusKd;w&m;okdY a&muf&Sd&onfjzpf í/ yarm'wd = ESpfouf&Tifys
0rf;ajrmuf&ayownf;/
(om"k om"k om"k)
avmurSm &wem[lorQwkdYwGif tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; &wemu bk&m;&wem w&m;&wem oHCm&wemqdkwJh
&wemokH;yg;yJ jzpfyg w,f/
tJ'D &wemokH;yg;ukd MunfndKaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU oEÅmefrSmaomf vnf;aumif;ç tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh
'D & wemok H ; yg;uk d vS L 'gef ; aewJ h yk * ¾ d K vf a wG & J U oEÅ m ef r S m aomf v nf ; aumif ; tomqk H ; tjrwf q k H ; jzpf w J h
aumif;rIukokdvfawG[m wdk;yGm;vmw,f/ tvSL&Sifbufu jynfhpkH&rnfh t*Fg&yfu bmvJvkdYar;awmh --
t*¾H "r®H 0dZmewH/
t*¾H "r®H = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd/ 0dZmewH = od&SdMuukefonfjzpfí/ -
'DtaMumif;av; wpfcsuf ygw,f/
tomqkH;tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd odNyD;wJhtcg od&Sd aewJh xkdolawmfaumif;u tomqkH;
tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ &wemok;H yg;rSm aumif;rIuo
k v
dk jf yKcv
hJ Qif tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ tusK;d w&m;awG &Ekid w
f ,fw/hJ
tJ'D tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh tusKd;w&m;awGu bm awGvJvkdYar;awmh tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh
touf&Snfjcif;ç tqif; vSjcif;ç tjcHt&Hrsm;jcif;ç *kPfowif;ausmfapmjcif;ç ukd,fcsrf;omjcif; pdwfcsrf;omjcif;ç
ukd,ftm;BuD;jcif; ÓPftm;BuD;jcif;qkdwJh 'DtomqHk; tjrwfqkH; tusKd;w&m;awGyJ jzpfMuw,f/
'gaMumifh tomqHk; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGESifh jynfhpkHNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm tomqHk;
tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh &wemokH;yg;ukd ay;vSLavh&SdwJh yk*¾dKvf[m vljzpfcsifjzpfygap? ewfjzpfcsifvnf;jzpfygap? tomqHk;

tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd &&SdNyD;awmh xkdxkdb0rSm ESpfouf &Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufNyD;awmh ae&ygvdrfhr,f
- qkdNyD;awmh 'D taMumif;t&mudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu t*¾yÜom'okwåefrSm a[mMum; xm;awmfrlygw,f/
tJ'yD pHk t
H wkid ;f yJ pdwo
å <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D uvnf; vGecf w
hJ hJ urÇmwpfoed ;f xufu y'krw
k &å jrwfpmG bk&m;
omoemawmftwGif;rSm "r®uxdu {w'*f&mxl;ukd arQmfrSef;NyD;awmh bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCm awGukd tvSL'ge
tBuD ; tus,f jyKcJ h y gw,f / tBuD ; tus,f jyKNyD ; awmh xk d " r® u xd u &mxl ; uk d vS r f ; NyD ; awmh
qkawmif;yefxGmawmfrlcJhygw,f/
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifonf avmurSm vlwkdY oufwrf;tm;jzifh tESpf wpfodef;wrf;rSm yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlwJh
bk&m;&Sifjzpfygw,f/ &[ef; oHCmawmftaygif;wpfodef;wdkYu bk&m;&Siftm; tjrJwrf; jcH&Hvsuf &Sdygw,f/
bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfwpfodef;wdkYtm; rdrdtdrfodkY yifh zdwfum tvSL'geyGJBuD;awGudk usif;yEdkifcJhw,fqkdvQif
tJ ' D t vS L 'geyG J BuD ; [m b,f a vmuf B uD ; us,f r ,f q d k w m cef Y r S e f ; Munf h y g/ tES p f w pf o d e f ; twG i f ; rS m
xdktrsKd;aumif;om;[m 'gepwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd qnf;yl;NyD;awmh oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOf
.. qdkwJh yg&rDaumif;rIukodkvfxl;awGukd tESpfwpfodef;twGif;rSm xkd"r®uxdu {ww*f&mxl;twGuf
arQmfrSef;NyD;awmh qnf;yl;cJhygw,f/
y#dorÇd'gÓPf
'Dvkd qnf;yl;wJah e&mrSm y#dorÇ'd gÓPfudk &&Sad pEdik w
f hJ yg&rDrsK;d aph aumif;awGuykd g qnf;yl;cJyh gw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;&JU y#dorÇd'gÓPftaMumif;ESifh qufpyfNyD; xyfNyD;awmh ajymcsifao;w,f/
tcsKUd tcsKUd aom t&d,molawmfaumif;awG[m t&d,r*fÓPf zdv k Ó f Pfwu Ykd kd &&Sw
d t
hJ cgrSm y#dorÇ'd gÓPfwu
Ykd ykd g
yl;wGJ Ny;D &&Sad wmfrMl uygw,f/ y#dorÇ'd gÓPftaMumif;t&mESihf ywfoufvYkd 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm 'kw, d wGJ pmrsuEf mS
(70) ponfrSm zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsuftcsKdUukd aumufEkwfNyD; wifjyvdkygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gÓPfawmf jrwf av;yg;
&Sdygw,f/ bmawGvJ¿ --
1/ tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfç
2/ "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfç
3/ ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPfç
4/ y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf - qdkNyD; av;yg; &Sdygw,f/
tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf
tw¬qdkwmu tusKd;w&m;udk qdkvdkygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gqdkwmu awmh xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfudk qdkvdkygw,f/
tb,ftusKd;w&m; awGudk xkd;xGif;odovJvdkYqdkvQif 'ku©opöm trnf&wJh tusKd;w&m;awG udk xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh
ÓPfudk qdkvdkygw,f/
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmuawmh --
a[wkzvH [d ,o®m a[wktEkoma&e t&d,wd t"d*rd,wd orÜmykPd,wd? wo®m taw¬mwd 0kpöwd/
(0dok'¨d-2-70/)
[d = rSe\
f / a[wkzvH = taMumif;\tusK;d ud/k ,o®m = tMuif aMumif/h a[wktEkoma&e = jzpfapwwfaom
edAÁwåutaMumif;ç odapwwfaom ÓyutaMumif;ç aumif;pGma&mufapwwfaom orÜmyutaMumif;[lonfh

taMumif;oHk;yg;udk tpOfavQmufojzifh/ 0g? taMumif;oHk;yg;udk tpOfavQmufaomÓPfjzifh/ t&d,wd t"d*rd-
,wd orÜmykPd,wd = a&muftyf\/ wo®m = xdkYaMumifh/ taw¬mwd = tw¬[lí/ 0kpöwd = qdktyf\/
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tusKd;w&m;udk a[wkzvvdkY ac:ygw,f/ taMumif;w&m;awGuvnf;
jzpf a pwwf w J h ed A Á w å u taMumif ; ç od a pwwf w J h ÓyutaMumif ; ç aumif ; pG m qk d u f a &muf a p wwf w J h
orÜmyutaMumif;vkYd taMumif; ok;H rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ 'DtaMumif; w&m;awGudk tpOfavQmufaomÓPfjzifh a&muftyf
&tyf odtyfwJh twGuf taMumif;&JUtusKd;udk tw¬vkdY ac:ygw,f/
'Dvkdqkdawmh tJ'Dtw¬awGu bmawGvJvkdY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh t|uxmu b,fvkd tajzay;xm;ovJ¿
--
yab'awm ye ,H udÍöd ypö,orÇ LwHç edAÁmeHç bmodwaw¬mç 0dygaumç ud&d,mwd £ar yÍö "r®m taw¬mwd
a0'dwAÁm/
(0dok'¨d-2-70/)
'Dvkd t|uxmu zGifhqkd&Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f/ t|uxm&JU qkdvkd&if; uawmh 'Dvkdyg/ tw¬u ig;rsKd; &Sdygw,f/
ypö,orÇ Lw --
eHygwf (1) tw¬uawmh ypö,orÇ Lww&m;tm;vkH; jzpfygw,f/ ypö,orÇ Lww&m;qkdwmu bmvJ¿
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay: vm&wJh tusKd;w&m;tm;vkH;ukd ypö,orÇ Lww&m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ jzpfapwwfwJh
taMumif;w&m; (= edAÁwåutaMumif;w&m;) aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tusKd;w&m;tm;vkH;yJ? 'ku©opömw&m;pkawG
jzpfMuyg w,f/ tJ'D taMumif;aMumifhjzpfwJhtusKd;ukd xkd;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfu tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/
edAÁmef --
eH y gwf (2) tw¬ u awmh ed A Á m ef j zpf y gw,f / ed A Á m ef u d k a&muf a pwwf wJ h taMumif ; w&m;awG u d k
orÜmyutaMumif;w&m;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'D orÜmyutaMumif;w&m;awGuawmh r*¾if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wkdY
jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'D r*¾if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;vdkY ac:qdkwJh orÜmyu taMumif;w&m;awGudk tpOfavQmufojzifh
xd k e d A Á m ef u d k od t yf - a&muf tyf - &tyf w J h t wG u f ed A Á m ef w &m;awmf j rwf u d k v nf ; tw¬ v d k Y ac:ygw,f /
opöma'oemawmfenf;t& eda&m"opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DedAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPf[mvnf;
tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/
bmodww¬ --
aemufeyH gwf (3) tw¬uawmh bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrt l yfwhJ w&m;awmf\ teuft"dygÜ ,f odrYk [kwf bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;awmfrt l yf wJh w&m;pum;vH;k wd&Yk UJ qdv
k &kd if; teufoabmukv d nf; tw¬vYkd ac:yg w,f/ bmodww¬vYkd
qdkvdkygw,f/ tJ'D bmodww¬ ac:wJh bk&m;a[m w&m;awGudk pepfwus od&Sdem;vnfolawGu od&Sdonfhtwkdif;
vkdufem jyKusifhygu oifodtqifhrS usifhodtqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
bk&m;a[mw&m;awGudk tusOf;csKyfvdkufawmh oDvusifhpOf orm"d usifhpOf ynmusifhpOfawGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/
'DusifhpOfawGudk wu,f aygufaygufa&mufa&muf atmifatmifjrifjrif vdkufemjyKusifhygu 'D usifhpOfawGrSm
opömav;yg; tp&Sw d hJ w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfawGukd xd;k xGi;f odapwwfwhJ ÓPfqw kd hJ tusK;d w&m;awGukd &&SEd ikd yf gw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmfawG[m odwwfwJh ÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh
w&m;awGjzpfvYkd bmodww¬vYkd ac:ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'D b&k m;a[mw&m;awmfawG&UJ teuft"dygÜ ,fukd odwwfwhJ
ÓPf[mvnf; tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/

0dygu --
tusKd ; 0d y guf w &m;tm;vH k ; ud k v nf ; tw¬ v d k Y ac:ygw,f / 'D t usKd ; 0d y guf w &m;awG u uk o d k v f u H
tukodkvfuHawGaMumifh jzpfay:vm&wJh tusKd;0dygufw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHawGudk
xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfu "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf? ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkY&JU tusKd;0dygufawGudk xkd;xGif;odwwfwJh
ÓPfu tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/ (tbd-2-307-308/)
ud&d, --
aemuf tw¬ wpfckuawmh - ud&d,m pdwf-apwoduf w&m;pkwdkY jzpfMuygw,f/ t&[wår*f t&[wåzdkvfodkY
qdkufa&mufNyD;awmfrlMuwJh &[EÅmt&SifjrwfawGvnf; 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóempwJh aumif;rI awGudk
jyKvkyfMuygw,f/
'gayrJh olwdkYjyKwJh tJ'Daumif;rIawG[m aemufxyf tusKd;wpfpHk wpf&mudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;r&SdvdkY
jyKumrwåomjzpfvdkY ud&d,mvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'gejyKpOfç oDvudk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifhpOfç arwåmbm0em ur®|mef;
pD;jzef;jcif;pwJh orxusifhpOfawGudk usifhpOfç t&[wåzdkvf ormywf0ifpm;zdkY&ef pwJh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
0dyóemusifhpOfawGudk usifhoHk;pOf olwdkYoEÅmefrSm pdwftpOfawG (= pdwfapwodufw&m;awG) jzpfaeMuygw,f/
'DpdwftpOfawG[m aemufxyftusKd;w&m;udk jzpfap EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;awG r&SdvdkY jyKumrwåomjzpfvdkY ud&d,mvdkY
ac:ygw,f/ 'Dvdk ud&d,mrQom jzpfjcif;[mvnf; t&[wår*f t&[wåzdkvfaMumifh om jzpfay:vm&wJhtwGuf
tw¬vdkYyJ ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dtw¬udk xdk;xGif; odwJh ÓPfudkvnf; tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfvdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'D 0dygu
w&m;ESihf ud&,d mw&m;wd[ Yk mvnf; 'kuo
© pömw&m;pkxrJ mS yJ tusK;H 0ifMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'kuo
© pömtaMumif;ukd
tenf;i,f xyfrHNyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyvdkygw,f/
oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m/ (oH-3-369/ r-1-82/)
tusOf;tm;jzifh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;onf 'ku©opömrnfw,fvdkY bk&m; &Sifu "r®pMum a'oemawmfç

r[mowdy|meokwåef a'oemawmf tp&SdwJh a'oemawmfawGrSm a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ wpfzef
bk&m;&Siu
f r[mowdy|meokweå f (r-1-84/) rSmyJ tusO;f csKyt
f m;jzifh 'kuo
© pöm trnf&wJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;qdw
k m
--
1/ ½lykyg'geu©E¨mç
2/ a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨mç
3/ onKyg'geu©E¨mç
4/ ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨mç
5/ 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m --
wdkY jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; qufvufa[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
bmud k ½l y k y g'geu© E ¨ m vd k Y ac:qd k y govJ ¿ 'D a r;cG e f ; &J U tajzud k a wmh bk & m;&S i f ud k , f a wmf w d k i f u
cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf cEökwåefrSm 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ --
,H udÍöd bdu©a0 ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H
'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/ (oH-2-39/)
]]&[ef;wdkY ...tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kHjzpfaom wPSm'd|dwdkYjzifh ]ig igh[m}[k pJG,l&mjzpfaom twdwf-

tem*wf-ypöKyÜefjzpfaom tvHk; pHkaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;? tZÑwå-A[d'¨jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom
½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;? ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&duç odrfarGU El;nHhaom okckrjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom
½k y f w &m;onf v nf ; aumif ; ? ,k w f n H h a om [D e ç rG e f j rwf a om yPD w jzpf a om tvH k ; pH k a om ½k y f w &m;
onfvnf;aumif;? a0;aom 'l&ç eD;aom oEÅdujzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom ½kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sd\/
þtvHk;pHkaom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif; t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ½kyfw&m;tpktyHkonf ½lykyg'geu©E¨m rnf\/}}
'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ a0'Ek yg'geu©E¨mpwJh emrfcE¨m (4)yg;udkvnf;
yHkpHwlyJ qufvufNyD; a[mMum; xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef tZÑwå A[d'¨ pwJh
(11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeMuwJh tmoa0gw&m; wd\ Yk tm½kjH zpfwhJ wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zifh - ]]igyJ igh[myJ}}vdYk
pJ G , l & mjzpf w J h ½k y f w &m;tpk t yH k a0'emw&m;tpk t yH k onmw&m;tpk t yH k ocF g & w&m;tpk t yH k
0d n mPf w &m;tpk t yH k a wG u d k - ½l y k y g'geu© E ¨ m a0'Ek yg'geu© E ¨ m onKyg'geu© E ¨ m ocF g ½k y g'geu© E ¨ m
0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨mvkdY toD;toD; ac:qdkygw,f/ tJ'D Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;onf 'ku©opöm w&m; jzpfw,f/ tJ'D
'ku©opömw&m;udk xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfudk tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu --
'kau© ÓPH tw¬y#dorÇd'g/ (tbd-2-307-308/)
'ku©opömü xdk;xGif;odwwfaom ÓPfonf tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf rnf\vdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
"r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf
'k w d , y#d o rÇ d ' gÓPf u awmh "r® y #d o rÇ d ' gÓPf jzpf y gw,f / "r® y#d o rÇ d ' gÓPf E S i f h ywf o uf v d k Y
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmq&mawmfu 'Dvkd twdkaumuf &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
yab'awm ye a,m aumpd zvedAÁwåaum a[wkç t&d,ra*¾gç bmodwHç ukovHç tukovEÅd £ar yÍö
"r®m "ar®mwd a0'dwAÁH/
(0dok'¨d-2-71/)
'Dae&mrSm "r®qw
kd mu taMumif;w&m;udk ac:qdyk gw,f/ taMumif; w&m;u xdx
k t
kd usK;d w&m; jzpfay:vmatmif
pDvnf;pD&ifwwfw,f? jzpfvnf;jzpfapwwfw,f? xkdxdktusKd;w&m;udk a&mufatmifvnf; tusKd;ay;wwfw,f/
'gaMumifh taMumif;w&m;udk "r®vdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'D "r®ac:wJh taMumif;w&m;udkvnf; --
1/ tusKd;udk jzpfapwwfwJh taMumif;w&m;ç
2/ t&d,r*fç
3/ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;pum;ç
4/ ukodkvfç
5/ tukodkvf -- vdkY ig;rsKd; jyxm;ygw,f/
eHygwf (1) jzpfwJh tusKd;udk jzpfapwwfwJh taMumif;w&m;ç eHygwf (4) ukodkvfç eHygwf (5) tukodkvf 'D
(3)rsKd;vHk;uawmh opöma'oem awmfenf;t& ork',opömw&m;rsm;yif jzpfMuygw,f/ eHygwf (2) jzpfwJh
t&d,r*fw&m;uawmh edAÁmefudk a&mufapwwfwJh orÜmyu taMumif;w&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ
bmodwac:wJh bk&m;pum; awmfawG[mvnf; vdkufemjyKusifholawGudk vlewfedAÁmef oHk;wefaom csrf;omodkY
a&mufapaMumif;jzpfvkdY "r®vdkYyJ ac:ygw,f/ xdk"r®ig;rsKd;ü xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfonf "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf

jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ork',opömtaMumif;udk xyfrHcsJUxGifNyD; &Sif;jyzdkYawmh vdkygw,f/
'ku©ork'a, ÓPH "r®y#dorÇd'g/ (tbd-2-307/)
'kuj© zpfaMumif; ork',opömü xd;k xGi;f odwwfaom ÓPfonf "r®y#dorÇ'd gÓPf rnfw,fvYkd 'Dvkd bk&m;&Siu
f
a[mMum;xm;awmf rlygw,f/ 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',opömqdkwmu bmvJ¿ --
tbd " r® m 0d b if ; ygVd a wmf (tbd - 2-112-117/) rS m bk & m;&S i f o nf ork ' ,opö m ud k (5)enf ; cJ G í
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
1/ wPSmudkvnf; ork',opömvdkY bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrl ygw,f/
2/ wPSmESifhwuG udavomtm;vHk;udkvnf; ork',opömvdkY a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
3/ wPSmudavomESifhwuG tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udkvnf; ork', opömvkdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
['guawmh tukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;udk ork',opömvdkY a[mawmfrlwJh enf;jzpfygw,f/]
4/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;ESifhwuG tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kH jzpfwJh tavmb ta'go tarm[ qdkwJh
ukodkvfrlvw&m; (3)yg;udk vnf; ork',opömvkdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
5/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;ESifhwuG tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kHjzpfwJh oHo&m0#fukd vnfywfapwwfwJh
ukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;udkvnf; ork',opömvkdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'D ygVdawmfBuD;udk udk;um;NyD; 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmESifh oar®m[ 0daem'eDt|uxmwdkYu --
ww¬ ,o®m ukovmukovH ur®H t0daoaoe ork',opöEÅd opö0dba*F 0kwåH? (0dok'¨d-2-216/ tbd-|-2-185/
)
apwemonf uH-rnfw,f? apwemESifh ,SOfaom orÜ,kwfw&m; tm;vHk;onfyif uH-rnfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk
xl;xl;axGaxG rajymawmhbJ ]]b0udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh tmoa0gw&m;wkdY&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk ork',opöm}} - vdkY bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaMumif;udk zGifhqdkxm;Muygw,f/
ememu©Pduur®
'Dvdk b0wpfckudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh uHrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sifu y|mef;a'oemawmfrSm ememu©Pdu-
ur®ypönf;qdkwJh trnfwyfum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ - a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu y#dpöorkyÜg'fydkif;ukd tEkaAm"ÓPf
y#da0"ÓPfwjYdk zifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifatmif ½I&rSmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf 'Dur®ypön;f taMumif;udv
k nf;
vkd&if; tcsufavmufudkawmh odxm;oifhw,f/
ur® y pö a ,emwd taeumerÜ d uyÜ a um#D e H rw¬ a u twå a em zvH OyÜ g a'wH k oraw¬ e
ememu©Pduur®ypöa,emwd taw¬m/ ukovmukovO§d ur®H twåaem y0wådu©aP zvH e a'wd/ ,'d 'a',s?
,H rEkaóm a'0avmuly*H ukovur®H ua&mwd? wómEkbma0e wo® ða,0 caP a'a0g ba0,s/ ,o® ð
ye caP wH uwH? wawm tno® ð caP t0dZÆrmerÜd au0vH u#wåma,0 'da|0 "ar® OyyaZÆ 0g tya& 0g
y&d,ma, t0aooypö,orma,ma* owd zvH OyÜga'wd ed½k'¨gyd yk&drodyÜg'dud&d,m 0d, umvEÅa&
ypädrodyÜg'dud&d,m,/ wo®m ememu©Pduur®ypöa,mwd 0kpöwd/ (tbd-|-3-374/)
ur®ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKw,fqdkwm - urÇmaygif; uka#aygif; rsm;pGmwdkYtxufu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfyif
jzpfcsifjzpfygap - rdrd&JU tusKd;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdaewJh ememu©Pduur®ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;udk

qdvk ykd gw,f/ ememu©Pu d ur®ypön;f qdw k mu taMumif;jzpfwu hJ EH iS hf tusK;d 0dygufw[Ykd m rwlujGJ ym;aomcP rwl
uJGjym;wJh tcsdefumv&SdwJh taMumif;uHrsKd;vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ b,fvdk rwluGJjym;wJhcP &SdwmvJ¿ --
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHqkdwmu rdrdjzpfqJcPrSm b,fawmhrS tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;/ tu,fí uHawG[m
rdrdjzpfaeqJ cPrSmyJ tusKd; ay;Ekdifw,fqkdvQif vlom;wpfOD;[m ewfjynfokdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh uHwpfckukd
jyKpyk sK;d axmifw,f qkMd uygpk?Yd tJ'D ukov
dk uf &H UJ pGr;f tm; &Sed af pmf tmEkabmfaMumifh xku d o k v
dk u
f u
H dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifqJ
cPrSmyJ csufcsif; ewfom; jzpfav&mw,f/ okdYaomf ewfom;awmh csufcsif; rjzpfoGm;ygbl;/ tMuifcPrSm
xkduHukd jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f? xkduHukd jyKpkysKd;axmifwJhcPrS tjcm;wpfyg;aomcPrSm - 'DuHqkdwJh apwem [m
okdYr[kwf apwemOD;aqmifwJh ocFg&w&m;pk[m Oyg'f-XD-bif tm;jzifh xif&Sm; r&Sdaomfvnf; - uHukd
jyKpkysKd;axmifNyD;jcif; qkdwJh taMumif;oufoufaMumifhyJ ...
1/ 'd|"r®a0'eD,uH jzpfvQif rsufarSmufxifxif ½IjriftyfwJh b0rSmç
2/ OyyZÆa0'eD,uH jzpfvQif vmrnfhtem*wfb0 (= 'kwd,b0)rSmç
3/ ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH jzpfvQif wwd, tem*wfb0u pNyD; tqufquf a&mufxkdufaom tem*wfb0rSm
--
ukokdvfuHjzpfvQif *wdorÜwåd Oy"dorÜwåd umvorÜwåd ya,m* orÜwådqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awGESifh
aygif;qkrH w
d t
hJ cgç tukov
dk u
f jH zpf vQif *wd0yd wåd Oy"d0yd wåd umv0dywåd ya,m*0dywåq
d w
dk hJ taMumif; w&m;awGEiS hf
aygif;qkHrdwJhtcg tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfapEkdifygw,f/
bmESifh OyrmwlovJqkdvQif uGefysLwmvkd twwfynm wpfckukd oif,lwJhtcg a&S;a&S;twwfoif,lrI[m
aemufaemuftwwfoif,lrI tm; tajccHtjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyK&mü umvcsif;rwlbJ umvwpfyg;ukd a&muf&SdygrS
aus;Zl ; jyKovk d - tvm;wl y J uH q k d w J h apwemuvnf ; jyKpk y sKd ; axmif q J c P (= Oyg'f - XD - bif t m;jzif h
xif&Sm;&SdaeqJcP) rSm tusKd;0dygufw&m;ukd jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;rjyKbl;? aemufaemuf cPokdY a&muf&SdygrS
tusKd;0dygufw&m;ukd jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl; jyKay;w,f/ 'gaMumifh ememu©Pduur®ypö, = tusKd;ay;&m
cPrS rwlxl;jcm; uGJjym;wJh cPrSm jzpfwJh ur®ypönf; (uH-taMumif;w&m;) vkdY ac:qkdw,f/ 'Dvkd ur®owådukd 'D
ork',opömykdif;rSm qkdvkdw,fvkdY rSwfom;xm;yg/
aemufwpfck &Sdao;w,f/ [kd t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf wduedygwf wdw¬m,weokwåefrSmawmh bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd
uwrÍö bdu©a0 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH¿ t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m? ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH? 0dnmPypö,m
emr½lyH? emr½lyypö,m oVm,weH? oVm,weypö,m zaóm? zóypö,m a0'em? a0'emypö,m wPSm?
wPS m ypö , m Oyg'geH ? Oyg'geypö , m ba0g? b0ypö , m Zmwd ? Zmwd y pö , m Z&mr&PH
aomuy&da'0'ku©a'greókyg,mom orÇ0EÅd/ {0arwó au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó ork'a,m a[mwd/ £'H
0kpöwd bdu©a0 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH/ (tH-1-178/)
'guawmh wd w ¬ m ,weok w å e f r S m ork ' ,opö m qk d w m bmud k qk d v k d w,f q k d w muk d bk & m;&S i f u
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcsuf jzpfygw,f/ bmukd qkdvkdovJ¿ --
&[ef;wkYd ...'kuj© zpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opömqkw
d m bmvJvYdk 'Dvadk r;cGe;f xkwNf y;D bk&m;&Siu
f ,
dk af wmfwidk u
f
jyefNyD; tajzay;xm; ygw,f/ b,fvkd tajzay;ovJ¿ --
t0dZmÆ jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&jzpf\? ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\? 0dnmPf jzpfjcif;aMumifh emrf½yk jf zpf\?
emrf½yk f jzpfjcif;aMumifh oVm,wejzpf\? oVm,we jzpfjcif;aMumifh zójzpf\? zó jzpfjcif;aMumihf a0'emjzpf\?
a0'em jzpfjcif;aMumifh wPSmjzpf\? wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefjzpf\? Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh b0jzpf\?
b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwdjzpf\? Zmwdjzpfjcif;aMumifh Z&m r&P aomu y&da'0 'ku© a'greó Oyg,mowkdYonf
jzpfMuukef\/ þokdYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'ku©wkH; 'ku©tpktykHonf jzpf\/
&[ef ; wk d Y ...þaMumif ; usKd ; quf E G , f r I y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f o abmw&m; uk d 'k u © j zpf a Mumif ;
ork',t&d,opömw&m;[lí ac:qkdtyfay\/
'Dvkd jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
aemufwpfck - txufyg ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;enf;wl y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVd awmfBuD; (y#doH-50/) uvnf; --
twd w f b 0u jyKpk y sKd ; axmif c J h w J h t0d Z Æ m -wPS m -Oyg'gef - ocF g &-uH qk d w J h taMumif ; w&m;ig;yg;
ork',opömw&m;aMumifh 'Db0rSm 0dnmPf-emrf½kyf-oVm,we-zó-a0'em qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;
'kuo
© pömw&m;jzpfyçHk ,ckypöKyeÜ b
f 0wGif jyKpyk sK;d axmifvu dk w
f hJ jyKpk ysK;d axmifxm;wJh t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-
uHqkdwJh taMumif; w&m;ig;yg; ork',opömw&m;awGaMumifh tem*wfb0wGif 0dnmPf-emrf½kyf-oVm,we-
zó-a0'em qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;ig;yg; 'ku©opöm w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfykHukdvnf; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'gaMumifh t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gefwkdY jcH&Hvsuf jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;wJh ukokdvfuH okdYr[kwf tukokdvfuHqkdwJh
ork',opömaMumifh cE¨mig;yg; 'kuo
© pömw&m;wkYd xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk dk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odvQif ork',opöm ukd odonf
rnfygw,f/ tJ'Dork',opömukd xkd;xGif;odjrifwJh ÓPfukd "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tkdjcif;aojcif;qkdwJh Z&mr&Pukd okdYr[kwf Z&mr&P &SdwJh cE¨mwkdYukd odwwfwJhÓPfu
tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfw,f/ Z&m r&P&JU taMumif;&if; ork',udk (= Zmwdudk = Zmwdoabm&SdwJhcE¨m wkdYukd )
odwwfwÓ hJ Pfu "r®y#dorÇ'd gÓPf jzpfw,f/ Z&mr&P\ csKy&f m eda&m"ukd okrYd [kwf Z&mr&P\csKy&f m eda&m"-
edAÁmefukd xkd;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfu tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfw,f/ Z&mr&P\ csKyf&m eda&m"okdY a&mufaMumif;
usifhpOfjzpfwJh r*¾opömw&m;ukd xkd;xGif; odwwfwJhÓPfu "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfw,f/ ocFg&-0dnmPf-emrf½kyf-
oVm,we-zó-a0'em-wPSm-Oyg'gef-b0-ZmwdwkdYrSmvnf; ykHpH wlyJ qufvufa[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'ft*Fg&yf wpfck wpfcrk mS opöm (4)yg;pD jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh opöm (4)yg;rSm 'kuo
© pöm ESihf eda&m"opömukd
xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ ÓPfu tw¬y#dorÇ'd gÓPf? ork',opömESihf r*¾opömukd xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ ÓPfu "r®y#dorÇ'd g
ÓPfwkdY jzpfMuygw,f/
wwd,ajrmufjzpfwJh y#dorÇd'gÓPfuawmh ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/
ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf
ckajymcJhNyD;wJh tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;od&rnfh tw¬ig;rsKd;ç "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;od&rnfh
"r®ig;rsK;d awGudk ac:a0:ok;H pGJ aewJh o'á0g[m& obm0ed½w k qdå w
kd m &dw
S ,f/ tJ'D obm0ed½w k u
då kd rSerf eS u
f efuef
xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfudk ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPfvdkY ac:yg w,f/ t|uxmu yHkpHxkwfjyxm;wmuawmh zaóm aóm
em
a0'emem-ponf jzifh ac:a0:oHk;pJGyHkudk Mum;&vQif ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfu 'DtoHk;tEIef;[m rSefw,fvdkY
em;vnfvdkufw,f/ 'gwGif ruao;bl;? zóm óm a0'aem
aem
aem-vdkY 'Dvdk oHk;EIef;aewJh toHudk Mum;vdkufvQifvnf;
'DtoHk;tEIef;[m rrSefbl;vdkY olu em;vnfvkdufw,f/
'Dae&mrSm vdk&if;udk rSwfom;&rSmu --

1/ tw¬ig;rsKd;udk wwfodem;vnfwmu tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfç
2/ "r®ig;rsKd;udk wwfodem;vnfwmu "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfç
3/ tJ'Dtw¬-"r®wdkY&JU tac:ta0: toHk;tEIef; obm0ed½kwåd = o'´g a0g[m& udk wwfodem;vnfwmu
ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf --
'Dvdk vdk&if;udk rSwfom;xm;yg/ - aemuf y#dorÇd'gÓPfuawmh y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfw,f/
y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf
ÓaPok ÓPH y#dbmey#dorÇd'g/ (tbd-2-307/)
tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf ed½kwådy#dorÇd'gÓPf qdkwJh ÓPftm;vHk;wdkYudk wpfzefjyefodwJh ÓPf[m
y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf rnfw,f/
wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh 'Dy#dorÇd'gÓPfqdkwmu t&d,molawmf aumif;wdkY&JU oEÅmefrSmom jzpfygw,f/
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYonf t&d,mtjzpfodkY rqdkufa&mufrDuwnf;u t&d,mbHkodkY a&muf&dSa&; twGuf
0dyóembm0emudk usifhoHk;Mu&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd 0dyóemudk usifhoHk;wJhtydkif;rSm --
ÓwÍö ÓPÍö Oabmyd 0dyówd/ (0dok'¨d-2-278/)
qdkwJh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü azmfjyxm;wJh ayg&mPmp&d, jzpfawmf rlMuwJh a&S;a&S;q&mjrwfwdkY\
tqdktrdefYtwdkif; - Óww&m;ESifh ÓPw&m; ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyJ 0dyóem ½IMu&ygw,f/
Óww&m;qdkwmu 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;od&rnfh vu©Pm a&; oHk;wefwifum ½IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh
'k u © o pö m w&m; ork ' ,opö m w&m;rsm; jzpf M uygw,f / 'D ' k u © o pö m w&m; ork ' ,opö m w&m;awG u d k
ocFg&w&m;vdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;awGu jyKjyifay;vkdY jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;awGvdkY
qd k v k d y gw,f / a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u 'D o cF g &w&m;awG u d k v nf ; vu© P ma&;oH k ; wef w if u m 0d y óem ½I y G m ;
oHk;oyf&ygw,f/
ÓPw&m;qd k w muawmh ,if ; ocF g &w&m;awG u d k vu© P ma&; oH k ; wef w if u m ½I y G m ;oH k ; oyf a ewJ h
0dyóemÓPfukd wpfenf;ajymvQif awmh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU tedpötcsuf 'ku©tcsuf tewåtcsufawG udk
uG u f u G u f u G i f ; uG i f ; &S i f ; &S i f ; vif ; vif ; xk d ; xk d ; xG i f ; xG i f ; od j rif a ewJ h 0d y óemÓPf u d k qd k v k d y gw,f /
0dyóemÓPfqdkaomfvnf; y"me enf;tm;jzifhom ÓPfvkdY ajymqdkjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'D0dyóemÓPf[m vnf;
ÓPfwpfckwnf; jzpfEdkifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdygbl;/ ÓPfjy"mef;aewJh ÓPfESifh ,SOfwJh pdwf-apwodufw&m;pkukd
qd k v k d y gw,f / 0d y óem raem'G g &d u aZm0D x d pd w f t pOf w d k Y jzpf M uygw,f / a,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf [ m 'D
0dyóemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfudkvnf; wpfzef jyefí vu©Pma&; oHk;wefwifum 0dyóem
½IyGm;oHk;oyf&ygw,f/
'gwGif ruao;bl;? xyfNyD;&Sif;zdkY vdkjyefao;w,f/
tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfwdkYjzifh xdk;xGif;od&wJh 'ku© opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;qdkwJh
ocFg&w&m;awGukd vu©Pma&; oH;k wefwifum 0dyóem ½IymG ;oH;k oyfwmu yxr 0dyóemraem 'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
jzpfw,f/
tJ'D yxr 0dyóemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkudk 'kwd, 0dyóemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd

pdwftpOfjzifh xyfrHNyD; 0dyóem ½I&jyefw,f/ 'Denf;twdkif; (10)qifhavmuftxd quf½I&ygw,f/ 'D
½IuGufawGukdawmh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (262) - t½lyowåu 0dyóem½IuGufydkif;rSm
,rutm;jzifh ½Ienf;ç cPdu tm;jzifh ½Ienf;ç y#dyg#dtm;jzifh ½Ienf;qdkNyD; ½IuGufcyfpHkpHkudk azmfjy xm;ygw,f/
'D½IuGufawGudk ½IEdkifvQif --
'kuo
© pömw&m;awGukd xk;d xGi;f odwhJ ÓPfu tw¬y#dorÇ'd gÓPf jzpfw,f/ 'Dtw¬y#dorÇ'd gÓPfukd wpfzefjyefNy;D
0dyóem½IEdkifvQif tJ'D 0dyóemÓPfu y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfw,f/
wpfcg ork',opömukd xk;d xGi;f odwÓ
hJ Pfu "r®y#dorÇ'd gÓPf jzpfw,f/ tJ'D "r®y#dorÇ'd gÓPfudk wpfzefjyefí
0dyóem½IEdkifygu tJ'D0dyóemÓPfu y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/
NyD;awmh tJ'D y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPf trnf&wJh 0dyóemÓPfudk wpfzefxyfNyD; 0dyóem½IEdkifvQif
tJ'D0dyóemÓPfukdvnf; y#dbme y#dorÇd'gÓPfvkdYyJ ac:ygw,f/
tw¬trnf&wJh 'kuo © pömw&m;ç "r®trnf&wJh ork',opömw&m; wd&Yk UJ tac:ta0: toH;k tEIe;f o'á0g[m&
obm0ed½kwådudk xdk;xGif; odwwfwJh ÓPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyefNyD; 0dyóem½IEdkifvQif ,if;0dyóem ÓPfudkvnf;
y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPfvdkYyJ ac:ygw,f/
'D&Sif;vif;csuft& tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPfç "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPfç ed½kwåd y#dorÇd'gÓPfç y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPfqdkwJh
ÓPfav;yg;vHk;udk jyefod wJhÓPfudkvnf; y#dbmey#dorÇd'gÓPfvkdYyJ ac:qdkw,f rSwfyg/
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;[mvnf; tem*grdr*fÓPfudk &&SdwJhtcgrSm 'Dy#dorÇd'gÓPfav;yg;udkyg
yl;wG&J &Scd w
hJ t
hJ aMumif;ukd 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm 'kw,
d wGJ pmrsuEf mS (72)rSm zGiq
hf x
kd m;ygw,f/ 'D y#dorÇ'd gÓPfawG[m
taMumif;w&m; ig;rsKd;wkdYaMumifh oefY&Sif;pif Mu,fMuygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gÓPfawG oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef
taMumif;w&m; ig;rsKd; &SdMuygw,f/ tJ'D taMumif;w&m;awGu bmawGvJ¿ --
y#dorÇd'gÓPfoefY&Sif;zdkY&ef taMumif;w&m;ig;rsKd;
tJ'D taMumif;w&m; ig;rsKd;u - t"d*rç y&d,wdåç o0eç y&dykpämç ykAÁa,m* - qdkwJh taMumif;w&m; ig;rsKd;wdkY
jzpfMuygw,f/
1/ t"d*r - t"d*rqdkwmu t&[wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfudk &&Sdjcif; jzpfw,f/ wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh
t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfudk &&Sd jcif; jzpfw,f/ 'Dt*Fg&yfuawmh aemufqHk;b0 t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf
&&SdwJhtcg jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg&yf jzpfygw,f/
2/ y&d,wåd - y&d,wåq
d w
kd mu bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;pum;awmfwu
Ykd kd tvGw&f atmif oif,jl cif; &Gwzf wfo&ZÑm,fjcif;
jzpfw,f/
3/ o0e - o0eqdw
k muawmh bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfwu
Ykd kd t½dk tao tav;tjrwfjyKí em,ljcif; jzpfygw,f/
4/ y&dyk pmä - bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfEiS hf tJ'yD gVdawmf&UJ teuft"dygÜ ,f udk zGiq
hf akd Mumif;jzpfwhJ t|uxmponfwrYkd mS
&SdaewJh cufcJonfh txHk;tzGJU pum;&yfwdkY&JU tqHk;tjzwfç yk'fteufwdkY&JU tqkH;tjzwf awGudk oif,ljcif;
ar;jref;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
5/ ykAÁa,m* --
ykAÁa,ma*g emr ykAÁAk'¨geH omoae *wypöm*wdubma0e ,m0 tEkavmrH a*gMwbkorDyH? wm0

0dyóemEka,ma*g/ (0dok'¨d-2-72/)
ykAÁAk'¨geH = a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\/ omoae = omoemawmfjrwf twGif;ü/ *wypöm*wdubma0e =
*wypöm*wdu0wfudk jznfhusifh onf\ tjzpfjzifh/ ,m0 tEkavmrH a*gMwbkorDyH = tEkavmr ÓPf
a*gMwbkÓPfwdkY\teD; rkÍödwkurswmÓPf y#docFgÓPf ocFg½kayu©mÓPfodkYwdkifatmif/ 0dyóemEka,ma*g
= 0d y óembm0em ur® | mef ; ud k pD ; jzef ; yG m ;rsm; tm;xk w f j cif ; onf / tw¬ d = &S d \ / wm0 =
xdkrQavmufaomÓPfodkYwdkifatmif/ 0dyóemEka,ma*g = 0dyóem bm0em ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef; yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfjcif;onf/ ykAÁa,ma*g emr = ykAÁa,m* rnf\/
a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkdY\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;rSm qGrf;cH&GmodkY oGm;&müvnf; ur®|mef;ukd aqmifvsuf
ur®|mef;ukd ESv;Hk oGi;f vsuf oGm;jcif;ç qGr;f cH&mG rS ausmif;okYd jyefvm&müvnf; ur®|mef;ukd aqmif vsuf ur®|mef;ukd
ESvkH;oGif;vsuf jyefvmjcif;qkdwJh *wypöm*wdu0wf awGukd jznfhusifhNyD;awmh t&d,r*fESifh eD;uyfaewJh
tEkavmrÓPf a*gMwbkÓPfwkdY&JU teD;tyg; rkÍödwkurswmÓPf y#docFgÓPf ocFg½k ayu©mÓPfodkYwdkifatmif
0dyóembm0emukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfcJhzl;jcif;onf ykAÁa,m* rnfygw,f/
rk Í ö d w k u rswmÓPf q k d w muawmh ocF g &w&m;wk d Y & J U tysuf o uf o uf uk d wpf z uf o wf ES v k H ; oG i f ; NyD ;
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm; okH;oyfvm&m ocFg&w&m;wkdYtay:rSm NiD;aiGU &GHrkef;
pufqkyfvmw,f/ 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS vGwfajrmufcsifvmw,f/ 'Dvkd ocFg&w&m;awGrS vGwfajrmufvkdwJh
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmwJh 0dyóemÓPfukd rkÍödwkurswmÓPfvkdY ac:ygw,f/
y#docFgÓPfqkdwmuawmh 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS ckvkd vGwfajrmuf csifwJhtwGuf 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS
vGwaf jrmufap&r,fqwkd hJ OD;wnf csuEf iS hf 'DocFg&w&m;awGuydk J vu©Pma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyóem
qufvuf½IyGm; okH;oyf&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd wpfzefxyfNyD; qifjcif okH;oyf ½IyGm;aewJh 0dyóemÓPfukd y#docFgÓPfvkdY
ac:ygw,f/
ocFg½kayu©mÓPfqkdwmuawmh 'DocFg&w&m;awGukd NiD;aiGU&GHrkef;wJh pdwf"mwfç 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS
vGwfajrmufcsifwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh wpfzef 'DocFg&w&m;awGukd vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifum ½IyGm;okH;oyfjyef&m
'DocFg&w&m;awG&JU tedpötjcif;t&m 'ku©tjcif;t&m tewåtjcif; t&mrSm bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfaewwfygw,f/ tJ'D tcgrSm 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS aMumufjcif;qkdwJh b,ç 'DocFg&w&m; awGukd
ESpof ufjcif;qkw
d hJ eE´D - 'DtpGe;f ESpzf ufrS bm0empdwu
f vGwNf y;D awmh 'DocFg&w&m;awGudk tnDtrQ vspv
f sL ½IEikd w
f hJ
0d y óemÓPf a wG jzpf a y:vmygw,f / tJ ' D 0 d y óemÓPf u k d ocF g ½k a yu© m ÓPf v k d Y ac:yg w,f /
ocFg&w&m;wkdYtay:ü aMumifhMuajyí awmifhwajyí aeom xkdifom&Sdaom ÓPf jzpfygw,f/
pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; [mvnf ; ,ck a*gwrbk & m;&S i f & J U omoemawmf w G i f ; rS m
y#dorÇd'gÓPfav;yg;ukd &&SdwJh tem*grft&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfwJhtwGuf a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU
omoemawmf wG i f ; rS m 'D o cF g ½k a yu© m ÓPf o k d Y wk d i f a tmif a om 0d y óem yg&rD r sKd ; aph aumif ; awG u k d
qnf;yl;cJhzl;w,fvkdY od&SdEkdifygw,f/ 'gwGifruao;ygbl; ajymcJhNyD;wJh y&d,wådç o0eç y&dykpämç ykAÁa,m*qkdwJh
taMumif;w&m; (4)yg;vk;H ukyd J a&S;a&S;bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ omoemawmfwiG ;f rSm jznfu h sichf zhJ ;l w,fvyYkd J rSwo
f m;xm;yg/
txl;ojzifh ...
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wpfodef;aom oHCmawmf wkdYtm; tvSL'geawG tBuD;tus,f ay;vSLjcif;ç oDvawGukd pifpif Mu,fMu,f
jznfhusifhjcif;ç bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;ukd oif,ljcif;ç w&m;awmfukd ½kdaoav;jrwfpGm emMum;jcif;ç bk&m;a[m
a'oemawmf \ teuf t "d y Ü g ,f tqk H ; tjzwf w k d Y u k d oif , l ar;jref ; aqG ; aEG ; jcif ; ç ocF g ½k -
ayu©mÓPfokdYwkdifatmifaom orx-0dyóem bm0emusifhpOf wkdYukd atmifatmifjrifjrif usifhokH;jcif;qkdwJh
yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd tESpfwpfodef;twGif;rSm jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhygw,f/
'Dvkd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh ukokdvfw&m;awGxJu 'geykdif;qkdif&m oDvykdif;qkdif&m orxykdif;qkdif&m usifhpOf
ukov dk t
f &yf&yfawGuawmh ol&UJ p&PrsK;d aphaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 0dyóemykid ;f qkid &f musiphf Of t&yf&yfawGEiS hf
qufpyfNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh ukokdvfw&m;awGuawmh ol&JU 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ p&PrsKd;aphawGu
ol tvk&d wdS hJ "r®uxdu Oygoum tausmt f armfb0qdw
k hJ cE¨mig;yg;ukd jzpfapEkid w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d t
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xkdb0rSm oltvkd&SdwJh r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfukd xkd;xGif;odatmif tm;BuD;aomrSD&m Oyedó,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyK
ay;rnfh w&m;aumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
y&d,wådw&m;awmfukd oif,ljcif;ç w&m;awmfukd ½kdaopGmemMum; jcif;ç ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdYü cufcJonfh
t&mXmeawGrSm oif,ljcif;ç ar;jref;jcif;ç ocFg½kayu©mÓPfokdYwkdifatmifaom 0dyóem bm0em ur®|mef;awGukd
a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemwGif;rSm usifhcJhzl;jcif;qkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m; (4)yg;ESifhwuG a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemawmfwGif; rSm tem*grdr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfokdYwkdifatmifaom r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPf wdkYukd &&Sdjcif;qkdwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGuawmh ol&JU y#dorÇd'gÓPf av;yg;ukd &&SdzkdY&ef taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/
b0wpfckrSm ckvkd tcsufusus tuGufcsNyD; atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifvkdufwJh yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;awG[m
wpfaeYrSm vkdtifqE´ jynfh0onftxd xkdxkdawmifhwonfh aAm"dÓPfokdY a&mufatmif o,f aqmifoGm;rnfh
tbde[ D m&w&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ xkt
d bde[D m& w&m;awGu pdwo å <l u,ftavmif;jzpfwhJ trsK;d aumif;om;ukd
urÇm wpfodef;wYkd umvywfvkH; tyg,fav;bkHokdY rusa&mufatmifvnf; umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;w,f/ vlUjynf
ewfjynfawGrSmyJ pkefqef usif vnfapum vlUcsrf;om ewfcsrf;omawGukd txufwef;usus vSvSBuD; 00BuD;
cHpm; pHpm;apcJhygw,f/
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aemufqkH; uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfwGif;okdY a&mufNyDqkdMupkdYaemf/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfwGif;0,f
xk d t rsKd ; aumif ; om;u vl U jynf e wf j ynf pk e f q ef usif v nf & muae uóyjrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f
vufxufawmftcga&mufawmh rkqkd;BuD;&JU om;wpfOD; vmjzpfygw,f/
rkq;dk Bu;D &JU om;uav;wpfO;D vmjzpfawmh xdrk q
k ;dk tdrrf mS ae&if; uae wpfaeYawmh awmoGm;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm
o,HZmw tvkdvkd jzpfay:aewJh awmifapmif;wpfcktwGif; awmifcsKdifh awmif0Srf; awmif apmif;twGif;rSm &SdwJh
ausmufzsmBuD; wpfckay:rSm yHokulouFef;ukd acgif;jcHKvsuf w&m;bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;aewJh &[ef;wpfyg;udk
zl;awGU&awmh tifrwef MunfndKoGm;w,f/ MunfndKoGm;wJhtwGuf 'D'g,umav;u bmvkyfovJ¿ --
cyfjrefjreftdrfjyef? tdrfjyefNyD;wJhtcsdeftcg zkdcaemufwpfckjzifh qGrf;ukd csufw,f? tjcm;zkdcaemufwpfckjzifh
qGrf;[if;ukd csufw,f/ qGrf;awG qGrf;[if;awGudk aoaocsmcsm ususee pDrH? pDrHNyD;wJhtcg usufvnf; usufa&m
tkd;wpfvkH;xJ taotcsmxnfh? qGrf;awG [if;awG tkd;awGxJ xnhfNyD;wJhtcg zufawGESifh tay:utkyfNyD; BudK;ESifh
pnf;vdkufw,f/
tJ ' D t csd e f t cgrS m td r f a &S U ud k uk d , f a wmf E S p f y g;uvnf ; qG r f ; cH < uvm awmf r l j yef w ,f /
qGrf;cH<uvmwJhukd,fawmfawGukdvnf; tdrfay:yifhwif NyD; rGefjrwfwJh qGrf; cJzG,f abmZOfawGjzifh oydwfxJ
avmif;vSLum udk,fwdkifqufuyfNyD;awmh tdrfrSmusef&pfcJhwJhyk*¾dKvfawGudk 'D&[ef;awmf ESpfyg;udk qGrf;jzifh ½dkaopGm
jyKpkvkyfauR;zdkY rSmMum;cJhNyD; awmrSm aewJh &[ef;awmftwGuf qGrf;tdk;awG qGrf;awG [if;awG xrf;NyD;awmh
awmxJajy;w,f/
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awmyef;awG cl;NyD;awmh 'Dukd,fawmf xkdifNyD; w&m;ESvkH;oGif;wJhae&mukd a&mufatmif oGm;w,f/
a&mufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS ukd,fawmfxHrS oydwfukd awmif;,l w,f/ oydwfxJudk rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;awG
[if ; awG xnf h w ,f / tjynf h xnf h N yD ; wJ h tcsd e f t cgusawmh r S 'D q G r f ; uk d 'D u k d , f a wmf t m; ½k d a opG m
qufuyfvSL'gef;w,f/
quf u yf v S L 'gef ; NyD ; awmh yef ; awG u d k xk d u k d , f a wmf & J U ajcawmf & if ; rS m csNyD ; awmh yl a Zmf w ,f /
ylaZmfNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS 'D'g,um av;u bmqkawmif;ovJ¿ tJ'Dtykdif;uawmh y#dpöorkyÜg'fydkif;½IuGuf
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfydkif;½IuGufESifh qufpyfaeygw,f/
xl;jcm;wJh a&S;qkawmif;
,xm,H &oyd@ygawe o'¨ð ykyæylZm pdwåH y&dawmaowd? {0H edAÁwåedAÁwå|mae ar yPÖmum&o[ómed
ap0 tm*pä EÅ K yÍö0PÖukokr0óÍö 0ówk/ (tH-|-1-297/)
baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m; .../ &oyd@ygawe = rGefjrwfvSaom t&om&Sdaom qGrf;cJzG,fabmZOfESifh/ o'¨ð =
twlwuG/ t,H ykyæylZm = þyef;ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmf&jcif;onf/ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmf\/ pdwåH = pdwfukd/
y&dawmaowd ,xm = ESpfoufauseyfapouJhokdY/
{0H = þtwl/ t[H = bk&m;wynfhawmfonf/ edAÁwåedAÁwå|mae = jzpfav&m Xme jzpfav&m bkHb0ü/ ar =
bk&m;wynfhawmftm;/ yPÖmum&o[ómed ap0 = vufaqmif taxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkdY onfvnf;/ tm*p tm*pää EÅ K
= usa&muf qu f wnf;/ yÍö0PÖuo
dk af &mufvmMuygapukeo k rk 0óÍö = ig;yg;aom tqif;&Sad om yef;rk;d onfvnf;/
0ówk = &GmoGef;ygapownf;/ --
'gu olU&JU qkawmif;ykHuav;yJ/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...t&om&SdvSwJh 'DqGrf;ESifhwuG 'Dyef;ukd vSL'gef; ylaZmf&jcif;onf wynfhawmf&JU pdwfukd
tvGef ESpof ufapygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wynfah wmfonf jzpfav&mXme jzpfav&mbkb H 0rSm wynfh awmf&UJ oEÅmefoYkd
vuf a qmif y PÖ m taxmif a ygif ; rsm;pG m wk d Y o nf v nf ; usa&muf v mygapownf ; / tqif ; ig;rsKd ; &S d a om
yef;rkd;onfvnf; &Gm oGef;ygapownf;}} qkdNyD;awmh 'Dqkudk awmif;w,faemf/
'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;xyfNyD;awmh oHo&mpufvnfywfykH y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;udk ajymOD;r,f/ avmurSm
y&rw¬opöme,fbufu Munfh vkdufvQif a,mufsm;-rdef;r-yk*¾dKvf-owå0g-vl-ewf-jA[®mqkdwmuawmh r&Sdbl;?
orkwdopöme,frSmawmh &Sdw,f/
y&rw¬opöme,fbufu Munfhvkdufawmh cE¨mtdrfrSm ½kyfw&m;tpk tykH &Sdw,f? emrfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f/

½kyfw&m;tpktykHvdkYç emrfw&m; tpktykHvkdY odvnf; rSefw,f/ taMumif;w&m;tpktykHç tusKd;w&m; tpktykHvkdY
odvnf; rSefw,f/
'D½yk w
f &m; 'Demrfw&m;ç 'DtaMumif;w&m; 'DtusK;d w&m;onf b,fvo dk abm&So
d vJ¿ jyefqef;ppfMunfv h u dk af wmh
jzpfNyD; ysufaewJh tedpöw&m;om rSefw,f? jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufcHae&wJh
'ku©w&m;om rSefw,f? rysufpD;bJ tusdwf tcJ tckdiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twår[kwfwJh tewå
w&m;awGom rSeMf uw,f/ 'gaMumifh tedpw ö &m;tpktykçH 'kuw© &m; tpktykçH tewåw&m;tpktykaH wGyv J Ydk odvnf;
rSefw,f/
tJ'v
D dk ½kyw
f &m;tpktykH emrfw&m;tpktykv H Ydk rodbçJ taMumif; w&m;tpktykH tusK;d w&m;tpktykv
H Ydk rodbçJ
tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykHawGyJvkdY rodbJ a,mufsm;- rdef;r-yk*¾dKvf-owå0g-
vl-ewf-jA[®m ponfjzifh odcJhvQif xkdtodrsKd;ukd awmh rSm;w,fvkdY ac:&w,f/
,ckvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ 'Dae&mrSm olu jzpfav&m jzpfav&m bkHb0 rSm vufaqmifyPÖm axmifaygif;rsm;pGm
qku
d af &mufvmEkid w
f hJ b0 wpfc?k a,mufsm;b0yJ? tJ'v D dk a,mufsm;b0wpfcu
k dk vSr;f Ny;D arQmv
f ifh awmifw
h aew,f/
tJ'Dvkdb0wdkif;rSmvnf; ]]tqif;ig;yg;&SdwJh yef;rkd; awGonf tjrJwrf; &GmoGef;csygapownf;}} qkdNyD; 'Dqkudk
awmif;w,f/
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;
1/ 'Dawmh vufaqmifyPÖm axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &&SdEkdifwJh a,mufsm; b0? tqif;ig;rsKd;&SdwJh yef;rkd;awG
&GmoGef;apEkdifwJh a,mufsm;b0 vkdY todrSm;aewJh oabmu t0dZÆm?
2/ tJ'D a,mufsm;b0ukd wG,fwmwyfrufaewJhoabmu wPSm?
3/ tJ'D a,mufsm;b0ukd pdwfuyfNyD; pGJvkdufwJh oabmu Oyg'gef?
4/ 'Dt0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ok;H ck jc&H NH y;D awmh t&om&Sw
d hJ qGr;f ESihf wuG yef;awGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfw,f? qGr;f vSLjcif;ç
yef;vSLjcif;qkdwJh ukokdvfapwem ocFg&w&m;awG jzpfvmMuw,f/
5/ xkdocFg&w&m;awGuvnf; tedpöw&m;om rSefw,f? jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfwJh tedpöw&m;awGom rSefw,f/
xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;&JU oEÅmefrSm jzpfNyD;oGm;wJh xkdocFg&w&m;awGuvnf; ysufoGm;w,f csKyfoGm;w,f/ jzpfNyD;
ysufayrJhvkdY 0dyguf-tAsmuw w&m;awGvkd ½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOfrSm pGrf;tifowåd wpfpkHwpf&m csefrxm;cJhbJ
csKyfysufoGm;wmawmh r[kwfbl;? aemifwpfcsdefrSm ol arQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh vufaqmifyPÖmaygif;rsm;pGm
qkdufa&mufvmap EkdifwJh a,mufsm;b0ç tqif;ig;yg;&SdwJh yef;rkd;BuD; &GmoGef;apEkdifwJh a,mufsm;b0? tJ'D
b0wpfckukd jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tif ur®owåd udk ½kyfemrftpOfrSm jr§KyfESHNyD;rS csKyfysufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tif
ur®owådukdawmh uH-vkdY ac:ygw,f/
aygif;vkdufawmh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh taMumif; w&m; ig;ck[m pkHnDoGm;w,f/ tJ'D
taMumif;w&m;ig;ckudk jyKpkysKd; axmifvkdufNyD/
'gwGif ruao;bl; - xkt d rsK;d om;av;[m xku
d óybk&m;&Sif omoemawmfwiG ;f rSm 'ge oDv orx 0dyóem
tpjzmwJh aumif;rI ukodkvfawGudk xyfrHNyD; qnf;yl;jyefw,f/
toufxufq;Hk aumif;rIawG jyKNy;D awmh aoonf\ tjcm;rJrh mS ewfjynf a&mufomG ;w,f/ ewfjynf ewfavmu
a&mufoGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; tqif;ig;yg;&SdwJh tqif;ig;rsKd;&SdwJh yef;rkd;BuD; &Gm oGef;csw,f? yqpf'l;0ef;
epfavmufatmifukd &GmoGef;csoGm;w,f/
wpfcg ewfjynfuae vlUjynfa&muf? vlUjynfuae ewfjynfa&muf 'Dvkd pkef-qef usifvnf&muaeNyD;awmh
aemufqkH; bkef;BuD;wkdY a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlwJhtcsdef - rm*"wkdif; t0iftyg jzpfwJh
rpädumo@NrdKUrSm rpädumo@olaX;&JU om;&wemuav;wpfOD; vmjzpfygw,f/
arG;wJhtcsdeftcgrSmvnf; tqif;ig;yg;&SdwJh yef;awG rpädumo@NrdKU wpfckvkH; yqpf'l;0ef;epfavmufatmif
&GmoGe;f csvudk w
f ,f/ &GmoGe;f cswt
hJ wGuf rdbawGuvnf; wko Yd m;[m olUemrnfudk ol,al qmifvm w,f qkNd y;D awmh
'Dom;uav;arG;wJt h csed t
f cg qef;qef;us,u f s,f yef;rk;d awG &GmoGe;f wmukd taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh olUukd pdwo
å wko
Yd m;
qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd emrnf rSnfhxm;Muw,f/
pdwåol<u,fb0
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rdbawG uG,v f eG o
f mG ;Ny;D wJh aemuf xkrd päu
d mo@NrKd UrSm olaX;&mxl;ukd &&Syd gw,f/ rpäu
d mo@ NrKd UrSm olaX;&mxl;ukd
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rax&fonf rpädumo@NrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufvmygw,f/
t&Sifr[memr rax&f&JU £&d,mykxfudk MunfndKwJhtwGuf t&Sif r[memrukd tdrfay:yifhum qGrf;awGjzifh
½kdaopGm jyKpkvkyfauR;ygw,f/ jyKpkvkyfauR;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcg rdrdykdifaewJh trÁm#um&mr
#um&mrvkdY ac:qkd tyfwJh
a*G;yifawmO,smOfBuD;wpfcktwGif;okdY r[memr rax&fukd yifhaqmifoGm;ygw,f/
xkdO,smOftwGif;rSm r[memr rax&ftwGuf oifhavsmfavsmufywf aumif;jrwfwJh ausmif;awG aqmufw,f/
aqmufNyD;awmh r[memr rax&fukdvnf; 'Dausmif;wkdufrSmyJ oDwif;okH;apNyD;awmh wynfhawmf&JU tdrfü aeYpOf
qGrf;jzifh csD;ajr§mufay;oem;awmfrlyg&ef awmif;yef avQmufxm;NyD; y#dnmOf 0efcHcsuf pum;awGukd &,lygw,f/
r[memr rax&fuvnf; csD;ajr§mufay;awmfrlygw,faemf/
r[memr rax&fudk qGrf;vSLwJhtykdif;av;rSm - r[memr rax&f u vSrf;MunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcg
'DtrsKd;aumif;om;rSm Oyedó, txl;awG &Sdaewmukd oGm;NyD;awGUw,f/ - wpfcsuf/
aemufwpfck --
cke uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmftcsdeftcgu - vkdPf*l twGif;rSm oDwif;okH;pHaeawmfrlwJh
w&m;bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;aewJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ukd qGrf;vSLwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; xkd&[ef;awmfu 'D qGrf;vSLwJh
'g,umav;ukd vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh olUrSmvnf; Oyedó, rsKd;aphaumif;awG &Sdaewmukd jrifaew,faemf/
'Dawmh - tJ'rD sK;d aphaumif;awGu b,fwek ;f u xlaxmifco hJ vJ¿ jyefajymif;Ny;D qef;ppfMunfv h u
dk af wmh y'krw k &å
jrwfpGmbk&m; omoem awmfwGif;uwnf;u xlaxmifcJhwJh yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;awG jzpfw,f qdkwmudk od&w,f/
'gaMumif h aumif ; rI u k o k d v f w k d Y r nf o nf b0wpf c k r S m atmif a tmif j rif j rif E S i f h o m xl a xmif c J h y gap?
jrHKoGm;wJhoabmawmh r&Sdbl;/
ckeu uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfwkef;uvnf; vkdPf*l twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfav;u
qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;wJh tcsdef tcgrSm olUukd ur®|mef;w&m; a[may;w,f/ tck r[memr rax&fu vnf; olUukd
qGrf;vSLNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dpdwåol<u,ftavmif;jzpfwJh 'g,umuav;ukd w&m;a[may;ygw,f/ tJ'D

a[mvkdufwJh w&m;u tm;vkH; nDwlaew,faemf/
uóybk&m;&Sif vufxufawmftwGif;wkef;u vkdPf*ltwGif;rSm oDwif;okH;awmfrlwJh &[ef;awmfuav;u
b,fvkd w&m;a[movJ¿
okH;q,fhESpfaum|mour®|mef;
axa&m wó Oyedó,H 'doGm 'Gwå ðomum&ur®|meH tmpdu©dwGm t'god/ (tH-|-1-297/)
axa&m = rax&fonf/ wó = xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;uav;\/ Oyedó,H = t&[wåzkdvf &EkdifwJh
taMumif;Oyedó,uk/d 'domG = ÓPfjzifh awGUjrifonfjzpfí/ 'Gwo
ðå mum&ur®|meH = (32)aum|mo ur®|mef;uk/d
tmpdu©dwGm = a[mMum;awmfrlí/ t'god = ay;av\/
(32)aum|mour®|mef;ukd a[mMum;ay;w,faemf/ 'Dawmh - 'D Oyedó,qkdwmu bmvJvkdYar;awmh --
0d0¥H O'´dó OypdwH edaAÁ"bm*d,ukovH Oyedóa,m/
(tH-#D-1-201/)
#Dumq&mawmfu zGifhxm;w,f/ oHo&m0#fqif;'ku©rS uRwf&m uRwfaMumif; vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;jzpfwJh
tocFw tNird ;f "mwf edAmÁ efudk &nf&,
G af wmifw
h Ny;D awmh qnf;yl;pkaqmif;xm;tyfwhJ yg&rD ukov
dk f aumif;awGudk
Oyedó,vkdY ac:ygw,f/
b,fwkef;ursm; pkaqmif;cJhovJvkdYar;vQif y'krkwå& jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfwGif;uwnf;u pwifum
pkaqmif;cJhw,f/
'gaMumifh 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ... (32)aum|mo ur®|mef;ukd txifao;vkdY &rvm;¿
r&ygbl;aemf? bk&m;a[mwJh w&m; ygyJ/
(32)aum|moqkdawmhvnf; bk&m;a[mwJh w&m;jzpfjcif;aMumifh r[mowdy|mefokwåef usifhpOfxJrSm
um,mEkyóemowdy|mef (14) rsKd; &SdwJhteufu bk&m;&Sifonf (32)aum|mour®|mef;ukd y#dulvreodum&
ur®|mef;tjzpfESifh wpfcktygt0if owdy|mefusifhpOfrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dawmh rdrw
d u
Ydk owdy|mefw&m;udk yGm;awmhr,fqvkd Qif owdy|mef [m bmawGuakd c:w,fqw
dk mawmh ususee
em;vnfxm;zkdY vkdw,f/ 'Dowdy|mefusifhpOfxJrSm (32)aum|mour®|mef;awGvnf; ygaew,f/
tJ'D (32)aum|mour®|mef;ukdyJ vkdPf*ltwGif;rSm oDwif;okH; awmfrlwJh rax&fu olUÓPfawmfjzifh
'DtrsKd;aumif;om;&JU Oyedó, &Sd-r&Sdukd vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh .. Oyedó, &Sdw,fqkdwm jrifvkdY 'D
(32)aum|mour®|mef;ukd a[may;vkdufw,f/
a[may;vk d u f a wmh 'D t rsKd ; aumif ; om;u y'k r k w å & bk & m;&S i f vuf xuf a wmf t cguwnf ; u 'D
(32)aum|mour®|mef;ESifh ywfoufwJh Oyedó, rsKd;aphaumif;awG tm;BuD;aomrSD&mrsKd;aphaumif;awG &SdcJhNyD
vkdY 'Dvkd,lq&w,f/ tvm;wlyJ 'Dr[memr rax&fuvnf; ...
oVm,we0dbwådw&m;
axa&myd wó Oyedó,H 'doGm "r®H a'aoaEÅm oVm,we0dbwådar0 a'aood/ (tH-|-1-297/)
axa&myd = r[memr rax&fonfvnf;yJ/ wó = xkdtrsKd; aumif;om;\/ Oyedó,H = t&[wåzkdvf&EkdifwJh
Oyedó, taMumif; xl;ukd/ 'doGm = ÓPfjzifh awGUjrifonfjzpfí/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfukd/ a'aoaEÅm =

a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf&Sdaomf/ oVm,we0dbwådar0 = oVm,we (tm,weajcmufpkH) ESifh qufpyfaewJh
a0zefcGJjcrf;í a[mtyfwJh w&m;ukdomvQif/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/
oVm,we0dbwåw d &m; qkwd mawGuawmh - twGi;f tm,we (6)yg; tjyiftm,we (6)yg;ac:wJh tm,we
(12)yg;ESifh qufpyfae wJhtykdif;yJ? tJ'Dtykdif;ukd a[mMum;ay;ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
'Dpdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umu ÓPftv,ftvwf &SdwJh yk*¾dKvf jzpfygw,f/ ÓPftv,ftvwf &SdwJh
yk*¾dKvfawGukd bk&m;&Sifonf tm,we a'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifh 0dyóem½IuGufukd a[mMum;ay; awmfrlw,f/
'Dawmh - 'Dae&mrSm (32)aum|mo rygawmhb;l vm;vkYd ar;p&m &Sw d ,f/ 'D (32)aum|moESihf ywfoufNy;D awmh
a&S; .. uóy bk&m;&Siv f ufxufEiS hf [kad &S; ..y'krw
k &å bk&m;vufxufuwnf;u qnf;yl;xm;wJh yg&rDt&Sed t f 0g
&SdaewJh olawmfaumif; jzpfw,f/
xkdacwf xkdtcsdeftcguwnf;u xkdolawmfaumif;uvnf; ½kyfawG emrfawGukd olu ½IyGm;okH;oyfwJhtykdif;rSm
tm,we (12)yg;enf;ESifhyJ 0dyóem ½IcJhw,f/
uóybk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmfrmS &[ef;awmfu (32)aum|mo uae pNy;D awmh orm"dyidk ;f udk pa[may;w,f/
r[memr rax&f usawmh orm"dykdif;udk vkH;vkH; ra[mbl;vdkY 'Dvkdawmh r[kwfygbl;aemf/ pmayusrf;*efqkdwmu
wpfcgwpf&H vkdtyfwmuav;ukd uGufNyD;awmh o*Fg,em wifxm;awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/
'Dawmh r[memr rax&fusawmh olu orm"dyidk ;f rSm atmifjrifrI &Sad ewJt
h wGuf orm"dyidk ;f ukd csex
f m;Ny;D awmh
0dyóemykdif;ukd uGufNyD; a[mwJhtykdif;rSm tm,we (12)yg;enf;ESifh a[mMum;ay;ygw,faemf/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
olUtaMumif;t&m zGifhqdkxm;wmudk enf;enf;qufNyD; emMunfhrS oabmaygufr,f/
a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemü BudwfajccJhzl;aom ocFg&w&m;&Sdjcif;

pdawåm *[ywd yk&drba0 r'´dwocFg&wm, epd&aó0 tem*grdzvH orÜmykPd/ (tH-|-1-297/)
pdawåm *[ywd = pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;onf/ yk&drba0 = a&S;a&S;b0ü/ r'´dwocFg&wm, =
0dyóemÓPfjzifh Budwf ajctyfNyD;wJh ocFg&w&m;&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh/ epd&aó0 = rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGif;rSmyifvQif/ tem*grdzvH = tem*grdzkdvfokdY/ orÜmykPd = aumif;pGm qkdufa&mufcJhavNyD/
t&Sifr[memr rax&fu oVm,we0dbwåd-ac:wJh tm,we (12)yg;enf;jzifh tm,we ajcmufpkHukd
0d y óem½I u G u f a[mMum;jyo qk d q k H ; ray;vk d u f w J h tcsd e f t cgrS m - pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,um[m
a&S ; a&S ; b0awG u r'´ d w ocF g & - 0d y óemÓPf j zif h 'D o cF g &w&m; awG u k d ted p ö 'k u © tewå
vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D Buw d af jccJzh ;l wJh twGuaf Mumifh rMumrD tcsed uf mvtwGi;f rSm tem*grdzv dk u f dk qku
d o
f mG ;
w,fvkdY 'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
zGiq
hf x kd m;wJh pum;ukd Munfv
h u
dk af wmh ... pdwo
å <l u,f ausmif; 'g,umBu;D onf (32)aum|mour®|mef;ukd
tajccHNyD;awmh tm,we (12)yg;enf;jzifh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJhzl;w,f? ½kyfawG emrfawGudk
wpfq,fhESpfykH ykHNyD;awmh tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&; okH;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;udk
pD;jzef;cJhzl;w,fvkdY 'Dvkd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdxm;ygw,faemf/
'DzGifhqkdcsufawG usrf;*eftqkdtrdefYawG Munfhr,fqdkvkdY&SdvQif pdwå ol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;onf

(32)aum|mo ur®|mef;ukdvnf; pepfwus yGm;rsm;cJhzl;w,f/ ½kyfawG emrfawGukdvnf; wpfq,fhESpfykH ykHNyD;awmh
0dyóemÓPfjzifh tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; okH;wef wifum BudwfajccJhzl;w,fvkdY 'Dvkd od&w,f/
aemufxyf xl;jcm;csuf wpfckvnf; &Sdaeygao;w,f/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (72)rSm
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,um BuD;[m aou©y#dorÇd'gÓPf av;yg;udk &&SdwJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfw,fvdkY
zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ qdkvdkwmuawmh ol&JUtem*grdr*fÓPf rSm y#dorÇd'gÓPf av;yg;vnf; txG#fwyfvsuf
ygvmw,fvdkY qdkvdk ygw,f/
'DaeY w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawGxrJ mS tJ'v D dk ½IymG ;ok;H oyfEidk w
f hJ a,m*Doal wmfaumif;vnf; &Scd sif &SEd idk rf ,faemf?
r½IyGm;wwfao;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGvnf; ygcsifygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D yk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;&JU
usixhf ;Hk ukd twkvu
dk Nf y;D ½IymG ;ok;H oyfwwfatmif bke;f Bu;D 'Dn 0dyóemtaMumif; tenf;i,fa[mzkYd &nf&, G xf m;yg
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd a[mwJhtykdif;rSm aemufykdif; okwåefwpfck &Sdw,f/
t,H ud& *[ywd eda&m"H 0vaÍÆwd/ (oH-|-3-132/)
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u eda&m"ormywfukd rMumcP 0ifpm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f qkdNyD;awmh

'kwd,umrblokwåefrSm azmf jyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh eda&m"ormywfukdvnf; olu 0ifpm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tifawG
&Sdw,fvdkY rSwfom;xm;yg/
temxydPf ausmif;'g,umESifh pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umwkdY rwlnDwJh tcsufuav; wpfckawmh &Sdw,f/
- temxyd P f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; u 'gembd & w aomwmyef o l a wmf a umif ; jzpf w ,f ? 'gerS m
arGUavsmfaysmfykdufESpfNcdKufwJh aomwmyef t&d,molawmfaumif; jzpf w,f/
'Dpw
d oå <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D uawmh 'gembd&w "r®mbd&w w- 'gerSmvnf; arGUavsmf aysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uw
f ,f?
w&m;"r® r S m vnf ; arG U avsmf aysmf y k d u f ES p f N cd K uf w J h tem*grf t &d , m ol a wmf a umif ; jzpf w ,f /
tJ'Dxl;jcm;csufuav;awmh &Sdw,faemf/
'D a wmh 'D pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; u 'D t em*grd r*f Ó Pf zk d v f Ó Pf q k d u f o nf h w d k i f a tmif
opömav;yg;wkdYukd xkd;xGif;odzdkY b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh ½IyGm;&ovJ ...¿
opömav;yg;wkdYukd 0dyóemÓPf r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPf tqifhqifh wdkYjzifh xkd;xGif;odatmif ½IyGm;&rnfhusifhpOf
tusOf;csKyfudk emMum; MunfhMu&atmif .../
"""
"
orm"d\ eHygwfESpftusKd;*kPftiftmedoif
0dyóemÓPfawG &&SdzdkY&eftwGuf
tusKd;tmedoif&Sdw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ . . ¿
bk&m;a[mawmfrlwJh ½kyfudk odrIç
bk&m;a[mawmfrlwJh emrfudk odrIç
bk&m;a[mawmfrlwJh uH-uH\tusKd;udk odrIqdkwJh
emr½½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh
emr
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf qdkwmawGu
orm"d&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfrS &&SdEdkifwJh ÓPfawG jzpfw,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajymvQifawmh . . .
aMumif;usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;qdkwmudk
orm"d & Sd rSrS odEdkifwm/
orm"d r&SdvQif . .
'D½kyfudk rodEdkifbl;?
'Demrfudk rodEdkifbl;?
'DtaMumif;w&m; 'DtusKd;w&m;awGudk
b,f v dk rSrS rodEdkifbl;/ rodEdkifwJhtwGuf . .
bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu -
]]cspfom; &[ef;wkdY . . . orm"dxlaxmifMu?
orm"d&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf
razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f}} wJh/
(pmrsufESm-119-120/)
tcef; (4)
opömav;yg;wkdYukd xkd;xGif;od&ef usifhpOftusOf;csKyf
ÓPftvGefxufjrufol
tJ'Dtykdif;ukd ra[mrDrSm 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awGudk BudKwiftoday;csifwhJ tcsufwpfckawmh &Sdw,f?
y&rwfw&m;taMumif; yJaemf/ y&rw¬opöme,fbufuae "mwfcGJvkdufvQif avmurSm wu,f xif&Sm;&SdaewJh
y&rw¬w&m; b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJvkdY ar;vQif av;rsKd;yJ &Sdw,f? pdwfç apwodufç ½kyfç edAÁmef? 'Dav;rsKd;yJ/
tJ'D edAmÁ efac:wJh pwkwy¬ &rwfudk vkv d m;awmifw h aewJh olawmf aumif;rSecf v hJ Qif pdwf apwoduf ½kyv f aYkd c:wJh
'Dy&rwfw&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odatmif BuKd ;pm;&w,f/ tJ'vD dk BuKd ;pm;wJt
h ykid ;f rSm 0dyóemykid ;f a&mufvmNyD
qkdvkdY&SdvQif wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGu ÓPf odyfxufw,f/
ÓPfoyd x
f ufwt hJ wGuf xkd pdwf apwoduf ½kyw
f &m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh
0dyóem½IwJhtykdif; a&mufvmNyDqkdvQif ÓPfuodyfxufwJhtwGuf okH;q,fhwpfbkHtwGif; rSm wnf&SdaewJh 'D
pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;awGukd wpfpkwnf; qGJpkNyD; awmh 0dyóem½I? ½IvkdY&w,f/
uðokaumyrokwåefrSm (oH-2-396/) &[EÅmrax&fjrwfBuD;wpfyg; vm&Sdygw,f/ awblru ur®|medu
yk*¾dKvfqkdNyD;awmh t|uxmu emrnfwyfxm;w,f/ (oH-|-3-98/)
okH;q,fhwpfbkH twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m; awGukd wpfpkwnf; qGJpkNyD;awmh 0dyóem
½Iawmfrlw,f/ b,fvkd ½IovJ¿ --
],H udÍö ð ork',"r®H? oAÁH wH eda&m""r®H} --
okH;q,fhwpfbkHtwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh w&m;awGu 'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;qdkNyD; ESpfck &Sdw,f/
'ku©opömw&m;qkdwmu bmvJ¿ twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefponfjzifh wpfq,fhwpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&m tm;jzifh
wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;onf 'ku©opömw&m; jzpfw,f/
ork',opömw&m; qkwd muawmh aMumif;-usK;d -quf y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;awGjzpfw,f/ xk'd u
k o
© pömw&m;ç
ork',opömw&m;awG ukd ocFg&w&m;vkdYac:w,f/ qkdif&mqkdif&m taMumif;w&m;awGu aygif;pkjyKjyifay;rS
jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;awGjzpfjcif;aMumifh olwkdYukd ocFg&w&m;vkdY ac:w,f/
tJ'DocFg&w&m;awGukd wpfpkwnf; qGJpkNyD;awmh jzpfaewJhw&m; rSefvQif ysufaew,fqkdNyD; tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&; okH;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½Iawmfrlw,f? t&[wåzkdvfqkdufw,f/ 'gu ÓPftxufpm;yk*¾dKvfyJ/
yÍö*¾ ZeD;armifESH
aemufy*k Kd¾ vw
f pfrsK;d uawmh ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;enf;ESihf 0dyóem ½IymG ; ok;H oyfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vrf sK;d jzpfygw,f/ ykpH x
H w
k jf y&vQif
"r®y't|uxmrSm ("r®y'-|-2-367-369/) vm&SdwJh yÍö*¾ ZeD;armifESHwdkY jzpfygw,f/
yÍö*¾ ZeD;armifESHqkdwJh ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;ukd bk&m;&Sifu 'D pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;awGukd ESpfykH ykHNyD;awmh
0dyóem½IzYdk ñTeMf um;ay; awmfrw l ,f/ pdwEf iS hf apwoduu f dk emrfw&m;vkYd ac:w,f? ½kyu
f ½kyw
f &m;/ ½kyw
f &m;awGudk
wpfykHç emrfw&m;awGukd wpfykH - ESpfykH ykHNyD;awmh 0dyóem½I&wJh enf;pepf jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ½IzkdY&ef ñTef
Mum;ay;awmfrlwJh enf;ukd ½kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'gvnf; ÓPftvGefxufwJh yk*¾dKvfawGyJ/
t½lyor®LV§yk*¾dKvf (r[m#D-2-85/)
aemuf yk*¾dKvfwpfrsKd; &Sdao;w,f/ wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGusawmh ½lyor®LV§§ - ½kyfw&m;rSm awGa0w,f/
wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfawGusawmh t½lyor®LV§§ - emrfw&m;rSm awGa0w,f/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfawGusawmh Ob,or®LV§§ - ½kyfemrf
ESpfyg;vkH;rSm awGa0Muw,f/
'Dawmh 'Dy&rw¬"mwfom; pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m; okH;rsKd;&SdwJh teufu wcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGrSm ½kyfw&m;ESifh
ywf o uf v d k Y tod Ó Pf u oef Y & S i f ; w,f ? emrf w &m;ES i f h ywf o uf v d k Y tod Ó Pf u roef Y & S i f ; bl ; /
tJ'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfrsKd;jzpfcJhvQif jrwfpGmbk&m;u ½kyfw&m;rSm todÓPfoefY&Sif; aewJhtwGuf ½kyfw&m;awGudk wpfyHk
yHNk y;D awmh 0dyóem½IzYkd ñTeMf um; ay;w,f? emrfw&m;ESihf ywfoufvYkd todÓPf roef&Y iS ;f wJt
h wGuf emrfw&m;awGukd
a0'emwpfyHkç onmwpfyHkç usefwJhapwoduf (50) ocFg& wpfyHkç todpdwf 0dnmPf wpfyHk? aygif; (4)yHk yHkNyD;awmh
0dyóem ½IzdkY ñTefMum;ay;vdkufw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ñTefMum;wJhenf;udk cE¨m (5)yg;enf;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ ½kyfw&m; rSm todÓPf oefY&Sif;NyD;awmh
emrfw&m;ESifhywfoufvkdY todÓPf roefY&Sif;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu 0dyóem½IuGufudk
oifay;awmfrlwJhenf;yJ/
teD;uyfq;kH qdv k &Ykd v
dS Qiaf wmh emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ yÍö0*¾D ig;OD;wdu
Yk kd bk&m;&Sio
f nf "r®pMum a'oemawmfjrwfjzifh
aomwmywådr*f-zdkvfudk qdkufatmif acscRwfay;awmfrlNyD;wJhaemuf tewåvu©Pokwåefjzifh t&[wåzdkvfayguf
acscRwfwJhtydkif;rSm 'DcE¨mig;yg;enf;ESifh 0dyóem ½IuGufudk bk&m;&Sifu oifay;awmfrlygw,f/
aemufwpfenf;ajymvQifawmh ÓPfxufaewJh wdu©yn0g olawmf aumif;awGukdvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
cE¨mig;yg;enf;ESifh 0dyóem ½IuGufudk oifay;awmfrlw,f/
aemufwpfenf;uawmh - oHcdwå½kpd = 0dyóem½IuGufrSm tusOf; ESpfcsKdufwJh olawmfaumif;awGudkvnf;
bk&m;&Sifonf cE¨mig;yg;enf;ESifh 0dyóem½IzdkY&ef ñTefMum;ay;awmfrlw,f/
tJ'D cE¨mig;yg;qdwk m bmvJvaYkd r;awmh pdwf apwoduf ½kyw
f &m;yJ aemf/ ½I&rnfh y&rw¬"mwfom;u twlwyl ?J
ig;yHk yHkvdkufwmyJ uGmw,f/ aemufwpfrsKd;u ...
½lyor®LV§yk*¾dKvf
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfusawmh ½kyfw&m;ESifh ywfoufvkdY todÓPfu roefY&Sif;bl;? awGa0aew,f? ½lyor®LV§
yk*¾dKvfjzpfaew,f/ emrfw&m;ESifh ywfoufvdkY todÓPfu oefY&Sif;w,f/
tJ'Dvdk yk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sifonf ½kyfw&m;rSm todÓPf roefY&Sif; wJhtwGuf ½kyfw&m;awGudk q,fyHkcGJ?
emrfw&m;rSm todÓPf oefY&Sif; aewJhtwGuf emrfw&m;awGudk rem,weç "r®m,we qdkNyD; wpfyHkcGJaygh? ½kyfawG
emrfawGudk wpfq,fhESpfyHk yHkNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IzdkY oifay;awmf rlygw,f/
tJ'Denf;udk tm,we a'oemenf; (= oVm,we0dbwådenf;)vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tm,we (12)yg;enf;ESifh

0dyóem ½I&w,f/ tm,we (12)yg;qdkwm bmvJvdkYar;vQif pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;yJ? twlwlyJ/
aemufwpfcsuf zGifhqdkxm;wmu ÓPftv,ftvwfpm; &SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGudkvnf; bk&m;&Sifonf tm,we
a'oemenf;jzifh pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;awGudk (12)yHk yHkNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IzdkY oifay;awmf rlygw,f/
aemuf w pf e nf ; zG i f h q d k x m;wmu rusOf ; rus,f tv,f t vwf Bud K uf a ewJ h rZÑd r ½k p d y k * ¾ d K vf (=
tv,ftvwfBudKufwJhyk*¾dKvf) awGudk vnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tm,we (12)yg;enf;jzifh 0dyóem½IuGufudk
oifay;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gu wpfenf;/
Ob,or®LV§yk*¾dKvf
aemuf y k * ¾ d K vf w pf r sKd ; usawmh ½k y f w &m;ES i f h y wf o uf v d k Y tod Ó Pf roef Y & S i f ; bl ; ? awG a 0w,f /
emrfw&m;ESifhywfoufvdkYvnf; todÓPfu roefY&Sif;bl;? awGa0aew,f/ tJ'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfrsKd;jzpfvQifawmh bk&m;&Sif
onf "mwf (18)yg;enf;jzifh 0dyóem½IuGufudk oifay;awmfrlygw,f/
"mwf (18)yg;qdkwmu bmvJvdkYar;vQif pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;yJ? twlwlyJaemf/ (18)yHk yHkNyD;awmh
0dyóem½IuGufudk ½Iwm? (12)yHk yHkNyD; ½Iwm? (5)yHk yHkNyD; ½Iwm? ½kyfemrf ESpfyg;taeESifh (2)yHk yHkNyD; ½Iwm?
ocFg&w&m;taeESihf wpfykH yHNk y;D ½Iwm? 'gyJ uGmw,f/ t½IcH y&rw¬ "mwfom;uawmh pdwf apwoduf ½kyw f &m;csn;f yJ
jzpfw,f/
(r[m#D-2-85-Munfhyg/)
tJ't D ajccHpnf;rsO;f udak wmh 0dyóem½Irnfyh *k Kd¾ vrf sm; em;vnfxm; zdv
Yk ykd gw,f/ tJ'½D yk rf mS ½kyu
f (28)yg;&Sw
d ,f/
½kyfwdkYrnfonfrSm uvmyf vdkYac:wJh trIefav;awGtaeESifh jzpfw,f/ uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif; rSm - yx0D
tmayg awaZm 0ga,mqdkwJh "mwfav;yg;ç tqif; teHY t&om MoZmqdkwJh Oyg'g½kyfav;yg; - tenf;qHk;
oabmw&m; &Spfck avmuf aygif;pkrS ½kyfuvmyftrIefwpfck jzpfw,f/
tJ'DuvmyftrIefuav;awG rsm;pGmaygif;pkvdkufygrS qHyifç arG;nif;ç ajconf;vufonf;ç oGm;ç ta& pwJh
(32)aum|mo tpkta0;awG ay:vmw,f/ 'D (32)aum|mo tpkta0;awGudk twdwfu uHpDrH onfhtwdkif;
tcsKd;wus wyfqifvdkufygrS a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0gqdkwm ay:vmwmjzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh rl&if;wnfaqmufxm;wJh ypönf;awGonf oabmw&m; oufoufyJ? yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç
0ga,mpwJh "mwfav;yg;OD;aqmif aewJh ½kyfoabmoufoufyJ/
tJ'D ½kyfy&rwfawGudk odzdkYu yxr ½kyfuvmyfudk jrifatmif ½I wwfzdkY? 'kwd, ½kyfuvmyfudkjrifvQif
tJ'D½kyfuvmyfudk "mwfcGJNyD; uvmyftwGif;&Sd (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd;pwJh y&rwfawGudk odzdkY vdkygw,f/
uvmyfav;awGukd rjrifao;bl;? uvmyfvnf; "mwfrcGw
J wfao; bl;qdv
k Qif xdyk *k Kd¾ vo
f nf ½kyu
f kd rodao;ygbl;/
tJ'D ½kyfwdkYrnfonf uvmyftaeESifhjzpfw,f 'Duvmyfudk "mwfcGJEdkifrS ½kyfw&m;udk odw,f qdkwmu
bk&m;a[musrf;*efrSm tbd"r®mrSm txift&Sm; &Sdygw,f/
&Sad yrJh 'D½yk af wGukd ½IvrYkd &bl;vkYd acwfuawmh 'Dvakd jymaeMuw,f/ ½Ir&bl;qdw
k hJ bk&m;a[ma'oemygVdawmfEiS hf
t|uxm #Dum tzGifh r&Sdygbl;? usrf;*ef taxmuftxm; vHk;vHk;r&SdwJh tqdktrdefYwpf&yfom jzpfygw,f/
'Dawmh - bk&m;a[mwJh ½kyfw&m;udk pepfwus odcsifw,fqdkvQif bmvkyf&rvJ¿ 'Dtydkif;u@u wpf&yf/
'Dtydkif;u@udk aemufrS ajymr,f/ aemufwpfck - emrfw&m;taMumif; ajymMu&atmif .../
emrfoabm
emrfw&m;awGrSm 0DxdpdwfESifh 0DxdrkwfpdwfqdkNyD; ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/ 0Dxdpdwfemrfw&m;wdkYrnfonf 0DxdvdkYac:wJh
ed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdkif; jzpfMuw,f? pdwåed,mrvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'Ded,mrvrf;aMumif;u vGJvQif ajymif;vJNyD;
jzpf½dk;"r®wm r&Sdbl;/
bk&m;&SifoEÅmefrSm jzpfaewJh ½lyg½Hkudk odaewJh pdwfvnf; 'Ded,mr vrf;aMumif;twdkif;yJ jzpfw,f/
om0uawGoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh ½lyg½Hkudk odwJhpdwfvnf; 'Ded,mrvrf;aMumif;twdkif;yJ jzpfw,f/ tm½Hk
ajcmufyg;udk odNyq
D v
kd Qif 'De,
d mrvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f yJ jzpfw,f/ 'D ed,mrvrf;aMumif;uae ajymif;vJNy;D jzpf½;kd "r®wm
r&Sdbl;/ r&SdwJh twGuf olUudk pdwåed,mrvdkY ac:ygw,f/
0Dxdpdwfemrfw&m;wdkYrnfonf pdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdkif; 0Dxd vdkYac:wJh pdwftpOftwdkif; jzpfMuw,f/
0Dxrd w
k v
f aYkd c:wJh pdwu
f av;awG&w
dS ,f? y#doaE¨&,f b0if&,f pkw&d ,f/ 'gudak wmh >cif;csux
f m;vdu
k /f olwu
Ykd
0DxdrStvGwf 0Dxd&JU tjyifbufrSm jzpfMuwJh emrfw&m;awGyJ/
0D x d a c:wJ h p d w f t pOf t wd k i f ; jzpf ½ d k ; "r® w m&S d w J h emrf w &m;ud k ½I r nf h yk * ¾ d K vf o nf 'D 0 D x d a c:wJ h
ed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f jzpfomG ;wmudo k m vdu k Nf y;D jrifatmif Munf&h r,f/ 'De,
d mr vrf;aMumif;twdik ;f jzpfomG ;wm
udk rjrifao;vQifvnf; emrfy&rwfe,fajrudk rul;ao;bl;/
odkYaomf emrfw&m;wdkYrnfonfrSmvnf; ½kyfw&m;vdkyJ wpfvHk;csif; jzpfEdkifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;? tkyfpktvdkufom
jzpfw,f/
tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh pu©K0dnmPfpdwfuav;wpfckyJ qdkMupdkY .../ todpdwfç zóç a0'emç onmç apwemç
{u*¾wmç ZD0w
d ç reodum& qdw k hJ oabmw&m;&Spcf k aygif;pkrS jzpfEikd w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Sw
d ,f? wpfv;kH csi;f jzpfEikd w
f phJ rG ;f tm;
r&Sdbl;/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dpdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh emrfw&m;awGudk þum; zóç þum; a0'emç þum;
onmç þum; apwem ponfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; odrS emrfw&m;udk odrSm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD;vnf; rodbl;? yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;ç pu©K0dnmPfç orÜ#d päd Kif;ç oEÅD&Pç 0ka|mç aZmç w'g½Hk
pwJh0DxdpdwftpOfawGvnf; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodbl;? tJ'DvdkqdkvQif - bk&m;qdkvdkwJh emrfw&m;udk rodao;ygbl;/
½kyfemrfudkrQ rodao;wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tzdkY b,fvdkrS r*fzdkvf edAÁmefudk r&Edkifygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
pwkw¬y&rwfjzpfwJh 'DedAÁmefudk oGm;csifvQif 'D pdwfapwoduf ½kyf w&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od&r,f/
eHygwf (1) emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf &&r,f/
&NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS xdkolawmfaumif;u 'D pdwf apwoduf ½kyfawGonf bmaMumifhjzpfovJqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGudk wpfqifh wufNyD;awmh &SmazG&ygw,f/ taMumif;w&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odrS
ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf u d k &&S d r ,f / 'D a wmh wcsKd U wcsKd U pd w f apwod u f ½k y f w &m;awG emrf w &m;awG o nf
twdwt f aMumif;aMumifh jzpfwm vnf; &Sw d ,f/ wcsKUd wcsKUd ½kyaf wG emrfawGu ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;aMumifh jzpfwmvnf;
&Sdw,f/
uHwdkY\pGrf;tif
ck 'Dow k eå rf mS a[maewJh pdwo
å <l u,f&UJ ½kyef mrfMunfah ygh/ uóy bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmfwek ;f u qGr;f vSLcJw
h ,f?
qGrf;vSLNyD;awmh tqif; ig;yg;&SdwJh yef;rdk;&GmoGef;zdkY&eftwGuf qkawmif;cJhw,f/
'Dqak wmif;&JU pGr;f tm;aMumifh arG;vmwJt
h csed rf mS tqif; ig;rsK;d &Sw
d hJ yef;rd;k Bu;D &GmoGe;f rcsb;l vm;¿ csaew,f/
vufaqmifyPÖm axmifaygif;rsm;pGm qdkufa&mufzkdYtwGufvnf; qkawmif;cJhw,f/ tJ'D qkawmif;vnf; wpfaeY
jynfhrSmjzpfygw,faemf/
'gaMumifh wcsKdUwcsKdU ½kyfawGemrfawGonf twdwfu taMumif; aMumifh jzpfwmvnf;&Sdw,f/ wcsKdUwcsKdU
½kyfawG emrfawGu ypöKyÜef taMumif;aMumifh jzpfwmvnf; &Sdw,f/
twdwfutaMumif;aMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfawGemrfawG[mvnf; twdwf u b,fvdktaMumif;w&m;awGudk
xlaxmifcJhvkdY 'D½kyfawG emrfawG jzpfae&ovJvdkY odatmif ½I&ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿
0dyóaue ye ur®EÅ&Íö 0dyguEÅ&Íö {ua'oawm ZmedwAÁH/
(0dok'¨d-2-237/)
0dyóaue ye = 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;aewJh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf/ ur®E&Å Íö = uHw\
Ykd
xl;axGuGJjym;rIudkvnf; aumif;/ 0dyguEÅ&Íö = tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ xl;axGuGJjym;rIudkvnf; aumif;/ {ua'oawm
= wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh/ ZmedwAÁH = odoifhodxdkufay\/
0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;aewJhyk*¾dKvfu uH-uH\tusKd; w&m;udkawmh wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh
odoifhw,f/
bmjzpfvYdk wpfpw
d w
f pfa'otm;jzifh odoifw
h ,fvYdk ajym&ovJvYkd ar;awmh tukev
f ;kH tuket
f pifozd q
Ykd w
kd mu
om0uwdkY&JUt&m r[kwf bl;? oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwdkY&JU t&momjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh --
oaAÁe oAÁH tZmeae ypö,y&d*¾a[m e y&dyl&wd/
(r[m#D-2-380/)
oaAÁe oAÁH = tcsif;cyfodrf;/ tZmeae = rodcJhonf&Sdaomf/ ypö,y&d*¾a[m = ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfonf/ e
y&dyl&wd = b,fenf; ESifhrS rjynfhpkHEdkif/
uH-uH\tusK;d udk vH;k vH;k rodcv
hJ Qiaf wmh ypö,y&d*[
¾ ÓPfukd b,f vdrk S r&Edik b
f ;l / 'gaMumifh uH-uH\tusK;d udk
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odzdkYtwGufç 'Dae&mrSm ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf&&Sda&;twGuf twdwfu taMumif;w&m; awGudk ½IzdkY
vdkovm; rvdkbl;vm;¿ vdktyfaew,f/
enf;enf;av; pOf;pm;Munfhprf;µ 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG w&m;emaeMuwm qkav;wpfck
awmif;Munfph rf;yg/ Oyrm - þ w&m;em,l&onfh aumif;rIaMumifh ewfom;jzpfygap? odrYk [kwf ewforD; jzpfygapvdYk
qkawmif;Munhfyg/
'Dw&m;emwJh uH[mvnf; ewfjynfa&mufaMumif; uHawGxJu uH wpfrsKd;yJ jzpfw,f/ csufcsif; jzpfovm;¿
rjzpfygbl;/ csucf si;f om jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif - csucf si;f ..ewfom; oGm;jzpfrmS aygh? csucf si;f .. ewforD; oGm;jzpfrmS aygh/
uHwdkYrnfonfrSm jzpfqJcPrSm b,fawmhrS tusKd;ray;bl;? &ifhusuf zdkY&ef tcsdeftcgumv apmifhqdkif;&w,f/
EGm;EdkYwdkYrnfonfrSm n§pfvdkuf vQif csufcsif; b,fawmhrS axmywfrjzpfbl;? csufcsif; 'defcJ rjzpfbl;?
&ifhusufzdkY&eftwGuf tcsdefumvtenf;i,f rapmifhqdkif;&bl;vm;¿ apmifhqdkif;&w,f/
tJ ' D y H k p H t wd k i f ; yJ uH w d k Y r nf o nf r S m vnf ; jzpf a ewk e f ; jzpf q J c PrS m b,f a wmh r S tusKd ; ray;bl ; ?
&ifhusufatmifawmh tcsdefumv tenf; i,f apmifhqdkif;&w,f/ wcsKdU b0jcm;NyD;awmh apmifh&w,f? wcsKdU b0
aygif;rsm;pGm jcm;NyD;awmh apmifh&w,f/
(tbd-|-3-374/ rlv#D-3-372 - Munhfyg/)
ck pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umudk tusKd;ay;aewJh uHudk Munfh vdkufvQif vuf&Sd 'D tqif;ig;yg;&SdwJh yef;rdk;BuD;
&GmoGef;aew,fqdkwJh 'DtusKd;w&m;onf b,fwkef;u xlaxmifcJhwJhuHvJ¿ uóybk&m;&Sif vufxufu
xlaxmifcJhwJhuH jzpfw,f/ 'Dpdwåol<u,fb0rSm xlaxmif cJhwJhuH [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/
'gaMumifh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;awmhrnfh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf u uH-uH\tusKd;udk wpfpdwfwpfa'o
odatmifawmh BudK;pm;&w,f/ 'DvdkBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;[m ork',opömudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm; xkwfjcif;om
jzpf w ,f / wpf e nf ; ajym&vQif a wmh ork ' ,opö m aMumif h 'k u © o pö m jzpf y k H u d k od a tmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;omjzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf uHESifh uH&JUtusKd;udk t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif tukefvHk;
odzkdY uawmh oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwdkY&JUt&mom jzpfygw,f/
erlemav;ajymvQifawmh bkef;BuD;wdkYjrwfpGmbk&m;rSm 0dygufawmf q,fhESpfyg; &Sdygw,f/ tavmif;awmfb0u
usL;vGefcJhwJh jypfrSm;rIav; awG &Sdw,f/ acgif;cJwmu olUuHwpfck? cg;emwmu olUuHwpfck ponf jzifh
qdkif&mtaMumif;w&m;ESifh qdkif&mtusKd;w&m;awG oD;oefY&Sdw,f/
tJ'Dvdkukefpifatmif tukefvHk;odwmuawmh oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨ bk&m;&SifwdkY&JUt&mawGom jzpfygw,f/
om0uawGusawmh ukepf if atmifawmh rodEikd b f ;l ? odaYk omf wpfpw
d w
f pfa'o wcsKUd wpf0uf avmufawmh od&r,f?
vHk;vHk;rodcJhbl;qdkvQif ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudk &rvm;¿ r&Edkifbl;aemf/
uJ 'D½kyfw&m; 'Demrfw&m;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;ç 'DtaMumif; w&m; 'DtusKd;w&m;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
oda&;twGuf bmvdo k vJ¿ orm"dxal xmifzYkd vdyk gw,faemf/ tJ'aD wmh orm"dxal xmifwt hJ ydik ;f rSm 'Dpw
d oå <l u,f
ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; u (32)aum|mour® | mef ; ES i f h 0d y óemod k Y ul ; oG m ;wJ h y k * ¾ d K vf jzpf w J h t wG u f
(32)aum|mour® | mef ; taMumif ; ud k ajymMu&atmif / (32)aum|moud k ½I y G m ;oH k ; oyf w J h e nf ; onf
okH;enf;&Sdygw,f/
wpfenf;uawmh - "mwfur®|mef; tus,fenf;rSmvnf; jrwfpGm bk&m;onf (32)aum|mo ½IuGufudk
a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/ aemuf wpfenf;uawmh - y#dulvreodum&vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh ur®|mef;ydkif; rSmvnf;
(32)aum|moudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/ 'guawmh todrsm;wJhenf; ESpfenf;yJ/
aemufwpfenf;a[mxm;awmfrw l m &Sad o;w,f? tJ'guawmh -tbdbm,wepsmef 0darmu©psmefqw kd t
hJ rnfEiS hf
uodP
k ;f vrf;uae jrwfpmG bk&m;u a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ enf;jzpfw,f/ tm;vH;k aygif; vdu
k v
f Qiaf wmh oH;k enf;yJ/
(32)aum|moawG u d k ½I y G m ;oH k ; oyf z d k Y e nf ; ES i f h ywf o uf v d k Y jrwf p G m bk & m;onf b,f E S p f e nf ;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿ oHk;enf;/
eHygwf (1) ta&mifuodkPf;vrf;
eHygwf (2) y#dulvreodum&vrf;
eHygwf (3) "mwkreodum&vrf; ("mwfur®|mef;vrf;) --
qdkNyD;awmh vrf;oHk;oG,f a[mxm;ygw,f/
tJ'aD wmh (32)aum|moonf vrf;oH;k oG,f oGm;vd&Yk w,f/ vrf; oH;k oG,f oGm;vd&Yk wJt
h ydik ;f rSm (32)aum|moudk
b,fvdkpNyD; jynfwnf ½IrvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh ESpfenf;&Sdw,f/

tJ'D½Ienf;uawmh EIwfESifh&GwfyGm;wJhenf;u wpfenf;ç "mwfur®|mef; udk jynfwnfNyD; ½IwJhenf;u wpfenf;
qdkNyD;awmh ESpfenf;&Sdygw,faemf/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk jynfwnfNyD;½IvQifvnf; (32)aum|morSm&SdwJh ½kyf awGudk
pepfwus odr,fqdkNyD; 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmrSm zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Denf;udkyJ bkef;BuD;wdkY ajymMu&atmifaemf/
cE¨mtdrfrSm "mwfBuD; av;yg;udk p½I&r,f/ --
ok'¨0dyóem,medaum ye t,ar0 0g orx,medaum pwk"mwk00w¬mae 0kwåmeH awoH awoH
"mwky&d*¾[rkcgeH tnw&rkc0aoe oacFyawm 0g 0dw¬m&awm 0g pwaóm "mwka,m y&d*¾PSmwd/ --
ponfjzifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ - pmrsufESm (222) rSm ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
ok'0¨ yd óem,meduyk*Kd¾ vyf jJ zpfjzpf? orx,meduyk*Kd¾ vu
f vnf; emrfur®|mef;upNy;D 'd|0d o d 'k pd¨ cef;odYk rul;bJ
½kyfur®|mef;upNyD; 'd|d 0dok'¨dpcef;odkY ul;csifw,fqdkvQif tJ'Dvdk ½kyfur®|mef;upNyD; 'd|d0dok'¨d pcef;odkY ul;csifwJh
orx,meduyk*¾dKvfyJ jzpfjzpfayghav - ½kyfur®|mef; uae pNyD;½Iawmhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk
p½I&w,f/
tJ'D "mwfBuD;av;yg; ½IwJhtydkif;rSm tusOf;enf; tus,fenf; ESpfenf;&SdwJhteuf BudKufwJhenf;u
p½IEdkifygw,faemf/ ckawmh tusOf; enf; ajymMu&atmif .../
"mwfur®|mef;tusOf;enf;
"mwfur®|mef;rSm tusOf;enf; tus,fenf;qkdNyD; ESpfenf; &Sdygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef; tus,f½IyGm;enf;uawmh
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r-2-83-89/) "mwk0db*Fokwåef (r-3-281-290/) r[m[w¬dya'gyrokwåef (r-1-242-249/
) tbd"r®m"mwk0db*FygVdawmf (tbd-2-84-87/) wkdYrSm vm&Sd ygw,f/ (32)aum|mowdkYESifhwuG awaZmaum|mo
(4)rsKd;ç 0ga,m aum|mo (6)rsKd;wdkY t0iftyg tm;vkH; (42)aum|mowdkYrSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYudk
odr;f qnf;½IymG ;wJeh nf; jzpfygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef; tusO;f ½IymG ;enf;uawmh r[mowdy|meokweå rf mS vm&Syd gw,f/
'DnrSmawmh "mwfur®|mef; tusO;f ½IymG ;enf;u pNy;D a[mMu emMu &atmif/ "mwfur®|mef; tusO;f enf;½Iuu G u
f dk
r[mowdy|meokwåef rSm bk&m;&Sifonf b,fvdka[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
yke py&H bdu©a0 bdu©K £rar0 um,H ,xmXdwH ,xmyPd[dwH "mwkaom ypöa0u©wd ]]tw¬d £ro® ð
uma, yx0D"mwk tmayg"mwk awaZm"mwk 0ga,m"mwl}}wd/ (r-1-73/)
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ yke py&H = aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum;/ bdu©K = a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf/ ,xmXdwH =
wnfjrJwkdif;aom/ ,xmyPd[dwH = xm;jrJwdkif;aom/ £rar0 um,H = þ½lyum, BuD;udkyifvQif/ ]]£ro®ð
uma, = þ½lyum,ü/ yx0D"mwk = yx0D"mwfonf/ tmayg"mwk = tmayg"mwfonf/ awaZm"mwk =
awaZm"mwfonf/ 0ga,m"mwk = 0ga,m"mwfonf/ tw¬d = &Sd\/}}}} £wd = þodkYvQif/ "mwkaom =
"mwfoabmtpktyHktm;jzifh/ ypöa0u©wd = toD;toD; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD ÓPfpu©Kjzifh cGJjcm;pdwf jzmvsuf
qifjcif oHk;oyf ½IyGm;í aeav\/
ypöa0u©wDwd ywd ywd ta0u©wd? ÓPpu©Kem 0dedAÇ KZdwGm 0doHk 0doHk yówd/ (r-#D-1-365/)
'Dvkd #Dumq&mawmfu &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;wJt h wGuf "mwfwpfv;kH pD "mwfwpfv;kH pDukd ÓPfEiS hf cJjG cm;pdwjf zmNy;D
toD;toD; ½IyGm;&rnfh vkyfief;cGifjzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU oabmobm0udk tvsifa&S;OD;pGm
&Sif;Mu&atmif .../
bk&m;&Sifonf "r®o*FPDygVdawmf (tbd-1-170/) rSm yx0D"mwfudk uu©VH rk'kuH oPSH z½koH *½kuH v[kuH
qdkNyD; (6)rsKd; a[mMum;awmf rlcJhygw,f/ t|uxm (tbd-|-1-368/) uvnf; --
yx0D"mwf (6) rsKd;

1/ uu©VEÅd x'¨H = rmrIoabmç
2/ rk'kuEÅd tx'¨H = aysmhrIoabmç
3/ z½koEÅd c&H = Murf;rIoabmç
4/ oPSEÅd r|H = acsmrIoabmç
5/ *½kuEÅd bm&d,H = av;rIoabmç
6/ v[kuEÅd tbm&d,H? ov’[kuEÅd taw¬m = ayghrIoabm --
'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh yx0D"mwfrSm rm-aysmhç Murf;- acsmç av;-aygh qdkNyD; tpHktm;jzifh (3)pHk [rm-
Murf;-av;ç aysmh-acsm- aygh qdkNyD; oabmw&m; (6)rsKd;] &Sdygw,f/
tmayg"mwf (2) rsKd;

tmayg"mwfrSmawmh --
1/ j'0bm0 = y*¢&Pvu©Pm = ,dkpD;rIoabmç
2/ tmAEëbm0 = tmAEëvu©Pm = zGJUpnf;rIoabm --
qdkNyD; oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/
awaZm"mwf (2) rsKd;

awaZm"mwfrSmawmh --
1/ OPSbm0 = OPSawaZm = ylrIoabmç
2/ oDwbm0 = oDwawaZm = at;rIoabm --
qdkNyD; oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/
0ga,m"mwf (2) rsKd;

0ga,m"mwfrSmawmh --
1/ 0dw¬rÇebm0 = axmufuefrIoabmç
2/ ork'D&Pbm0 = wGef;uefrIoabm --
qdkNyD; oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ ork'D&Pbm0uawmh ork'D&P&o (= 0ga,m"mwf&JU wGef;jcif;qdkwJh
vkyfief;udpö&yf) jzpfygw,f/
tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufvQifawmh rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-ayghç ,dkpD;-zJGUpnf;ç yl-at;ç axmuf-wGef; qdkNyD;
oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d jzpfygw,f/ 'Doabmw&m; (12)rsK;d udk a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f a&S;OD;pGmodatmif ½IymG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
rdrd&JUcE¨mtdrfxJrSm jrifatmifMunfh&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu --

1/ rmrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pí rmrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
2/ Murf;rIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí Murf;rIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
3/ av;rIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí av;rIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
4/ aysmhrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí aysmhrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
5/ acsmrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí acsmrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
6/ ayghrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí ayghrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
7/ ,dkpD;rIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí ,dkpD;rIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
8/ zJGUpnf;rIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí zJGUpnf;rIoabmudk wpfudk,f vHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
9/ ylrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí ylrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrif atmif½Iyg/
10/ at;rIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí at;rIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
11/ axmufuefrIxif&Sm;&m wpfae&mupí axmufuefrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
12/ wGef;uefrI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pí wGef;uefrIoabmudk wpfudk,fvHk;ü jrifatmif½Iyg/
'Dvdk½IwJhtcgrSm OD;acgif;uae ajczsm;txd ajczsm;uae OD;acgif; txd t½kd;Mum; taMumMum; tom;Mum;
ta&Mum;odYk ÓPfwnf; [laom vufuo kd iG ;f um oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d vH;k udk wpfcNk y;D wpfck oGuo
f u
G v
f ufvuf
jrifatmif½Iyg/
wGef;uefrIoabm
'Denf;pepfESifh ½IvdkYrS ratmifjrifvQifawmh aemufwpfenf;xyfajym r,f/ xifvG,f jrifvG,fwJh "mwfupNyD;
½IwphJ epf jzpfw,f/ touf ½SLoGi;f ½SLxkwaf ewJh touf½SLvrf;aMumif;u pNy;D wGe;f uefwo
hJ abm (= 0ga,m"mwf)
udk pNyD; ½IMunfhyg/
touf½S Lvrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufrSm avudk twGif;bufodkY ½SL oGif;vdkufwJhtcg wGef;uefaewJhoabmç
avudktjyifbufodkY ½S Lxkwf vdkufwJhtcg wGef;uefaewJh oabmudk jrifatmif ½Iyg/ txl;ojzifh OD;acgif;&JU
A[dktv,favmufrSm pdwfudkpdkufNyD;awmh touf½SLoGif;vkduf ½S LxkwfvdkufwJhtcgrSm wGef;uefaewJhoabmudk
½IvQifawmh xifvG,f jrifvG,fwJhoabm &dSwwfygw,f/ tu,fí wGef;uefwJhoabmudk awGUvQif tJ'D
wGef;uefwJhoabmtay:rSm bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ wGef;uefrIoabmu
xif&Sm;vmwJh tcg enf;enf; enf;enf; csJUxGifNyD; wGef;uefaewJhoabmudk wpfacgif; vHk;rSm jrifatmifMunfhyg/
atmifjrifvQifawmh wpfudk,fvHk;rSm yHkpHwl vdkuf½Iyg/ tom;Mum; t½kd;Mum; ta&Mum; taMumMum;odkY ÓPfwnf;
[laom vufuo kd iG ;f Ny;D wGe;f uefwo
hJ abmudk jrifatmif½yI g/ OD;acgif; uae ajczsm;txd ajczsm;uae OD;acgif;txd
Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum xyfum ½Iyg/ oGm;-&yf-xdkif-avsmif; qdkwJh £&d,mykxf av;yg;vHk;ESifh udk,ftrlt&mwdkif;
vIyf&Sm;rIwdkif;rSm yHkpHwl½Iyg/
rmrIoabm
tu,fí wGef;uefrIoabmudk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; ½IvdkY atmifjrifNyD qdkvQif yx0D"mwfxJu rm-rIoabmudk
pwif ½IMunfhyg/ Oyrm - Murf;ESifhwifyg; xdwJhae&mupNyD; rmrIxif&Sm;vQif tJ'DrmrIudk ½IMunfhyg/ 'grSr[kwf

txufoGm;ESifhatmufoGm; xdxm;wJhae&mu xif&Sm;vQif tJ'D oGm;ae&mu pNyD; ½IMunfhyg/ rxif&Sm;vQif
wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh wJGNyD;awmh wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh rmwJhoabmudk wpfvSnfhpD ½IMunfhyg/
atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; jrifatmif wpfvSnfhpD ½Iyg/ wGef;uefwJhoabmw&m;udk wpfvSnfh
ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; ½Iyg/ rmwJh oabmudk wpfvSnfh ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; ½Iyg/ wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh rmwJh oabm
ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk NydKifwlvdkvdk jrifaevQif ydkaumif;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dtydkif;rSmawmh wpfvHk;pDudkyJ xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
oG u f o G u f v uf v uf jrif a tmif ½ I a eyg/ £&d , myk x f av;yg;vH k ; rS m a&m auG ; wd k i f ; qef Y w d k i f ; rS m a&m
wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh rmwJhoabmudk yHkpHwlyJ ½Iaeyg/
Murf;rIoabm
wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh rmwJhoabm ESpfrsKd;vHk; xif&Sm;vmwJhtcgrSm Murf;wJhoabmudkyg yl;wGJNyD;awmh
awGUjrifvmwwfygw,f/ tu,fí rawGUjrifygu vufcHkESifht0wfudk odkYr[kwf ouFef;udk tomyGwfMunfh yg/
Murf;wJoh abmukd awGUEdik yf gw,f/ tu,fí rxif&mS ;u tay: tHomG ;xdyu
f kd vQmESiyhf w
G Mf unfyh g/ Murf;wJo
h abmudk
awGUEdkifygw,f/
Murf;wJhoabmudk vG,fvG,fESifh cE¨mudk,ftESHYtjym; rawGUEdkifygu wGef;uefwJhoabm rmwJhoabm
Murf;wJo h abmqdwk hJ 'Doabmw&m; oH;k rsK;d udk yl;wJNG y;D wpfvn
S phf D ½IMunfyh g/ wGe;f uefwo
hJ abmESihf rmwJh oabmwdu
Yk kd
cE¨mudk,ftESHYtjym; jrifatmif½Ixm;NyD;wJh yk*¾dKvftwGuf wGef;uefwJhoabmESifh rmwJhoabmwdkY cE¨mudk,fodkY
ysHUESHYoGm;wmukd awGUjrifwJhtcg Murf;wJhoabmudkyg yl;wJGNyD; awGUjrifwwfygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ "mwfBuD;av;yg;
(= oabmw&m; 12-rsKd;) wdkY[m cE¨m udk,ftESYHtjym;rSm jzpfysuftaetxm;jzifh uHt&Sdeft0g rukefao;orQ
tjrJwrf; &dSaeMuygw,f/ tjrJwrf;&dSaewJh obm0awGudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmif Munfhaejcif;om jzpfw,f/
atmifjrifr&I &Syd gu wGe;f uefwohJ abm rmwJo
h abm Murf;wJh oabm qdw k hJ 'Doabmw&m;oH;k ckukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm
xyfumxyfum ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; ½Iaeyg/ oHk;ckvHk;udk NydKifwlvdkvdk awGU&dSygu ydkaumif; onfom jzpfygw,f/
£&d,mykxf av;yg;vHk;ESifh auG;jcif;qefYjcif;pwJh udk,ftrlt&mwdkif;rSm yHkpHwlyJ ½Iyg/ Oyrm - pBuøavQmufwJhtcg
ajcaxmufEiS Mhf urf;jyif awGUxdaewJh ae&mupNy;D ½IMunfyh g/ ajcudk aemufwpfvrS ;f vSr;f zd&Yk ef wGe;f uefaewJo
h abmç
ajcaxmufEiS Mhf urf;jyif xdwahJ e&mrSm rmaewJo
h abm Murf;aewJo h abmawGukd awGUEdik yf g w,f/ tJ'D xdrx I if&mS ;wJh
ae&mu pNyD; wpfudk,fvHk;rSm oabmw&m; (3)rsKd;vHk;udk wpfudk,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif wpfvSnfhpD xyfumxyfum
Budrfzefrsm;pGm ½Iaeyg/
av;rIoabm
atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu av;rIoabmw&m;wpfckudk wdk;NyD;½IMunfhyg/ Oyrm - xdkifaewJhtcg cE¨mudk,f&JU
atmufydkif;udk tay:ydkif;u zdxdkifwJh twGuf av;vHaewJhoabmukd awGUEdkifygw,f/ 'grSr[kwfvQif vuf
wpfzufjzifh aygifay:udk tenf;i,f zdMunfhyg/ av;wJhoabmudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUEkdifygw,f/ wpfukd,fvkH;rSm
jrifatmif quf½Iyg/ tm;vkH;aygif;aomf oabmw&m; (4)rsKd; &SdoGm;ygNyD/ wGef;uefwJhoabm rmwJhoabm
Murf;wJhoabm av;wJhoabm - aygif; (4)rsKd;jzpfw,f/ ukd,ftrlt&mwkdif;rSm (4)rsKd;vkH;ukd wpfvSnfhpD ½Iaeyg/
axmufuefrIoabm
ckajymcJhwJh oabmw&m; (4)rsKd;vkH; todÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmwJhtcg axmufuefrI oabmwpfckukd wkd;NyD;
½IMunfhyg/ cE¨mukd,fukd xkdifvQif xkdifwJhtwdkif;ç &yfvQif &yfwJhtwkdif; wnfaeatmif rvJatmif xdef; xm;wJh
pGrf;tifwpfrsKd; jzpfw,f/ tdrfwpftdrf NydKawmhr,fqdkvQif rNydK atmif usm;ac:wJh opfom;wpfacsmif;jzifh
axmufxm;wJh Nidrfatmif xdef;xm;wJh oabmrsKd; jzpfw,f/ wGef;uefwJhoabm rmwJhoabm ESpfrsKd;ESifh wGJNyD;
½IMunfhyg/ rxif&Sm;u cE¨mukd,fukd tenf;i,f vIyfMunfhyg? ,drf;Munfhyg? vJawmhrnfh ykHpH tenf;i,f jyKMunfhyg/
rvJatmif jyefxdef;xm;wJh pGrf;tifukd awGUEkdifygw,f/ xif&Sm;vmygu wpfukd,fvkH;rSm jrifatmif quf½Iyg/
£&d,mykxfwdkif; ukd,ftrlt&m wkdif;rSm ykHpHwl ½Iyg/ tm;vkH;aygif;vkdufvQif wGef;-rm-Murf;-av;-axmuf qkdwJh
oabmw&m; (5)rsKd; jzpfoGm;NyD/ wpfvSnfhpD ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; jrifatmif xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/ rmwJhoabmESifh
wGJNyD; ½Iygu ydkNyD; xuf&Sm;wwfygw,f/
aysmhrIoabm
atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu aysmhrIoabmw&m;ukd quf½IMunfhyg/ atmuf twGif;EIwfcrf;om;ukd vQmjzifh tenf;i,f
xdxm;Munfyh g/ uk,d uf dk avQmx
h m;yg/ aysmrh o
I abmw&m;[m xif&mS ;vmygvdrrhf ,f/ xif&mS ; vmygu wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk ü
jrifatmifquf½Iyg/ £&d,mykxfwkdif; ukd,ftrl t&mwkdif;rSm ykHpHwlyJ ½Iyg/ ckajymcJhwJh oabmw&m; (6)rsKd;ukd
wpfvSnfhpD ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/
acsmrIoabm
aysmhaewJh atmuftwGif;EIwfcrf;om;ukd vQmjzifh wHawG;qGwfNyD; jznf;jznf;yGwfMunfhyg/ acsmaewJhoabmukd
awGUEkdifygw,f/ wpfukd,f vkH;rSm jrifatmif½Iyg/ rxif&Sm;ygu aysmhrIoabmukd xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/
aysmrh x
I if&mS ;vmwJt
h cgrSm acsmrIoabmukd quf½yI g/ £&d,m ykxw
f idk ;f uk,
d t
f rlt&mwkid ;f rSm ykpH w
H l ½Iyg/ tm;vk;H
aygif;vkdufu oabmw&m; (7)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; xyfumxyfum tjrJwrf; ½IEkdifatmif BudK;pm;yg/
ayghrIoabm
aysmhrIESifhacsmrI xif&Sm;vmvQif ayghrIoabmw&m;yg xif&Sm;vm wwfygw,f/ tu,fí rxif&Sm;ygu
av;rIoabmukd jyef½Iyg/
wpfudk,fvkH; av;vmwJhtcg 'l;ay:rSmwifxm;wJhvufrS vufn§dK; wpfacsmif;ukd tomuav; r-Munfhyg/
ayghrIoabm[m xifvmwwf ygw,f/ xif&Sm;vmygu wpfukd,fvkH;rSm jrifatmifquf½Iyg/ aysmh-acsm-aygh-
oabmw&m; (3)ckukd wGJNyD; xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/ £&d,m ykxfwkdif; ukd,ftrlt&mwkdif;rSm ykHpHwlyJ quf½Iyg/
tm;vkH;aygif;vkduf vQif oabmw&m; (8)rsKd;jzpfw,f/ wpfvSnfhpD ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; xyfum xyfum ½Iyg/
ylrIoabmç at;rIoabm
ylrx
I if&mS ;wJh wpfae&mupNy;D ylwo
hJ abmukd wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk jrif atmif ½Iyg/ Oyrm - vufvufcsi;f xyfxm;&mü
ylrI xif&Sm;aewwf ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; wpfukd,fvkH;rSm jrifatmif ½Iyg/
0ifoufavu ESmoD;zsm;ukd xdNyD; 0ifoGm;wJhtcg ESmoD;zsm;rSm pdwfukd pkduf½IvkdufvQif at;rIoabm
xif&Sm;aewwfygw,f/ tvm; wlyJ tjyifu avwkd;wkdufaewJhtcg tJ'Davu yg;jyifukd vmxdvQif vnf;
at;rIoabm xif&Sm;aewwfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd at;rIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh at;rIoabmukd
wpfukd,fvkH;rSm jrifatmif quf ½Iyg/
£&d,mykxfwkdif; ukd,ftrlt&mwkdif;rSm ylrIoabm at;rIoabm awGukd wpfukd,fvkH;rSm jrifatmif
xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/ tm;vkH;aygif; vkdufygu oabmw&m; (10)rsKd; jzpfw,f/ wGef;-rm-Murf;-av;-axmuf-

aysmh-acsm-aygh-yl-at; tm;vkH; (10)rsKd; jzpfw,f/ xyfum xyfum ½Iyg/
zGJUpnf;rIoabm
ckajymcJhwJh oabmw&m; (10)rsKd;ukd xyfumxyfum ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; ½IaevQif zGJUpnf;rIoabmw&m;[mvnf;
a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v&f UJ todÓPfrmS xif&mS ;vmwwfygw,f/ tu,fí rxif&mS ;ygu wGe;f uefwo hJ abm ESihf rmwJo h abm
ESpcf u
k dk xyfumxyfum ½IvQiv f nf; xif&mS ;vmyg w,f/ wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk ukd BuKd ;ESiphf nf;wkyx
f m;wJh ykpH rH sK;d ukd awGUwwfyg
w,f/ £&d,mykxfwkdif; ukd,ftrlt&mwkdif;rSm ykHpHwl½Iyg/ tm;vkH;aygif; aomf oabmw&m; (11)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/
ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; jrifatmif xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/
,kdpD;rIoabm
zGJUpnf;rIoabmw&m;ukd ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; wpfukd,fvkH; tEHSYtjym; awGU&Sdygu ,kdpD;wJhoabmukd quf½Iyg/
oGm;t&if; wpfae&mrSm okdYr[kwf vQmrSm oGm;&nfrsm; wHawG;rsm; ,kdpD;aewmukd awGUEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd
,kdpD;rIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh ,kdpD;rIoabmukd wpfukd,f vkH;rSm jrifatmif½Iyg/ txl;ojzifh
(32)aum|mowkw Yd iG f yg0ifwhJ aoG; aum|moawG[m wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk tESt
YH jym; txufatmuf pD;qif; aeMuygw,f/
rxif&mS ;ygu &&SNd y;D wJh oabmw&m; (11)rsK;d ukd xyfumxyfum ½Iaeyg/ wpfzef at;rIoabmESihf ,kpd ;D rIoabm
od k Y r [k w f yl r I o abmES i f h ,k d p D ; rI o abmuk d wG J N yD ; ½I M unf h y g/ ,k d p D ; rI u k d awG U wwf y gw,f / rawG U vQif
wGef;uefrIoabmESifh ,kdpD;rIoabmukd wGJ½IMunfhyg? awGUwwfygw,f/ rawGUygu xif&Sm;wJh vG,fulwJh
"mwfwpfckckESifh wGJom½IMunfhyg/ ,kdpD;rI oabmukd awGUwwfygw,f/
atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; wpfukd,fvkH;ü ,kdpD;rIoabmukd jrifatmif½Iyg/ £&d,mykxfwkdif;
ukd,ftrlt&mwkdif;rSm ykHpHwl½Iyg/
tm;vH;k aygif;aomf wGe;f -rm-Murf;-av;-axmuf-aysm-h acsm-aygh-yl-at;-zGUJ pnf;-,dpk ;D qdw
k hJ oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d
pHkoGm;NyDjzpfw,f/ 'Doabmw&m; (12)rsKd;udk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; wpfudk,fvHk;ü Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/
oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;udk oGufoGufvufvuf wpfckNyD; wpfck ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; ½IEdkifvQif oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;vHk;
jynfhoGm;ygu wpfacguf&NyD[k owfrSwfyg/ wpfrdepftwGif;rSm oabm w&m; (12)ckvHk;udk okH;acgufavmuf
&&Sdatmif BudK;pm;yg/
atmifjrifrIvnf; &&dSNyD; £&d,mykxf (4)yg;vHk;rSma&m auG;jcif; qefYjcif; pwJh udk,ftrlt&mwdkif;rSma&m
'Doabmw&m; (12)rsKd;vHk;udk oGufoGufvufvuf ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; jrifatmif ½IEdkifNyDqdkvQif bk&m; &Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfqdkwJh a'oempOftwdkif; ajymif;½Iyg/
a'oemawmfpOftwdkif;½Iyg
1/ rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh (yx0D"mwf)
2/ ,dkpD;-zJGUpnf; (tmayg"mwf)
3/ yl-at; (awaZm"mwf)
4/ axmufuef-wGef;uef (0ga,m"mwf) --
þa'oemawmfpOftwdkif; ajymif;½Iyg/ tJ'Dvdk ½IwJhtydkif;rSm "mwf oabmw&m;wdkif;udk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;
jrifatmif ½IzdkYvdkygw,f/ bm aMumifhvJ¿ --

wH wH tEÅ&mEkom&dem ÓP[aw¬e 0dedAÇ KZdwGm 0dedAÇ KZdwGm/ y /
(0dok'¨d-1-347/)
ponfjzifh 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmu ñTeMf um;xm;wJt h wGuf xdx
k kd tom;Mum; ta&Mum; t½d;k Mum; taMumMum;odYk
ÓPfwnf;[laom vufudk oGif;í yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,mqdkwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg; udk ÓPfjzifh wpfvHk;pD
wpfvHk;pD cJGjcm;pdwfjzmí ½I&rSmjzpfw,f/ tom;-taMum-t½kd;-ta& qdkwmuvnf; wpfudk,fvHk;rSm &dSavawmh
wpf udk,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif ½I&rSmjzpfw,f/
,o®m t,H "mwkreoduma&m ,m0a'0 owåonmork*¢g#eaw¬m/ (r[m#D-1-446/)
'Dvdk r[m#Dumq&mawmfu zGifhqdkxm;wJhtwGuf "mwkreodum& (= "mwfur®|mef;)&JU OD;wnfcsufu
owåonmudk y,fcmG zdYk jzpfygw,f/ "mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsK;d udk tom;Mum; taMumMum; t½d;k Mum; ta&Mum;odYk
ÓPfwnf;[laom vufudk oGif;í pdkuf½IvdkufwJhtcg tom;-taMum-t½dk;-ta& qdkwm r&dS? &dSwmu "mwfBuD;
(4)yg; = oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;om &Sdw,fvdkY 'Dvdkodatmif a&S;OD;pGm ½I&rSm jzpfw,f/
,ckvkd rm-Murf;-av;-aysm-h acsm-aygh-,dpk ;D -zJUG pnf;-yl-at;-axmuf-wGe;f qdw
k hJ oabmw&m; (12)ckukd wpfcNk y;D
wpfck ajcqHk; acgif;qHk; ½IvdkufvdkY oGufoGufvufvuf ½IEdkifNyD? oabmw&m; (12)ckudk NydKifwlavmufeD;eD; jrifNyD?
"mwfoabmw&m;wpfcu k kd ½Ivu
kd vf Qif "mwf oabmw&m; (4-5-6)ckavmuf NyKd iw f v l v
dk dk jrifNyq
D v
kd Qif tJ't
D cgrSm
ouvrÜd twåaem ½lyum,H tm0aZÆwGm - (0dok'¨d-1-346/)
ponfjzifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwdkif; rdrd&JU ½lyum,wpfckvHk;udk jcHKikHí rm-Murf;-

av;-aysm-h acsm-ayghç ,dpk ;D -zJUG pnf;ç yl-at;ç axmuf-wGe;f qdw
k hJ 'Doabmw&m; (12)ckukd qufvuf ½Iaeyg/ tJ'v D kd
wpfudk,fvHk;udk jcHK½IwJhtydkif;rSm rdrdxdkifaewJh yHkudk tay: u pD;NyD; Munfhovdk jcHKikHí tm½kHjyKum "mwfudkom
½Iaeyg? OD;acgif; udMk unfvh ukd f ajcaxmufuMkd unfvh ukd f ponfjzifh ae&majymif;a&TUNy;D r½IygESi?hf "mwfuo
kd m tm½H,
k Nl y;D
jcHKiHkíom ½Iaeyg/ "mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsKd;udk NydKifwlvdkvdk awGUjrifwJhtcg --
1/ rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-ayghudk MunfhNyD; yx0D"mwfç
2/ ,dkpD;-zJGUpnf;udk MunfhNyD; tmayg"mwfç
3/ yl-at;udk MunfhNyD; awaZm"mwfç
4/ axmuf-wGef;udk MunfhNyD; 0ga,m"mwf --
'Dvdk (4)csuf ajymif;½Iyg/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;tm½Hkü bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;yg/ orm"dudk
qufvufxlaxmifyg/ 'Dvdk orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifaewJh tydkif;rSm 0dok'¨dr*¾r[m#Dumq&mawmfu
reodum&aumov’w&m; (10)yg;udk ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
reodum&aumov’ (10) yg;

{0H reod ua&maEÅe [d tEkykAÁawmç emwdoDCawmç emwdoPduawmç 0dau©yy#dAm[eawmç
yPÖwådorwduúreawmç tEky|merkÍöeawmç vu©Pawmç wa,m p okwåEÅmwd £ar[d 'o[muma&[d
reodum&aumov’H tEk|mwAÁH/ (r[m#D-1-434/)
1/ tEkykAÁawm = tpOftwdkif; ½Iyg/

"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk ESvHk;oGif; ½IyGm;wJhtcg bk&m;a[m a'oempOf twdkif; q&morm;xHrS oif,ltyfcJhwJh
a'oempOftwdik ;f ]]yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf}}[k "mwfoabmw&m;rsm;ukd tm½H, k u
l m
tpOftwdkif;om ½Iyg/ ]]tmayg"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfç yx0D "mwfç awaZm"mwf}} 'DvdkpwJh tpOfr[kwfwJh
enf;pepfawGESifh [dkausmf 'DausmfNyD; tpOfrus r½IygESifh/ bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfpOftwdkif;om ]]yx0D"mwfç
tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf}}[k ½Iyg/
2/ emwdoDCawm = rjrefvGef;ap&/
"mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ oabmw&m;awGukd tm½H, k Nl y;D ckvkd orm"dudk xlaxmifaewJt
h ydik ;f rSm "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wdu
Yk kd
a'oemawmfpOftwdkif; ESvHk;oGif;aewJhae&mrSmvnf; "mwfwpfyg;NyD; aemuf"mwfwpfyg;udk odyfjrefjrefBuD;vnf;
ESvHk;roGif;ygESifh/ odyfjrefvGef;u "mwfBuD; (4)yg; wdkY&JU oabmw&m;awG[m a,m*D&JUÓPfxJrSm rxifr&Sm;
jzpfvmwwf ygw,f/
3/ emwdoPduawm = raES;vGef;ap&/
odyfjrefjrefBuD; ESvHk;roGif;oifhovdk odyfNyD;aES;aES;vnf; ESvHk;roGif; ygESifh/ tvGefaES;aES;auG;auG;
ESvHk;oGif;aeygu orm"drSm rwdk;wufbJ &Sdwwfw,f/ Oypm&orm"dodkY rqdkufEdkif&Sdwwfw,f/
4/ 0dau©yy#dAm[eawm = "mwfBuD; (4) yg;rS jyifytm½Hkudk r½I&/
0dau©yy#dAm[eawmwd ur®|meH 0dóaZÆwGm A[d'¨g ykxkwåm&r®aP apwaom 0dau©ayg y#dAm[dwaAÁm/
A[d'¨g 0dau©ay [d owd ur®|mem y&d[m,wd y&d"Howd/ {uy'dur*¾*grD yk&daom apw¬ ed'aówaAÁm/
(r[m#D-1-434/)
"mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pm (= y&rw¬"r®obm0owå)d qdw k t
hJ m½ku
H kd ESv;kH oGi;f rI ur®|mef;vkyif ef;udk
pGev
Yf w
T í
f "mwfBu;D (4)yg; wd&Yk UJ oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d wdrYk S wjcm;jzpfwhJ ynwfy&rwf tm½kH trsK;d rsK;d ü bm0empdwu f kd
ypfvTifhrIudk wm;jrpfay;&r,f/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg; = oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;wdkY&JU jyifytm½kH trsKd;rsKd;udk vdkufr½I&/
"mwf ur®|mef;jzifh orm"dxlaxmifcdkuf "mwf (4)yg;udkom ½Iaeyg/
tolwpf&meufaom acsmufurf;yg;udk jzwfausmzf &Ydk ef ajcwpfz0g; pmrQom&Sw d hJ wHwm;vrf;wpfcu
k kd cif;xm;&m
'Dvrf;udk avQmufoGm;wJh a,mufsm;[m eif;oGm;wJhajc&mudk aumif;pGm rrSwfom;bJ [dk[dk'D'D xdkþawmifajrmuf
Munfh½Ium avQmufoGm;aer,fqdkvQif ajcvSrf;[m cRwfacsmfwdrf;yg; oGm;Edkifw,f? ajcacsmfusoGm;Edkifw,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm tolwpf&meufwJh acsmufurf;yg;xJodkY usa&mufoGm;Edkifw,f/ tvm; wlyJ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu "mwfBuD;
(4)yg;jzifh orm"dudk xlaxmifaecdkufrSm orm"d'D*&D pHcsdefrrDcifrSm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;uvGJvQif wjcm;ynwfy&rwf
bmrqdk b,ftm½Hu k rkd S r½IygESi?hf ½IaecJv
h Qif "mwfur®|mef; rrnfawmh bJ orm"dvnf; avQmusysupf ;D oGm;Edik w
f ,f/
5/ yPÖwådorwduúreawm = ynwfudkausmfatmif usifhyg/
yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,mqdkwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU trnf emr ynwfay:rSmom aomifwifraebJ
"mwf B uD ; (4)yg;wd k Y & J U ]]rm-Murf ; -av;-aysmh - acsm-aygh ç ,d k p D ; -zJ G U pnf ; ç yl - at;ç axmuf - wG e f ; }}qd k w J h
oabmw&m;wdkYtay:ü bm0empdwfudk ydkYaqmifay;yg/ yx0D"mwf&JU oabmw&m;rsm;udk ÓPfESifhrjrifbJ
yx0D"mwf[k ½IaevQif yx0DqdkwJh trnfemrynwftay:rSm aomifwifaeonfrnfygw,f? qdk-ur®|mef;
jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/ þodkYponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/

6/ tEky|merkÍöeawm = rxif&Sm;aom oabmw&m;tcsKdUudk vTwfxm;Edkifonf/
yx0D"mwfrSm oabmw&m; (6)rsKd; &Sd&m tenf;qHk; rmrIoabmç tmayg"mwfrSm oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sd&m
,dkpD;rIoabm odkYr[kwf zJGUpnf;rIoabmç awaZm"mwfrSm oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;&Sd&m ylrIoabmç 0ga,m"mwfrSm
oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;&Sd&m axmufuefrIoabm - 'D oabmw&m; (4)rsKd;avmufudkawmh tenf;qHk; xif&Sm;atmif
½Iyg/
"mwfwpfrsKd;wpfrsKd;rSm tenf;qHk; oabmw&m;wpfckpDawmh xif&Sm; &rSm jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf oabmw&m;
(12)rsKd;vHk; xif&Sm;vQifawmh ydkaumif;ygw,f/ "mwfrnDrrQjzpfvdkY orm"dxlaxmif&mü tcuftcJ &Sdaeygu --
1/ rm - aysmh
2/ Murf; - acsm
3/ av; - aygh
4/ ,dkpD; - zJGUpnf;
5/ yl - at;
6/ axmuf - wGef;
qdkwJh 'DtpHk (6)pHk[m "mwfwpfck vGefuJvQif qefYusifbuf"mwf wpfckESifh ajymif;xdef;ay;&eftwGuf
vdktyfwJhobm0w&m;awG jzpfMu ygw,f/ Oyrm - rmvQif aysmhwJhoabmESifhç aysmhvQifvnf; rmwJh oabmESifh
ajymif ; xd e f ; ay;&ygw,f / qd k v d k w mu "mwf u r® | mef ; jzif h orm"d x l a xmif w J h t cd k u f r S m rmwJ h o abmu
odyjf yif;xefvmvdYk rcHEikd f jzpfvmNyq D v
kd Qif aysmw h ohJ abmudo
k m wpfzufowf OD;pm;ay;½Iaeygu rmwJo h abm[m
avsmo h mG ;wwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DtpHk (6)pHv k ;kH ç oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d vH;k xif&mS ;ygu ydak umif;w,fvYkd ajymwmyg/
usefwJhtpkHawGudkvnf; enf;wloabmaygufyg/
7/ vu©Pawm = obm0vu©Pmudkom OD;pm;ay;½Iyg/
ckvkd oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;udk (4)tkyfpkzJGUum ]]yx0D"mwf-tmayg "mwf-awaZm"mwf-0ga,m"mwf}}vdkY 'Dvdk
orm"dudk xlaxmifwJhtydkif; rSm orm"du vdkovdk wdk;wufrvmbl;? euf½Idif;rvmbl;qdkvQif --
yx0D"mwfrSm - rmwJhoabm
tmayg"mwfrSm - ,dkpD;wJhoabm
awaZm"mwfrSm - ylwJhoabm
0ga,m"mwfrSm - axmufuefwJhoabm --
qdkwJh obm0vu©PmrQudkom OD;pm;ay;NyD; orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifyg/
'Dvdk orm"dudk xlaxmif&mrSm wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pmtm½kHü
bm0empdwu f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D rwnfaebl;qdv
k Qif Oypm&orm"dqw
kd hJ bm0emvrf;aMumif;ay:odYk roufa&mufEikd f
jzpfaevQif --
8/ t"dpdwåokwåef
9/ tEkwå&oDwdbm0okwåef
10/ aAmZÑ*Fokwåef --
'Dow
k eå f (3)rsK;d wdrYk mS vm&dw
S hJ enf;pepftwdik ;f o'¨gESiyhf nm nDrQ atmifç 0D&,
d ESio
hf rm"d nDrQatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/
£aÈíg;yg;
o'¨g 0D&,
d owd orm"d ynm - qdw
k hJ £aÈ´ ig;yg; &Syd gw,f/ a,m*D&UJ pdw"f mwfukd xde;f csKyaf y;wJh w&m;ig;rsK;d
jzpfw,f/ bm0em vrf;aMumif;ay:uae ab;odYk wdr;f apmif; usa&muf roGm;atmif a,m*D&UJ pdwu f kd xde;f uGyaf y;wJh
w&m;ig;rsKd;wdkY jzpfMuygw,f/
1/ o'¨gqdw k muawmh &wemoH;k wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m; ponf wdt Yk ay:rSm ,HMk unfrI jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlwJh w&m;&wemxJrSm t0iftygjzpfwJh "mwfur®|mef; udk ,HkMunfrI &SdzdkYawmh
txl;vdktyfygw,f/ 'D"mwfur®|mef;onf ½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh y&rwftppfjzpfwJh "mwfBuD;
(4)yg;udk odonfhwdkifatmif ydkYaqmifay;EkdifwJh ur®|mef;jzpfw,fqdkwm udkawmh av;av;eufeuf ,HkMunfwJh
o'¨gw&m;&SdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
2/ ynmqdkwmuawmh 'Dtydkif;rSm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0 vu©Pmudk xdk;xGif;odrIoabm jzpfygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'Do'¨gESifh ynm w&m;ESpfyg;udk nDrQatmif jyKusifhzdkY vdkygw,f/ ynmu vGefuJ NyD; o'¨gu
EHkYaevQif a0zefa&;orm;oufouf jzpfaewwfygw,f/ om0uawG[m 'D½kyfuvmyfawGudk b,fvdkvkyf
½Iv&Ykd Edik rf vJ¿ ½kyf uvmyfwpfcw
k pfct
k wGi;f rSm&Sw
d hJ 'D"mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk om0uawG[m b,fvv kd yk f ½Iv&Ykd Edik yf ghrvJ¿
ponfjzifh r,HkMunfrIawGu rsm;aevQif o'¨gu EHkYaewJhtwGuf ynmbufuvnf; tom;rwufEdkif jzpfwwf
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh "mwfur®|mef;vrf;pOftay:rSm ,HMk unfro I '¨gw&m; &Szd v
Ykd nf; vdt
k yfygw,f/ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ
obm0vu©Pmudk xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odwwfzdkYvnf; vdktyfygw,f/
wpfzef o'¨gu vGeNf y;D ynmu EHaYk ejyefvQiv
f nf; tcsn;f tES;D t"dygÜ ,fuif;rJah ewJh t&m0w¬KawGrmS aomfvnf;
rpl;prf;rqifjcifbJ t&rf;,Hak ewwfygw,f/ 'Dvkd trSm;rSm; t,Gi;f ,Gi;f ,HMk unfaewJh yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS trSm;trSef
a0zefqHk;jzwfwwfwJh ynm jzpfzdkYqdkwm vnf; cufcJwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
3/ 0D&,
d qdw
k muawmh 'Dae&mrSm "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0 vu©Pmudk xd;k xGi;f odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf çI
"mwfBu;D av;yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pmtm½krH mS bm0empdwu f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfae atmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I
jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'D0D&d,u odyfvGefuJ oGm;jyefvQifvnf; "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©PmqdkwJh ur®|mef;
tm½kHrS bm0empdwf[m ysHUvGifhxGufoGm;wwfygw,f/
4/ orm"dqw kd muawmh 'Dae&mrSm "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0 vu©Pm qdw k hJ ur®|mef;tm½küH bm0empdwu f
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnf aerIukd qdv
k ykd gw,f/ 'Dorm"du vGeu f NJ y;D 0D&,
d u avsmah ejyefvQif vnf; ysi;f &djcif;bufoYkd
pdwfu ,dkifvJoGm;wwfygw,f/
'gaMumifh ]ravsmhrwif; apmif;BudK;n§if;odkY} 0D&d,ESifh orm"dudk vnf; nDrQatmif usifh&ygw,f/ 0D&d,ESifh
csD;yifhxm;ygrS orm"duvnf; tpGrf;xufvmrSm jzpfygw,f/
5/ owduawmh 'Dae&mrSm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pm qdkwJh ur®|mef;tm½kHudk trSwf&wJhoabmç
odrf;qnf;wwfwJhoabmudk qdkvdkygw,f/ o'¨gESifhynm nDrQatmifvnf; 'DowduyJ xdef;ay;& ygw,f/
0D&d,ESifhorm"d nDrQatmifvnf; 'DowduyJ xdef;ay;&ygw,f/
aAmZÑ*F (7) yg;

aAmZÑif (7)yg; taMumif;udv k nf; enf;enf;ajymMu&atmif .../ aAmZÑif (= aAmZÑ*)F qdwk muawmh aAm"dac:wJh
t&d,r*fÓPf&JU t*Fg tpdwftydkif;awGudk aAmZÑ*F (= aAmZÑif)vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ 'guawmh avmukwå&mjzpfwJh
aAmZÑiu
f kd &Si;f xm;wJh &Si;f vif;csuyf g/ 'Dae&mrSm awmh "mwfBu;D av;yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pmudk xd;k xGi;f odwwfwhJ
ÓPfudk aAm"dvdkY ac:ygw,f/ xdkaAm"d&JU t*Fgtpdwftydkif; (7)yg;udk aAmZÑif (7)yg;vdkY ac:ygw,f?
avmuDaAmZÑifrsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ 'D aAmZÑif (7)yg; qdkwmuawmh - owd-"r®0dp,-0D&d,-yDwd-yó'¨d-orm"d-
Oayu©mqdkwJh (7)yg;yJ jzpfMuygw,f/
1/ owdoarÁmZÑif qdkwmuawmh 'Dae&mrSm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pmudk atmufarhjcif;
trSwf&jcif;oabm odrf;qnf; wwfwJhoabm jzpfygw,f/
2/ "r®0dp,oarÁmZÑif qkdwmuawmh 'Dae&mrSm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pmudk xdk;xGif;odwJhoabm
jzpfygw,f/
3/ 0D & d , oarÁ m ZÑif qd k w mu 'D " mwf B uD ; (4)yg;wk d Y & J U obm0vu© P mud k xd k ; xG i f ; od a tmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm jzpfygw,f/
4/ yDwo
d arÁmZÑif qdw
k muawmh 'D"mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0 vu©Pmtm½ku
H kd ESpo
f ufjcif;oabm jzpfygw,f/
5/ yó'ö d arÁmZÑif qdw
k muawmh 'D"mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0 vu©Pmtm½ku
H kd tm½kjH yKNy;D pdw-f apwoduw
f &Ykd UJ
Nidrf;at;jcif; oabm jzpfw,f/
6/ orm"doarÁmZÑif qdkwmuawmh 'D"mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0 vu©Pmtm½kHrSm bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaewJh oabm jzpfw,f/
7/ Oayu©moarÁmZÑif qdkwmuawmh 'D"mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0 vu©Pmtm½kHrSm aMumifhMurI awmifhwrI
ponfr&SdbJ bm0em pdwfudk tnDtrQ aumif;pGmxm;EdkifwJhoabm jzpfw,f/
'DaAmZÑif (7)yg;rSm --
"r®0dp,oarÁmZÑif 0D&d,oarÁmZÑif yDwdoarÁmZÑifqdkwJh aAmZÑif (3)yg;u wpftkyfpk?
yó'¨doarÁmZÑif orm"doarÁmZÑif Oayu©moarÁmZÑifqdkwJh aAmZÑif (3)yg;u wpftkyfpk --
'Dvdk tkyfpk (2)ck &Sdaeygw,f/ owdoarÁmZÑifuawmh ESpfbuf& jzpfygw,f/
"r®0dp,-0D&d,-yDwd qdkwJh aAmZÑif (3)yg;u vGefuJvmwJhtcg yó'¨d-orm"d-Oayu©m qdkwJh aAmZÑif (3)yg;udk
yGm;ay;&w,f/ qdv k kd wmuawmh 'D"mwfBu;D (4)yg;wk&Yd UJ obm0vu©Pmudk tm½k, H Nl y;D orm"dukd xlaxmifaewJt
h cg
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pm awGu tvGefYtvGef xif&Sm;NyD; bm0empdwfu 'D"mwf (4)yg;tm½HkrSm
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D rwnfb;l qdv
k Qif yó'¨-d orm"d-Oayu©mqdw k hJ aAmZÑif (3)yg;udk yGm;ay;yg/ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;tm½krH mS
bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmifom BudK;pm;yg/
wpfzef yó'¨-d orm"d-Oayu©mqdw k hJ aAmZÑif (3)yg;u vGeu f v
J mwJh twGuf "mwfBu;D (4)yg;tm½krH mS Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfNyD;wnfaewJh orm"du tm;aumif;vGef;vmwJhtcg "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pm awG[m
a,m*D & J U ÓPf r S m rxif r &S m ; jzpf v mwwf j yef w ,f / 'D t cgrS m a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u "mwf B uD ; (4)yg;wd k Y & J U
obm0vu©Pmtm½ku H kd xd;k xd;k xGi;f xGi;f &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;Bu;D odatmif "r®0pd ,-0D&,
d -yDwd qdw
k hJ aAmZÑiw f &m;
(3)yg;udk yGm;ay;&ygw,f/
[rSwfcsuf/ / tus,fudk - t"dpdwåokwåef (tH-1-258-260/) ç tEkwå&oDwdbm0okwåef (tH-2-379/) ç
aAmZÑ*Fokwåef = t*¾dokwåef (oH-3-98-100/) wdkYü Munfhyg/]
'Dvkd "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pmudk tm½H, k u
l m orm"dudk xlaxmif&mü £aÈi´ g;yg; aAmZÑif (7)yg;wdu
Yk kd
nDrQatmif usiEhf ikd cf ahJ omf "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pmtm½krH mS bm0empdwu f wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh
xdkifwdkif; Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaecJhaomf xdkorm"d udkyif qufvufxlaxmifyg/
,H udÍöd ur®|meH owó orÜZmeaó0 orÜZÆwd/ (0dok'¨d-1-276/)
rnfonfhur®|mef;rqdk owd-orÜZOfÓPfESifh jynfhpHkygrSomvQif txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufEdkifygw,f?
atmifjrifEikd yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh £&d,mykxf (4)yg;vH;k rSm yHpk w
H yl J ½IEikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ xdx
k u
kd ,
kd t
f rl t&m[lorQrmS
"mwf (4)yg;udkyif pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf ½Iaeyg/
'Dvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvdkufwJhtwGuf "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU obm0 vu©Pmtm½kHrSm bm0empdwfu wpfem&D
ESpfem&Davmuf xdkifwdkif; xdkifwdkif; (3)&ufavmuf qufwdkufNidrfaer,fqdkvQif rsm;aomtm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fudk
rawGUawmhbJ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU tpktykHtm;jzifh a,m*D yk*¾dKvfu awGUvmygvdrfhr,f/
orm"dudk qufvufNyD; ykHpHwl xlaxmifvdkufvQif cE¨mudk,fudk rawGU awmhbJ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU
tjzLa&miftwk;H tcJ tpktyHBk u;D udk awGUwwfygw,f/ tJ'D tjzLtwH;k tcJ tpktyHrk mS wnf&w Sd hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk
qufvufodrf;qnf;NyD; tJ'D"mwf (4)yg;tm½HkrSmyJ orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifEdkifcJhvQif a&cJwkH; zefwHk; rSefwHk;vdk
MunfaewJh twH;k tcJBu;D udk awGUEdik yf gw,f/ tJ'D tMunftwH;k tcJBu;D rSm wnf&w
Sd hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk odr;f qnf;Ny;D
orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifyg/
tMunftwHk;tcJqdkwm bmvJ¿
'D a e&mrS m a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf & J U orm"d u tom;wuf v mwJ h t cg a&cJ wH k ; zef w H k ; rS e f w H k ; vd k M unf a ewJ h
tMunftwHk;tcJudk awGUEdkifw,fqdkvQif tJ'Da&cJwHk; zefwHk; rSefwHk;vdkMunfaewJh tMunftwHk;tcJqdkwm bmvJ
vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu ajz&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ --
pu©m'dyÍö0d"H ½lyg'DeH *[Pypö,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d, 0dyÜoEéwåm yom'½lyH? (0dok'¨d-2-81/)
pu©Kyom' aomwyom' Cmeyom' Zd0Sgyom' um,yom' qdkwJh yom'½kyf (= tMunf½kyf)ig;rsKd;wdkY[m

½lyg½Hk o'´g½kH *E¨m½kH &om½kH azm|AÁm½kHqdkwJh qdkif&mqdkif&mtm½kHudk todpdwf (= 0dnmPf)u tm½kH ,lEdkifzdkY&ef
rSD&m0w¬K taMumif;w&m;tjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeNyD; aMu;rkH (= rSef)tjyifuJhodkY txl;MunfvifaomaMumifh
'Dpu©KpwJh ½kyfig;rsKd;[m yom'½kyfrnfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk&Sif;jyxm;w,f/
wpfzef 'DtMunf½kyfawG[m b,foabmw&m;wdkY&JU MunfvifrI vJ¿ 'Dvdkvnf; ar;p&m&dSw,f/
½lygbdCmwm&[blwyÜom'vu©PH/ y / pu©K? (0dok'¨d-2-74/)
ponfjzifh t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;xm;wJhtwdkif; ½lyg½kHpwJh qdkif&mtm½kHawGu pu©KtMunfpwJh

qdkif&mtMunf"mwfawGudk a&S;½SL ½dkufcwfwJhtcg tJ'D½lyg½kHpwJh qdkif&mtm½kHwdkY&JU ½kdufcwfjcif;iSm xdkuf wefwJh
"mwfBuD;av;yg; (= blw½kyf)wdkYudk Munfvifapjcif; oabm w&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ qdkvdkwmuawmh ...

1/ ½lyg½kHa&S;½SL ½dkufcwfjcif;iSmxkdufwJh blw½kyf (= "mwfBuD; av;yg;)wdkY&JU MunfvifaewJhoabmu pu©Kyom'ç
2/ o'´g½kaH &S;½SL ½du
k cf wfjcif;iSmxdu
k w
f hJ blw½kyf (= "mwfBu;D av;yg;)wd&Yk UJ MunfvifaewJo
h abmu aomwyom'ç
3/ *E¨m½kHa&S;½SL ½dkufcwfjcif;iSmxdkufwJh blw½kyf (= "mwfBuD; av;yg;) wdkY&JU MunfvifaewJhoabmu Cmeyom'ç
4/ &om½kHa&S;½SL ½dkufcwfjcif;iSmxdkufwJh blw½kyf (= "mwfBuD; av;yg;) wdkY&JU MunfvifaewJhoabmu Zd0Sgyom'ç
5/ azm|AÁm½kH (= yx0D-awaZm-0ga,m qdw
k hJ "mwfo;Hk yg;)wd&Yk UJ a&S;½SL ½ku
d cf wfjcif;iSmxdu
k w
f hJ blw½kyf (= "mwfBu;D
av;yg;)wdkY&JU Munfvif aewJhoabmu um,yom' --
tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufawmh yom'½kyf (= tMunf½kyf) ig;rsKd;&dSygw,f/ 'D&Sif;vif;csuft& yom'½kyf (=
tMunf½kyf)qdkwm "mwfBuD;av;yg; wkdYudk rSDjzpfaewJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU MunfaewJhoabmom jzpfyg w,f/
'DtMunf"mwf ig;rsKd;xJrSm um,yom' (= um,tMunf"mwf) uawmh wpfudk,fvkH; tESHYtjym;&dSygw,f/
xdrIudkodEkdifwJh ae&mwdkif;rSm um,tMunf"mwf &Sdygw,f/ 'DtMunf"mwfawGudk Ceac:wJh ½kyfwkH; ½kyfcJawGudk
ÓPfESifhrNzdKcJGEdkifrD a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu twkH;vdkuftcJvdkuf a&cJwHk; zefwHk; rSefwHk;vdk awGUaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vuf 'DtMunf"mwf twH;k tcJukd ÓPfEiS hf xd;k azmufNy;D rjrifEikd af o;rDrmS ÓPfutvGeBf u;D
rxufjruf rpl;&S ao;wJt h wGuf tjzLa&mif twH;k tcJukd awGUjcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'DtjzL a&mif twH;k tcJrmS wnf&w dS hJ
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk odrf;qnf;um 'D"mwf (4)yg;udkyJ tm½kH,lNyD; orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifEkdifcJhr,fqdkvQif
orm"du tom;wufvmwJhtcg euf½Idif;vmwJhtcg "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk xkd;xdk;xGif;xGif; odaewJhÓPfvnf;
wpfpwpfp xufjrufpl;&Svmygvdrhf r,f/ ÓPfu xufjrufpl;&SvmwJhtcgrSm a&cJwHk; zefwHk; rSefwHk;vdk MunfaewJh
tMunftwHk;tcJ tpktyHkBuD;udk a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU ÓPfu xGif;azmuf odjrifaeygvdrfhr,f/
'DtcgrSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu a&SUudk bmqufvkyf&rvJ¿ --
tJ'DtMunf"mwf twHk;tcJrSm&SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udkyJ qufvuf NyD; odrf;qnf;um 'D"mwf (4)yg;udkyJ
tm½k, H v
l suf orm"dukd qufvuf xlaxmif&ygw,f/ aemufxyf orm"du ydyk t kd m;aumif;vmwJt
h cg ÓPfuvnf;
ydí
k ydí
k xufjrufp;l &SvmwJt
h cg tJ'D tMunftwH;k tcJ xJrS tvif;a&mifawG[m wzsyzf syf xGuaf y:aeygvdrrhf ,f/
'Dvif; a&mifjcnfawG[m em&D0ufausmfausmf wpfem&Dausmfausmfavmuftxd tqufrjywf wzsyfzsyf
xGufay:aer,fqdkvQif a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu BudKuf &mvrf;cGJudk a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/
'Dtydkif;rSm - r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r-2-86/) - ponfwdkYrSm bk&m;&Sifu tmumo"mwfukd jrifatmif½I&ef
ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ 'DñTefMum;csuft& 'DtMunfjyif tMunftwHk;tcJrSm vif;a&mifjcnf&JU tultnDESifh
tmumo"mwfujkd rifatmif pdu k ½f v
I u
kd yf gu tmumo "mwfuakd wGUwmESihf wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; ½kyu
f vmyfawGuv
kd nf;
pwifNyD; awGU&SdEdkifygw,f/ ½kyfy&rwfudk quf½IEdkifygw,f/
tu,f í a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u tmumo"mwf u d k r½I c if ½k y f y &rwf w&m;awG u d k rod r f ; qnf ; rD r S m
orxur®|mef;awGudk tm;xkwfcsifao; w,fqdkvQif tvif;a&mifawG tm;aumif;vmwJhtcg 'Dtvif;a&mif
awG&UJ tultnDukd ,lum cE¨mtdrt f wGi;f rSm (32)aum|moawGukd jrifatmif½rI ,fqv
kd Qiv
f nf; ½Iv&Ykd Ekid yf gw,f/
tJ'D (32)aum|mo awGukd ½Iwv hJ rf;udk rajymrD 'Dae&mrSm .. tvif;a&miftaMumif;udk cyfww
kd kd ajymMu&atmif
.../
ÓPfa&mifqdkwm bmvJ ¿
bk&m;&Sifonf ..t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf Mobmookwåef (tH-1-457/) - pwJhokwåefawGrSm --
1/ v-tvif;a&mifç
2/ ae-tvif;a&mifç
3/ rD;-tvif;a&mifç
4/ ynm-tvif;a&mif --
qdwk hJ tvif;a&mif (4)rsK;d udk a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ ynm a&mifuv
kd nf; tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfaMumif;
a[mMum;xm;awmf rlcJhygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t*Fkwå&|uxm (tH-|-3-174/) ç t*Fkwå&#Dum (tH-#D-3-177-178/) -
pwJhusrf;*efwdkYu --
1/ xderd'¨0daem'etmavmuç
2/ uodPmavmuç
3/ y&dur®mavmuç
4/ Oyuúdavomavmu (= 0dyóaembmo) --
qdkwJh ÓPfta&miftvif; av;rsKd;&SdaMumif;udk zGifhqdkxm;Muyg w,f/
1/ xderd'¨0daem'etmavmu (= xderd'üdk y,fazsmufaMumif;jzpf wJh ta&miftvif;) - qdkwmuawmh
ypvm,rmeokwåef (tH-2-463/) rSm bk&m;&Sifu t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef rax&fjrwftm; ta&miftvif;
ESifhwuGjzpfaompdwfudk yGm;rsm;vdkufvQif oifhoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:aewJh xderd'¨[m uif;aysmufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f
ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmf rlwJh ÓPftvif;a&mifwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
oyÜbmoEÅd 'dAÁpu©KÓPw¬m, oa[mbmoH/ (tH-|-3-174/)
'Dvdk t|uxmu zGifhxm;wJhtwGuf 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPftvdkYiSm yGm;rsm;xm;tyfwJh awaZmuodkPf;ç

Mo'gwuodkPf;ç tmavmu uodkPf;qdkwJh uodkPf; (3)rsKd;wdkYwGif uodkPf;wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk tbdnmPf \tajccH
pwkwp¬ smefow
Ykd ikd af tmif yGm;rsm;xm;vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg jzpfay: vmwJh ta&miftvif;ESihf 'dApÁ u©KtbdnmPfÓPfaMumifh
jzpfay: vmwJh ta&miftvif;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
2/ uodPmavmu - qdkwmuawmh uodkPf;psmefawGaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh ta&miftvif;jzpfw,f/
3/ y&dur®mavmu - qdkwmuawmh tbdnmPf&JU tajccHjzpfwJh y&dur®ç psmef&JUtajccHjzpfwJh y&dur®qdkNyD;
y&dur®ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m tJ'DESpfrsKd; vHk;aom y&dur® (= y&duH)aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh ta&miftvif;jzpf w,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu orxedrdwfqdkwJh ur®|mef;tm½kHwpfckckudk tm½kH ,lí orm"dudk xlaxmifr,fqdkvQif orm"du
awmf a wmf a v;cd k i f v mvd k Y &if h u suf v mwJ h t cg y&d u r® o rm"d t qif h o d k Y qd k u f N yD q d k v Qif v nf ; 'D
y&dur®orm"daMumifhvnf; vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; xGufay:vmwwfyg w,f/ Oypm&orm"d-tyÜemorm"dtqifhodkY
rqdkufrD Oypm&orm"dESifh tvGefeD;uyfaewJh y&dur®orm"drsKd;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
tbdnmPf&JU tajccHjzpfwJh y&dur®qdkwmuawmh txl;ojzifh 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf&&Sda&;twGuf OD;wnfum
yGm;rsm;xm;tyfwJh awaZm uodkPf; Mo'gwuodkPf; tmavmuuodkPf;qdkwJh uodkPf; (3)rsKd; xJu
uodkPf;wpfckckudk tm½kH,lum tbdnmPf&JU tajcyg'u jzpf avmufatmif pwkw¬psmefodkYqdkufatmif
yGm;vdkufwJhtcg tJ'Dpwkw¬ psmeform"daMumifhjzpfwJh tvif;a&mifudkvnf; y&dur®mavmu vdkY ac:qkdygw,f/

tJ'Dpwkw¬psmefrS xNyD;wJhtcg uodkPf;0ef;udk tvdk&Sd&m t&yfodkYwdkifatmif vif;aeatmif jzefYMuufum orm"dudk
wpf z ef jyef xl a xmif & ygw,f / 'D t Bud r f r S m awmh Oypm&orm"d t qif h t xd o m orm"d x l a xmif & ef
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf&JU tajcyg'u jzpfavmufatmif
xlaxmifxm;wJh tmavmuuodkPf;pwJh uodkPf;wpfckckvQif tm½kH&SdaewJh Oypm& orm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
ta&miftvif;udkvnf; y&dur®mavmu vdkY ac:qkdygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-58/)
4/ Oyuú d a vomavmu (= 0d y óaembmo) - qd k w m 0d y óem ÓPf a Mumif h jzpf a y:vmwJ h
tvif;a&mifjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf yxrwJG edrdwåokwåef odkYr[kwf t"dpdwå okwåef (tH-1-258/) vdkY ac:qdkwJh
okwåefrSmawmh t"dpdwå trnf&wJh orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwf tm;vHk;[m tvif;a&mifudk
jzpfapEdkifaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
t|uxmuvnf; --
t"dpdwåH orx0dyóempdwåar0/
qdkNyD; zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'gaMumif h - cyf w d k w d k ajym&vQif a wmh t"d p d w å trnf & wJ h vG e f u J jrif h j rwf w J h orxbm0empd w f
0dyóembm0empdwfawG[m tvif; a&mifudk jzpfapEdkifw,fvdkY rSwfyg/ 'Dtvif;a&mifqdkwm bmvJvdkY xyfNyD;
ar;vQifawmh 0dyóaembmo (= 0dyóemÓPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tvif;a&mif) udk pHxm;NyD;awmh
0dok'¨dr*¾r[m#Dumu 'Dvdk&Sif;jyxm;yg w,f/
0dyóaembmaomwd 0dyóempdwåork|dwHç ooEÅwdywdwH Owkork|meÍö bmok&H ½lyH/ (r[m#D-2-428/)
orxbm0empdwfudkvnf; yHkpHwlyJ oabmaygufyg/ qdkvdkwmu awmh ESvHk;tdrftwGif;rSmwnf&SdwJh

[',0w¬K½kyfudk rSDjzpfaewJh pdwfwdkif; pdwfwdkif;[m pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfac:wJh ½kyfuvmyfawGudk jzpfapEdkifwJh
pGrf;tm;&Sdygw,f/ 'DpdwfawGxJrSm orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0em pdwfwdkYvdk tqifhjrifhrm;aewJh pdwfawGudk
½dk;½dk;omref 'geukodkvfpdwf oDvukodkvfpdwf pwJh ukodkvfomrefxuf omvGefjrifhjrwfwJh pdwfawG jzpfvdkY t"dpdwå-
vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'Dt"dpw d t
å rnf&wJh pdwaf wGxrJ mS pdww
f pfcw k pfc[k m ½kyu
f vmyf aygif;rsm;pGmudk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Syd gw,f/
tJ'D½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSm ygwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH)[m bmok&½ly (= tvGefawmufywJh½lyg½Hk) jzpfygw,f/
'Dpwd Zå ½kyuf vmyfawGrmS ygwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½k)H &JU ta&mif tvif;uawmh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v&f UJ tZÑwu å , kd w
f iG ;f rSmom
ysHUESHYwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-428-429/)
aemufwpfck - tJ'D pdwZå ½kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f rSmvnf; awaZm"mwf yg0ifjyefw,f? OwkvYkd ac:ygw,f/ 'DOwkac:wJh
awaZm"mwfuvnf; ½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ OwkZ½kyfuvmyfrsm; jzpf Muygw,f/ tJ'D
OwkZ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSmvnf; yg0ifwJh 0PÖ"mwf = ½lyg½kHuvnf; bmok&½ly - tvGefawmufyjyefw,f/
OwkZ½kyfuvmyf wdkY&JUta&miftvif;u tZÑwåwGifomru A[d'¨txd ysHUESHYxGufoGm; w,f/
£w&H o&D&H rkÍödwGm ÓPmEkbm0gEk½lyH orEÅawm yw¬&wd?
(r[m#D-2-429/)
'Dta&miftvif;[m orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwf wdkYESifh ,SOfwJGaewJh ÓPf&JUtmEkabmfu

Bu;D vQiBf u;D ovdk cyfrsm;rsm; awmufywJo
h abm&Sw
d ,f? 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yf (10)rsuEf mS tm;vk;H udk ysUH ESw
YH o
hJ abm
&Sdw,f/ ÓPf&JUtmEkabmfu ao;vQifvnf; ao;ovdk cyfenf;enf;yJ awmufywJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh -
ÓPf&JU pGrf;tiftay: rlwnfNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh ta&miftvif; jzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dtvif;a&mifudk ÓPfa&mifvdkY
ac:jcif;jzpfygw,f? ynma&mifvdkYvnf; ac:w,f? twlwlygyJ/
tJ'D orm"dxlaxmif&wJhtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufvdkY bkef;BuD; 'Dn awmh enf;enf;awmh &Sif;jycsifw,f/
orm"dxal xmifwt hJ ydik ;f rSm 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmu orm"dtmedoo
H tydik ;f qdNk y;D awmh oD;oefY azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
orm"deda'ó&JU aemuf qG,frSm orm"daMumifh&EdkifwJh tusKd;ig;ck azmfjyxm;wm&Sdw,f/
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ig;yg;

eHygwf (1) tusKd;u 'd|"r®okc0d[m& - rsufarSmufb0rSm csrf;om pGm aexdkif&jcif; tusKd;&Sdw,f/
tJ'DtusKd;udk arQmfvifhNyD;awmh orm"d xlaxmifwJh yk*¾dKvfawG &Sdw,f/ b,fvdkyk*¾dKvfawGvJ¿ &[EÅm
t&Sijf rwfawGy/J txl;ojzifh ok'0¨ yd óem,medujzpfwhJ &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfawGy/J psmeform"dukd tajcrcHawmhbeJ YJ
"mwfur®|mef;vrf;udk jynfwnfNyD;awmh olwdkY 0dyóemul;oGm;wJhtwGuf t&[wåzdkvf a&muf&SdoGm;Muw,f/
&[EÅmjzpfNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS 'DpsmefawGudk jyefNyD;tm;xkwf Muw,f? odkYr[kwf psmefudk &&Sdxm;NyD;wJh
&[EÅmt&SifjrwfawGuvnf; 'DpsmefawGudk jyefNyD;awmh 0ifpm;Muw,f/
bm&nf&G,fcsuf&SdovJvdkYar;awmh olwdkYrSm t&[wåzdkvfyef;wdkif odkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlNyD; jzpfwJhtwGuf
t&[wå z d k v f &zd k Y & ef t wG u f aemuf x yf B ud K ;yrf ; zd k Y & ef aemuf x yf v rf ; pOf r&S d a wmh b l ; / &nf & G , f c suf u
'Dpsmefcsrf;omuav;jzifh rsufarSmufb0rSm csrf;csrf;omom aexdkif&ef qdkwJh 'DOD;wnfcsufwpfckyJ &Sdw,f/
'DOD;wnfcsufESifhvnf; 'Dpsmefudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾dKvfawG &SdMuw,f? orm"dxlaxmifwJh yk*¾dKvfawG &SdMuw,f/
'gu tusKd;wpfck/
eHygwf (2) ? aemufwpfckuawmh 0dyóemedoHo - 0dyóem&JU tusKd;tmedoif&Sdw,f? 0dyóemÓPfawG
&&SdzdkY&eftwGuf tusKd; tmedoif &Sdw,f/
0dyóemÓPfawG &&SdzdkY&eftwGuf tusKd;tmedoif&Sdw,f/ bmjzpf vdkYvJ¿ bk&m;a[mawmfrlwJh ½kyfudk odrIç
bk&m;a[mawmfrwl hJ emrfukd odrçI bk&m;a[mawmfrwl hJ uH-uH\tusK;d udk odrq
I w
kd hJ emr½lyy&dapä' ÓPfEiS hf ypö,-
y&d*¾[ÓPf qdkwmawGu orm"d&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfrS &&SdEdkifwJh ÓPfawG jzpfMuw,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifhajymvQifawmh aMumif;-usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;qdkwmudk orm"d&SdrS odEdkifw,f/
orm"d r&S&d if 'D½yk u
f kd rodEikd b
f ;l ç 'Demrfukd rodEikd b
f ;l ? 'DtaMumif;w&m; 'DtusK;d w&m;awGukd b,fvrkd S rodEikd b
f ;l /
rodEdkifwJhtwGuf bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu --
orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH-3-363/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ orm
orm"" ð = orm"dudk/ bma0x = yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh .../ bdu©a0 =
f m; &[ef;wkYd .../ orm[dawm = orm"d&w
cspo dS /hJ bduK© = &[ef;onf/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG /
yZmemwd = uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/
]]cspfom; &[ef;wkdY ...orm"dxlaxmifMu? orm"d&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym;

odr,f}} - wJh/ bmawGudk odrvJ¿
]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]]t,H 'ku©ork'a,m}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]]t,H 'ku©eda&ma"m}}wd
,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]]t,H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x?
orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
(oH-3-363/)
]]þum; 'ku©opömvdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odr,f/ þum; ork',opöm vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odr,f/ þum;
eda&m"opömvdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odr,f/ þum; r*¾opömvdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odr,f/ tJ'Dvdk [kwfwdkif; rSefpGm
oda&;twGuf oifcspfom;wdkY oifcspforD;wdkY orm"dxlaxmifyg}} 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;awmfrlw,f/
'Dawmh orx[lorQonf jA[®mhjynfudka&mufapEdkifwJhpGrf;tm;av; wpfckwnf;&Sdwm [kwfovm;¿
r[kwfygbl;aemf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf r*¾if&Spfyg;xJrSm or®morm"d qdkwJh r*¾ifwpfckudk xnfhoGif; a[m
Mum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ a[mawmfrw
l t hJ xJrmS vnf; 'Dorm"dqw
kd m ESihf ywfoufvYkd bmudk or®morm"d ac:qdw
k ,f
qdkwmudk bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwdkifu r[mowdy|meokwåef usifhpOfxJrSm twdtus xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh
&Sif;jyxm;awmfrlygw,f/
uwarm p bdu©a0 or®morm"d ...
ponfjzifh r[mowdy|meokweå f r*¾opömeda'óydik ;f (r-1-89/) rSm bk&m;&Siu f ,
kd af wmfwikd u f &Si;f xm;awmfrw l ,f/
/ yxrpsmeform"dç 'kwd,psmeform"dç wwd,psmeform"dç pwkw¬psmeform"dawGudk ig bk&m;u or®morm"dvdkY
ac:qdkw,fqdkNyD; twdtus &Sif;vif;xm; awmfrlygw,f/
&S i f ; xm;awmf r l v d k u f w J h t cgusawmh 'D o rm"d x l a xmif r S o mvQif r*¾ i f u &S p f y g; jynf h r ,f / orm"d
rxlaxmifvdkY&SdvQif r*¾ifu &Spfyg; jynfhrvm;¿ rjynfhawmhbl;/ r*¾ifu &Spfyg;rjynfhawmhbl;qdkvdkY&SdvQif
r*¾ifb,fESpfyg;&SdrvJ¿ r*¾ifckepfyg;yJ &Sdr,f? r*¾ifckepfyg;ESifh edAÁmef oGm;vdkY&rvm;¿ oGm;vdkY&w,fqdkvQifawmh
'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumr BuD;awG oGm;MunfhMuaygh/ ra&mufbl;qdkvdkY&SdvQif wpfacgufavmuf jyefvmzdkY
raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwdkifu r*¾if&Spfyg; a[mxm;awmfrlawmh - ]]r*¾ifckepfyg;ESifh edAÁmef&ygw,f}}vdkY
yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D OD;u ajymaer,fqv
kd Qif 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D awG bk&m;a[mudyk J vufcrH vm;? xdk yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ
ajymjycsufudkyJ vufcHrvm;¿ 'guawmh tav;teuf pOf;pm;&r,faemf/
'Dawmh bk&m;&Sifu orm"d&SdrS 'D½kyfudk odEdkifw,f 'DemrfudkodEdkifw,f vdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f?
aMumif;usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'fqdkwmudk vnf; orm"d&SdrS odEdkifw,fvdkY a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/ 'gaMumifh orm"d
awmh xlaxmifzdkY vdkygw,f/
'DvdkqdkvQif ok'¨0dyóem,meduyk*¾dKvfawG[m b,frSm orm"dudk xlaxmifvdkYvJ¿ wcsKdUu 'Dvdkajymw,f/
ok'0¨ yd óem,meduyk*Kd¾ vf qdw
k mvnf; orm"dxal xmifygw,f/ psmeform"dukd &atmifom olu rxlaxmifwm/
ok'0¨ yd óem,meduyk*Kd¾ v[
f m 0dyóemudk wdu
k ½f u
kd o
f mG ;csiw
f ,f qdv
k Qif bmudk p½I&r,fqw
kd mESiyhf wfoufvYkd
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd, wGJ pmrsufESm (222) rSm ckeu &Gwfxm;wJhpmydk'fudk t|uxmu azmfjy xm;ygw,f/
b,fvdkazmfjyxm;ovJ¿ --
ok'¨0dyóem,medaum ye t,ar0 0g orx,medaum pwk"mwk00w¬mae 0kwåmeH awoH awoH

"mwky&d*¾[rkcgeH tnw&rkc0aoe oacFyawm 0g 0dw¬m&awm 0g pwaóm "mwka,m y&d*¾PSmwd/
ok'¨0dyóem,meduyk*¾dKvfyJjzpfjzpf - odkYr[kwf 'd|d0dok'¨dpcef;udk ul;wJh tydkif;rSm orx,meduyk*¾dKvfu
½k y f u r® | mef ; uae pNyD ; awmh 'd | d 0 d o k ' ¨ d o d k Y ul ; csif w ,f q d k v d k Y & S d v Qif 'D v d k ½k y f u r® | mef ; upcsif w J h orx
,meduyk*¾dKvfyJjzpfjzpf - xdkyk*¾dKvfESpfrsKd;wdkYonf 'd|d0dok'¨dpcef;udk ul;NyD qdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh "mwfur®|mef;tusOf;enf;
"mwfur®|mef;tus,fenf; ESpfenf;&SdwJhteufu rdrdwdkYBudKufESpfouf&m wpfenf;enf;jzifh "mwfBuD; av;yg;udk
pwifodrf;qnf;ygqdkNyD; 'DvdkñTefMum;xm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿
orxydik ;f rSm = orm"dux kd al xmifwthJ ydik ;f rSm ur®|mef; (40) &Sw
d ,f qdw
k m rSew
f ,f/ 0dyóemydik ;f a&mufvmvdYk
'd|d0dok'¨dpcef; ul;NyDqdkvdkY &SdvQifawmh ½kyfur®|mef; emrfur®|mef;qdkNyD; ur®|mef;u (2)rsKd;yJ &Sdw,f/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif
bk&m;&Sifonf ½kyfur®|mef;udk a[mawmfrlwJh tcsdef tcgrSm b,fvdka[mawmfrlovJ¿ --
ww¬ b*0g ½lyur®|meH uaxaEÅm oacFyreodum&0aoe 0g 0dw¬m&reodum&0aoe 0g pwk"mwk-
00w¬meH uaxod/
(r-|-1-280/)
r[mowdy|meokwåeft|uxmrSm twdtus zGifhxm;w,f/ r[m owdy|mefusifhpOfxJrSmudk twdtus
xnfhoGif;NyD; zGifhxm;wJh pum; &yfyg/
ww¬ = xdk½kyfur®|mef; emrfur®|mef; ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif/ b*0g = jrwfpGm bk&m;onf/ ½lyur®|meH = ½kyfur®|mef;udk/
uaxaEÅm = a[mMum; jyoqdkqkH;rawmfrlonf&Sdaomf/ oacFyreodum&0aoe 0g = tusOf; ESvkH;oGif;enf;\
tpG r f ; tm;jzif h a omf v nf ; aumif ; / 0d w ¬ m &reod u m&0aoe 0g = tus,f E S v k H ; oG i f ; enf ; \
tpGrf;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pwk"mwk00w¬meH = pwk"mwk00w¬mefur®|mef;udk/ uaxod = a[m Mum;jyo
qdkqkH;rawmfrljrJ "r®wm jzpfay\/
"mwfur®|mef; tusO;f enf;ç "mwfur®|mef; tus,ef nf; - ESpef nf; wpfenf;enf;ESihf ½kyu
f r®|mef;udk jrwfpmG bk&m;
a[mMum;awmfrljrJ"r®wm jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh ½kyfur®|mef;udk rdrdwdkYu½Iawmhr,fqdkvQif "mwfBuD;av;yg; udk ½IzdkYrvdkbl;vm;¿ vdktyfw,f/
½kyfur®|mef;awmh rdrdwdkYu ½Iw,f/ "mwfudk r½Ibl;qdkvQif bk&m;qdkvdkwJh ½kyfuvmyf rjrifEdkifbl;? bk&m;qdkvdk wJh
½kyfy&rwf "mwfcGJEdkifwJhe,fajrudk b,fvdkrS rul;Edkifbl;/
tJ'Dawmh rdrdwdkYu pnf;urf; rvdkufemvdkY 'D½kyfemrfudk rodwm/ ½kyfemrfudk rodwm udk,fh[mudk,f tomaewm
r[kwaf o;bl;? ]]tJ'D ½kyaf wG emrfawGu oAÁnKor®morÁK'b ¨ &k m;&Sio
f m ½Iv&Ykd wm? om0u awG ½Iv&Ykd wm r[kwb
f ;l ?
½l;oGm;r,f}}qdkNyD;awmh xyfajymjyefao;w,f/
'Dawmh ½kyfawG emrfawGudk bk&m;a[mwJhtwdkif; ½IwmudkyJ vl½l;jzpf &awmhrnfhyHkpH jzpfaeNyD/
'gaMumifh 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ... 'Dtcsufudk tav;teuf pOf;pm;&rnfhtydkif;uawmh
a&mufaew,faemf/
eHygwf (3) ? aemuftusKd; wpfckuawmh - tbdnmedoHo yJ/ tbdnmPfudk vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh
olawmfaumif;awG &SdMuw,f/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdtbdnmPf - a&S;b0uaecJhwJh cE¨mawGudk ÓPfESifh
tpOfavQmufNyD;awmh atmufarhjcif; odjrifjcif;qdkwJh tbdnmPf? 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf - ewfrsufpdvdk ta0;teD;
&SdorQtvHk;pHk tukefvHk; vSrf;NyD; jrifjcif; odjcif;qdkwJh tbdnmPf - ponfjzifh 'DtbdnmPf trsKd;rsKd;udk

vdvk m;awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif;awGuvnf; tbdnmPf tvd&k w dS t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'Dorm"dukd xlaxmif&ygw,f/
uodkPf;q,fyg; &Sdw,f/ uodkPf; wpfyg;yg;rSm ormywf&Spfyg;? uodkPf; q,fyg;udk ormywf &Spfyg;
aygufatmif avhusi&hf w,f/ avhusiNhf y;D wJt
h csed t
f cgrSm yx0DuodP
k ;f uae Mo'gwuodP
k ;f txd uodP
k ;f &Spyf g;udk
wpfq,fhav;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh Budwfajc &ygw,f/ tJ'DtcgusrS olu tbdnmPfvrf; ul;vdkY&w,f/
tJ'v
D kd tbdnmPfukd &nf&,
G Nf y;D awmh orm"dxal xmifvQif 'D orm"donf tbdnmPftusK;d tmedoo
H &Sw
d ,fvYkd
qdk&w,f/
eH y gwf (4) tusKd ; tmed o H o wpf c k u awmh b00d a oom ed o H o - jA[® m h j ynf q d k w J h b0txl ; ud k
'Dpsmeform"dawGu &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f/
jA[®mjh ynf jA[®mch sr;f omudk vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif; awGuvnf; jA[®mjh ynfukd tvd&k w
dS phJ w
d x
f m;ESihf
'DpsmefawGudk &atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuw,f/ aoonfhwdkifatmif 'DpsmefawGu ravQmus cJhbl;qdkvQif
'DpsmefawGuvnf; olwkdY arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh jA[®mh csrf;omudk a&mufatmif &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm;
&SdMuygw,f/
ck pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;wdkYvdkaygh? uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtcg jA[®mhjynf a&mufoGm;Muw,f/ 'gu b0txl;udk
&Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;yJ/ aygif;vdkufawmh tusKd;tmedoif b,fESpfck&SdovJ¿ av;ck/
k awmh eda&m"medoo
eHygwf (5) ? aemufxyftmedoifwpfcu H - eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;Edik w
f hJ tusK;d tmedoif
&dSw,f/
eda&m"ormywf taMumif;udkawmh aemufxyf 'DrSm okwåefwpfck oD;oefY&Sdaeawmh tJ'Dtydkif;usrS bkef;BuD;
xyfcsJUNyD;awmh ajymygr,f/
tm;vkH;aygif;vdkufawmh orm"d&JU tusKd;*kPftiftmedoifawG[m ig;rsKd; &Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'Dig;rsKd;vkH;udkyJjzpfap
wpfrsKd;rsKd;udkjzpfap tvdk &SdcJhvQifawmh orm"dudk xlaxmif&rSm jzpfw,f/
okH;q,fhESpfaum|mo
uJ aumif;NyD? "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh orm"dudk xlaxmif vdkufwJhtcg ckeuajymcJhwJhtwdkif;
a&cJwHk; zefwHk; rSefwHk;vdkMunfaewJh tMunftwHk;tcJxJu tvif;a&mifawGu wzsyfzsyf xGufvmNyDqdkvQif
vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm;awGu odyftm;aumif;vmNyDqdkvQif tJ'D vif; a&mifjcnfudk xdkifwdkif;xdkifwdkif; tenf;qHk;
(1)em&Dausmfausmfavmuf cdkifcHhatmif avhusifhyg/ ESpf&ufoHk;&ufcefY avhusifhvdkufvdkY vif;a&mif jcnfu
cdkifcHhvmNyDqdkvQif xdkvif;a&mifjcnftultnDESifh --
1/ qHyifç arG;nif;ç ajconf;vufonf;ç oGm;ç ta&ç
2/ tom;ç taMumç t½dk;ç ½kd;wGif;jcifqDç tndKU (ausmufuyf)ç
3/ ESvHk;ç tonf;ç tajr§;ç tzsOf;ç tqkyfç
4/ tlrç tlodrfç tpmopfç tpma[mif;ç OD;aPSmuf --
qdkwJh yx0Daum|mo (20)?
5/ onf;ajcç ovdyfç jynfç aoG;ç acR;ç tqDcJç

6/ rsuf&nfç qDMunfç wHawG;ç ESyfç tap;ç usifi,f --
qdkwJh tmaygaum|mo (12)ck --
aygif; (32)aum|moawGudk wpfckNyD;wpfck ½IMunfhyg/ rSefxJrSm jrif&ovdk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifatmif
ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnf&JU tultnD ESifh aum|motoD;toD; wnf&SdwJhae&mrSm jrifatmif½Iyg/ pdwful;ESifh
aum|moawGudk rdrd&JU a&SUwnfhwnfhrSm yHkNyD;awmh rMunhfygESifh/ aum|m orsm; wnf&dSwJh cE¨mtdrfxJrSmom
&SdwJhyHkpHtwdkif; jrifatmifvdkufMunfh yg/ (32)aum|moawGudk tZÑwårSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; awGUjrifwJhtcg
ÓPf t a&mif t vif ; &J U tul t nD E S i f h A[d ' ¨ y k * d ¾ K vf a wG & J U oEÅ m ef r S m wnf & S d w J h aum|moawG u d k v nf ;
jrifatmifquf½Iyg/
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk tm½kH,lNyD; orm"dudk xlaxmifpOf tJ'Dorm"dESifh ,SOfwJhÓPfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfrsm;
xGuaf y:vmovdk 'Dvif;a&mif jcnf tultnDEiS hf (32)aum|mowdu Yk kd quf½jI yefvQiv f nf; 'D (32) aum|mowdu Yk kd
½IaewJh orm"dEiS hf ,SOw
f hJ ÓPfaMumifv h nf; tvif; a&mifrsm; xGuaf y:vmEdik yf gw,f/ tu,fí aum|moawGukd
½I&if;ESihf tvif;a&mifu rSed o
f mG ;cJv
h Qif 'grSr[kwf aum|moawGudk uJu G jGJ ym;jym; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rjrifb;l qdv
k Qif
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;udkyJ wpfzeftm½Hk,lNyD; orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmwJh tcg
(32)aum|mowdkYudk wpfzefjyef½Iyg/ 'Dvdkavhusifhr,fqdkvQifawmh atmifjrifrIudk &&SdEdkifygw,f/
A[d'ükd ½IwJhtydkif;rSm a&S;OD;pGm rdrda&SUwnfhwnfhrSm wnf&SdaewJh a,m*Dyk*d¾KvfwpfOD;&JU (32)aum|mou
pNy;D ½IvQiaf wmh ydak umif;wwf ygw,f/ a&S;OD;pGm tZÑwrå mS (32)aum|moudk ½Iyg/ Ny;D awmh A[d'¨ (32)aum|moukd
½Iyg/ 'Dvdk½IvdkY atmifjrifrIudk &&SdvQif tZÑwåwpfvSnfh A[d'¨wpfvSnfh tenf;qHk; (3-4)acgufavmuf ½IMunfhyg/
atmifjrifrIudk &&SdcJhaomf aemufwpfa,mufrSmvnf; yHkpHwlyJ ½IMunfhyg/
'Denf;jzifh tZÑwå½Ivdkuf A[d'¨½Ivdkuf wjznf;jznf; jzefYMuufNyD; t&yf (10)rsufESmvHk;rSm wnf&SdwJh
owå0gawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS wnf&w dS hJ (32)aum|moawGukd ½IMunfyh g? tvif;a&mifatmufwiG f awGUjrif&wJh vlawGuakd &m
wd& pämefawGudka&m tm;vHk;rSm&SdwJh aum|moawGudk tZÑwåwpfvSnfh A[d'¨wpfvSnfh ½Iyg? t0g;0pGm Edkifeif;atmif
½Iwdkif; &atmif avhusihfyg? t&yf (10)rsufESmudk pGrf;EdkiforQ cyfa0;a0;odkY a&mufatmif avhusifhyg/
y*kPjzpfaomf
aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok rkacok {aue rkace 0drkpödówd? ur®|meH 0PÖawm 0g
y#dulvawm 0g oknawm 0g Oy|mwd/ (tbd-|-2-242-243/)
aum|moawGudk t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhusifhNyD;&m tcsdef umvrSpí edAÁmefodkY0if&m rkcfOD;BuD;oHk;ck (=
vrf;oH;k oG,)f wYw
kd iG f wpfck ckaom rkcOf ;D rS (= vrf;rS) 0ifomG ;cJah omf rcRw{f uef udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufayvwHUå /
'Dvdk t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;w,f/ vrf;oHk;oG,f qdkwmuawmh --
1/ ta&mifuodkPf;vrf;ç
2/ y#dulvreodum&vrf;ç
3/ oknw = "mwfur®|mef;vrf; - qdkwJh vrf;oHk;oG,f jzpfygw,f/
'Dvrf;oHk;oG,fwdkYjzifh wpfvrf;vrf;rS ur®|mef;[m xif&Sm;vmr,fvdkY zGifhqdkxm;w,f/ aemufwpfenf;
t|uxmu xyfzGifhxm;jyefao; w,f --

1/ tmucFrmeó 0PÖawmç
2/ tmucFrmeó y#dulvawmç
3/ tmucFrmeó oknawm ur®|meH Oy|[dówda,0/
(tbd-|-2-243/)
1/ tvdk&Sdooltm; ta&mifuodkPf;tm;jzifhç
2/ tvdk&Sdooltm; y#dulvreodum&tm;jzifhç
3/ tvdk&Sdooltm; oknw"mwfur®|mef;tm;jzifh --
ur®|mef;onf xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdkvnf; t|uxm u wpfenf;zGifhxm;w,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu 'D (32)aum|moawGudk tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESpfrsKd;vHk;rSm t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif;
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifNyD ½Iwdkif; &NyDqdkvQif rdrdBudKufESpfouf&mvrf;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ 'Dnawmh
&HG&SmpufqkyfzG,ftm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif; (= y#dulvreodum&) vrf;u pNyD; ajymMu&atmif .../
y#dulvreodum&
(32)aum|moawGudk &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;yHk tpDt&ifudk jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
r[mowd y |meok w å e f (r-1-72-73/) pwJ h ok w å e f r sm;rS m a[mMum;xm;awmf r l c J h y gw,f / 'D a e&mrS m
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u --
{w¬ ye twåaem ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEÅd y&dur®H ua&mEÅó tyÜemyd Oypm&rÜd Zm,wd/ y&ó
ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEÅd reodua&mEÅó ae0 tyÜem Zm,wd? e Oypm&H/ (tbd-|-2-248/)
rdrd&JU touf&SifaeqJ cE¨mudk,frSm &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv taejzifh (32)aum|moudk tm½kH,lNyD;
yGm;rsm;cJrh ,fqv
kd Qif yxrpsmef orm"dvnf; jzpfEikd yf gw,f? Oypm&orm"dvnf; jzpfEikd w
f ,f/ Oypm& orm"dqw
kd mu
tyÜ e mpsmef & J U teD ; tyg;rS m jzpf a ewJ h tyÜ e mpsmef avmuf orm"d t m;raumif ; ao;aomf v nf ;
tyÜempsmefavmufeD;eD; tm;aumif;aewJh orm"drsKd; jzpfw,f/
'gayrJh A[d'¨ (= jyify)avmurSm touf&iS af eqJjzpfwhJ olwpfyg;&JUJ cE¨mtdrrf mS wnf&w
dS hJ (32)aum|moawGukd
tm½kH,lNyD; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ½Ir,fqdkvQif 'DvdkESvHk;oGif;aewJh a,m*D&JU oEÅmefrSm
tyÜempsmefvnf; rjzpfEdkifbl;? Oypm&orm"dvnf; rjzpfEdkifbl; vdkY zGifhqdkxm;w,f/
odkYaomf rlv#Dumq&mawmfuawmh (rlv#D-2-156/) oD[dkVfuRef; apwd,awmifrSm oDwif;oHk;awmfrlavh&SdwJh
r[mwdó rax&fjrwfBuD; wdkYvdkç oHC&u©dwrax&fjrwfBuD;&JU tvkyftauR;jzpfwJh &SifomraP wkdYvdk - A[d'¨
ouf&Sdowå0gawG&JU aum|moawGudk tEkyg'dEéuyu© (= oufrJhtzdkYtpk )ü xm;í tm½kH,ljcif;iSm a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu
pG r f ; Ed k i f c J h r ,f qd k v Qif touf & S i f q J j zpf a ewJ h ol w pf y g;&J U aum|moawG r S m vnf ; &H G & S m puf q k y f z G , f
y#dulvtjcif;t&m[m xifvmcJhr,fqdkvQif Oypm& orm"d (= Oypm&psmef)odkY qdkufa&mufEdkifaMumif;udk
zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu rdrd&JU tZÑwårSm&SdwJh (32)aum|moawGudk tm;vHk;udkjcHKNyD; tm½Hk,líjzpfap?
rv’urax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYvdk (0dok'¨d-1-257/) aum|mo wpfckckudk tm½Hk,líjzpfap &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv
oabmtm;jzifh ½IEdkifygw,f/ - 'Dnawmh t½dk;pkur®|mef;udkyJ pNyD; ajymMu&atmif .../
t½dk;pkur®|mef;
(32)aum|mowkdYwGif yg0ifwJh t|daum|mo (= t½dk;pkaum|mo) udk r[mowdy|meokwåefrSm
y#dulvreodum& ur®|mef;tjzpfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ *d&drmeEókwåef (tH-3-343/) rSmawmh tokb
onm trnfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ 0dZ,okwåef (ck-1-308/) usawmh o0dnmPutokb (= &Siftokb)
trnfjzifh a[mMum; awmfrlcJhygw,f/ 'D (3)rsKd;vHk;uawmh ½IuGuftwlwlyJ jzpfw,f/ &HG&Sm pufqkyfzG,f
y#dulvoabmESifh rwifhw,fwJh tokboabmwdkY[m oabmt"dyÜg,fcsif; twlwlyJ jzpfMuygw,f/
aemufwpfcuk awmh t0dnmPutokb (= aotokb)ur®|mef; (10)rsK;d wdwYk iG f aemufq;kH tokbur®|mef;[m
t|duur®|mef; (= t½dk;pk ur®|mef;)yJ jzpfw,f? A[d'¨ tavmif;aumifwpfck&JU t½kd;pkjzpfw,f/ tJ'D t½dk;pk&JU
&HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmudkyJ tm½Hk,lum orm"d udk xlaxmifEdkifcJhvQif yxrpsmeform"dtxd
aygufa&mufEdkifygw,f/
'Dnawmh tZÑwå t½k;d pkaum|mo&JU &H&G mS pufqyk zf ,
G f tokb oabmudk tm½H,
k u
l m orm"dxal xmifyt
kH ydik ;f udk
pwifNyD; ajymMu& atmif --
1/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk tm½Hk,lum orm"dudk xdkifwkdif;xdkifwkdif; xl axmifyg/
2/ (32)aum|mowdkYudk tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESpfXmewdkYrSm (2)acguf (3)acguf avmuf odrf;qnf;yg/
3/ tZÑwå t½dk;pkaum|moudk tm½Hk,lyg/
tJ'D t½dk;pkaum|mo&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tm½Hk ,lum - ]]t|duy#dulvH t|duy#dulvH =
t½dk;pk&GHp&m t½kd;pk&HGp&m}} vdYk ESvHk;oGif;yg/
'Dvdk ESvHk;oGif;wJhtcg 'Dt½kd;pk&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmudk ÓPf xJrSmxifatmif ESvHk;oGif;yg/ tu,fí
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmu ÓPfxJrSm xifvmNyDqdkvQif ]]&GHp&m &HGp&m = y#dulv y#dulv}}- 'DvdkyJ ESvHk;oGif;aeyg/
tu,fí &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmu ÓPfxJrSm ayg avmBuD; ay:rvmao;bl;qdkvQif ]]t½kd;pk&GHp&m
t½dk;pk&GHp&m}}vdkYyJ ESvHk; oGif;aeyg/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmu ÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmNyDqdkvQif ygVdvdkBudKufvQif
]]y#duv l y#duv l }}? jrefrmvdBk uKd uv
f Qif ]]&HpG &m &HpG &m}}vdyYk J ½Iaeyg/ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f t½k;d pktm½Hrk mS bm0empdwu
f kd
wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/
'Dvkd ½Iwt
hJ ydik ;f rSm t½d;k pktm;vH;k ÓPfrmS xif&mS ;aeygu ydak umif; ygw,f/ tu,fí t½d;k pktm;vH;k rxif&mS ;bJ
wcsKdUwpf0uf wpfpdwf wpfa'oavmufom xif&Sm;w,fqdkvQifvnf; xif&Sm;wJhtpdwftydkif; wcsKdUwpf0ufudkyJ
tm½kH,lum y#dulvreodum& ur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm; yg/
t½d;k pktm;vH;k udyk jJ zpfjzpf wcsKUd wpf0ufuykd jJ zpfjzpf tm½H,
k ul m tJ'D t½k;d pk&UJ &H&G mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv
l oabmudk
tm½kH,lNyD; ]]&HGp&m &HGp&m}} vdYk ESvHk;oGif;wJhtcg bm0empdwfu tJ'D &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½dk;pktm½kHrSm wpfem&D
ESpfem&D ponfjzifh xdkifwdkif;xdkifwkdif; Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfae NyDqkdvQif tJ'Dtm½kHxJrSm bm0empdwfu euf½Idif;pGm
epfjrKyaf eNyq
D v
kd Qif tJ'o D rm"dukd ESp&f ufo;kH &ufavmuf xdik w f ikd ;f xdik w
f ikd ;f &atmif avh usiyhf g/ 'Dvkd bm0emtm½Hrk mS
epfjrKyfaewJh orm"dudk psmeform"dvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ 'Dvdk psmeform"dESifh aejcif;udkyJ psmef0ifpm;w,fvdkY
ac:jcif;jzpfw,f/
'Dtydkif;rSm t½dk;pkaum|mo tm½Hk[mvnf; MunfvifawmufywJh y#dbm*edrdwftoGifodkY qdkufa&mufNyD;

jzpfaeygw,f/ cdik cf ahH tmif avhusiyhf g/ atmifjrifrI &Nyq D v kd Qiaf wmh a,m*Dy*k K¾d vu
f psmeft*FgawG udk qifjcifMunfv
h Ykd
&EdkifNyD/ psmeft*Fgudk qifjcifcsifw,fqdkvQifawmh tpydkif;rSm tenf;qHk; wpfem&Davmuf psmefudk jyef0ifpm;yg/
psmefrS xvQix f csi;f ESv;kH tdrt
f wGi;f bufukd pdwEf iS phf u
kd Mf unfu h m b0ifraem tMunf"mwfukd a&S;OD;pGm odr;f qnf;yg/
ybó&rd'H bdu©a0 pdwåH? (tH-1-9/)
b0ifpdwf[m NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf awmufyw,fvdkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum; xm;awmfrlwJhtwdkif; ESvHk;twGif;rSm

MunfvifawmufyaewJh b0if raemtMunf"mwfudk a&S;OD;pGm odrf;qnf;yg/
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfqdkwm bmvJ¿
ES v H k ; td r f t wG i f ; rS m &S d w J h [',0w¬ K ½k y f u d k rS D j zpf a ewJ h b0if p d w f t0if t yg pd w f w d k i f ; pd w f w d k i f ; [m
pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGudk rsm;pGm jzpfap ygw,f/ orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwfawG[m tvGef
pGrf;tifBuD;rm;wJh pdwfawG jzpfMuwJhtwGuf pdwfwpfckwpfck[m tvGefY tvGef ta&twGuf rsm;jym;wJh
pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGudk jzpfapygw,f/ b0ifpdwfuvnf; pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfudk jzpfapygw,f/
tJ'D pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSmyg0ifwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH)[m Munf vifawmufywJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D
pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfxJrSmyg0ifwJh awaZm"mwfwkdif;uvnf; OwkZ½kyfuvmyf topftopfudk jzpfap jyefygw,f/
tJ'D OwkZ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSmygwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH) uvnf; Munfvifawmufyygw,f/
tJ'D pdwZå ½kyu f vmyf OwkZ½kyu
f vmyfawGrmS ygwJh 0PÖ"mwf = ½lyg½k&H UJ MunfvifawmufyrI[m taMumif;jzpfwhJ
b0ifpdwfESifh ,SOf aewJh ÓPftay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ b0ifpdwfESifh,SOfwJh ÓPfu xufjrufpl;&SvQif
tJ'D½lyg½kHta&mifawG[m ydkNyD; awmufywJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ b0ifpdwfESifh ,SOfaewJhÓPfu tmEkabmfao;vQif
tJ'D ½lyg½kHawG&JU MunfvifawmufyrI[m pGrf;tifavsmhenf;wJhoabm &Sdyg w,f/
'gaMumifh - tusKd;jzpfwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH)wdkY&JU awmufyrIudk taMumif;jzpfwJh b0ifpdwftay:rSm wifpm;NyD;
taMumif;jzpfwJh b0if udkyJ --
ybó&rd'H bdu©a0 pdwåH? (tH-1-9/)
]]'Db0ifpdwf[m NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyw,fvdkY}} 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/

pdwfrSm ta&miftvif;&SdvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwm r[kwfbl;vdkY rSwfom;yg/ -- 'Dawmh psmef t*Fgudk
odrf;qnf;csifwJh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfu a&S;OD;pGm 'Db0ifraemtMunf "mwfudk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ bmaMumifh
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;&ovJ¿
reÍö y#dpö "ar® p OyÜZÆwd raem0dnmPH? (oH-1-302/)
ponfjzifh bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwdkif; --
1/ re trnf&wJh b0ifraemtMunf"mwf
2/ "r® trnf&wJh t½dk;pkaum|mowdkYvdk "r®m½kH --
3/ 'DESpfrsKd;udk tpJGjyKNyD; psmefpdwfwdkYvdk raem0dnmPfpdwfawGu jzpfay: vmMuw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DpsmefpdwfESifh ,SOfwJGaewJh psmeft*FgawGudk odrf;qnf; csifwJh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf[m --

1/ b0ifraemtMunf"mwfESifh
2/ t½dk;pkaum|mo (= "r®m½kH)udk a&S;OD;pGm yl;wJGodrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfrSm t½kd;pkaum|mou xifvmwJhtcg a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu psmeft*FgawGudk wpfckNyD;wpfck
a&S;OD;pGm odrf;qnf; &ygw,f/ atmifjrifrI&wJhtcg psmeft*Fgig;yg;vkH;udk NydKifwljrifatmif odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
'D enf;pepf[m - t&Sifom&dykwå&m ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; udk,fwdkif atmifatmifjrifjrif toHk;jyKoGm;awmfrlwJh
- a&S ; a[mif ; pepf B uD ; wpf c k jzpf y gw,f / 'D p epf a [mif ; BuD ; ud k tEk y 'ok w å e f y gVd a wmf (r-3-75-79/) ES i f h
tEky'okwåeft|uxm (r-|-4-60/) wdkYrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu tZÑwå t½dk;pkaum|mo&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f oabmudk tm½kH,lNyD; yxrpsmefukd
wpfem&Davmuf 0ifpm;NyD; psmefrS xNyD;awmh b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;vdkufwJhtcg t½dk;pk
aum|motm½k[ H m b0ifraemtMunf"mwfrmS xifaewm awGUNyq D kd vQif atmufygpsmeft*FgawGukd wpfcNk y;D wpfck
odrf;qnf;yg/
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
1/ 0dwuf = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHay:okdY pdwfukd a&S;½S L wifay;jcif;oabm?
2/ 0dpm& = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHukd xyfumxyfum okH; oyf qifjcifjcif;oabm?
3/ yDwd = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHukd ESpfoufaejcif;oabm?
4/ okc = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kH\ t&omudk csrf;csrf; omom cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
5/ {u*¾wm = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kH wpfckwnf;ay:okdY pdwf usa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm = orm"d
--
'Dpsmeft*Fgig;yg;ukd wpfcpk D odr;f qnf;Munfyh g/ a&S;OD;pGm psmef0ifpm; Ny;D psmefrx S wJt h cg ckeu ajymcJw h t hJ wkid ;f
0dwufudk odr;f qnf;yg/ 0dwufudk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; ausauseyfeyf odr;f qnf;Ekid v f Qif tvm;wlyJ psmefujdk yef0ifpm;Ny;D
psmefrx S um 0dpm&ukd odr;f qnf;yg/ atmifjrifrI &&Syd gu tvm;wlyJ psmef0ifpm;Ny;D psmefrx S um yDwud dk odr;f qnf;yg/
okc-{u*¾wmwku Yd v
dk nf; ykpH w
H yl J odr;f qnf;yg/ 'Dvkd psmeft*FgawGudk wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;Hk pD ausauseyfeyf odr;f qnf;vkYd
&Nyq
D vdk Qif psmefudk wpfcgjyef0ifpm;Ny;D psmefrx S um psmeft*Fgig;yg;vk;H ukd NyKd iw
f l ÓPfEiS hf jrifatmif ½Iyg? odr;f qnf;yg/
owdjyK&eftcsuf
'Dae&mrSm 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu owday;xm;ygw,f/ --
wo® ð ye edrdawå ywåyXrZÑmaee tm'dur®daue ormyZÆeA[kave b0dwAÁHç e ypöa0u©PA[kave/
(0dok'¨d-1-148/)
t½k d ; pk a um|mo (= t½k d ; pk y #d b m*ed r d w f ) wk d Y v k d orxed r d w f wpf c k c k uk d tm½k H , l N yD ; orm"d u k d
xlaxmifEkdifwJhtwGuf yxrpsmefokdY qkduf a&mufp tm'dur®duyk*¾dKvf[m psmef0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap? psmeft*Fgukdqif
jcif r I enf ; ygap? 'D v k d pnf ; urf ; owf r S w f a y;xm;ygw,f / bmjzpf v k d Y v J ¿ psmef t *F g awG u k d cPcP
qifjcifaer,fqdkvQif psmeft*FgawGu ½kefY &if;vmNyD; psmeform"du tm;enf;oGm;wwfw,f? psmefu avQmusoGm;

wwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh ]]psmeft*FgqifjcifrI enf;ygapç psmefudk 0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap}}qkw
d hJ pnf;urf;ukd owfrw
S af y;jcif;
jzpfw,f/
0oDabmfig;wef
'Dtykid ;f rSm - 0oDabmf ig;wefudk Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiahf y;&ef t*Fw
k Kdå &yf gVdawmf e0uedygwf *g0DOyrmokweå f
(tH-3-216-219/) rS m bk & m;&S i f u ñT e f M um;xm;awmf r l y gw,f / 0d o k ' ¨ d r *¾ t |uxmuvnf ; (0dok'¨d-1-149/)
zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ psmefukd Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhrIukd 0oDabmfvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
1/ tm0ZÆe0oD = raem'Gg&m0ZÆe;f jzifh psmeft*Fgukd vsiv f sijf refjref Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; qifjcifEidk af tmif avhusijhf cif;?
2/ ormyZÆe0oD = psmefukd tvkd&Sdwkdif; vsifvsifjrefjref 0ifpm;vkdY &atmif avhusifhjcif;?
3/ t"d|me0oD = wpfred pft"d|mefjyKum psmefudk 0ifpm;vQif wpf rdepf 0ifpm;Ekid af tmifç wpfem&D t"d|mefjyKum
psmefu0dk ifpm;vQif wpfem&D 0ifpm;Ekid af tmifç t"d|mefxm;wJh tcsed u f mvtwkid ;f 0ifpm;Ekid f
atmif avhusifhjcif;?
4/ 0k|me0oD = psmefrS xvdkwJhtcsdef vsifvsifjrefjref xEdkif atmif avhusifhjcif;?
5/ ypöa0u©Pm0oD = ypöa0u©PmaZmwdkYjzifh psmeft*FgawGudk vsif vsifjrefjref qifjcifEdkifatmif avhusifhjcif;?
tm;vkH;aygif;vdkufawmh 0oDabmf ig;wef jzpfygw,f/
psmeft*FgawGudk qifjcifwJhtydkif;rSm raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;pdwf wpfBudrfç a,bk,stm;jzifh ypöa0u©PmaZm (7)Budrf
apmwwfygw,f/ raem 'Gg&m0ZÆe;f pdwEf iS hf psmeft*Fgudk qifjcifru
I kd tm0ZÆe0oDç ypöa0u©Pm aZmpdwEf iS q hf ifjcifru
I kd
ypöa0u©Pm0oDvYkd 'Dvckd jGJ cm;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd psmeft*FgawGukd qifjcifwt hJ ydik ;f rSm ypöa0u©PmaZmawGukd (7)Burd f
txd rapmapawmhbJ (5)Burd f (6)Burd af vmufyJ apmapum psmeft*Fg ukd vsiv f sijf refjref qifjcifrrI sK;d udk qdvk w
kd ,fvYkd
tcsKdUaom q&mjrwf wdkYu t,l&SdawmfrlMuygw,f/
txl;ojzifh .. 'Dtydkif;rSm - (2)em&D (3)em&D ponfjzifh psmefudk cyfMumMum 0ifpm;Edkifatmifawmh avhusifhyg/
A[d'¨t½dk;pkaum|mo
atmifjrifr&I wJth cg A[d'¨ t½k;d pkaum|mowpfcu k kd tm½k,
H Nl y;D y#duv
l oabmtm;jzifh &H&G mS pufqyk zf , G t
f jzpf
ESvHk;oGif;um yHkpHwlyJ ½IMunfhyg/ A[d'¨ t½dk;pkaum|moudk ½IwJhtcg rdrd&JUa&SU rvSrf;rurf;rSm xdkifaewJh
a,m*DwpfOD;&JU t½dk;pkaum|mu pNyD; ½IMunfhyg/ tJ'D &HG&Sm pufqkyfzG,f t½dk;pkaum|motm½HkrSm bm0empdwfudk
tenf;qH;k wpf em&Davmuf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ 'Dvkd ½Iwt
hJ cgrSm xdik w
f ikd ;f xdik w
f ikd ;f "mwfBu;D
(4)yg;u pNyD;awmh orm"dudk tqifhqifh xlaxmifzdkY rarhygESifh/
1/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk tm½Hk,lNyD; orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/
2/ tZÑwå-A[d'¨ (32)aum|moawGudk ½Iyg/
3/ tZÑwå t½dk;pkaum|moudk y#dulvtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;um yxr psmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif orm"dudk
xlaxmifyg/
4/ xdkaemifrS A[d'¨ t½dk;pkaum|moudk y#dulvtm;jzifh ½Iyg/
tJ'v
D kd A[d'¨ t½d;k pkaum|mo&JU &H&G mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l oabm udk ESv;kH oGi;f Ny;D orm"dux
kd al xmifvu
kd w
f t
hJ cg
A[d'¨ t½dk;pkaum|mo tm½HkrSm bm0empdwfu wpfem&Davmuf Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfvmNyD qdkvQif

tJ'Dorm"drSxum rdrd&JU b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrf;qnf; yg/ tJ'D A[d'¨ t½dk;pkaum|motm½Hku rdrd&JU
b0ifraemtMunfrSm xifvmwJhtcg a&S;uajymcJhwJh psmeft*Fgig;yg;wdkYudk yHkpHwlyJ odrf;qnf; Munfhyg/
'Dpsmeft*FgawGuawmh [dka&SUydkif;u ajymcJhwJhtwdkif;yJ Oypm& psmefESifh ,SOfaewJh psmeft*FgawGom jzpfMuygw,f/
Oypm&psmef q d k w mu tyÜ e mpsmef q d k w J h yxrpsmef & J U teD ; tyg;rS m jzpf a ewJ h o rm"d v d k Y qd k v d k y g w,f /
yxrpsmefem;uyfaewJh Oypm&orm"dtppfESifh orm"dvu©Pm csif; wlnDvdkY wifpm;ajymwJhpum;om jzpfygw,f/
a&SUwnfhwnfhrSm&SdwJh a,m*DwpfOD;&JU t½kd;pkaum|moudk ckvdk½IvdkY atmifjrifNyDqdkvQif aemufa,m*DwpfOD;&JU
t½d;k pkaum|moukd yHpk w
H l ½IMunfyh g/ 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odw
Yk ikd af tmif wpfpwpfp wk;d csUJ um yHpk w
H yl J
½IMunfhyg/ t&yf (10)rsufESmrSm b,ft&yfrsufESm udkyJ MunfhMunfh t½dk;pkcsnf;jzpfatmif avhusifhyg/ a,mufsm;
rdef;r yk*d¾Kvf owå0g uRJ EGm; wd& pämef ponfjzihf rawGUawmhbJ t½dk;pk tpktyHk csnf;awGUatmif avhusifhyg/
ar;cGef;wpf&yf
tcsKdUa,m*DawGu ar;wwfMuw,f - 'Davmuf &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f aumif;aewJh t½dk;pkaum|motm½kHudk
tm½HkjyKNyD; b,fvdkvkyfNyD; yDwdu jzpfEdkifyghrvJ¿ 'Dvdkawmh ar;wwfMuw,f/
'D t ar;ud k 0d o k ' ¨ d r *¾ t |uxmu (0d o k ' ¨ d - 1-188/) ajzqd k x m;ygw,f / 'D v d k t½d k ; pk a um|mowd k Y v d k
tokbtm½kHawG[m &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f oabmw&m; xif&Sm;&SdwmrSefaomfvnf; a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfbufu 'Dtm½Hk udk
taMumif;jyKNyD; --
]]t'¨g £rm, Z&mr&PrSm y&drkpödómrd}} --
]]þusifh0wfy#dywfjzifh igonf rcRwf{uef Z&mr&PrS vGwf ajrmuf&ayvdrfhrnf}} --
'Dvdk tusKd;tmedoifudk ½Ijrifavh&Sdwmu wpfaMumif;ç Oypm& orm"d tcdkufrSmuwnf;u pdwftpOfudk
aemuf u sKapwwf w J h eD 0 &P tnpf t aMu;awG u d k y,f & S m ;Ed k i f w muvnf ; wpf a Mumif ; - 'D t aMumif ;
w&m;awGaMumifh yDw-d aomreó (= yDw-d okc)awG[m jzpfay:vmEdik f ygw,f/ Oyrm - ykyq æ ×uac:wJh yef;rduI o
f eG f
(= rpifbifusKH;orm;) wpfOD;[m rpifyHkBuD;udk awGUvdkufwJhtcg igawmh ydkufqHrsm;rsm; &awmh rSmyJqdkNyD;
ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwd-aomreó jzpfovdkç tjyif; txef tema&m*gwpfck uyfa&muftEdSyfpufcHae&wJh
a&m*gonf wpfO;D [m ysKUd tef0rf;usaq;udk rS0D v
J u kd wf t
hJ cg ysKUd tefjcif; 0rf;avQm oGm;jcif;aMumifh yDw-d aomreó
jzpf&ovdk -- tvm;wlyJ a,m*D yk*¾dKvfu &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½dk;pkaum|moudk tm½Hk,lum orm"dudk
xlaxmifvu kd &f m Oypm&orm"d tyÜemorm"dqw kd hJ orm"drsm; tom; wufvmwJt h cg xdb k m0emorm"dwaYkd Mumifh
tdkab;qdk;BuD;ç emab; qdk;BuD;ç aoab;qdk;BuD;wdkYrS vGwfajrmuf&awmhrSmayghvdkY tusKd;udk jrifvdkufwJhtcg
eD0&PtnpftaMu;awGuvnf; uGm&SJoGm;wJhtcg pdwfat;csrf;rI csrf;omrI okcESifh ESpfoufrI yDwdwdkY[m
jzpfay:vm w,fvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
ig;yd[m &H&G mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;ayrJh uRr;f usiw
f hJ pm;zdo
k nfu £|jzpfatmif jyKjyifay;vku
d w
f t
hJ cg ig;ydBuKd uw
f hJ
pm;oHk;oltzdkY yDwd-aomreó jzpf&ovdk Oypm&orm"d tyÜemorm"dqdkwJh orm"dwdkYu jyKjyifay;vdkufwJhtwGuf
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½dk;pktm½HkrSmaomfvnf; yDwd-aomreóawG jzpf&ygw,fvYdk qdkvdkygw,f/
Mo'gwuodkPf;
t½dk;pkur®|mef;udk jyefqufMu&atmif/ t&yf (10)rsufESmrSm b,f udkyJMunfhMunfh t½dk;pkcsnf; jzpfaeNyD?

psmeft*FgawGuvnf; xif&Sm;NyD qdkvQif Mo'gwuodkPf;udk ul;vdku ul;vkdY&NyD jzpfygw,f/
(32)aum|moqdkwJh aum|moawG&JU ta&miftqif;udk tm½Hk ,lNyD; 0PÖuokdPf;ac:wJh ta&mifuodkPf;
(4)rsKd;wdkYudk ½IyGm;yHk enf; pepfrsm;udk bk&m;&Sif[m r[my&dedAÁmeokwåef ('D-2-92-96/) rSmaumç t*kFwdåK&fygVdawmf
t|ued y gwf (tH-3-125-127/) rS m aumç "r® o *F P D ygVd a wmf (tbd-1-55-56/) rS m aumç tcsKd U tcsKd U aom
okwåefawGrSmaum tbdbm,wepsmefç 0darmu©psmef - qdkwJh trnfawGESifh a[mMum; xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
'D tbdbm,wepsmef 0darmu©psmefawGudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfwJhtydkif;rSm --
1/ rdr&d UJ ud,
k w
f iG ;f (= tZÑw)å oEÅmefrmS &Sw
d hJ (32)aum|mowd&Yk UJ ta&mifuodP
k ;f ½kyq
f w
kd hJ tZÑw½å yk u
f kd tm½kjH yKNy;D
y&dur®bm0emudk tpysKd; yGm;rsm;wmvnf; &Sdw,f/
2/ tjyifty (= A[d'¨)rSm wnf&SdwJh (32)aum|mowdkY&JU ta&mif uodkPf;½kyfqdkwJh A[d'¨½kyfudk tm½kHjyKNyD;
y&dur®bm0emudk tpysKd; yGm;rsm;wmvnf; &dSw,f/
'DESpfrsKd;wdkYrSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu tZÑwå½kyfrSmjzpfap A[d'¨½kyfrSmjzpfap-
1/ eDvuodkPf;y&durfudk yGm;rsm;csifw,fqdkvQif --
(u) qHyifüjzpfapç
( c ) onf;ajcüjzpfapç
( * ) rsufeuf0ef;üjzpfap - tm½kH,lNyD;awmh --
]]eDv eDv = tndK tndK }} vdkY tzefzef txyfxyf y&dur®bm0emudk tm;xkwf&w,f/ y&dur®bm0em
qdw
k muawmh tpysK;d wJh bm0em jzpfw,f/ Oypm&orm"d (= Oypm&bm0em)odYk rqdu
k rf t
D wGi;f rSm y&dur®bm0em&JU
e,fajrjzpfw,f/
2/ yDwuodkPf;y&durfudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkwJh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf[m-
(u) tqDcJüjzpfapç
( c ) ta&üjzpfapç
( * ) vufzrdk; ajczrdk;üjzpfapç
(C) rsufpdtwGif; 0ga&TwJht&yfüjzpfapç
( i ) 0ga&TwJh usifi,füjzpfap - tm½kH,lNyD;awmh --
]]yDw yDw = t0g t0g}} vdkY 'grSr[kwfvnf; ]]ta&T ta&T}} - vkdY tzefzef txyfxyf y&dur®bm0emudk
tm;xkwf&w,f/
3/ avm[dwuodkPf;y&durfudk pD;jzef;vdkwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m --
(u) tom;ü jzpfapç
( c ) taoG;ü jzpfapç
( * ) vQmü jzpfapç
(C) rsufpdtwGif; eDjref;&mt&yfüjzpfap tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh --
]]avm[dw avm[dw = teD teD }} vdkY tzefzef txyfxyf y&dur® bm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&w,f/
4/ Mo'gwuokdPf;y&durfudk pD;jzef;vdkwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m --

(u) t½dk;ü jzpfapç
( c ) oGm;ü jzpfapç
( * ) vufonf;-ajconf;ü jzpfapç
(C) rsufvkH;wdkY&JU jzL&mt&yfüjzpfap -
'Dvdk jzLwJh aum|mowpfckckudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh --
]]Mo'gw Mo'gw = tjzL tjzL}} vdYk tzefzef txyfxyf pD;jzef;jcif; (= y&dur®bm0em) tvkyu
f kd tm;xkw&f w,f/
'Dvdk ½IwJhtydkif;rSm wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfawGrSm tZÑwå (32)aum|mou ydkNyD;xif&Sm;w,f/ A[d'äum|moawGuawmh
tZÑwaå vmuf rxif &Sm;bl;/ tJ'v D kd yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu tZÑwaå um|mou pNy;D y&dur®bm0em vkyif ef;&yfukd pwifum
jyKpkysKd;axmifEdkifygw,f/
wcsKd U yk * ¾ d K vf a wG u sawmh A[d ' ¨ a um|moawG u d k ½I & wmu yd k a umif ; NyD ; yd k v nf ; &S i f ; &S i f ; vif ; vif ;
awGUaewwfw,f/ 'Dvdk A[d'äum|mo awGudk ½I&wm ydkaumif;NyD; A[d'äum|moawGu tZÑwåxuf ydkNyD;
xif&Sm;w,fqdkvQifvnf; A[d'äum|moudkyJ tm½Hk,lNyD; y&dur®bm0emudk pwifjyKpkysKd;axmifEdkifygw,f/
tZÑwåaum|moawG&JU ta&mifudk tm½Hk,lNyD; ta&mifuokdPf; awGudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvnf; ½lyg0p&psmef
(4)yg;udk &&SEd ikd yf gw,f/ A[d'a¨ um|moawG&UJ ta&mifukd tm½H,
k Nl y;D ta&mifuodP
k ;f awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f nf;
½lyg0p&psmef (4)yg;vkH;udk &&SdEdkifygw,f/
(tbd-|-1-234/ rlv#D-1-106/ tH-|-3-245/ tH-#D-3-249/ Munfhyg/)
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf 'ouedygwf yxraumovokwåef (tH-3-306/) rSm bk&m;&Sifu ta&mifuokdPf;awGxJrSm
Mo'gwuokdPf; (= tjzL a&mifuokdPf;)ukd tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh
tjzLa&mifuokdPf;u pNyD;awmh ajymMu&atmif ../
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;upNyD; t½kd;pkaum|mo ur®|mef;jzifh tqifhqifh orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/ t&yf (10)rsufESmrSm
b,ft&yfukdrqkd Munfh vkdufwkdif; t½kd;pkcsnf; ÓPfrSm xifvmNyDqkdvQif tjzLa&mifuokdPf;ukd ul;EkdifNyD/
tZÑwåt½kd;pk A[d'¨t½kd;pk - ESpfrsKd;xJu BudKuf&mu p½IEkdif ygw,f/ A[d'ü p½IykHukdyJ ykHpHxkwfum ajymMu&atmif
.../
rdr&d UJ a&SUwnfw
h nfrh mS rdru
d dk ausmay;umxkid af ewJh a,m*DwpfO;D &Jh ODacgif;cGu
H dk tm½k,
H Ml unfyh g/ tJ'D OD;acgif;cG&H UJ
jzLaewJhoabmukd tm½kH ,lum ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY ½Iyg/ ykdaumif;wJhpepfuawmh --
1/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd tm½kH,lum orm"dukd jyefxlaxmifyg/
2/ vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg tZÑwå (32)aum|m oç rdrda&SUwnfhwnfh&Sd a,m*D&JU
(32)aum|mowkdYukd tZÑwå wpfvSnfh A[d'¨wpfvSnfh (2)acguf (3)acguf ½IMunfhyg/
3/ tJ'D a,m*D&JU t½kd;pkaum|moukd tm½kH,lum y#dulvoabm tm;jzifh ]]&GHp&m &GHp&m}}vkdY ½Iyg/
4/ Oypm&psmeft*Fgrsm; xif&Sm;vmwJhtcg t½kd;pkaum|mouvnf; jzLvmwJhtcg txl;ojzifh OD;acgif;cGHukd
tm½kH,lum - ]]Mo'gw Mo'gw}}vkdY jzpfap ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY jzpfap ½Iyg/
tJ'Dvkd ½IvkdufwJhtcg t½kd;pkaum|mo aysmufNyD; tjzLa&mif t0ef; t0kdif;oufoufom usefaevQif

tJ'DtjzLrSmyJ bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;um ]]tjzL tjzL}}vYkdyJ ½Iaeyg/ 'DtjzL
a&mifuokdPf;0ef;rSm tenf;qkH; wpfem&Davmuf bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yf pGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;EkdifvkdY
tjzLa&mifuokP d ;f 0ef;u MunfawmufvmNyq D vdk Qif y#dbm*edrw
d o
f Ydk qku
d Nf yjD zpfw,f/ Oypm& orm"de,fajrokv
Yd nf;
qkdufNyDjzpfw,f/
tJ'D Oypm&orm"de,fajrrSmvnf; uokP d ;f 0ef;ukd jzefMY uufvu dk jzefMY uufEidk w
f ,f/ 'grSr[kwf qufNy;D orm"dudk
xl a xmif v k d u xl axmif E k d i f w ,f / tJ ' D v k d orm"d u k d quf v uf x l a xmif w J h t cg &H c g bm0empd w f u
tjzLa&mifuokP d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t f m½kx
H rJ mS epfjrKyNf y;D oGm;vdrrhf ,f/ 'Dvdk epfjrKyof uf0ifNy;D wnfaewJh tykid ;f uawmh
tyÜem psmeform"dykdif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D tyÜempsmeform"dykdif;rSmvnf; uokdPf; 0ef;ukd jzefYMuufvkdu
jzefYMuufEkdifw,f/
uokdPf;0ef;ukd jzefYMuufyg
bmaMumifh uokdPf;0ef;ukd jzefYMuuf&ovJvkdYar;vQif orm"d Mum jrihfpGm &SnfjrifhpGm wnfwHhzkdY&eftwGuf
jzefYMuufjcif; jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd uokdPf;0ef;ukd jzefYMuufwJhtykdif;rSm wpfvufr okdYr[kwf ESpfvufr okdYr[kwf
ok;H vufrponfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;Ny;D awmh t0ef;t0kid ;f wpfcv
k ;Hk udk jyefaY tmif jzefMY uufyg/ Oyrm ]]ok;H vufrjyefyY gap}}qkNd y;D
t0kdif;twkdif; jyefYatmif jzefYMuufyg/ uokdPf;0ef;u vIyf&Sm;vmvQif ]]tjzL tjzL}}[k quf½Ium orm"dukd
jyefxlaxmifyg/ uokdPf;0ef;u NidrfoufvmvkdY MunfvifawmufyvmNyDqkdvQif tvm;wl ]]okH;vufrjyefYygap}}
qdkNyD; xyfjzefYMunfhyg/ 'Denf;twkdif; ... orm"dukd jyefxlaxmifvkduf uokdPf;0ef;ukdjzefYvkduf jyKvkyfyg/ t&yf
q,frsufESm b,ft&yfukdrqkd MunfhvkdufvQif Munfhvkdufwkdif; tjzLcsnf;awGUatmif tqkH;tpr&Sd jzLaeatmif
jzefYMuufyg/
t&yf q,frsufESm b,ft&yfrSmrqkd jzLaeNyD? tqkH;tpr&Sd jzefY MuufvkdY &NyDqkdvQif -- tjzLa&mif
wdkufeH&Hwpfae&mrSm OD;xkyfwpfvHk; udk csdwfxm;ovkd -- tjzLa&mifuokdPf;wpfae&mrSm bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfxm;um ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkYd quf½aI eyg/ tjzLa&miftm½krH mS orm"dudk ckid jf raJ tmif qufvufxal xmifyg/ wpfem&D
ESpfem&D okH;em&D ponfjzifh ..bm0empdwfu tjzLa&mif tm½kHxJrSm epfjrKyfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ orm"du
ESpef m&Do;Hk em&Davmuftxd ckid cf ahH eNy?D tjzLa&mif tm½kx H rJ mS epfjrKyaf eNy?D tjzLa&miftm½kuH vnf; awmufavQmuf
Munf awmufaeNy?D bm0empdwu f vnf; yHsUvGirhf I vk;H vk;H r&Sad wmhb;l qkv
d Qif tJ'o
D rm"dukd xkid w
f idk ;f &atmif ESp&f uf
ok;H &ufcefY avhusiyhf g/ tJ'D tcsed tf cgrSm psmeft*Fgig;yg;[mvnf; pGr;f tm;awG jynf0h pkv H ifpmG jzifh a,m*D&UJ ÓPf0rSm
xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/
yxrpsmef - psmeft*Fgig;yg;
1/ 0dwuf = tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHay:okdY pdwfukd a&S;½S Lwifay;jcif;oabm?
2/ 0dpm& = tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd xyfum xyfum okH;oyfqifjcifjcif;oabm?
3/ yDwd = tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd ESpfouf aejcif;oabm?
4/ okc = tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f m½k\
H t&omukd csr;f csr;f omom ok;H aqmifcpH m;aejcif;oabm?
5/ {u*¾wm = tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kH wpfckwnf; ay:okdY pdwfusa&mufwnfNidrfaejcif;oabm
= orm"d?
'Dpsmeft*Fgig;yg;wk[
Yd m pGr;f tifjynf0h pGmjzifh jzpfay:aeygvdrrhf ,f/ tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f m½kx
H rJ mS
bm0empdwfu vIyf&Sm;rI vkH;0r&SdawmhbJ epfjrKyfaejcif;ukdyJ psmef0ifpm;w,fvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/ tenf;qkH;
wpfem&Davmuf psmef0ifpm;Ny;D wJt h cg psmefrx S um b0if raemtMunfudk odr;f qnf;Ny;D tJ'D b0ifraemtMunfrmS
tjzLa&mif uokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfu a&S;½SLusa&mufvmwJhtcg xifaewJhtcg psmeft*Fg ig;yg;ukd odrf;qnf;yg/
atmifjrifrI&ygu 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
'kwd,psmef
rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D wJh yxrpsmefudk 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avh usiNhf y;D wJt
h cg 'kw,
d psmefudk ul;csiw
f ,fqv
dk Qif
a&S;OD;pGm rdrd &&Sdxm;wJh yxrpsmefukd tenf;qkH; wpfem&Davmuf jyef0ifpm;yg/ psmefrSxwJhtcg 'Dvkd qifjcifyg/
--
1/ 'Dyxrpsmeformywf[m eD0&Ppdwt
f npftaMu;awGudk y,fcmG wJh ae&mrSm a&S;OD;yxrjzpfwt
hJ wGuf eD;uyfwhJ
eD0&P&efol &Sdw,f/
2/ tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHay:okdY bm0empdwfukd a&S;½S L wifay;&jcif; 0dwufç tjzLa&mifuodkPf;
y#dbm*edrw d t
f m½ku
H dk xyfumxyfum ok;H oyfqifjcif&jcif; 0dpm&qkw d hJ 'Dpsmeft*Fg ESpyf g; [m Nird o
f ufro
I rm"dudk
tvkd&Sdaom yk*¾dKvftzkdY pdwf&JUMurf;wrf;wJJh trlt&m wpfrsKd;jzpfaew,f/ ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh t&m0w¬Kqkdwm
jyefaY jymBu;D rm;aomfvnf; tumuJo h Ydk vG,u
f pl mG usK;d ysuEf idk w
f ,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dpsmeft*FgawG[m tm;enf;w,f/
'Dvdk ESvkH;oGif;yg/
3/ yDwd-okc-{u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*Fg (3)yg;&SdwJh 'kwd,psmefukd NidrfoufwJhw&m;vkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
4/ yxrpsmefukd tvkdr&SdwJhpdwfxm;ç 'kwd,psmefukd tvkd&SdwJhpdwfxm; ESifh tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfukdyJ
tm½kH,lum orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifyg/
'Dvkdorm"dukd jyefxlaxmifvkdufvQif yxrpsmefokdYyJ wpfzefjyefqkduf oGm;vdrfhr,f/ yxrpsmefrSxum
psmeft*FgawGukd qifjcifvkdufwJhtcg
1/ 0dwuf 0dpm&wkdYukd ½kefY&if;aomtm;jzifhç
2/ yDwd okc {u*¾wmwkdYukd Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh --
todÓPfrSm xifvmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dtcg ½kefY&if;wJh psmeft*FgawGukd y,f&Sm;Edkifa&;ç NidrfoufwJh yDwd-okc-
{u*¾wmwkdYukd &&Sda&;twGuf tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfukdyJ tm½kH,lum ]]tjzL tjzL}}vdYk ½Ium orm"dukd
qufvufxlaxmifyg/ tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwf tm½kHrSm bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD;wnfvmwJhtcg
]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY pdwfu r&GwfqdkawmhbJ tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfukdyJ pkdufNyD; ½Iaeyg/ tjzLa&mifuokdPf;
y#dbm*edrdwf tm½kHxJrSm bm0empdwfu xyfNyD; epfjrKyfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ 0dwuf-0dpm&wkdY jyKwfoGm;wmç yDwd-
okc-{u*¾wmqkdwJh psmeft*Fg (3)yg;yJ usef&Sdwmukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu odaeygvdrfhr,f/
]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY pdwfu&GwfqdkrI

0dwuú0pd m&m 0pDocFga&m/ y / ykaAÁ acg *[ywd 0dwauúwmG 0dpma&wGm ypäm 0gpH bdEw
´ ?d wo®m 0dwuú0pd m&m
0pDocFga&m/
(oH-2-483/)
a&S;OD;pGm MuHpnfqifjcifNyD;rS pum;oHu aemufrS jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'gaMumifh 0dwuf-0dpm&awG[m pum;oH
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay; aewJh 0pDocFg&w&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/ 'DygVdawmfrsm;twkdif;yJ a,m*D yk*¾dKvfu
tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfukd tm½kH,lNyD;awmh ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY pdwfu &GwfqkdESvkH;oGif;aewJhtcg ]]tjzL
tjzL}} qkwd hJ pum;oH uav;awG jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;aewJh 0dwuf-0dpm&wk[ Yd m jyKwf roGm;Ekid f &Sw
d wfw,f/
'DtcsdeftcgrSm pum;oH ay:rvmayrJhvkdY ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY pdwfu&GwfqkdzkdY&ef a&S;OD;pGm MuHpnfqifjcifrI (= 0dwuf-
0dpm&) uawmh &Sdaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D 'kwd,psmefukd ul;awmhrnfhqJqJ a&mufNyDqkdvQif ]]tjzL tjzL}}vkdY
pdwfu r&GwfqkdzkdYukdawmh owdjyKyg/
wwd,psmef
'kw,
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dS mG ;Nyq
D v
dk Qif tJ'D 'kw,
d psmefuv
dk nf; 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif
avhusifhyg/ 'Dvkd 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhwJhtykdif;rSmawmh yxrpsmefrSm cyfMumMumraeawmhbJ
wpfrdepfESpfrdepfavmufom aeNyD;awmh 'kwd, psmefrSmom cyfMumMumaeEkdifatmif BudK;pm;yg/ 'kwd,psmefrSm
ESpfem&D okH;em&D ponfjzifh aeEkdifatmif avhusifhyg/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu wwd,psmefukd ul;csifw,fqkdvQif yxrpsmefrSm wpfrdepf ESpfrdepfavmufç 'kwd,psmefrSm
wpfem&Davmuf aeNyD;wJhtcg t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhusifhxm;tyfwJh 'D'kwd,psmefrS xNyD;awmh qifjcifyg/
b,fvkd qifjcif&rvJ¿ --
1/ 'D'kwd,psmeformywfonf 0dwuf-0dpm&qkdwJh eD;uyfwJh &efol &Sdw,f/
2/ 'D ' k w d , psmef r S m &S d w J h yD w d u k d ]]xif & S m ;ay:vG i f v G e f ; wJ h t wG u f pd w f u k d vI y f & S m ;apwwf w J h
½keYf&if;Murf;wrf;wJhw&m;}}vkdY bk&m;&Sifu a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwGuf yDwd&JU ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;rIaMumifh
psmef t*FgawGu tm;enf;vSw,f/
3/ 'Dvkd 'kwd,psmef&JU tjypfukd jrifatmif ½Iyg/ 'Dvkd ½INyD;wJhtcg -okc {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;&SdwJh
wwd,psmefukd NidrfoufwJh w&m;vkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
4/ tJ'Dvkd ESvkH;oGif;NyD;wJhtcg 'kwd,psmefukd tvkdr&SdwJh pdwfxm; wwd,psmefukd tvkd&SdwJh pdwfxm;ESifh
tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm* edrdwfukdyJ tm½kH,lum orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifyg/
tJ'vD dk qifjcifNy;D orm"dudk xlaxmifvu
dk w
f t
hJ cg 'kw,
d psmefuydk J wpfzefjyefqu
dk o
f mG ;vdrrhf ,f/ 'kw,
d psmefrx
S Ny;D
owdorÜZOf jynfhjynfh pkHpkHESifh yDwd-okc-{u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgawGukd qifjcifvkdufwJhtcg yDwdukd
½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh oabmtm;jzifh ÓPfrSm xifvmvdrfhr,f/ okc-{u*¾wmukdvnf; NidrfoufwJhoabmtm;jzifh
xifvmvdrfhr,f/
tJ't
D cg ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh yDwu
d dk y,f&mS ;Ekid af &;twGuçf Nird f oufwhJ okc-{u*¾wmqkw
d hJ psmeft*Fg ESpyf g;&Sw
d hJ
wwd,psmefukd &&Sd&ef twGuf tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfukdyJ qufvufNyD; tm½kH ,lum ESvkH;oGif;aeyg/
orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifyg/
rMumrD tcsed t f wGi;f rSmyJ tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f m½kH rSm epfjrKyNf y;D Nird o
f ufaewJh orm"dtqifo h Ydk
qk d u f a &muf o G m ;ygvd r f h r ,f / yD w d r &S d w J h ok c -{u*¾ w mac:wJ h psmef t *F g ES p f y g;om&S d w J h wwd , psmef o k d Y
qkdufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dwwd,psmefukdvnf; 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif; atmif xyfNyD; avhusifhyg/

pwkw¬psmef
wwd,psmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D wJt
h cg pwkwp¬ smefudk ul;vku
d yxrpsmefrmS wpfred pf
ESpfrdepfavmufç 'kwd, psmefrSmvnf; wpfrdepf ESpfrdepfavmuf aeNyD;wJhtcg wwd,psmefrSm wpfem&Davmuf
aeNyD;awmh t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNyD;wJh 'Dwwd,psmefrS xum 'Dvkd qifjcifay;yg/
1/ 'Dwwd,psmef ormywf[m yDwdqkdwJh eD;uyfwJh &efol&Sdw,f/
2/ okcukd ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh psmeft*Fgwpfcktjzpf bk&m;&Sif a[mMum; xm;awmfrlwJhtwGuf okc&JU
½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;rIaMumifh psmeft*Fg awG[m tm;enf;w,f/ 'Dpsmef[mvnf; ysufpD;vG,fwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
3/ 'Dvdk wwd,psmef&UJ tjypfa'goukd jrifatmif ½Ium Oayu©m-{u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*FgESpyf g;&Sw
d hJ pwkwp¬ smefudk
NidrfoufwJh psmef[k ESvkH;oGif;yg/
4/ tJ'Dvkd ESvkH;oGif;NyD;wJhtcg wwd,psmefukd tvkdr&SdwJh pdwfxm;ç pwkw¬psmefukd tvkd&SdwJh pdwfxm;ESifh
tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm* edrdwfukdyJ tm½kH,lum orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifyg/
'Dvkd orm"dukd xlaxmifvkdufwJhtcg rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif; rSmyJ tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwf
tm½kHrSm epfjrKyfouf0ifum Nidrf0yfpGmwnfaewJhç okcjyKwfoGm;NyD; Oayu©m-{u*¾wm psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;om&SdwJh
pwkw¬psmefukd qkdufa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dpwkw¬psmef orm"dukdvnf; 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif qufvuf
avhusifhyg/ tjzLa&mifuokdPf;rSm pwkw¬psmeform"dtxd atmifatmifjrifjrif ½IEkdifvQif tndKa&mifuokdPf;ukd
ajymif;EkdifNyD/
tndKa&mifuokdPf;
tndKa&mifuokdPf; ½Icsifw,fqkdvQif a&S;a&S;orm"dukd tajccHNyD; awmh aemufaemuform"dukd ul;chJvQif
vsifvsifjrefjref atmifjrifrIukd &EkdifwJhtwGuf a&S;OD;pGm "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd jyef½Iyg/ (32)aum|moukd jyef½Iyg/
NyD;awmh tjzLa&mifuokdPf;ukd pwkw¬psmeform"dqkdufatmif jyef½Iyg/ tJ'D pwkw¬psmefrSxum rdrd&JU
a&SUwnfhwnfhrSm&SdwJh a,m*D yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;&JU qHyifaum|moukd vSrf;NyD; tm½kH,lyg/
olU&JUqHyifu ndKaew,fqdkvQif tJ'DtndKa&mifudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh ]]tndK tndK}}vdkY ESvHk;oGif;&w,f/ ]]tndK
tndK}}vdYk ESv;kH oGi;f vdu
k Nf yD qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qif qHyifaysmufNy;D awmh tndKa&mift0ef;t0dik ;f uodP
k ;f 0ef; ay:vmwwfygw,f/
tJ'u D odP
k ;f 0ef;rSm bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D awmh xm;& w,f/ uyfvu
kd Nf yq
D v
kd &Ykd v
dS Qif qHyifawGtm;vH;k
aysmufNyD;awmh tndK a&mif t0ef;t0dkif; uodkPf;0ef;[m ndKNyD;awmh awmufyvmygvdrfh r,f/
tJ'Dvdk ndKNyD;awmh awmufyvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bm0empdwfudk tenf;qHk; wpfem&Davmufawmh Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif avhusifh&ygw,f/
avhusifhvdkufvdkY 'DuodkPf;0ef;u MunfvifawmufyvmNyDqdkwJh tcsdeftcgrSm uodkPf;0ef;udk ydkif;jcm;NyD;awmh
jzefY&w,f/ rdrd&JUÓPfpGrf; tm;ESifh EdIif;csdefNyD; jzefY&w,f/ ywfywfvnf t0ef;t0dkif;udk tm½kH,lNyD; jznf;jznf;csif;
ydkif;jcm;jzefY&w,f/ Oyrm - ]]oHk;vufr t0dkif;ywfvnf jyefYygap}}vdkY ydkif;jcm;t"d|mefjyKNyD; jzefY&w,f/ tu,fí
rjyefYcJhvQif ]]ESpfvufr jyefYygap}} odkYr[kwf ]]wpfvufr jyefYygap}}vdkY 'Dvdk ydkif;jcm;NyD; jzefY&w,f/
tJ'v
D kd jzefv
Y u
kd w
f t
hJ cgrSm jyefo
Y mG ;vd&Yk v
dS Qif enf;enf;vIyv
f mwwf w,f/ vIyNf yq
D v
kd &Ykd v
dS Qif Nird af tmif jyefNy;D awmh
]]tndK tndK}}vdkY ½I& w,f/ NidrfvmvQif aemufxyf tvm;wl xyfjzefY&w,f/

tJ'Dvdk½I&muaeNyD;awmh aemufawmh ÓPfu xufvmNyDqdkvQif ]]wpfayjyefYygap wpfawmifjyefYygap
wpfvHjyefYygap}} ponfjzifh ydkif;jcm; NyD; wjznf;jznf; jzefYvdkufvQif t&yfq,frsufESmtm;vHk; jyefYoGm;&r,f/
jyefYoGm;NyDqdkvdkY&SdvQif - eH&HwpfckrSm OD;xkyfav; csdwfqGJxm;ovdk - tJ'DtndKa&mifuodkPf;&JU rdrdBudKufwJh
wpfae&mavmufrSm bm0em pdwfuav;udk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD;awmh ]]tndK tndK}}vdkY ½Iae&w,f/
tJ'tD cgrSm bm0empdwo f nf 'DtndKa&mifuodP k ;f 0ef;rSm Nird 0f yf pGm uyfNy;D wnfaevdrrhf ,f/ tJ'u
D odP
k ;f 0ef;rSm
wpfem&Davmuf bm0emorm"dudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;&w,f/ atmifjrifNyD? wpfem&DcGJ ESpfem&D
ponfjzifh avhusifhwJhtwdkif; atmifjrif NyDqdkvQifawmh xdktcsdefrSm psmeft*Fgig;yg; xif&Sm;vmwwfygw,f/
1/ 0dwuf = tndKa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;½S Lwifay;aejcif;oabm?
2/ 0dpm& = tndKa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkudk xyfum xyfum oHk;oyfqifjcifaejcif;oabm?
3/ yDwd = tndKa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkudk ESpfoufae jcif;oabm?
4/ okc = tndKa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hk\ t&omudk csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
5/ {u*¾wm = tndKa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hk wpfckwnf; ay:odkY pdwfusa&mufwnfNidrfaejcif;oabm
--
oabmw&m; ig;ck psmeft*Fgig;yg; xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ 'Dpsmefudk vnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef Edkifeif;atmif
avhusifh&w,f/
psmeft*FgawGudk tcsdefra&G; qifjcifvdkY&atmif avhusifh&w,f/
psmefudk tcsdefra&G; 0ifpm;vdkY&atmif avhusifh&w,f/
psmefrSm aecsifoavmuf aeEdkifatmif avhusifh&w,f/
psmefrS tcsdefra&G; xEdkifatmif avhusifh&w,f/
atmifjrifrI &NyD? t"d|mefwJhtwdkif; atmifjrifNyD qdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh 'kwd,psmefudk ul;Edkifw,f/
'D uodPk ;f y#dbm*edrw
d u
f ykd J 0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwcf siw
f phJ w
d Ef iS hf pdu
k Mf unfv
h u
kd ?f 0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwo
f mG ;vdrrhf ,f/
yDwd okc {u*¾wm psmeft*Fg oHk;yg;&SdwJh 'kwd,psmef qdkufr,f/
tJ'D'kwd,psmefudk qdkufNyDqdkwJh olawmfaumif;uvnf; wwd,psmef ul;csifw,fqdkvQifawmh 'D'kwd,psmefudk
0oDabmfig;wefEdkifeif;atmif jyefNyD;awmh avhusifh&ygw,f/
avh u sif h N yD ; wJ h t csd e f t cgrS m ]]yD w d } } ES p f o uf v Qif v nf ; pd w f u vI y f & S m ; aeao;wJ h t wG u f
½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aeao;w,f? okc-{u*¾wmavmuf rNidrfoufbl;/ okc-{u*¾wm psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&SdaewJh
wwd , psmef uawmh yd k N yD ; Nid r f o uf w ,f q d k N yD ; awmh 'k w d , psmef u d k tvd k r &S d w J h p d w f x m; wwd , psmef u d k
vdkcsifwJhpdwfxm;jzifh 'DuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwfudk pdkuf Munfhae&w,f? rrSwfESifhawmh/
pdkufMunfhaevdkufNyDqdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh .. yDwd jyKwfoGm;r,f? okc {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;yJ usefr,f?
wwd,psmefudk qdkufNyD/
tJ'Dwwd,psmefudkawmh 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD; wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xdkyk*¾dKvfu okcudk
tvdkr&SdwJhpdwfxm;? ydkNyD; Nidrfouf aewJh Oayu©mudk tvdk&SdwJhpdwfxm;? Oayu©m {u*¾wm psmeft*Fg ESpfyg; &SdwJh
pwkwp¬ smefukd vdck siw
f phJ w
d x
f m;jzifh 'DuodP
k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d u
f kd pdu
k Nf y;D Munfah ecJah omf okcjyKwNf y;D awmh okcae&mrSm
Oayu©m {u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg; 0ifvmvdrfhr,f/
tJ'Dpwkw¬psmefudk a&muf-ra&muf txl;jcm;qHk; trSwftom; wpf ckuawmh toufr½SL jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
pwkw¬psmefrSm wpfem&DNidrfvQif wpfem&DvHk; touf r½S L bl;? ESpfem&DNidrfvQif ESpfem&DvHk;vHk; touf r½S L bl;/
touf½SL aeao;w,fqdkvQifawmh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf pwkw¬psmef udk rqdkufao;bl;yJ/
tJ'D pwkw¬psmeform"dudk cdkifcHhatmif avhusifhNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm xdkyk*¾dKvfonf usefwJhta&mifuodkPf;awG
ul;vdkY &ygw,f/
t0ga&mifuodkPf;
Oyrm - usifi,fqdkMuygpdkY? a&SUuxdkifaewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU usifi,f? odkYr[kwf tqDcJaygh? vSrf;NyD;pdkuf½IvdkY&SdvQif
0gaew,f/ tJ'Dt0ga&mif udk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh ]]t0g t0g}}vdkY½I? tqDcJaysmufNyD; t0ga&mif t0dkif; t0ef;
jzpfvmvdrfhr,f/
tJ ' D t0ga&mif u k d v nf ; ck e uvd k t&yf q,f r suf E S m wd k i f a tmif jzef Y v d k u f ? jzef Y N yD ; wJ h t cg
'Dt0ga&mifuodkPf;rSmvnf; bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; ½IvdkufvQif ckeu tndKa&mifrSmvdkyJ yxrpsmef
'kwd, psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬psmeform"dtxd aygufEdkifw,f/
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;µ 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ...'DusifBuD; usifi,fqdkwm tifrwef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif; ygw,f/ 'Davmuf &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f aumif;aewJh 'DusiBf u;D usiif ,f xJu bm0emqdw
k hJ
tESpfudk xkwfNyD; ,lwwfr,fqdkvQif 'Dpsmeform"d awGudk r&Edkifbl;vm;¿ &Edkifw,f? 'g bmaMumifh &ovJ¿
pdwfudk avhusifhwmyJ? pdwf&JUpGrf;tifawGudk xkwfNyD;awmh toHk;csaewmyJ/
'Dpdwfudk rD;zdkacsmifxJrSmyJ csmvywfvnf toHk;csvQifvnf; 'Dpdwf [m rD;zdkacsmifxJu xGufOD;rvm;¿
rxGufygbl;aemf/
'Dpdwfudk avhusifhay;vdkufvdkY&SdvQif wefcdk;tmedoif xufrvmbl; vm;¿ xufvmr,f? pdwfpGrf;tifyJ/
'gaMumifh 'Dpdwfonf ck w&m;a[maewJhyk*¾dKvfrSmvnf; &Sdw,f/ w&m;emaewJhyk*¾dKvfawGrSmvnf; 'Dpdwf
r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/ 'Dpdwfudk wefcdk;tmedoifxufjrufatmif avhusifhvQif usifhvdkYr&bl;vm;¿ &Edkif ygw,f?
pGrf;tm;awG &Sdw,f/
teDa&mifuodkPf;
uJt0ga&mifuodP
k ;f Ny;D awmh teDa&mif/ teDa&mifuodP
k ;f qdv
k Qif awmh tJ'D a&SUwnfw
h nfx
h ikd af ewJyh *k Kd¾ v&f UJ aoG;
qdkMuygpkdYaemf/
tlawG tonf;awGab;rSm tdkifaewJhaoG;awGvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ ESvkH;tdrf&JU twGif;rSm 0yfaewJhaoG;vnf;
&Sdwwfygw,f? vnfywfaewJh aoG;yJ/ BudKufwJhaoG;udk vSrf;NyD;pdkuf½Ivdkufyg/
pd k u f N yD ; awmh 'D a oG ; &J U teD a &mif u d k tm½H k , l N yD ; awmh ]]teD teD } }vd k Y ½I M unf h / aoG ; aysmuf N yD ; awmh
teDa&mift0ef;t0dkif; ay:vmr,f/
tJ'D teDa&mif t0ef;t0dkif;rSmvnf; bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfvdkY MunfvifawmufyvmNyDqdkvQif

t&yfq,frsufESmwdkifatmifjzefYvdkuf/ jzefYNyD;wJhtcg tJ'DrSmvnf; yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬
psmef aygufatmif ½IEdkifw,f/
teD a &mif u od k P f ; rS m vnf ; pwk w ¬ p smef orm"d a yguf a tmif ½I v d k Y atmif j rif r I & NyD q d k v Qif
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;ukdvnf; a&S;uajymcJhwJh twdkif; a&SUwnfhwnfha,m*D&JU OD;acgif;cHGt½kd;pk&JU tjzLa&mifukd tm½kH
,lum tjzLa&mifuodkPf;ukd jyef½IMunfhyg/ pwkw¬psmeform"d qdkuf atmif ½Iyg/ tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufawmh --
1/ eDvuodkPf; = tndKa&mifuodkPf;ç
2/ yDwuodkPf; = t0ga&mifuodkPf;ç
3/ avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf;ç
4/ Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuodkPf; --
qdkwJh ta&mifuodkPf; (4)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ uodkPf; (4)ckvkH;rSm pwkw¬psmeftxd aygufa&mufatmif
Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/ tZÑwå aum|moawGudkvnf; ½IMunfhyg/ A[d'¨ aum|moawGudk vnf;
½IMunfhyg? pwkw¬psmefudk qdkufEdkifonfom jzpfygw,f/onf;ajc wdkYvdk tvGefao;i,fwJh uodkPf;½kyfawGuvnf;
pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd aygufatmif ½Iv&Ykd Edik o
f nfom jzpfygw,f/ wefc;kd tmedoif xufjruf pl;&Svmaom pdw"f mwf&UJ
pGrf;tifawG jzpfygw,f/ atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu
1/ tndKa&mifyef;yGifhç tndKa&mifydwfpç tndKa&mif ausmufwHk;pwJh tndKa&mif t&m0w¬Kwpfckukd tm½kH,lNyD;
tndKa&mifuodkPf;udk yHkpHwlyJ ½IEdkifygw,f/
2/ t0ga&mifyef;yGiçhf t0ga&mifyw
d pf ç t0ga&mif ausmufw;kH ausmufcJ pwJh t0ga&mif t&m0w¬Kwpfcu
k kd tm½H,
k Nl y;D
t0ga&mifuodkPf; udkvnf; yHkpHwl ½IEdkifygw,f/
3/ teDa&mifyef;yGiçhf teDa&mifyw
d pf ç teDa&mif ausmufw;kH ausmufcJ pwJh teDa&mif t&m0w¬Kwpfcu
k kd tm½k,
H Nl y;D
teDa&mifuodkPf;udk yHkpHwl ½IEkdifygw,f/
4/ tvm;wlyJ tjzLa&mif yef;wpfyiG u
hf ykd jJ zpfapç tjzLa&mif ydwpf wpfcu
k ykd J jzpfapç pusiaf usmufwv
Ykd kd tjzLa&mif
ausmufwHk;wpfck udkyJjzpfap tm½kH,lNyD;awmhvnf; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk ½IEdkifyg w,f/
b,ftndKa&mifudkrqdk b,ft0ga&mifudkrqdk b,fteDa&mifudkrqdk b,ftjzLa&mifudkrqdk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh
uodkPf;y&durfudk pD;jzef;Edkif ygw,f/ pdwf"mwfudk Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhxm;wJh olawmfaumif;ukd awGUawGUorQ
jrifjriforQ ta&miftqif;awGu tm½kHtjzpf &yfwnf um pwkw¬psmeform"duJhodkYaom tqifhjrifhrm;wJh
pdwf"mwfawG jzpf ay:vmatmif tm&r®Pypö,owådESifh aus;Zl;jyKaernfom jzpfygw,f/
'D v d k ol a wmf a umif ; rsKd ; ud k twmul ; wJ h vwef c l ; rS m yif v H k ; uRwf yG i f h a ewJ h ik a &T 0 gyef ; awG u vnf ;
t0ga&mifuodkPf;udk pD;jzef;zdkYtwGuf qD;BudKaeMuygvdrfhr,f/ yifvHk;uRwf yGifhaewJh yef;ydawmufawGuvnf;
tvm;wlyJ qD;BudKaeMuygvdrfhr,f/ a&Twd*HkapwDawmfwdkYvdk apwDawmf wpfqluvnf; t0ga&mifuodkPf;udk
pD ; jzef ; aewJ h ol a wmf a umif ; ud k t0ga&mif u od k P f ; psmef a wG jzpf a y:vmatmif tm&r® P ypö , owå d E S i f h
aus;Zl;jyKay;Edkifonfom jzpfygw,f/
yx0DuodkPf; = ajruodkPf;
'Dvdk ta&mifuodkPf;av;rsKd;udk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkYqkdufatmif EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhusifhxm;NyD;wJh
olawmfaumif;[m yx0DuodkPf;ukd ajymif;½Icsifw,fqdkvQif odyfvG,fuloGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/
yXrH psmeH 'kwd,ó psmeó Oyedó,ypöa,e ypöa,m/
(y|me-1-145/)
ponfjzifh y|mef;a'oemawmf yO§m0g& Oyedó,ypönf;ydkif;rSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif;
a&S;a&S;aom psmefawGu aemufaemufaom psmefawG (txuftxufaom psmefawG) jzpfay: vma&;twGuf
tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyedó, (= yuwlyedó,) ypö, owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;wJt
h wGuf rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D wJh psmefawGukd
t&if xlaxmifNyD;rS yx0DuodkPf;udk ul;r,fqdkvQif ydkvG,fulygw,f/
yx0DuodP k ;f udk ½Icsiw
f yhJ *k Kd¾ vf jyK&rSmu a&S;OD;pGm yuwdnn
D mwJh teDa&mif (= t½kPaf &mif) enf;enf;orf;aewJh
ajray:rSm wpfay ywfvnfcefY ajrt0ef;t0dkif;wpfckudk wkwfwpfckESifhjzpfap t&m0w¬K wpfckckESifh jzpfap
puf0dkif;yHkoP²mef jyKvkyfyg/ t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;rSm jruf-opf&Guf-ausmufcJ-trdIufo½kdufrsm; r&Sdatmif
z,f&Sm;vdkufyg/ tJ'D t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;rSm &SdwJh ajrudk tm½kH,lNyD; yx0DuodkPf;udk pwifpD;jzef;&rSm jzpfw,f/
a&S;OD;pGm rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;wJh tjzLa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwfudk tm½kH,lum pwkw¬psmeform"dodkYqdkufatmif
orm"dudk jyefxlaxmifyg/ yx0DuodkPf;udk rwfwwf&yfum Munfh½IvdkY &&SdEdkifwJhae&mrSm &yfwnf NyD;awmh
rsufpdrSdwfum tjzLuodkPf;vQif tm½kH&SdwJh pwkw¬psmeform"d udk xlaxmif&ef jzpfygw,f/ tjzLuodkPf;
pwkw¬psmefrSxum rdrd jyKjyifxm;wJh yx0DuodkPf;0ef;udk rsufvHk;udkzGifhum acwåpdkufMunfhum ]]yx0D yx0D =
ajr ajr}}[k ½Iyg/
ajrBuD ; &J U Murf ; wrf ; cuf r mwJ h oabmud k a wmh ES v H k ; roG i f ; ygES i f h / Murf ; wrf ; cuf r mwJ h oabmud k
ESvHk;oGif;vdkufvQifawmh orm"djzpfvm wJhtcg a,m*D&JU wpfudk,fvHk;[m awmifhwif;ckdifrmaewwfygw,f/
rcHomwJhtqifhxdaomfvnf; a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f/
'gaMumifh ajrqdw
k hJ ynwfuykd J tm½k, H u
l m ]]yx0D yx0D}}vdjYk zpfap? ]]ajr ajr}}vdyYk jJ zpfap ½Iaeyg? ESv;kH oGi;f aeyg/
twefMumvQif rsupf u d kd wpfzefjyefrw
dS Mf unfyh g/ rsupf rd w
dS v
f u
kd v
f Ykd rlvajruodP
k ;f 0ef;ESihf yHw
k l uodPk ;f 0ef;wpfcu k kd
rdrd&JU tm½kHxJrSm awGUaeNyD? rSdwfxm;wJhrsufpdESifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifaeNyDqdkvQif tJ'D yHkwl uodkPf;0ef;xJrSmyJ
rdrd&JU bm0empdwfudk uyfum orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifyg/
tu,fí yHkwluodkPf;0ef;udk rsufpdrSdwfvdkufwJhtcg rjrifbl;qdkvQif rsufvHk;ukdzGifhum wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh
tm½kH,lMunfhyg/ 'Dvdk zGifhwHkrSdwfwHk jyKum edrdwfudk ,lcJhvQifawmh atmifjrifrIudk &&SdEdkifygw,f/ rdrd&JU
rSdwfxm;wJhrsufpdESifh jrifae&wJh yx0DuodkPf;edrdwfu cdkifcHhvmNyDqdkvQif rdrdw&m;xdkifaeus ae&mudkoGm;um
yx0DuodkPf;udk ½IEdkifNyD jzpfyg w,f/
rd r d x d k i f a eusae&mrS m xd k i f N yD ; awmh Mo'gwuod k P f ; (= tjzLa&mif uod k P f ; ) ud k tm½k H , l u m
pwkw¬psmefaygufatmif jyefNyD; orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ pwkw¬psmeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vif;a&mifjcnf
tultnDESifh rlvajruodkPf;0ef;udk jyeftm½Hk,lMunfhyg/ yHkwluodkPf; 0ef;udk ÓPfxJrSm awGUjrifvmwJhtcg
tJ'DuodkPf;0ef;rSm bm0em pdwfudk uyfxm;um orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifyg/
yx0DuodkPf;0ef;u MunfvifawmufyvmwJhtcg uodkPf;0ef;udk t&yf (10)rsufESmodkYwdkifatmif
tqHk;tpr&Sdatmif teEÅpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif jzefYMuufyg/ uodkPf;0ef;udk jzefYMuufNyD;wJhtcg uodkPf;0ef; &JU

wpfae&mrSm tm½kHpdkufNyD; ]]yx0D yx0D}}vdkY ½Ium orm"dudk xlaxmif yg/ yxrpsmeform"d 'kwd,psmeform"d
wwd,psmeform"d pwkw¬psmef orm"drsm;udk tpOftwkdif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
tmayguodkPf; = a&uodkPf;
ckvdk tjcm;uodkPf;awGrSm pwkw¬psmef orm"dodkYqdkufatmif orm"d xlaxmifxm;EkdifwJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvftzdkY
tdk;cGuftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJha&ç acsmif;xJ jrpfxJ a&wGif;xJrSm wnf&SdaewJha& - 'Da&tm;vHk;xJu wpfckckudk
tm½kH,lum tmayguodkPf; (= a&uodkPf;)udk yGm;rsm;u &&SdEdkifygw,f/
[w¬yd gvZmwfawmfrmS (Zmwu-|-4-483/) [w¬yd gvowdo
Yk m;[m awmxGuo f mG ;awmfrcl phJ Ofu **Fgjrpfurf;yg;odYk
qdkufa&mufwJhtcg **Fgjrpfa&udkMunfhNyD; tmayguodkPf;udk pD;jzef;EdkifwJhtwGuf psmefawGudk &&SdaMumif;udk
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
a&wGif;xJrSm&SdwJha&udk edrdwf,lum tmayguodkPf;udk yGm;vdku yGm;yg/ 'grSr[kwf oydwfxJrSm odkYr[kwf
oifhawmfrnfh tenf;qHk; wpfayywfvnfavmuf&SdwJh cGufxJrSm a&xnfhNyD;awmh tJ'Da&udk edrdwf ,lum
tmayguodkPf;udk pD;jzef;yg/
'D v d k pD ; jzef ; wJ h t yd k i f ; rS m yx0D u od k P f ; wk e f ; u ajymcJ h o vd k y J a&S ; OD ; pG m Mo'gwuod k P f ; jzif h
pwkwp¬ smeform"dtqift h xd orm"dukd xlaxmif Ny;D rS ckajymcJw h hJ a&udk tmayguodP k ;f edrw d t
f jzpf ,lum ]]O'uH-
O'uH}}vdkYjzpfapç ]]a&-a&}}vdkYjzpfap pD;jzef;yg/ rsufpdudk zGifhwHkrdSwfwHk jyKvkyfum tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lMunfhyg/
edrdwfudk ,lvdkY&&SdcJhvQif yx0DuodkPf;wkef;u ajymcJhovdkyJ rdrdw&m;xdkifaeus ae&mudk oGm; NyD;awmh
tmayguodP k ;f ukd pD;jzef;Edik yf gw,f/ pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd qdu k of nfw h ikd af tmif yGm;rsm;yg/ 'Dvkd tmayguodP k ;f udk
pD;jzef;wJth ydik ;f rSm a&&JU at;jrwJh oabmvu©Pmudk ESv;kH roGi;f ygESi?hf tu,fí at;jrwJo h bm0udk ESv;kH oGi;f um
a&uodkPf;ukd pD;jzef;cJhvQif orm"du &ifhusuf wdk;wufvmwJhtcg wpfudk,fvHk;rSm tat;"mwfawG 0ifvm um
csrf;wkefvmwwfygw,f/
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uodkPf;
aemufuodkPf;wpfckuawmh awaZmuodkPf; (= rD;uodkPf;) jzpfyg w,f/ ckvdk orm"dt&Sdeft0g&aewJh
olawmfaumif;tzdYk rD;awmufr;D vQH wpfcck u k kd tm½k, H u
l m awaZmuodP k ;f udk pD;jzef;vdu
k yf guvnf; &Edik w f hJ oabm
&Syd gw,f/ t&ifwek ;f u awmrD;avmifwmudk jrifczhJ ;l vQiv f nf; odrYk [kwf tdrw f pftrd uf kd odrYk [kwf trIu
d yf w kH pfyu
kH kd
rD;avmifwmudk jrifxm;zl;vQifvnf; tJ'D rdrdawGUMuHKcJhzl;wJh jrifcJhzl;wJh rD;awmufrD;vQHudk tm½kH,lum ½IvQifvnf;
&&SEd ikd yf gw,f/ tcuftcJ&ydS gu ZvHak yguf uJoh aYkd om t0ef;t0dik ;f &Sw
d hJ taygufwpfcu k kd ,laqmifNy;D rD;zdak csmifrmS
xrif;csufaewJh rD;yHk&Sd&modkY oGm;yg/ rD;bufudk t0ef;t0dkif;xm;um tJ'DZvHkaygufrS xdk;azmufNyD; jrif&wJhrD;udk
tm½kHedrdwf&atmif ,lyg/
a&SUyx0DuodkPf;wkef;u ajymcJhovdkyJ b,frD;yHkudkrqdk tm½kHedrdwf r,lcifrSm orm"dudk tqifhqifh
xlaxmifNy;D awmhrS edrw
d u f kd &atmif ,lyg/ rD;uodPk ;f edrw d rf mS rsupf u
d kd zGiw
hf rHk w
Sd w
f Hk jyKvyk u
f m edrw
d u
f kd ,lv&Ykd cJv
h Qif
rdrdw&m;xkdifaeus ae&mukdoGm;um ykHpHwlyJ pD;jzef;Edkif ygw,f/ pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qdkufonftxd tpOftwdkif;
yGm;rsm;yg/ 'D rD;uodP
k ;f ukd pD;jzef;wJah e&mrSmvnf; rD;&JU ylwo hJ abmudk ESv;kH roGi;f ygESi/hf tu,fí ylwo hJ abmukd
ESv;kH oGi;f um pD;jzef;cJrh ,fqv

kd Qif orm"d awmfawmfjzpfvmwJt
h cgrSm rcHr&yfEikd af tmif uk,
d rf mS ylvm wwfygw,f/
0ga,muodkPf; = avuodkPf;
aemufuodP k ;f wpfcu k awmh 0ga,muodP k ;f (= av-uodP k ;f ) jzpfygw,f/ av-uodP k ;f udk yGm;csiw
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vu
f
w&m;xdik w
f t
hJ cgrSm rdr&d UJ yg;jyifukd vmwd;k aewJh av-udk tm½k,
H ul m av-uodP k ;f udk pwifp;D jzef;vnf; &Edik yf gw,f/
'grSr[kwfvnf; Mo'gwuodkPf;vrf;rS pwkw¬psmeform"dqdkufatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifNyD;wJhtcg tJ'D pwkw¬
psmeform"d&JU pGrf;tm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tvif;a&mif tultnDudk ,lum opfyifawG opfcufopf&GufawGudk
vIyf&Sm;atmif wdkufcwfaewJh av-qdkwJh ynwfudk tm½kH,lMunfhyg/
'Dvdk tm½kH,lwJhtydkif;rSm avedrdwfudk pawGUprSm EGm;EdkYukd usKdcsuf vdkufwJhtcg tdk;0rSxGufay:vmwJh
tcdk;taiGUuJhodkYaom avedrdwfudk pwifawGUwwfygw,f/ tJ'Dav-edrdwfudkyJ tm½kH,lum 0ga,muodkPf; ukd
qufvufpD;jzef;yg/ MunfvifawmufyvmwJhtcg uodkPf;edrdwfudk jzefYMuufum pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY
qdkufonftxd qufvufNyD; orm"d udk xlaxmifyg/
'D0ga,muodkPf;udk pD;jzef;wJhtydkif;rSmvnf; av-qdkwJhynwfudkom tm½kH,lNyD; pD;jzef;yg/ 'Dav&JU wGef;uef-
axmufuefaewJhoabmudk tm½kH,lNyD; rpD;jzef;ygESifh/ wGef;uefwJhoabmudk tm½kH,lNyD; pD;jzef;ae cJhvQif
orm"dtm;aumif;vmwJhtcg wpfudk,fvHk;rSm wkefvIyfaewwf ygw,f/
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuodkPf;
tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufvQif yx0DuodkPf;ç tmayguodkPf;ç awaZm uodkPf;ç 0ga,muodkPf;ç eDvuodkPf;ç
yDwuodkPf;ç avm[dw uodkPf;ç Mo'gwuodkPf; - aygif; uodkPf; (8)yg; NyD;oGm;NyD/ 'DuodkPf; (8)yg;udk
ckajymcJhwJh tpOftwkdif; xyfumxyfum uodkPf;wdkif;rSm pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif tpOftwdkif;
yGm;rsm;xm;yg/ atmif jrifrI &&Sdygu tmavmu-uodkPf;udk qufyGm;yg/
tmavmuuodkPf;udk ryGm;rD Mo'gwuodkPf;udk tm½kH,líjzpfapç tjcm;uodkPf; wpfckckudk tm½kH,líjzpfap
pwkwp¬ smef orm"dukd qdu k f onftxd tpOftwdik ;f orm"dux kd al xmifyg/ tJ'pD wkwp¬ smefrS xwJh tcg rD;acsmif;wkv
Yd kd
rD;oD;wdkYvdk rD;aMumifhjzpfay:vmwJh tvif;a&mifudk jzpfapç aea&mif va&mifudkyJjzpfap rsufpdzGifhum Munfhvsuf
ed r d w f ,l E d k i f y gw,f / tm;xk w f p yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;twG u f u awmh eH e uf (7)em&D (8)em&D 0 ef ; usif a vmuf r S m
opfyifMum;rSmawGUEdkifwJh aea&mifudk vSrf;NyD; tm½kH,lum ½IEdkifvQif ydkaumif;ygw,f/
tJ'D tvif;a&mifedrdwfudk tm½kH,lvdkY &NyDqdkvQif rdrdw&m;xdkifaeus ae&mrSm jyefNyD;w&m;xdkifum ckajymcJhwJh
tvif;a&mifedrdwfudkyJ jyefNyD; tm½kH,lum tmavmuuodkPf;udk pD;jzef;yg/ uokdPf;0ef;u Munfvif
awmufyvmwJt h cg uokPd ;f 0ef;ukd t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odw
Yk ikd af tmif jzefMY uufum tpOftwdik ;f pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd
qdkufonfwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuodkPf;
aemuf u od k Pf;wpfckuawmh tmumouod k Pf ; jzpf ygw,f / (10) vuf r ywf 0ef ;usif avmuf & S d w J h
ZvHkaygufwpfckudkjzpfapç opfom;jym; wpfckudk azmufxm;wJh taygufwpfckudkjzpfapç uwfxl puúLcsyfudk
azmufxm;wJh taygufwpfckudkjzpfapç oydwfajcacGudkyJjzpfap rdk;om; wdrfwdkufwdkY uif;&Sif;wJh opfyif-
opfcufpwJht½IyftaxG;awG uif;&Sif; wJh MunfvifwJhaumif;uifbufudk vufwpfzufjzifh ajr§mufcsDum tJ'D

t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;rSm&SdwJh tmumo (= tMum;tayguf = [if;vif; jyif) udk tm½kHedrdwf ,lMunfhyg/
rdrdudkifxm;wJh oydwfacGç opfom;ayguf odkYr[kwf ZvHkaygufwdkYudk xdk;azmufum cyfa0;a0; cyfvSrf;vSrf;odkY
vSrf;rMunfhygESifh/ tu,fí xdktaygufuae xdk;azmufMunfhvdkuf&m opf&GufopfcufpwJh t&m 0w¬Kwpfckckudk
awGUae&vQif edrdwf,lwJhtcg xdkt&dyfrsm; vmxifae wwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrdvufESifh udkifajr§mufxm;wJh
tmumot0ef; t0dkif;&JUwnfhwnfh v[mjyifrSm bmt&m0w¬KrQ r&SdbJ &Sif;aewmu awmh ydkaumif;ygw,f/
t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; tmumoudkom edrdwf ,lyg/
tu,f í ed r d w f , l & wm tcuf t cJ & S d a evQif a wmh uod k P f ; wpf c k c k ud k tm½k H , l u m pwk w ¬ p smef o d k Y
qdkufonfhwdkifatmif orm"dudk jyef xlaxmifyg/ tJ'DpsmefrSxum wpfzef tmumoedrdwfudk tvm;wlyJ
jyef,Ml unfyh g/ atmifjrifru I kd &&Syd gu rdrwd &m;xdik af eus ae&mrSm jyefNy;D awmh ½IymG ;Edik yf gw,f/ 'Dtmumoedrw d u f kd
jyeftm½k,H vl Ykd &&Sv
d Qif awmh 'Derd w
d uf kd t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odYk jzefyY g/ teEÅpMu0Vmtxd jzefMY uufMunfyh g/ uodP k ;f udk
jzefYMuufNyD;wJhtcg uodkPf;&JU wpfae&m rSm bm0empdwfudk uyfum pwkw¬psmeform"dodkYqdkufonftxd tpOf
twdkif; pD;jzef;yg/
tm;vHk; uodkPf; (10)yg; pHknDoGm;ygNyD/ 'DuokdPf;awG yGm;rsm;wJh tydkif;rSm 0oDabmfawGudk psmefwdkif;rSm
Edik ef if;atmif avhusizhf aYkd wmh vdyk gw,f/ tJ'v
D kd uodP
k ;f (10)yg;udk avhusiv
hf Ykd pwkwp¬ smeform"d qdu
k o
f nftxd
uodkPf;wdkif;rSm aygufajrmufNyDqdkvQifawmh 'Da,m*D yk*d¾Kvf[m bmudk qufNyD;yGm;rsm;&rvJ¿ t½lypsmefawGudk
qufNyD;yGm;rsm; vdkY &EdkifygNyD/
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef (tmumovQifwnf&mtm½kH&Sdaompsmef)
'DokwåefrSmuawmh .. pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u psmef ormywfawGudk tajccHNyD; eda&m"ormywf
0ifpm;EdkifwJhtqifhtxd BudK;yrf;xm;awmh bkef;BuD; 'Dn t½lypsmeftaMumif;udk enf;enf; a[may;r,faemf/
tJ'aD wmh - tjzLuodP k ;f uyJ a[mMu&atmif/ 'Dawmh 'DtjzL uodPk ;f udk pwkwp¬ smeftxd orm"dqukd af tmif
yGm;Ny;D Nyq
D v
kd Qiaf wmh xdyk *k Kd¾ vu
f t½lypsmeftxd wufr,fqv kd Qif wufv&Ykd w,f/ b,fvkd wufrvJvaYkd r;vQiaf wmh
½kyfudk &GH&SmpufqkyfwJh pdwfxm; &SdzdkYawmh vdkw,f/
'DaeY Munfhaygh/ vlawG wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf owfMuw,f jzwfMuw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ 'D½kyfw&m;
&SdaeMuvdkYyJ/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf &efjzpfMuw,f qJMuw,f Budrf;Muw,f armif;Muw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ 'D½kyfw&m;
xif&Sm;&SdaevdkY/
rsupf ad &m*g jzpfMuw,f? em;a&m*g jzpfMuw,f? ESmacgif;a&m*g jzpfMuw,f? tema&m*g trsK;d rsK;d awG jzpfMuw,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ 'D ½kyfw&m; xif&Sm;&SdaevdkYyJ/
tu,fí 'D½kyfw&m; xif&Sm;om r&SdcJhbl;qdkvQif 'Da&m*gtrsKd;rsKd; awG jzpfrvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;/ 'Dvdk
wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf &efjzpfrIawG cdkuf&efa'gojzpfrIawG &SdOD;rvm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/
'D½kyfw&m;BuD; xif&Sm;&SdaevdkY t½dkufcHaeMu&wm? 'D½kyfw&m;BuD; om xif&Sm;r&SdcJhvQif 'D'ku©awGu
vGwrf ,fqNkd y;D awmh 'D½yk w
f &m;udk &G&H mS pufqyk w
f hJ pdwx
f m;ESihf tjzLuodP
k ;f 0ef;rSm tmumoudk wpfzef jrifatmif½NI y;D
tJ'DtmumorSm orm"dudk xlaxmif&rSmjzpfw,f/
½kyfw&m;udk &GH&SmpufqkyfwJhpdwfxm;ESifh ½IwJhbm0emudk ½ly0d&m* bm0em - vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dpdwfxm;jzifh

t½lypsmefawGudk ul;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
ck e u tjzLuod k P f ; yJ qd k M uygpd k Y / t&yf q ,f r suf E S m jzef Y N yD ; awmh pwk w ¬ p smef o rm"d qd k u f a tmif
orm"dxlaxmif&w,f/ xlaxmifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'D t&yfq,frsufESm jyefYaewJh tjzLuodkPf;udkvnf;
teEÅpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif xyfNyD; jzefYMuufay;&w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jzefYMuufxm;wJhuodkPf;udkvnf; ½kyfw&m;vdkYyJ
olu ESvHk;oGif;xm; w,f/ ½kyftppfawmh r[kwfbl;aemf/
rlvjynfwnfxm;wJh t½dk;qdkMupdkY/ tJ'Dt½dk;OD;acgif;cGHudk jynfwnf xm;awmh tJ'Dacgif;cGHrSm wnf&SdwJh
"mwfav;yg;udk pkduf½IvQif uvmyf trIefyJ awGUr,f/
'DuvmyftrIefawGudk "mwfcGJvQif touf&SifaewJhacgif;cGH jzpfcJhvQif ½kyfw&m; (44)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh
q&morm;ESifh csOf;uyf avhvmayawmh? tJ'gawGu y&rwfw&m;tppfawGyJ/
'gayrJh 'Dacgif;cGHuaeNyD;awmhrSwpfqifh t&yfq,frsufESmjyefYatmif jzefYvdkufwJh tjzLuodkPf;0ef;usawmh
½kyftppfawmh r[kwfbl;/
'gayrJh rlvjynfwnfxm;wJh acgif;cGHu ½kyfw&m;tppfjzpfaeawmh ½kyfw&m;uae aygufzGm;vmaewJh
uodkPf;0ef;udkvnf; ½kyfvdkYyJ olu ,lqxm;w,f/
tJ'Dvdk,lqNyD;awmh 'D½kyfw&m;udk &GH&SmpufqkyfwJhpdwfxm; tvdkr&Sd wJhpdwfxm;jzifh (tJ'DtjzLuodkPf;0ef;udk
pwkw¬psmeform"d qdkufatmif ESvHk;oGif;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm pwkw¬psmeform"drS tx) 'DtjzLudk tm½Hk r,lbJ
tmumoudk wpfzufowf tm½Hk,l&w,f/ tmumoudk wpf zufowf tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh ½IvdkufvQifvnf;
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm tmumo ay:vmwwfw,f/
ray:bl;qdkvQifawmh wcsKdUa,m*DawGudk bkef;BuD;oifay;wJhpepfu awmh 'DuodkPf;&JU tv,facgifavmufrSm
tmumo ac:wJh tMum; tayguf &Sdw,fvdkY tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifESifh xdk;NyD; tpdkufcdkif;&w,f/
bmudk rS;D ovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh bke;f Bu;D wdYk ½kyu
f r®|mef;½Iuu G rf mS bk&m;&Sio
f nf tmumo"mwfukd ½Iz&Ykd eftwGuf
r[m&m[kavm0g' okweå çf "mwk0b d *Fow k eå f pwJo h w
k eå af wGrmS ñTeMf um;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D enf;pepfukd rS;D wmygyJ/
ck yuwdaom bkef;BuD;wdkYvufudk Munfhvdkuf? wpfqufwnf;vdkY xif&w,f/ 'gayrJh aoaocsmcsm
Munfhvdkufr,fqdkvQif arG;nif;ayguf uav;awG r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f? 'g tmumoyJ/
tJ'DyHkpHvdkyJ 'DuodkPf;0ef;&JUtv,frSm 'Dtmumo &Sdav&JUvkdY tm½Hk ,lNyD;awmh xdk;pdkufvdkufcJhvQif tmumo
tMum;taygufuav;awG ay:vmw,f/
tJ'Dvdkay:vmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tjzLudk wpfzufowf ESvHk;roGif;bJ tmumoudkom ]]tmumo tmumo}}
vdkY wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif; vdkufvQif wjznf;jznf; tmumou us,fjyefYvmw,f/ wjznf;jznf; vnf; csJUNyD;awmh
ESvHk;oGif;&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk tmumoudk wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;vdkufvdkY tmumo us,fjyefYvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf;
tjzLuodkPf;0ef;u wjznf; jznf; aysmufoGm;w,f/ aysmufoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf t&yfq,frsufESm tukefvHk;
tmumojzifh vTrf;jcHKoGm;NyD? vTrf;jcHKoGm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm tJ'D tmumoudk teEÅpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif tqkH;tp
r&Sdatmif xyfNyD; jzefY&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk teEÅpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jyefYaewJh tqkH;tpr&SdwJh tmumoudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh ]]tmumo

tmumo}}vdkYjzpfap ]]teEÅ tmumo}}vdkYyJjzpfap ESvHk;oGif;ae&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk ESvHk;oGif;vdkufvdkY&SdvQif 'Dtmumoac:wJh aumif;uifynwf rSm bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfoGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'Dtmumo rSm Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaewJhpdwfukdawmh tmumovQif wnf&mtm½Hk
&SdaewJhtwGuf tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfvdkY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'pD smefuv
kd nf; 0oDabmfig;wef Edik ef if;atmifawmh avhusihf &ygw,f/ avhusiv
hf Ykd atmifjrifNyD qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qiaf wmh
xdkyk*¾dKvfu a&SU wpfqifhwufNyD; 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudk ul;csifw,f qdkvdkY&SdvQif bmvkyf&rvJ¿
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avh usifhNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm tmumovQif
wnf&mtm½Hk&SdaewJh 'D tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfuav;udk t½IcHtm½HktjzpfESifh wpfzefjyefxm; &w,f/
'DtmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpw d u
f av;udk t½Ict H m½Ht
k jzpfEiS hf wpfzefjyefxm;Ny;D awmh ]]0dnmPH 0dnmPH}}vdjYk zpfap
odkYr[kwf ]]teEÅH 0dnmPHç teEÅH 0dnmPH}}vdkYyJjzpfap ½Iae&w,f/
tqk;H tpr&Sw
d hJ teEÅtmumoudk tm½H,
k al ewJh 0dnmPfpw
d jf zpfvYkd 'D0n
d mPfukd ]]teEÅH 0dnmPH}}vdYk ac:qdjk cif;
jzpfw,f/
t½I c H u 'D t mumomeÍö m ,wepsmef p d w f j zpf o G m ;NyD / tJ ' D v d k ½ I v d k u f vd k Y & S d v Qif
tmumomeÍö m ,wepsmef 0 d n mPf v d k Y a c:wJ h 'D 0 d n mPf v Qif wnf & mtm½H k & S d a ewJ h
tJ't D mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPftm½krH mS Nird 0f yf pGm uyfNy;D wnfaewJh ½IaewJh aemufxyfpw d w f pfrsK;d ay:vmw,f/
tJ'pD wd u
f akd wmh 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpw
d f (= tmumomeÍöm,we psmef0n d mPfvQif wnf&mtm½H&k adS ewJh psmefpw d )f
vdkY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtm½Hk &SdaewJh 'D 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpdwf ay:vmNyD
qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qiv
f nf; tJ'D 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpw d u
f kd 0oDabmfig;wef Edik ef if;atmifawmh avhusihf &w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
t½I c H t m½H k w &m;uvnf ; pd w f y J ? ½I w wf w J h w &m;u vnf ; pd w f y J jzpf w ,f / t½I c H t m½H k p d w f u
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef pdwfç ½IwwfwJhpdwfu 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpdwfwdkY jzpfMuw,f/
tmudÍönm,wepsmef
avhusifhvdkY atmifjrifrI&NyDqdkvQif xdkyk*¾dKvf[m a&SUwpfqifhwufum tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk ul;Edkifw,f/
tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk b,fvdkul;rvJvdkYar;awmh todpdwfwdkY rnfonf ½kyfESifh rwlbl;? ½kyfwkdYrnfonfrSm
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm NydKifwl jzpfEdkifwJhpGrf;tm;awG &Sdw,f/ jzpfwJh½kyfu jzpfw,f/ ysufwJh½kyfu ysuf w,f/
oufwrf;rukefvdkY qufvufjzpfaewJh ½kyfawGvnf; &Sdw,f? XDumvrSm a&mufaeqJ ½kyfawGyJ/ 'gayrJh
emrfavmuusawmh 'Dvdk yHkpH r[kwfbl;/
emrfw&m;wkrYd nfonf pdwu
å P © wpfctk wGi;f rSm wpfrsK;d omjzpfw,f? ESpcf k NyKd iw f jl zpf½;kd "r®wm r&Sb d ;l / todpw d f
wpfvHk;ç zó wpfvHk;ç a0'em wpfvHk;ç onm wpfvHk; ponfjzifh 'Dvdk pdwf-apwodufawG[m wpfrsKd; pDom
jzpfw,f/ pdwu
å P
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f l jzpf½;kd "r®wm
r&SdMubl;/
'Dvrkd &Sw
d t
hJ wGuf ckeuajymcJw
h hJ 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpw d &f UJ t½IcH tm½Hu
k tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0n d mPf
jzpfw,f/ tmumomeÍöm ,wepsmef0n d mPfukd t½Ict
H m½Hx
k m;Ny;D awmh ½Iwt hJ wGuf 0dnmPÍöm ,wepsmefpwd u
f
ay:vmNyD/
ay:vmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfonf Oyg'fç XDç biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;&Sdao;vm;¿
r&Sdawmhbl;/ pdwåu©PESpfck NydKifwl jzpfEdkifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;/ wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh pdwåu©Pwpfck twGif;rSm
pdwfESpfrsKd; NydKifwl jzpfEdkifwJhoabm r&Sdbl;/
tJ'D tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfu 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpdwf jzpfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm Oyg'fç XDç biftm;jzifh
xif&Sm;r&Sdawmhbl;/ tJ'D tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPf&JU r&SdwJhoabmuav;ukd tm½Hk ,lNyD;awmh ]]ew¬d
udÍöd = bmrQr&Sd}}vdkY 'Dvdk ESvHk;oGif;&w,f/
tJ'vD kd ESv;kH oGi;f vdu
k v
f &Ykd v
dS Qif tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf&UJ r&Srd o
I abmtay:ü Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaewJh
bm0empd w f wpf r sKd ; ay:vmw,f / tJ ' D Nid r f 0 yf p G m uyf N yD ; wnf a ewJ h bm0empd w f u d k a wmh
tmudÍönm,wepsmefpdwfvdkYac:ygw,f/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef 0dnmPf&JU r&SdrIoabmtay:ü Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaewJh pdwfvdkY qdkvdkw,f/
tJ'D tmudÍönm,wepsmefpdwfudk &NyDqdkvQifvnf; 'DtmudÍönm ,wepsmefpdwfudk 0oDabmfig;wef
Edik ef if;atmif avhusi&hf w,f/ avhusiNhf y;D wJt h csed t
f cgusawmhrS ae0onmemonm,wepsmef pdwu f kd ul;Edik w
f ,f/
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpw d q
f w
kd mu ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh onmum; r&S?d tvGet
Yf vGef odraf rGUEl;nHah ewJh
onmom&SdwJhtwGuf onm&Sdonfvnf;r[kwf r&Sdonfvnf;r[kwfwJh psmefpdwfvdkY qdkvdkw,f/
tvGefMurf;wrf;aewJh onmawG r&Sdawmhbl;? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGU wJh onmyJ &Sdw,f? 'guawmh onmudk
OD;wnfNyD; ajymwJhpum;yg/ tvGefEl;nHhodrfarGUaewJh emrfw&m;av;awGyJ&Sdawmhw,f? Murf;wrf;wJh emrfw&m;awG
odyfxif&Sm;wJh emrfw&m;awG r&Sdawmhbl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/
b,favmufxd odraf rGUovJvaYkd r;vQiaf wmh 'Dae0onmemonm ,wepsmefpw d rf mS pdw-f apwoduf (31)vH;k
&Syd gw,f/ tJ'guawmh emrfur®|mef;ydik ;f ½IwahJ ,m*Drsm;udak wmh pepfwus oifay;aeygw,f/ tJ'D pdw-f apwoduf
(31)vH;k udk om0uawGu wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pD b,fvrkd S ½IvYkd r&bl;/ t&Sio
f m&dyw
k &å m ud,k af wmfjrwfBu;D aomfvnf;
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefrmS &Sad ewJh emrfw&m;awGukd wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pD 0dyóem½IvYkd r&bl;? (31)vH;k &Sw d mudk
(31)vHk;pvHk; jcHKiHkNyD; awmhom 0dyóem ½I&w,f? uvmyor®oe0dyóem½Ienf;vdkY ac:yg w,f/
atmufatmufpsmefawGuakd wmh tEky'"r®0yd óemenf;ESihf wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;kH pD cGjJ cm;pdwjf zmNy;D awmh 0dyóem
½IEikd af yrJh 'Dae0onm emonm,wepsmefusawmh t&Sio f m&dyw k &å mud,
k af wmfjrwfu r½IEikd f jzpfaew,f/ 'Dpsmefukd
tEky'"r®0dyóemenf;jzifh wpfvkH;pD wpfvHk;pD cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½IEdkifw,fqdkwm bk&m;&SifwdkYrSmom
jzpfygw,f? om0uawGrSm rjzpfEdkifygbl;/
tJ'Davmuftxd cufw,f tvGefodrfarGUw,f tvGefEl;nHhw,f/ ]]or®morÁK'¨bk&m;wpfqlomvQif
xdkpsmefemrfw&m;awGudk tEky'"r®0dyóemenf;tm;jzifh 0dyóem½IvdkY&awmfrlw,fvdkY}} 'Dvdk usrf;*ef rsm;rSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ (r-|-4-61/)
'gaMumifh - tvGefodrfarGUaewJh emrfw&m;om &SdwJh psmefrsKd;udk ae0onmemonm,wepsmefvdkY ac:w,f/

'Dawmh - 'D ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk tvdk&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfu bmvkyf&vJ¿ tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk
jyefNy;D awmh 0ifpm;&w,f/ tJ'D tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D awmh tJ'D tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefukd jyefNy;D awmh
]]{wH oEÅHç {wH yPDwH}} 'Dvdk csD;rGrf;&w,f/ bmjzpfvdkY csD;rGrf;&ovJ¿ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk vdkcsifvdkY
csD;rGrf;wmyJ/
'D tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk bmjzpfvdkY ckvdk csD;rGrf;aewmvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh pdwfwdkYrnfonf odp&mtm½Hk&SdrS
Nidrf0yfwwfwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ ck 'DtmudÍönm,wepsmefudk MunfhvdkufvQif Munfhp&mtm½Hk bmrQr&Sdbl;/
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef&JU r&SdrIoabmtay:rSm Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaewm jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh bmrQr&SdwJh oabmtay:ü Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaewJh 'Dpdwfonf tvGefNidrfoufwJhpdwf
tvGefrGefjrwfwJhpdwf qdkNyD;awmh 'D pdwfudk csD;rGrf;&wm/ bmOD;wnfcsufESifh csD;rGrf;aeovJvdkYar;awmh
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk tvdk&SdwJhpdwfxm;ESifh csD;rGrf;aewmyJ/
Oyrm - &Sibf &k ifwpfO;D [m wdik ;f cef;vSnv
hf nfNyq
D Mkd upd?Yk wpfae&m a&mufawmh qifp,
G yf w
G o
f rm;uav;awGukd
awGUw,f/ 'DqifpG,fyGwf orm;av;awGudk MunfhvdkufwJhtcg qifpG,f½kyfuav;awGu vuf&m odyfajrmufawmh
&Sifbk&ifu 'DqifpG,fyGwform;awGudk tifrwef oabmusoGm;w,f/
&Sifbk&ifBuD;u qifpG,f½kyfuav;awGudkMunfhNyD;awmh qifpG,fyGwf orm;awGudk oabmuswm oludk,fwdkifu
qifpG,fyGwform; jzpfcsif wm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf? olUeef;awmfudk oljyefrSmygyJ/ 'gayrJh 'Dvuf&mudk
odyfoabmusw,f/
tJ'yD pkH v
H ykd J - 'D tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefpw
d u
f kd cs;D rGr;f aewmu tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefukd tvd&k v
dS Ykd cs;D rGr;f wmawmh
r[kwfbl;? ae0 onmemonm,wepsmefudk vdkvm;awmifhwwJhpdwfESifh csD;rGrf;aewm/
'Dawmh t½IcHtm½Hku tmudÍönm,wepsmefpdwf? tJ'D tmudÍönm ,wepsmefpdwfudk t½IcHtm½Hkxm;NyD;awmh
-]]{wH oEÅçH {wH yPDw}H } ]]þ0dnmPfonf Nird o f uf\? þ0dnmPfonf rGejf rwf\}}vdYk cs;D rGr;f vdu
k v
f Qif aemufawmh
'DtmudÍnö m,wepsmefpw d t
f ay:ü Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaewJh bm0empdww
f pfrsK;d ay:vmw,f/ Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D
wnfaewJh bm0empdwfu ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpdwfjzpfw,f/
½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh onmawmh r&Sb d ;l ? tvGet
Yf vGef odraf rGUEl;nHh aewJh onmom &Sw d ,f/ ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh
emrf w &m;awG r&S d b l ; ? tvG e f Y t vG e f od r f a rG U El ; nH h a ewJ h emrf w &m;awG y J &S d w ,f / tJ ' gud k
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpdwfvdkY ac:w,f/
aygif;vdkufr,fqdkvkdY&SdvQifawmh ½lyg0p&psmefawGu yxrpsmefç 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmefç pwkw¬psmef qdkNyD;
psmeformywf (4)yg;? t½lypsmefawGu tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefç 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefç tmudÍönm,wepsmefç
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef qdkNyD;awmh psmeformywf (4)yg;? aygif;vdkufawmh tm;vkH; psmef (8)yg; jzpfw,f/
tJ'D psmef (8)yg;udk ormywf (8)yg;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'gu avmuD ormywf (8)yg;yJ/
tjzLa&mif u od k P f ; ud k tajccH v suf .. psmef o rmywf (8)yg;ud k ayguf a tmif ½I & ovd k
usefaewJhuodkPf;awGrSmvnf; psmeformywf (8)yg; aygufatmifvdkY avhusifh&w,f/
avh u sif h a ewJ h o l a wmf a umif ; u pd w å o l < u,f w d k Y v k d wpf c sd e f r S m aygh rd r d w d k Y v nf ; taMumif ; nD ñ G w f v d k Y
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;r,fqv kd Qif awmh 'DpsmefawG[m eda&m"ormywf&UJ tajccHtaMumif;w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh orx[lorQonf jA[®mjh ynfa&mufjcif;&JU taMumif; wpfcw k nf;oufouf [kwo f vm;¿ r[kwyf gbl;/
r*¾if&Spfyg;xJrSm bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu or®morm"dqdkwJh r*¾ifwpfckudk xnfhoGif;NyD; awmh a[mxm;wJhtwGuf
r*¾if&Spfyg; rpHknDcJhvQif bk&m;a[mwJh ½kyfemrf udk b,fvdkrS rodEdkifbl;/
bk&m;a[mwJh ½kyfemrfudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf orm"dudk xlaxmifw,fqdkvQif xdkorm"donf
bmtusKd;tmedoif &SdovJvdkY ar; awmh 0dyóemedoHo (= 0dyóemÓPftusKd;tmedoif) &Sdygw,f/
'Dawmh 0dyóeme,fxaJ &mufNy;D rdru d jA[®mjh ynf roGm;csiv
f nf; roGm;bJ aevdrYk &bl;vm;¿ &ygw,f? ud,
k u
f
roGm;csifvQif jzpfygw,f? oGm;csifvQifvnf; oGm;aygh/ udk,fhoHo&mc&D; qHk;atmif vkyfr,fqdkvQif vnf;
qHk;atmifvkyf? qHk;oGm;rSmaygh/ rqHk;csifbl;qdkvQifawmh a&SUquf &rSmaygh/
qufr,fqdkvQifawmh jA[®mhjynfa&mufwmESifh i&Jjynfa&mufwm b,f'if;aumif;rvJ¿ 'g,umBuD;wkdY
'g,dumrBuD;wkdY ...enf;enf; av;awmh pOf;pm;zdkY aumif;wmaygh? orm"dusifhpOfawGudk omoemy w&m;awGvkdY
oG m ;NyD ; awmh pG y f p G J a evd k Y rjzpf y gbl ; / bmjzpf v d k Y v J ¿ bk & m;&S i f ud k , f a wmf w d k i f u r*¾ i f & S p f y g;ud k
omoemwGif;w&m;tjzpfESifh twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/ 'Dawmh orm"dpcef;awGudk omoemyw&m;
vdkY ajymvdkufr,fqdkvQif r*¾if&Spfyg;usifhpOf[mvnf; omoemyw&m;vdkY ajymwJht"dyÜg,f jzpfraebl;vm;¿
jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f/
0dyóem\ tajcyg'upsmef
uJ aumif;NyD? wynfhawmfwkdYu 'Dorm"dawGudk xlaxmifNyD;NyD? wynfh awmfwdkYu 0dyóemul;r,f?
b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ¿
tJ'oD rm"dawGxuJ BuKd uw
f o
hJ rm"dukd 0dyóem&JUtajccHtjzpfEiS hf xlaxmifEikd yf gw,f/ taumif;qH;k tjzpfEiS hf
bk&m;&Sifu pwkw¬psmef orm"dudk jynfwnfxm;ygw,f? ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
(r-1-347-r[mtóyk&okwåef/)
tJ'Dawmh - 'D orm"dwpfckudk pwkw¬psmefqdkufatmif jzpfapaygh? tJ'DuodkPf;awGxJu BudKufwJhuodkPf;ESifh
orm"dxlaxmifyg/
txl;ojzifh - tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udkawmh bk&m;&Sifu ta&mif uodkPf; av;rsKd;xJrSm tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;
xm;wJhtwGuf (tH-3-306-yxraumovokwf/) a,m*D trsm;pkudkawmh tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udkyJ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
oifay;ygw,f/
tcsdef&vdkY odkYr[kwf 0dyóemydkif; yHkpHusNyD;vdkY uodkPf;awGudk qufoifcsifygw,fqdkvQifawmh tm;vHk;udkyJ
oifay;ygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udkyJ oGm;Mu&atmif .../
"mwfur®|mef;
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk pwkw¬psmeform"d aygufatmif orm"d xlaxmifvdkufvdkY vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawGu
od y f t m;aumif ; vmNyD qd k v Qif ck e u ½k y f u r® | mef ; uaeNyD ; awmh 'd | d 0 d o k ' ¨ d p cef ; ud k ul ; vnf ; &w,f ?
emrfur®|mef;uaeNyD;awmh 'd|d0dok'¨dpcef;udk ul;vnf; &w,f/
tJ'D ESpfck&SdwJhteufu ½kyfur®|mef;u pul;csifvQifawmh bmvkyf& rvJ¿ "mwfav;yg;udk pNyD; ½I&w,f?
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk jynfwnf&yg w,f/ a&SUydkif;u ajymcJhwJh yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç

0ga,m"mwfqdkwJh "mwfav;yg;udk cE¨mtdrfrSm jyef½I&w,f/
tJ'D"mwfav;yg;udk pdkufvdkufNyDqdkwmESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; a&SUu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; tjzLjyefay:r,f/
tjzLay:Ny;D wmESihf tjzLrSm qufNy;D "mwfav;yg; pdu
k v
f u
kd v
f Qiaf wmh Munfvmr,f/ tMunfrmS qufNy;D "mwfav;yg;
pdkufvdkufvQif ck pdwåol<u,fwdkYvdk twdwfu Budwfajc xm;cJhwJh 0dyóemÓPf&SdaewJh (ocFg&w&m;awGudk
0dyóemÓPfjzifh BudwfajccJhzl;wJh) olawmfaumif; jzpfcJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQifvnf; ½kyfuvmyf trIefav;awGudk
vG,fvG,fav;ESifh awGUygw,f/
rawGUbl;qdkvQifawmh tJ'DtMunfjyifrSm tmumoac:wJh tMum; tayguf&Sdav&JUvdkY tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh
vif;a&mifjcnfESifh xdk;pdkufvdkufvQif tmumo tMum;tayguf ay:vmw,f/
tmumo tMum;tayguf qdkwmu ½kyfuvmyfawGudk ydkif;jcm;ay; aewJh e,fjcm;a'oyJjzpfygw,f/
½kyuf vmyfawG&UJ tydik ;f tjcm; e,fjcm;a'oudk oGm;awGUNyq
D w
kd mESihf ½kyu
f vmyfav;awGukd pNy;D awGUawmhwmyJ/
tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfav;awGu ay:prSmawmh odyfNyD;awmh jrefw,f/
vsiv f sijf refjrefBu;D jzpfaewJt
h wGuf olw&Ykd UJ ay:wm aysmufwm jzpfwmysuw
f mudk tm½Hrk ,lao;bJ "mwfuo
kd m
qufNyD;tm½Hk,l&w,f/ tm½Hkpdkufpuawmh uvmyfwpfckrSm "mwfav;yg;jrifzdkYawmh enf;enf; cufw,f/ 'gayrJh
avhusifhay;vdkufvQifawmh atmifjrifwwfygw,f/ orm"dudk cdkifcdkifxlaxmifNyD;awmhum --
wpfudk,fvHk; jcHKNyD;awmh rmwm pdkufvdkuf? uvmyf wpfckrSm rmwm pdkufvdkuf?
wpfudk,fvHk; jcHKNyD;awmh ,dkpD;wm pdkufvdkuf? uvmyfwpfckrSm ,dkpD;wm pdkufvdkuf?
wpfudk,fvHk; jcHKNyD;awmh ylwm pdkufvdkuf? uvmyfwpfckrSm ylwm pdkufvdkuf?
wpfudk,fvHk; jcHKNyD;awmh axmufuefwm pdkufvdkuf? uvmyfwpfckrSm axmufuefwm pdkufvdkuf --
tJ'Dvdk avhusifhygrsm;vmvQifawmh aemufawmh uvmyfwpfck twGif;rSm "mwfav;yg;udk vG,fvG,fululESifh
oabmayguf w wf y g w,f / uvmyf w pf c k t wG i f ; rS m wnf & S d w J h "mwf a v;yg;ud k od r f ; qnf ; Ed k i f N yD
oabmaygufNyDqdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh xdk"mwfav;yg;udk rSDwG,fNyD; jzpfay: aewJh tqif;ç teHYç t&omç MoZm ac:wJh
'DOyg'g½kyfuav;awGudk qufNyD; ½I&ygw,f/
y"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg;
'Dae&mrSm y"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg;taMumif;ukd tenf;i,favmuf awmh ajymcsifw,f/ om0uawG[m
½kyfuvmyfawGukd ½IvkdY&w,fqkdwJh tcsufç ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd;aom
y&rwf½kyfw&m;ukd ½IvkdY&w,fqkdwJhtcsufç bk&m;&Sif a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh tm,we'Gg&tvkduf jzpfay:aewJh
emrfw&m;ukd vnf; ½IvkdY&w,fqkdwJhtcsuf - 'DtcsufawGESifh ywfoufvkdY tcsKdU olawmfaumif;rsm;u vufrcHvkd
jzpfaeMuygw,f/ vufrcHvw dk hJ ol awmfaumif;rsm;twGuf 'Dy"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg;taMumif;ukd tusO;f csKyNf y;D awmh
enf;enf;ajymcsifw,f/ 'Dy"med,*Fw&m; ig;yg;ukd bk&m;&Sif onf aAm"drif;om;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
rZÑdredum,f rZÑdr yPÖmoygVdawmf aAm"d&mZukrm&okwåefrSm vm&Sdygw,f/
(r-2-298-299/)
1/ eHygwfwpf t*Fg&yfuawmh o'¨gw&m; jzpfygw,f/ w&m;bm0em ukd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh
yk * ¾ d K vf q k d w m t&[H tp b*0g tqk H ; &S d w J h *k P f a wmf u k d ; yg;vk d Y ac:qk d t yf w J h bk & m;&S i f & J U aAm"d
ÓPf a wmf j rwf t ay:rS m vnf ; rwk e f r vI y f ouf 0 if , k H M unf w J h o'¨ g w&m; &S d z k d Y vk d w ,f / bk & m;&S i f
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif; tay:rSmvnf; rwkefrvIyf
ouf0if,kHMunfwJho'¨gw&m;&SdzkdYvnf; vkdygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif qkdqkH;ronfh twkdif; 'Ded,smeduw&m;aumif;awGukd
vufawGUusifhMuvkdY oHo&m 0#frS xGufajrmufoGm;awmfrlMuwJhç t&d,molawmfaumif;vdkY ac:qkd tyfwJh
oH C m&wem tay:rS m vnf ; rwk e f r vI y f ouf 0 if , k H M unf w J h o'¨ g w&m; &S d z k d Y v k d y gw,f / 'D o '¨ g w&m;
csKUd wJah evQiv f nf; r*fzv
dk ef Ad mÁ ef qkw
d hJ w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk r&Ekid b
f ;l vkYd bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm; awmfryl gw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m ]]opömav;yg;w&m;ukd xkd;xGif;odygrS oHo&m0#fqif;&J tqkH;tykdif;tjcm;ukd
jyKEkdifr,ff}}qkdNyD; ul#m*g&okwåef (oH-3-394/) pwJh xkdxkdokwåefawGrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ ed,smedu w&m;aumif; rsm;tay:rSm ,kMH unfcsuo
f '¨gw&m; &Szd aYkd wmh
vkdygw,f/ 'ku©opöm w&m;pkxJrSm ckajymaewJh ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG yg0ifMuygw,f/ aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI
y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;awGuawmh ork', opöm w&m;pkwGif yg0ifMuygw,f/ om0uawGvnf; 'D
opömav;yg;ukd odEkdifw,fqkdwJh tcsufukdawmh ,kHMunfrI&SdzkdY vkdtyfygw,f/
2/ 'kwd, y"med,*Fw&m;uawmh tpmukd tnDtrQ aMuusufap wwfwJh ygpu0rf;rD; aumif;rGefjcif;
usef;rma&;aumif;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
3/ wwd, y"med,*Fw&m;uawmh rm,m-omaX,s tauGU taumuf tvSnfhtywfawG uif;pifNyD; rdrd&JU
oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtxHrSm rdrd&JUtjypfukd tjypftm;avsmfpGm 0efcHum ukpm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
oEÅa'goy#d päm'evu©Pm rm,m/ toEÅ*kPyumoevu©PH omaX,sH/ (r[m#D-1-84? 128/)
rdrd&JU tjypfukd zkH;tkyfxm;jcif; oabmvu©Pm &SdwJh w&m;u rm,m jzpfw,f? [efaqmifwJh oabmyJ/ r*f-
zkdvf-edAÁmefukd r&bJESifh &oa,mifç opömav;yg;ukd rodao;bJESifh odoa,mif [efaqmifwJh oabmjzpfw,f/
rd r d r S m xif & S m ;r&S d w J h * k P f u k d xif & S m ;azmf j yjcif ; oabm vu© P m&S d w J h w&m;u omaX,sjzpf w ,f ?
aumufuspfpOf;vJw,fvkdY qkdvkdw,f/ r*fzkdvfedAÁmefukd r&ao;bJESifh &ygw,fvkdY xif&Sm;jyrIç opömav;yg;ukd
rodao;bJESifh odygw,fvkdY xif&Sm;jyrIç ½kyfemrfukd rodao;bJESifh odw,fvkdY xif&Sm;jyrIrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd
rm,m-omaX,sqkdwJh tauGUtaumufawG rsm;aevQifvnf; r*fzkdvfedAÁmefukd r&Ekdifbl;vkdYyJ a[mMum;aeygw,f/
4/ pwkw¬ y"med,*F w&m;uawmh tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf jcif; vkHYv0D&d,ESifh jynfhpkHjcif; jzpfw,f/
bmawGudk tjyif;txef BuKd ; pm;tm;xkw&f rSmvJ¿ tukov dk w
f &m;awGukd y,f&mS ;Ekid af &;twGuçf rjzpfay:ao;wJh
orxuk o k d v f 0d y óemuk o k d v f r*f u k o k d v f a wG jzpf ay:vma&;twG u f orxbm0emusif h p Of
0dyóembm0emusifhpOf awGukd --
1/ t½kd;<uif;apç
2/ ta&<uif;apç
3/ taMum<uif;apç
4/ tom;-taoG;awG tukefcef;ajcmufcsif cef;ajcmufygap --
a,mufsm;jrwfwkdY&JU ZGJvkHYv0D&d,ç rdef;rjrwfwkdY&JU ZGJvkHYv0D&d,ESifh &EdkifwJh t&mXmeom rSefygap? xkdt&mXmeokdY

ra&mufrcsif; 0D&d,&JU &yfwefYoGm;jcif;rnfonf b,fawmhrS rjzpfap& - 'Dvkd t*Fg av;yg; &SdwJh 0D&d, jcH&HNyD;awmh
tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;qkdwJh ZGJvkHYv 0D&d,ESifh jynfhpkH&r,f/
]]om0uawGvnf; 'kuo © pömxJrmS tusK;H 0ifaewJh ½kyef mrfawGudk xk;d xGi;f odEidk yf gw,f}}qkw d hJ ,kMH unfcsuu f vnf;
r&Sd? odatmifvnf; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vkHYv0D&d,u r&Sdjyefbl;qkdvQif b,fvkdvkyfNyD; 'D'ku© opömw&m;awGukd
xk;d xGi;f odEidk yf ghrvJ¿ 'gaMumifh opöm (4)yg;ukd xk;d xGi;f odzrYdk mS o'¨gw&m;&Szd EYdk iS hf vkv
YH 0D&,
d awG&zdS [ Ydk m tvGet
f a&;
BuD;ygw,f/
5/ yÍö r y"med , *F w &m;uawmh ½k y f e mrf a Mumif ; usKd ; ocF g &w&m;vd k Y ac:qk d w J h 'k u © o pö m w&m;pk
ork',opömw&m;pkwkdY&JU tedpötcsufç 'ku©tcsufç tewåtcsufwkdYukd uGufuGufuGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
xkd;xGif;odjrifwwfwJh O',AÁ,ÓPfESifhwuG 0dyóemÓPftm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkH&r,f/
'DyÍör y"med,*Fw&m;ESihf jynfph zHk q Ydk w
dk mu - 'kuo
© pöm trnf&wJh twdwçf tem*wfç ypöKyeÜ f pwJh (11)rsK;d aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; (= ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m;)ç ork',opöm trnf&wJh t0dZÆm-
wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHpwJh taMumif;w&m; - 'DESpfrsKd;aom ocFg&w&m;awGukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu yxr
odxm;NyD;jzpf& ygr,f/ 'DvkdodNyD;rS 'DocFg&w&m;awG&JU jzpfNyD; ysufaewJhoabmukd ÓPfESifhjrifatmifMunfhNyD;
]]tedpö}}vkdY ½I&w,f/ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;qkdwJh 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tn§Of;yef; tESdyfpufcHae&wJh oabmukd
ÓPf ESifh jrifatmifMunfhNyD; ]]'ku©}}vdkY ½I&w,f/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tckdif trm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh
twår&SdwJhoabmukd ÓPfESifh jrifatmifMunfhNyD; ]]tewå}}vkdY ½I&w,f/ 'Dvkd ocFg&w&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum ½IyGm;okH;oyfwJh tykdif;ukdom 0dyóemvdkY ac:qkdygw,f/
½kyfemrfukd ½Ir&bl;vkdY vufavQmhum rBudK;pm;wJhtwGuf ½kyfemrfukd rodwJhyk*¾dKvfç aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI
y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;awGukd vnf; olrsm;tajymESifhom vGrf;aeojzifh ukd,fwkdifrodao;wJhyk*¾dKvf 'Dvkd
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefrSm b,fvkdvkyfNyD; 0dyóemÓPfu jzpfEkdif rvJ¿ 0dyóemÓPfESihf jynfhpkHjcif;qkdwJh
'Dy"med,*Fw&m;ESifhvnf; rjynfhpkHcJhvQif r*fzkdvfedAÁmefukd r&Ekdifbl;vkdYyJ bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum; awmfrlaeygw,f/
'gaMumifh 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;awmhrnfh yk*¾dKvf[m bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh
½kyfawGemrfawGukd a&S;OD;pGm odatmif BudK;pm;&awmhr,fqdkwJh tcsufukdawmh ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m; tjynfh
t0 &Szd aYdk wmh vkt
d yfygw,f/ 'D½yk w
f &m;awGuo
dk ad tmif b,fv½dk rI vJ¿ [kad &SUykid ;f wke;f u "mwfur®|mef;taMumif;ukd
ajymcJhw,f/ ckvnf; ½kyf w&m;awGukd od&SdzkdYtwGuf "mwfur®|mef;ukd jyefqufMu&atmif .../
"mwfur®|mef;tquf
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd tm½kH,lum a&S;uajymcJhwJhtwkdif; orm"dukd tqifhqifh xlaxmifvm&m cE¨mukd,fukd
rawGUawmhbJ tjzLtwkH;tcJ ukdawGUNyD; 'DtjzLtwkH;tcJrSmvnf; "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udkyJ qufvuf odrf;qnf;um
orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifvkdufvQif a&cJwkH; zefwkH; rSefwkH;vkd MunfaewJh tMunf"mwf twkH;tcJBuD;ukd
awGUNyDqkdvQif 'D tMunfjyif twkH;tcJrSm tmumo"mwfukd jrifatmif qufNyD; ½Ivkduf Ekdifygu ½kyfuvmyfrsm;ukd
pwifawGU&SdEkdifygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfqkdwm ½kyfwkdY&JU tao;qkH; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck&JU trnfjzpfygw,f/ y&rwfw&m;
awG[m wpfcck si;f wpfv;Hk csi;f jzpfEidk w
f phJ rG ;f tm; r&Sb
d J tkypf t
k vku
d o
f m jzpfEidk w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Sw
d ,f/ NyKd iw
f jl zpfwyhJ suw
f hJ
½kyftkyfpkwpfck&JU trnf jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk ½kyuf vmyfawGudk awGUwJt h cgrSm ½kyu

f vmyfw&Ydk UJ tvGev
f sif vsijf refjref jzpfysuaf ewJo h abmukd tm½krH ,lbJ
"mwfoabmw&m;rsm; ukdom ESvkH;oGif;um "mwfukdom qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm
wnf&SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd rodrf;qnf;Ekdif jzpf aeygu "mwfoabmw&m; wpfckpDukdom odrf;qnf;Munfhyg/
Oyrm- rmwJo h abm qkMd upk/Yd ½kyu
f vmyftm;vk;H vdqYk w
dk hJ wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk ukd jcKH iHk Ny;D awmh rmwJo
h abmudk ½Iyg/ xkad emif
½kyuf vmyfwpfct k wGi;f rSm rmwJh oabmukd ½Iyg/ atmifjrifr&I &Syd gu yHpk w H yl J ½kyu f vmyftm;vk;H qkw
d hJ wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk ukd
jcHKikHNyD; rmwJhoabm Murf;wJhoabm ESpfckukd ½IMunfhyg/ ½kyfuvmyf wpfckrSmvnf; rmwJhoabm Murf;wJhoabm
ESpcf u k dk ½I Munfyh g/ atmifjrifr&I &Syd gu xyfumxyfum ½IzaYdk wmh vkt d yfygw,f/ atmifjrifrI &&Syd gu oabmw&m;
okH;ckç av;ckç ig;ck ponfjzifh wpfp wpfp wkd;NyD; oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;ukd odrf;qnf;yg/
owdjyK&ef
'Dvdk "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wd&Yk UJ oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d ukd odr;f qnf;wJh tykid ;f rSm - yx0D"mwf oabmw&m; (6)rsK;d xJu
rm-Murf;-av; qkdwJh *½kyx0D"mwf oabmw&m;rsm;[m ½kyfuvmyfwpfckrSm xif&Sm;ygu aysmh-acsm-aygh qkdwJh
v[k y x0D " mwf oabmw&m;rsm;[m rxif & S m ; wwf y g/ tvm;wl y J aysmh - acsm-aygh o abmw&m;awG
xif&mS ;vQiv f nf; rm-Murf;-av;oabmw&m;awGu rxif&mS ;wwfygbl;/ y&rmPkjrLcefY tvGet Yf vGef ao;i,fwhJ
½kyfuvmyf trIefuav; wpfcktwGif;rSm rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh oabmw&m;tm;vkH; xif&Sm;zkdYqkdwm
rjzpfEkdifwJh obm0aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ rm-aysmhç Murf;-acsmç av;-ayghqkdwJh oabmw&m;awG[m pGrf;tif'D*&D
uGmjcm;rIom jzpfygw,f/ rsm;rsm;rmwJhoabmukd rmw,fvkdY okH;EIef;NyD; enf;enf;rmwJhoabm ukd aysmhw,fvkdY
okH;EIef;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ rsm;rsm;Murf;wJh oabmukd Murf;w,f? enf;enf;Murf;wJhoabmukd acsmw,f?
rsm;rsm; av;wJh oabmukd av;w,f? enf;enf;av;wJhoabmukd ayghw,f? 'Dvkd ac:a0:okH;pGJjcif;om jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh --
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef pwJh xkdxkdokwåefawGrSm bk&m;&Sifu yx0D"mwfukd uu©VH c&d*wH (r-2-84/) - vkdY
rmwJ h o abmç Murf ; -wJ h o abmrQuk d y J a[mMum;xm;awmf r l y gw,f / "r® o *F P D y gVd a wmf r S m awmh
w&m;emy&dowfjzpfMuwJh ewf-jA[®mwk&Yd UJ tZÑmo,"mwfudk MunhNf y;D (6)rsK;d a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/
tmayg"mwf&JU ,kdpD;rIoabmESifh zGJUpnf;rIoabmuawmh ½kyfu vmyf wpfcktwGif;rSm ESpfrsKd;vkH;yJ
xif&Sm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gayrJh ½kyfuvmyf wpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh ,kdpD;rIoabm[m jrpfa&awG pD;qif;aeovkd
,kdpD;wJhoabmawmh r[kwf/ ½kyfuvmyfwpfckvkH;udk ysHUESHYvsuf pGwfpkd aewJh oabmom jzpfygw,f/ 'DpGwfpkdaewJh
oabmuyJ ½kyfuvmyf wpfckrSm&SdwJh uvmyfwl½kyfw&m;awGukd z½kdz&J MuJroGm;atmif zGJUpnf;NyD; awmhvnf;
xm;ay;xm;ygw,f/
awaZm"mwf & J U yl r I o abm at;rI o abmqk d w J h oabmw&m;ES p f c k [mvnf ; tvG e f a o;i,f a ewJ h
½kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif;rSm ESpfckvkH; NydKifwl rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ ylrI xif&Sm;ygu at;rI rxif&Sm;bl;? at;rI xif&Sm;ygu
ylrI rxif&Sm;bl;? wpfckpDyJ xif&Sm;ygw,f/
0ga,m"mwf & J U axmuf u ef r I o abmES i f h wG e f ; uef r I o abmuawmh ES p f r sKd ; vk H ; xif & S m ;ygw,f /
axmufuefrIoabmu obm0vu©Pm jzpfygw,f/ wGef;uefrIoabmu 0ga,m"mwf&JU &o (= vkyfief;udpö)
jzpfygw,f/
jcHKNyD;ajymvQifawmh uvmyfwpfckwpfckrSm --
1/ rm-Murf;-av;ç ,dkpD;-zGJUpnf;ç ylç axmuf-wGef; - okdYr[kwf

2/ rm-Murf;-av;ç ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;ç at;ç axmuf-wGef; - okdYr[kwf
3/ aysmh-acsm-ayghç ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;ç ylç axmuf-wGef; - odkYr[kwf
4/ aysmh-acsm-ayghç ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;ç at;ç axmuf-wGef; --
'Dvo
dk abmw&m; (8)ckpaD wmh xif&mS ;ygw,f/ aygif;vkud af wmh "mwfBu;D (4)yg; jzpfygw,f/ 'D"mwfBu;D (4)yg;ukd
½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfck twGif;rSm NydKifwl odrf;qnf;Ekdifatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm avhusifhyg/
½kyu
f vmyfawGudk tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh cGw J rf;csvu dk v
f Qif ckvadk wGUp rSm Munfw½hJ yk u
f vmyf rMunfw½hJ yk u f vmyf
qkdNyD; ½kyfuvmyfESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/ rsufpd-em;-ESm-vQm-ukd,f-ESvkH; qkdwJh 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;rSmyJ MunfwJh½kyfuvmyf
rMunfwJh½kyfuvmyf ESpfrsKd;pD &SdMuygw,f/ 'Gg&wkdif; 'Gg&wkdif;rSmyJ MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSm "mwf (4)yg;ç
rMunf w J h ½ k y f u vmyf r S m "mwf (4)yg;uk d jrif a tmif ½I y g? od r f ; qnf ; yg? ÓPf j zif h yk d i f ; jcm;,l y g/ 'D v k d
odrf;qnf;EkdifwJhtqifhukdyJ &nf&G,fawmfrlvsuf bk&m;&Sifu r[m owdy|meokwåefrSm EGm;owfa,mufsm;udk
Oyrmxm;NyD;awmh w&m; awmfukd 'Dvkd qufvufa[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/
EGm;owfa,mufsm; Oyrm
ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 'au©m a*gCmwaum 0g a*gCmwuaEÅ0goD 0g *g0ð 0"dwGm pwkr[myax Advaom
0dbZdwGm edodaEém tó/ {0ar0 acg bdu©a0 bdu©K £rar0 um,H ,xmXdwH ,xmyPd[dwH "mwkaom
ypöa0u©wd ]]tw¬d £ro® ð uma, yx0D"mwk tmayg"mwk awaZm"mwk 0ga,m"mwl}}wd/ (r-1-73/)
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifhjzpf&m EIdif;ckdif; zG,f&m avmuOyrmrnfonfum;/ 'au©m
= uRrf;usifvdr®maom/ a*gCmwaum 0g = EGm;owfa,mufsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ a*gCmwuaEÅ0goD 0g =
EGm;owfa,mufsm;\ wynfhonfvnf;aumif;/ *g *g00 ð = EGm;rukd/ 0"dwGm = owfí/ pwkr[myax = vrf;rav;jzm
aygif;qkH&mt&yfü/ Advaom 0dbZdwGm = EGm;om; (trJom;) ukd t½kd;wjcm; tom;wjcm; ponfjzifh wpfykHpD
wpfykHpD cGJjcm;a0zefí/ edodaEém = a&mif;cs&ef xkdifaeonf/ tó = jzpfav&m\/
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ {0ar0 acg = þOyrmtwlyifvQif/ bdu©K = a,m*g0p& &[ef;onf/ ,xmXdwH
= wnfjrJwkdif;aom/ ,xmyPd[dwH = xm;jrJwkdif;aom/ £rar0 um,H = þ½ly um,BuD;ukdyif/ ]]£ro £ro
£ro®®ð
uma, = þ½lyum,ü/ yx0D"mwk = yx0D"mwfonf/ tmayg"mwk = tmayg"mwfonf/ awaZm"mwk =
awaZm"mwf o nf / 0ga,m"mwk = 0ga,m"mwf o nf / tw¬ d = &S d \ /}} £wd = þok d Y / "mwk a om =
"mwfoabmtpktykHtm;jzifh/ ypöa0u©wd = toD;toD; wpfvkH;pDwpfvkH;pD ÓPfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmvsuf qifjcif
okH;oyf ½IyGm;í aeav\/
'DOyrmpum;&yfu bmukd qkdvkdovJ¿
t|uxmrsm;u (r-|-1-276/) - 'Dvkd &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ --
EGm;owfa,mufsm;[m EGm;ukd auR;arG;aepOftcgç EGm;ukd owfrnfh ae&mokdY ac:aqmifoGm;wJhtcgç
owfrnfhae&ma&mufawmh csnfwkdifrSm owfzkdY&ef BudK;ESifhcsnfaESmifxm;wJhtcgç owfwJhtcgç owfNyD; tao
aumiftwkid ;f awGUjrifae&wJt
h cg - 'Dtcsed t
f cgtm;vk;H rSm ]]EGm;}}qkw
d hJ trSwo
f nm[m olU&JUoEÅmefrmS &Sad ewke;f yJ
jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh EGm;ukd zsufNyD;awmh tom;awGudk wpfykHç t½kd;awGukd wpfykHç tlawGukd wpfykHç tonf;awGukd
wpfykH ponfjzifh wpfykHpD wpfykHpD ykHNyD; vrf;rav;jzm aygif;qkHwJh vrf;av;cGrSm xkdifNyD;awmh a&mif;csaewJhtcgrSm
'DEGm;owf a,mufsm;&JU oEÅmefrSm ]]EGm;}}qkdwJh trSwfonmu aysmufoGm;w,f/ ]]EGm;om; (trJom;)}} qkdwJh
trSwfonmom &Sdaew,f/ olUoEÅmefrSm ]]igu EGm; a&mif;aew,f? 0,fwJholawGuvnf; EGm; vm0,faew,f}}
qkdwJh trSwfonm r&Sdawmhbl;/ ]]igu EGm;om; (trJom;)ukd a&mif;ae w,f/ 'DvlawGuvnf; ighxHrSm EGm;om;
(trJom;) vm0,faeMuw,f}} qkdwJh 'Dvkd trSwfonmom &Sdaew,f/
'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ - vlyJjzpfjzpf &[ef;yJjzpfjzpf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;[m y&rwfukd xkd;xGif; rodwwfwJh
y&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;aewJh a&S;,cif AmvykxkZefjzpfpOfu ]]ig-olwpfyg;-a,mufsm;-rdef;r-yk*¾dKvf-
owå0g}}qkdwJh trSwfonm[m &Sdaeao;w,f/ ruG,f aysmufao;bl;/ --
,m0 £rar0 um,H ,xmXdwH ,xmyPd[dwH Ce0dedaAÇm*H uwGm "mwkaom e ypöa0u©wd/ "mwkaom
ypöa0u©awm yeó owåonm tEÅ&"m,wd? "mwk0aoae0 pdwåH oEÅd|wd/
(r-|-1-276/)
Ce0dedaAÇm*EÅd oEÅwdorl[udpöCemeH 0dedAÇ KZeH 0da0peH/ "mwkaom ypöa0u©awmwd Ce0dedaAÇm*u&aPe
"mwkH "mwkH yx0Dtm'd"mwkH 0dokH 0dokH uwGm ypöa0u©EÅó/ owåonmwd twåmEk'd|d0aoe y0wåm onmwd
0'EÅd? a0g[m&0aoe y0wåonm,yd w'g tEÅ&"meH ,kwåar0 ,mxm0awm Ce0daAÇm*ó orÜm'eawm/
{0H [d owd ,xm0kwåMoyr®aw¬e Oyar,saw¬m tn'w¬K oHoE´wd oarwd/ awae0g[ ]]"mwk0aoae0
pdwåH oEÅd|wD}}wd/ (r-#D-1-365-366/)
wnfjrJwkdif; xm;jrJwkdif;jzpfwJh 'DcE¨mukd,fBuD;ukd ½kyfwkH;-½kyfcJ-½kyfCe ac:wJh twkH;tcJawGukd ÓPfESifh
NzdKcGJzsufqD;NyD;awmh ½kyfuvmyf wpfck wpfck twGif;rSm&SdaewJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd rodrf;qnf;Ekdifao;orQ
umvywfvkH; owåonm[m ruG,faysmufEkdifao;bl;/ 'gayrJh a,m*D &[ef;u "mwfur®|mef;udk tpDtpOfwus
pepfwus odrf;qnf;vkduf EkdifvkdY Ceac:wJh ½kyfwkH;½kyfcJawGukd ÓPfESifhNzdKcGJNyD;awmh ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfck
twGi;f rSm&Swd hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;ukd odr;f qnf;Ekid Nf yD ÓPfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,lEidk Nf yq
D v
dk Qiaf wmh xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS
--
1/ ig-olwpfyg;-a,mufsm;-rde;f r-yk*Kd¾ v-f owå0gvYdk avmuvlwYdk ac: a0:wJt
h wkid ;f ig-olwpfyg;-a,mufsm;-rde;f r-
yk*¾dKvf-owå0gqkdwm wu,fxif&Sm; &Sdw,fvkdY pGJvrf;,kHMunfaewJh avmuornm twåpGJç
2/ toufaumifç vdyfjymaumifç 0dnmPfaumifç ZD0aumifç twå aumifqkdwm wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdw,fvkdY
pGJvrf;,kHMunfaewJh twå'd|dpGJ --
tJ'D twåpGJawG[m uG,faysmufoGm;ygw,f/ "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdY&JU tpktykHtjzpfESifhom ÓPfxJrSm
awGUaeygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t|uxm #Dumwku
Yd ½kyC
f eac:wJh ½kyw
f ;Hk ½kycf u
J dk ok;H rsK;d &Sw
d ,fvYdk zGijhf yxm;Mu ygw,f/
'DokH;rsKd;u bmawGvJ¿ --
1/ oEÅwdCeqkdwJh ½kyftpOftwef; twkH;tcJç
2/ orl[CeqkdwJh ½kyftaygif;tpk twkH;tcJç
3/ udpöCeqkdwJh ½kyfvkyfief;udpö twkH;tcJ --
'D Ce (= twkH;tcJ) okH;rsKd; jzpfygw,f/
1/ oEÅwdCe = ½kyftpOftwef;twkH;tcJ
½kyftpOftwef; twkH;tcJ qkdwmuawmh ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfck twGif;rSm awaZm"mwfyg0ifygw,f/
'DawaZm"mwfukdyJ OwkvkdYvnf; ac:w,f/ pu©K'ouuvmyfwkdYvkd ur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZm "mwf
(= Owk) jzpfcJhr,fqdkvQif av;qifh ig;qifhavmuf ½kyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd jzpfapw,f/ tJ'DjzpfvmwJh
½kyfuvmyfawG[m wpfOwk ac:wJh awaZm"mwfwpfckrS qifhuJaygufzGm;vmMuwmawG jzpfw,f/
tJ'D ½kyu
f vmyfawGudk ½kyu
f vmyfwpfcpk D cGjJ cm;Ny;D awmh rjrifbJ tpOftwef;wpfcv
k dk jrifcrhJ ,fqv
kd Qif oEÅwC
d e
rNydKao;bl;/ oEÅwd Ceu zkH;tkyfaew,fvkdY qkd&w,f/ uvmyfwpfckcsif; cGJjcm;NyD; jrifvQif awmh oEÅwdCe (=
½kyt
f pOftwef; twk;H tcJ) NyKd omG ;NyD jzpfygw,f/ <uif;usew f hJ ur®Zuvmyfç OwkZuvmyfç pdwZå uvmyfç tm[m&Z
uvmyfawGrSmvnf; enf;wlyJ oabmaygufyg/
2/ orl[Ce = ½kyftaygif;tpktwkH;tcJ
½kyfuvmyfawGukd cGJjcm;NyD;jrifayrJh ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfckrSm wnf&Sd aewJh (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; pwJh
½kyyf &rwfw&m;awGudk wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;Hk pD cGjJ cm;pdwjf zmNy;D awmh - ]]þum; yx0Dç þum; tmaygç þum; awaZmç
þum; 0ga,m}} ponfjzifh rodr;f qnf;Ekid af o;bl;qkv d Qif orl[Ce (= ½kyt f aygif;tpk twk;H tcJ) rNyKd ao;ygbl;/
½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm &SdwJh y&rw¬"mwfom; ½kyfw&m; awGukd wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; -
]]þum; yx0Dç þum; tmaygç þum; awaZmç þum; 0ga,m}}ponfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; ÓPfESifh
ykdif;jcm;,lEkdifr,f odrf;qnf;Ekdifr,fqdkvQif orl[Ce (= ½kyf taygif;tpk twkH;tcJ) NydKNyD jzpfygw,f/
3/ udpöCe = ½kyfvkyfief;udpötwkH;tcJ
½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; pwJh ½kyfy&rwfw&m;awGukd ÓPfjzifh
ykdif;jcm;,lNyD; odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfwpfck twGif;rSm&SdwJh ½kyfw&m; toD;toD;&JU vkyfief; udpöukd
odatmif vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-y'|mefenf;tm;jzifh wpfzef ½kyfawGukd xyfNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ ÓPfESifh
ykid ;f jcm;,l&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk ½kyv
f myf wpfcw
k pfck twGi;f rSm&Sw
d hJ ½kyyf &rwfw&m;wkid ;f &JU vkyif ef; udp&ö yfudk cGjJ cm;pdwjf zmNy;D
ÓPfESifh ykdif;jcm;,lEkdifvQif ½kyfvkyfief;udpö twkH;tcJ NydKNyD jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd½kyfCeokH;rsKd;ukd ÓPfESifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; ½IEdkifygrS CeNydKygrS y&rwfokdY ÓPftjrifqkdufr,f/ y&rwfodkY
ÓPftjrifqkdufygrS tewå a&mifjcnfawmf ae0ef;BuD;[m wifhw,fpGm xGufay:vmrSm jzpfygw,f/ Ceac:wJh
½kyftwkH;tcJ NydKa&;twGuf ½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm &SdwJh 0PÖ = tqif;ç *E¨ = teYHç &o = t&omç
MoZm = tqDtap; tp&SdwJh Oyg'g½kyfawGukd qufvufodrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
Oyg'g½kyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
'Gg& (6)yg;rSm&SdwJh MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSm "mwf (4)yg;ç rMunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfrSmvnf; "mwf (4)yg;ukd
odrf;qnf;EkdifvQif a&SUqufNyD; Oyg'g ½kyfawGukd odrf;qnf;&ef 'Dvkd ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ --
£ar pwåma&m r[mblaw y&d*¾PSEÅó Oyg'g½lyH ygu#H a[mwd/ r[mblwH emr Oyg'g½laye y&d pädEéH?
Oyg'g½lyH r[mblawe/ ,xm tmwayg emr qm,m, y&d pädaEém? qm,m tmwaye? {0ar0 r[mblwH
Oyg'g½laye y&d pädEéH? Oyg'g½lyH r[mblawe ...
ponfjzifh oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm pmrsufESm (241) ponf wdkYrSm zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ qkdvkd&if;ukd

ajymMu&atmif .../
ckvkd ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm&SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdYukd odrf;qnf;wJh ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lwwfwJh
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU tod ÓPfrSm 'D"mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd rSDwG,fjzpfay:aewJh Oyg'g½kyfawG[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
taMumif;jycsufuawmh 'Dvkdyg/ --
r[mbkwf = "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd Oyg'g½kyfjzifh ykdif;jcm;xm;tyfw,f/ b,fvkd ykdif;jcm;xm;ovJ¿ Oyrm -
½kyfuvmyfwpfck[m tndKa&mifESifh aygif;qkHrdcJhaomf tJ'D½kyfuvmyfukd tndKa&mif½kyfuvmyfvkdYyJ ykdif;jcm;
rS w f o m;&w,f / ½k y f u vmyf w pf c k [ m t0ga&mif E S i f h aygif ; qk H r d r ,f qd k v Qif v nf ; tJ ' D ½ k y f u vmyf u k d
t0ga&mif½kyfuvmyfvYkdyJ ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;&w,f/ 'DtndKa&mif t0ga&mifqkdwJh ta&miftqif;awG[m
uvmyfwl"mwf (4)yg;ukd rSDwG,fjzpfay:vmwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH) - Oyg'g½kyf jzpfygw,f/ qkdvkdwmu tndKa&mif
t0ga&mifqkdwmu bmawG&JU ta&miftqif;awGvJvkdYar;vQif rdrdwkdYESifh uvmyfwl "mwf (4)yg;wkdY&JU tndKa&mif
odkYr[kwf t0ga&mifawG jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ½kyu f vmyfwpfc[ k m aumif;wht J eHEY iS hf aygif;qkrH v
d Qif teHaY umif;wJh ½kyu f vmyfvçYdk raumif;wJt
h eHEY iS hf
aygif ; qk H r d v Qif v nf ; teH Y r aumif ; wJ h ½k y f u vmyf v k d Y 'D v k d yd k i f ; jcm;rS w f o m;&w,f / 'D aumif ; wJ h teH Y
raumif;wJhteHYqkdwmvnf; rdrdwkdYESifh uvmyfwl "mwfBuD; (4)yg; wkdY&JU teHYom jzpfygw,f/ usefaewJh
Oyg'g½kyfawGukdvnf; ykHpHwlyJ oabmaygufyg/ Oyrm - t0wfydwfp wpfck[m t0ga&mif okdYr[kwf tndKa&mif
&Sw
d ,fç aumif;wJt h eHY okrYd [kwf raumif;wJth eHY &Sw
d ,f qkMd upk/Yd t0wfyw d pf wpfcEk iS hf "mwfBu;D (4)yg;[m wlnw D ,f?
'D t 0wf yd w f p uk d rS D w G , f j zpf a y:vmwJ h tnd K a&mif t0ga&mif aumif ; wJ h t eH Y raumif ; wJ h t eH Y pwJ h
oabmw&m;awG[m Oyg'g½kyfESifh wlnDw,f/
'gaMumifh ½kyfuvmyf wpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukdyJ ndKw,fç 0gw,fç teHYaumif;w,fç
teHYraumif;bl; ponfjzifh ,if; uvmyfwl tqif; teHY pwJh Oyg'g½kyfu ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;ay;w,f/ 'Dvkd
Oyg'g½kyfawGu ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;ay;wJhtwGuf 'D½kyfuvmyfu pu©K'ouuvmyf jzpfw,f? 'D½kyfuvmyfu
aomw'ouuvmyf jzpfw,f - ponfjzifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu cGJjcm;Ekdifjcif; jzpfw,f/
tvm;wlyJ Oyg'g½kyfukd r[mbkwf = "mwfBuD; (4)yg;jzifh ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;&w,f/ 'Dr[mbkwf = "mwfBuD;
(4)yg;ukd rSwD ,
G jf zpfay:aewJh 'D uvmyfwOl yg'g½ky[ f m tJ'D uvmyfwl r[mbkwf = "mwfBu;D (4)yg;&JU tjyifbufrmS
r&SdEkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh jzpfw,f/ qkdvkdwmuawmh ½kyf uvmyfwkdY&JU tqif; teHY ..pwJh Oyg'g½kyfawG[m tJ'D
uvmyfwl ½kyu f vmyfrmS &Sw
d hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wk&Yd UJ tqif; teHY ponfawGom jzpfw,f/ tJ'u D vmyfxu J "mwfBu;D
(4)yg;ukd y,fEkwfvkdufvQif 'D tqif; teHYawGvnf; r&SdEkdifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh Oyg'g½kyfawGukdvnf; r[mbkwfu
ykdif;jcm;ay;xm;w,f/
Oyrm - aeomaewJ h aeY w pf a eY r S m qk d M upk d Y ../ aea&mif j cnf u ajrBuD ; ay:rS m usa&muf a eNyD ç
opfyif&dyfawGuvnf; ajrBuD;ay:rSmyJ usa&mufaeNyD qkdMupkdY/ aea&mifjcnfaMumifh ajrBuD;ay:rSm opfyif&dyf
pwJh t&dyfawG jzpfay:vm&w,f/ aea&mifjcnfaMumifh t&dyf&JU jzpfay: vmrI[m t&dyfESifhaea&mifjcnfwkdY&JU
wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck tcsi;f csi;f ykid ;f jcm; rIudk jyKjcif;yifjzpfw,f/ rsupf t
d jrif&w
dS hJ yk*Kd¾ vu
f ajrBu;D ukd vSr;f Munfh vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg
aea&mifjcnfaMumifh ]]'gu opfyif&dyfç 'gu aea&mifjcnf}} ponfjzifh cGJjcm;NyD; odEkdifw,f/ aea&mifjcnfu ]]'g[m
opfyif&dyfyJ}}vkdY ykdif;jcm;ay;w,f/ tvm;wlyJ opfyif&dyfuvnf; ]]'g[m aea&mifjcnfyJ}} vkdY ykdif;jcm;ay;w,f/
tvm;wlyJ r[mbkwf = "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd Oyg'g½kyfjzifh ykdif;jcm; xm;w,f/ Oyg'g½kyfukdvnf; r[mbkwf =

"mwfBuD; (4)yg;jzifh ykdif;jcm; xm;w,f/ aea&mifjcnfESifh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;[m wlw,f/ aea&mifjcnf aMumifh
jzpfay:vm&wJh opfyif&dyf ponfESifh Oyg'g½kyf[m wlw,f/
'gaMumifh ½kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif;rSm&SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd ÓPf jzifh ykdif;jcm;,lvkdY ½IvkdY &EkdifwJh
a,m*D&JUtodÓPfrSm tJ'D½kyfuvmyfrSm &SdwJh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdY&JU ta&miftqif;ç "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdY&JU teHYç
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdY&JU t&omç "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wkdY&JU tqDtap; pwJh Oyg'g½kyfawG[m xif&Sm;vmygw,fvdkY
t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqkdxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
0PÖ = ½lyg½kH -- ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm 0PÖ = ½lyg½kH = ta&miftqif; &Sdygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfawGukd a,m*Du
ÓPfESifhawGUjrifaewm[m 'D ta&miftqif;&SdaewJh taMumif;vnf; wpfck yg0ifygw,f/
*E¨ = *E¨m½kH = teHY -- aemufwpfckuawmh ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm teHY&Sdygw,f? aumif;wJhteHY jzpfcsifjzpfr,f?
raumif;wJth eHY jzpfcsif vnf;jzpfr,f/ vG,v f , G u
f u
l El iS hf rawGUEkid v
f Qiaf wmh ESmacgif;tMunf "mwf (= ESmacgif;rSm&Sw d hJ
½kyu
f vmyfawGxu J Munfw½hJ yk u
f vmyfw&Ydk UJ tMunf"mwf)ESihf b0ifraemtMunf"mwf ESpcf u k dk yl;wGo
J rd ;f qnf;um
½kyfuvmyftrsm;pk&JU teHYukd ½IMunfhyg/
atmifjrifygu ½kyfuvmyfwpfck&JU teHYukd quf½IMunfhyg/ teHY[m Cme0dnmPfpdwfjzifhvnf; odEkdifwJhç
raem0dnmPfpdwfjzifhvnf; odEkdifwJh Cme0dan,s raem0dan,sw&m; jzpfygw,f/ Cme0dnmPfpdwfu
teHYukdodwJhpdwf jzpfw,f/ Cme0dnmPfpdwfu Cmeyom' (= ESm tMunf"mwf)ukd rSDNyD;awmhjzpfw,f/
raem0dnmPfpw d uf vnf; teHu
Y dk odEidk w
f ,f/ 'Draem0dnmPfpw
d u
f awmh tm½kH (6)yg;vk;H ukd odEidk w
f phJ w
d f jzpfw,f/
'Draem0dnmPfpdwfu b0ifraemtMunf"mwf raem'Gg&ukd tpGJjyKNyD;awmh [',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDwG,fNyD; jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh ½kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh teHYukd vG,fvG,f ulul ½IvkdYr&cJhvQif CmetMunf"mwf
b0ifraemtMunf"mwf ESpcf u k dk yl;wGo
J rd ;f qnf;um ½kyu
f vmyfw&Ykd UJ teHu
Y dk odr;f qnf;&ef tMuaH y;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufykdif; ½IwwfoGm;vQif raem0dnmPfac:wJh 0dyóem pdwfoufoufjzifhvnf; ½IvkdY&ygw,f/
&o = &om½kH = t&om -- aemufwpfcu k awmh &om½kH jzpfygw,f/ teHu
Y dk ½NI y;D ygu t&omukd quf½MI unfyh g/
tcuftcJ&Sdygu Zd0SgtMunf "mwfESifh b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;um ½kyfuvmyfwkdY&JU t&omukd
½IMunfhyg/ &om½kH[mvnf; Zd0Sg0dnmPfjzifh odEkdifwJh Zd0Sg0dan,sw&m;vnf; jzpfw,f? raem0dnmPfjzifh odEkdifwJh
raem0dan,s w&m;vnf; jzpfw,f/ atmifjrifrIukd &&Sdygu ½kyfuvmyf wpfck&JU t&omukd quf½IMunfhyg/
tusifh&vmygu 0dyóempdwfqdkwJh raem0dnmPfoufoufjzifhvnf; t&omukd ½IvkdY&ygw,f/
MoZm = tqDtap; -- aemufwpfcu k awmh MoZmac:wJh tqD tap; jzpfygw,f/ bmtqDtap;vJvYdk ar;vQif
"mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY&JU tqDtap;yJ jzpfw,fvkdY tajzay;&r,f/ 'DtqDtap;ukd uvmyf wpfcktwGif;rSmyJ
jrifatmif½Iyg/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyhHukd &wJhtcg 'DuvmyfwpfcktwGif;rSm&SdwJh
tqDtap;u ½kyfuvmyftopftopfukd jzpfapygw,f/
tm;vkH; aygif;vkdufvQif - MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSm ]]yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-0PÖ-*E¨-&o-MoZm}} qkdNyD;
oabmw&m; (8)rsKd;? rMunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSmvnf; tvm;wl oabmw&m; (8)rsKd;yJ/ 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;rSm ½Iyg?
odrf;qnf;yg? ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lyg/
ZD0dw = ZD0dwdaÈ´ = ½kyftouf

atmifjrifrI &&Sdygu MunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfrSm ZD0dwukd qufvuf odrf;qnf;yg/ MunfwJh½kyfuvmyftm;vkH;[m
twdwu f uHaMumifjh zpfwhJ ur®Z½kyaf wGom jzpfwt hJ wGuf ur®Zuvmyfwidk ;f rSmvnf; ZD0w d tjrJ wrf; yg0ifwt hJ wGuf
Munf w J h ½ k y f u vmyf r S m ZD 0 d w uk d pwif N yD ; &S m azG j cif ; jzpf y gw,f / ZD 0 d w qk d w mu uvmyf w l ½ k y f w d k Y u k d
apmifha&Smufay;aewJh oabm touf&SifoefaewJhoabm jzpfygw,f/ MunfwJh½kyfuvmyf twGif;rSm ckajymcJhwJh
½kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;ukd NydKifwlvkdvkd ÓPfxJrSm xifvmatmif jrifvmatmif odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg 'DZD0dwukd
quf ½IMunfyh g/ touf&iS Nf y;D vIy&f mS ;aewJçh vIyv f yI f vIyv
f yI Ef iS hf touf 0ifaewJh obm0wpfcu k dk awGUEkid yf gw,f/
awGUvQif uvmyfwl ½kyfw&m; awGukd apmifha&SmufaewJhoabmukdyg jrifatmif qufMunfhyg/
atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSm yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-0PÖ-*E¨-&o-MoZm-ZD0dw-
MunfaewJhobm0wpfck - aygif; vkdufawmh oabmw&m; (10)ck jzpfoGm;NyD/ 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;rSm &SdwJh
MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfawGrSm quf½IMunhfyg/
Munfw½hJ yk u
f vmyfrmS ZD0w
d ukd &SmazGawGU&Syd gu rMunfw½hJ yk u
f vmyfrmS vnf; yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-
0PÖ - *E¨ - &o-MoZm qk d w J h oabmw&m; (8)rsKd ; uk d od r f ; qnf ; NyD ; wJ h t cg ZD 0 d w uk d quf &S m Munf h y g/
rMunfw½hJ yk u
f vmyfawGtcsKUd rSm ZD0w
d &Sad yrJh rMunfwhJ ½kyu
f vmyfawGtcsKUd rSm ZD0w d u r&Syd gbl;/ pdwZå ½kyu
f vmyf
OwkZ½kyf uvmyf tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGvnf; rMunfMuygbl;? 'gayrJh ZD0dw r&SdMubl;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
MoZmtxd (8)ckpDyJ &SdMuw,f/ rMunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfrSm ZD0dwukd &SmazGawGU&Sdygu bm0½kyfukd qufNyD; &SmMunfhyg/
'gayrJh ZD0w
d e0uuvmyfwv Ydk dk wcsKUd ½kyu
f vmyfawG[m ZD0w
d &Sad omfvnf; bm0½kyf r&Sw
d wfygbl;/ bm0'ou-
uvmyfwkdYvkd ½kyf uvmyfawGrSmom ZD0dwESifh bm0½kyfwkdY &SdMuygw,f/
bm0½kyqf wdk mu trsK;d om;vko Yd ad vmufwhJ trSwt f om; okrYd [kwf trsK;d orD;vko Yd ad vmufwhJ trSwt
f om;wpfck
jzpfygw,f/ trsKd;om; a,m*DrSm trsKd;om;bm0½kyf&SdNyD; trsKd;orD;a,m*DrSm trsKd;orD;bm0 ½kyf &Sdwwfygw,f/
'G g & (6)yg;vk H ; rS m quf ½ I M unf h y g/ 'G g & (6)yg;vk H ; rS m Munf w J h ½ k y f u vmyf r S m ½k y f o abmw&m; (10)rsKd ; ç
rMunfw½hJ yk uf vmyfrmS ½kyo f abmw&m; (10)rsK;d ukd odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJt h cg Munfw½hJ yk u f vmyf awGudk wpfqifh xyfczJG Ydk
vkdvmw,f/
pu©K'Gg& = rsufpd qkdygawmh/ rsufpdu ½lyg½kHta&mifukdvnf; odw,f/ rsufpdukd oGm;NyD; t&m0w¬KwpfckckESifh
xdMunfhvQif xdrIukdvnf; odw,f/ ta&mifukdodwJh pu©K0dnmPfpdwfu pu©Kyom' ac:wJh pu©KtMunf "mwfukd
rSDjzpfw,f/ xdrIukdodwJh um,0dnmPfpdwfu um,yom' ac:wJh ukd,ftMunf"mwfukd rSDjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
rsufpdrSm pu©Kyom' (= pu©KtMunf"mwf) yg0ifwJh pu©K'ouuvmyfvnf; &Sdw,f/ um, yom' (=
uk, d tf Munf"mwf) yg0ifwhJ um,'ouuvmyfvnf; &Sw d ,f/ 'DtMunf"mwf ESpcf u
k dk odrYk [kwf 'DMunfw½hJ yk u
f vmyf
ESpfckukd cGJjcm;NyD; odrf;qnf;&rSm jzpfw,f/
'D v k d od r f ; qnf ; awmh r ,f q d k v Qif pu© K 'G g & pwJ h 'G g & (6)yg;rS m 'G g & wpf c k w pf c k r S m ½k y f u vmyf
b,fESpfrsKd;&Sdw,fqkdwmudk BudKwifodxm;zkdY vkdygw,f/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (259)rSm 'Gg&
(6)yg; rSm&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;awGukd 'Dvkd a&wGufjyxm;w,f/
pu©K'Gg& -- pu©K'Gg&rSm pu©K'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf tm[m&Zt|uvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; = ½kyftrsKd;tpm; (54)/

aomw'Gg& -- aomw'Gg&rSm aomw'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwZå t|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf tm[m&Zt|uvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6) rsKd; = ½kyftrsKd;tpm; (54)/
Cme'Gg& -- Cme'Gg&rSm Cme'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZt|uvmyf
Zd0Sg'Gg& -- Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm Zd0Sg'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZt|uvmyf
um,'Gg& -- um,'Gg&rSm um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZt|uvmyf OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (5)rsKd; = ½kyftrsKd;tpm; (44)/
raem'Gg& -- raem'Gg&rSm [','ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZt|uvmyf
'Dvdk toD;toD; a&wGujf yxm;ygw,f/ ZD0w d vQif (9)ckajrmuf&w
dS hJ ZD0w
d e0uuvmyf[mvnf; 'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSm
tESYHtjym;&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyf wpfrsKd; jzpfwJhtwGuf ZD0dwe0uuvmyfyg xnfhaygif;vkdufvQif ½kyf uvmyf (7)rsKd; -
½kyftrsKd;tpm; (63)rsKd; ponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/
pu©KtMunf"mwf (= rsufpdtMunf"mwf) vQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd pu©K'ouuvmyfç
aomwtMunf"mwf (= em;tMunf"mwf) vQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd aomw'ouuvmyfç
CmetMunf"mwf (= ESmtMunf"mwf) vQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd Cme'ouuvmyfç
Zd0SgtMunf"mwf (= vQmtMunf"mwf) vQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd Zd0Sg'ouuvmyfç
um,tMunf"mwf (= ukd,ftMunf"mwf) vQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd um,'ouuvmyfç
bm0½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd bm0'ouuvmyfç
[',0w¬K½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd [','ouuvmyf --
qkdNyD; toD;toD; ac:qkdygw,f/
ZD0dw½kyfvQif (9)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd ZD0dwe0uuvmyfç pdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh
½kyfuvmyfukd pdwåZ MoZ|ruuvmyfç Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh
½kyfuvmyfukd OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç tm[m&MoZm aMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd
tm[m&Z MoZ|ruuvmyf - 'Dvkdvnf; toD;toD; ac:qkdygw,f/
'D t |uxm&J U &S i f ; vif ; zG i f h q k d c suf t & rsuf p d r S m Munf w J h ½ k y f u vmyf u ]]pu© K 'ouuvmyf E S i f h
um,'ouuvmyf}} qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd;&SdaewJh twGuf 'DESpfrsKd;ukd cGJ½IwwfzkdY vkdygw,f/
pu©K'Gg&
½lygbdCmwm&[blwyÜom'vu©PH/ y / pu©K? (0dok'¨d-2-74/)
½l y g½k H a&S ; ½S L ½k d u f c wf j cif ; iS m xk d u f w J h bl w ½k y f (= "mwf B uD ; av;yg;) wd k Y u k d

Munfvifapjcif;oabmvu©Pm&Sdaom½kyfu pu©Kyom' jzpf w,f/
azm|AÁmbdCmwm&[blwyÜom'vu©aPm/ y / uma,m?
(0dok'¨d-2-74/)
yx0D awaZm 0ga,mqkdwJh azm|AÁm½kH a&S;½SL ½kdufcwfjcif;iSm xkduf wJh blw½kyf (= "mwfBuD;av;yg;)wkdYukd
Munfvifapjcif;oabmvu©Pm &Sdaom½kyfu um,yom' jzpfw,f/
pu©K'ouuvmyfukd odrf;qnf;ykH
'D&Sif;vif;csufrsm;ESifhtnD a&S;½SL ½kdufcwfaewJhtm½kHjzifh pu©Kyom' ESifh um,yom'ukd cGJjcm; ½I&rSm jzpfw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu rsufpdrSmwnf&SdwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd pwifNyD; odrf;qnf;yg/ MunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfwpfckukd
"mwfcGJvsuf tJ'D ½kyfuvmyftwGif;rSm&SdwJh yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-0PÖ-*E¨-&o-MoZm-ZD0dw-yom' (=
t Munf"mwf) qkw d hJ ½kyo
f abmw&m; (10)rsK;d ukd odr;f qnf;yg/ aemufxyf tJ'D (10)rsK;d xJu yom' (= tMunf"mwf)
ukd xyford ;f qnf;yg/ tJ'D tMunf"mwfEiS hf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSm&Sw
d hJ ½kyu
f vmyftrsm;pk&UJ ½lyg½ku
H dk vSr;f tm½k,
H Ml unfyh g/
tu,fí 'D½lyg½kHta&mifu rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh yom' (= tMunf "mwfukd a&S;½SL ½kdufcwfwmukd awGU&Sdygu
tJ ' D t Munf " mwf [ m pu© K yom' (= pu© K tMunf " mwf ) jzpf w ,f v k d Y rS w f y g/ tu,f í tJ ' D ½ l y g½k H u
rdro
d rd ;f qnf;xm;wJh yom' (= tMunf"mwf) ukd a&S;½SLr½ku
d cf wfb;l qkv
d Qif tJ'D tMunf"mwf[m pu©KtMunf"mwf
r[kwb f J um,tMunf"mwf jzpfaumif; jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh - aocsmatmif uvmyfwpfcNk y;D wpfck ajymif;um
xyfum xyfum ½IzYdk vkyd gw,f/ tu,fí pu©KtMunf"mwfudk odr;f qnf;vkYd atmifjrifvQif tJ'pD u©KtMunf"mwf
yg0ifaewJh ½kyfuvmyf[m pu©K'ouuvmyfjzpfygw,f/
um,'ouuvmyfudk odrf;qnf;ykH
pu©K'ouuvmyfudk odr;f qnf;wJh vkyif ef;&yf atmifjrifygu um,'ouuvmyfudk odr;f qnf;yg/ rsupf rd mS yJ
MunfwJh½kyfuvmyf rSm&SdwJh (10)rsKd;aom ½kyfoabmw&m;awGudk a&S;OD;pGm odrf;qnf;yg/ odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg
tJ'D (10)rsKd;xJrS yom'½kyf (= tMunf½kyf)ukd qufvuf odrf;qnf;xm;yg/ tJ'DtMunf"mwfESifh eD;uyfaewJh ½kyf
uvmyftrsm;pkrSm&SdwJh yx0D"mwf okdYr[kwf awaZm"mwf okdYr[kwf 0ga,m"mwfwpfckckukd vSrf;tm½kH,lMunfhyg/
tJ'Dazm|AÁ"mwf wpfrsKd; rsKd;u rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfukd a&S;½SL ½kdufcwfaeygu tJ'D tMunf"mwf[m
um,tMunf"mwf jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí azm|AÁ "mwf wpfckcku rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfukd
a&S ; ½S L ½k d u f c wf r I r&S d b l ; qk d v Qif a wmh tJ ' D rd r d o d r f ; qnf ; xm;wJ h tMunf " mwf [ m pu© K tMunf " mwf
jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ - rsufpdrSm pu©KtMunf"mwfESifh um,tMunf"mwf ESpfrsKd;om
&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh aocsmatmifawmh xyfumxyfum ½IzkdY uvmyf wpfckNyD;wpfck
ajymif;umajymif;um ½IzkdYawmh vkdtyfygw,f/
atmifjrifrI &NyDqkdvQifawmh rsufpdrSm pu©K'ouuvmyfç um, 'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyf qkdwJh
ur®Zuvmyf (3)pnf;ukd odr;f qnf;rdNyD jzpfygw,f/ 'D½yk u
f vmyfawG[m twdwu
f uHaMumifh jzpfvYdk ur®ZuvmyfvYdk
ac:ygw,f/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu ckvkd ½kyfw&m; awGukd odrf;qnf;aewJhtqifhrSm tJ'DuHukd rodrf;qnf;Ekdifao;ygbl;/
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfykdif;a&mufrS odrf;qnf;EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/ ckaerSm awmh ,m,Dtm;jzifh uHaMumifhjzpfwJh
½kyfuvmyfawG ½kyfw&m;awGvkdYom rSwfom;xm;ygOD;/
pdwåZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfukd odrf;qnf;ykH
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm&SdwJh [',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDjzpfaewJh pdwfwkdif; pdwfwkdif;[m a,bk,stm;jzifh
pdwåZ½kyfukd jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu a&S;OD;pGm rdrd&&Sdxm;wJh psmefwpfckckukd
jyef0ifpm;Munfyh g/ Oyrm - Mo'gwuokP d ;f vQif tm½kH &Swd hJ yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;w,fqMdk uygpk?Yd tJ'D psmefrx S wJt
h cg
psmeft*Fg awGukd odrf;qnf;yg/ psmeft*FgawGESifh ,SOfaewJh psmefpdwfukdvnf; qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ 'Dpsmefpdwf
psmeft*FgqkdwJh psmefemrfw&m;awG [m [',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDjzpfaewJh emrfw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'D
psmefemrfw&m;awG[m yPDwac:wJh rGejf rwfwhJ emrfw&m;awG jzpfMu ygw,f/ tJ'D psmefpw d f psmefemrfw&m;awGu
rdrw
d &Ydk UJ Oyg'fqu
J mv (= Oyg'fcP)rSmyJ rGejf rwfwhJ pdwZå ½kyu f vmyfawGudk wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk rSm tEStYH jym; jzpfapygw,f/
ÓPfESifh jrifatmif ½Iyg/
tJ'½D yk u
f vmyfawGu rMunfMuygbl;/ ½kyu f vmyfwpfcw
k pfcrk mS yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-0PÖ-*E¨-&o-
MoZm qkdwJh MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;pD &SdMuygw,f/ ÓPfESifh cGJjcm; pdwfjzmNyD; ½Iyg/
OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfukd odrf;qnf;ykH
a,bk,stm;jzifh - ½kyfuvmyfwkdif; ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;vkdvkdrSm &SdwJh awaZm"mwf (= Owk)u MoZmvQif
(8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyftopftopfukd jzpfapygw,f/ 'Dawmh vufawGU½IcsifwJh yk*¾dKvfu
a&S;OD;pGm ½kyfuvmyfwpfckrSm&SdwJh (10)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (8)rsKd;qkdwJh ½kyfoabmw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
od r f ; qnf ; NyD ; awmh r S awaZm"mwf u k d xyf o d r f ; qnf ; &ygw,f / NyD ; awmh r S tJ ' D a waZm"mwf u
½kyfuvmyftopftopfukd jzpfapykHukd wpfqifhwufNyD; odrf;qnf;&yg w,f/
ykHpHwpfck qkdMupkdY ../ pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm yg0ifwnf&SdaeMuwJh ½kyfoabmw&m; (10)rsKd;ukd a&S;OD;pGm
odrf;qnf;yg/ odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg awaZm"mwfukd xyfodrf;qnf;yg/ tJ'DawaZm"mwfu (4)qifh (5)qifh aom
½kyu
f vmyf topftopfukd jzpfapyku H dk jrifatmif Munfyh g/ - enf;enf;xyfajymr,f - tJ'pD u©K'ouuvmyfrmS &Sw
d hJ
awaZm"mwfu ½kyfuvmyftopf wpfckukd jzpfapNyD/ tJ'D½kyfuvmyfu pu©K'ou uvmyfrSm &SdwJh awaZm"mwf
(= Owk) aMumifh jzpfwt
hJ wGuf pu©K 'ouuvmyf awaZm&JU om;OD;&wem jzpfygw,f/ tJ'½D yk u f vmyfu rMunfb;l ?
"mwfcGJMunfhvQif yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-0PÖ-*E¨-&o-MoZmqkdwJh MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh
½kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D½kyfawGukd y&rwfokdYqkdufatmif odrf;qnf;yg/
tJ'D om;OD;&wemjzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyfrSm wnf&SdwJh awaZm"mwfuvnf; aemufxyf
½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ pu©K'ouuvmyf awaZm&JU ajr;OD;uav; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ½kyf uvmyfukd
"mwfcGJvQifvnf; oabmw&m; (8)ckyJ &Sdw,f/ 'D½kyfuvmyf vnf; rMunfjyefbl;/
wpfcg 'Dajr;OD;jzpfwhJ OwkZ½kyu
f vmyfrmS &Sw
d hJ awaZm"mwf (= Owk) uvnf; ½kyu f vmyf topfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/
pu©K'ouuvmyf awaZm&JU jrpfOD;uav; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DjrpfjzpfwJh ½kyfuvmyfuvnf; rMunfjyefbl;/
"mwfcMJG unfv
h nf; ½kyo
f abmw&m; (8)ckyJ &Syd gw,f/ 'Dvedk nf;ESihf ½kyu
f vmyfawG tqifq
h ifjh zpfyu
Hk dk oabmaygufyg/
<uif; usefwJh ur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZmç pdwåZ½kyfuvmyf-OwkZ½kyf uvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZmç
tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZm "mwf (= Owk)awGuvnf; ½kyfuvmyftopftopfukd jzpfapygw,f/
1/ ur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu (4)qifh (5)qifhaom ½kyfuvmyfawGukd jzpfapw,f/

2/ ½kd;½kd;umrm0p&pdwfawGaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu (2)qifh (3)qifhaom
½kyfuvmyfawGudk jzpfap w,f/
3/ orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwfqkdwJh rGefjrwfwJh pdwfawG aMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm&SdwJh
awaZm"mwf (= Owk)u tqifhaygif;rsm;pGmaom ½kyfuvmyfawGukd jzpfapygw,f/ 'Dvkd jzpfapwJhtykdif;rSm
pdwZå ½kyu f vmyfawGu tZÑwrå mS om ysUH ESjYH zpfMu aomfvnf; tJ'D rGejf rwfwhJ orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0em
pdww f aYkd Mumifh jzpfwhJ pdwZå ½kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f rSm yg0ifwhJ awaZm"mwf (= Owk)aMumifjh zpfwhJ OwkZ½kyu
f vmyfawGu
tZÑwåwGifomru A[d'¨txd ÓPftmEkabmfu BuD;vQifvnf; BuD;ovkd ao;vQif vnf; ao;ovkd
0ef;usifywfcsm t&yfq,frsufESmrSm ysHUESHYNyD;awmh jzpfMuygw,f/ orxÓPfa&mif 0dyóemÓPfa&mifqkdwm
tJ'D pdwåZESifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH)&JU awmufyaewJh ta&mif jzpfygw,f/
4/ tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfOwkuvnf; (3)qifh (4)qifhaom ½kyfuvmyfç &Hcg (10)qifh
(12)qifhwkdifatmifaom ½kyfuvmyfawGukd jzpfapygw,f/
5/ Owkypö,OwkZ½kyf --
tpmopfç tpma[mif;ç jynfç usifi,f - qkdwJh 'Daum|mo (4)ck uawmh a&S;a&S;½kyfuvmyfrSm wnf&SdwJh
awaZm"mwfudk taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vmMuwJh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfawG jzpfMuw,f/
'DOwkZ½kyfawGuawmh MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'D½kyf
(4)rsKd;xJrSm tpmopfaum|mo taMumif;udk xyfNyD;awmh ajymcsifw,f/ 'Dtpmopfaum|mou rpm;rD
twG i f ; rS m jzpf a pç pm;NyD ; aomf v nf ; tpmtd r f p onf w d k Y & J U twG i f ; rS m tpmopf a um|motjzpf E S i f h
wnf&SdaecdkufrSmjzpfap - OwkZ½kyfuvmyf wdkY&JU taygif;tpkrQomjzpfygw,f/ 0dok'd¨r*ft|uxm (0dok'd¨-2-252/)
uawmh Owkypö,Owkork|mef½kyf qdkNyD; emrnfwyfay;xm;ygw,f/ 'D½kyfwdkY&JUoabmudkvnf; t|uxm
q&mawmfu 'Dvdk zGifhqdk&Sif;vif; xm;ygw,f/
Owkypö,Owkork|meH emr Owkork|mem awaZm"mwk XmeyÜwåm tnH MoZ|ruH ork|maywd? wMwmyd
Owk tnEdÅ {0H 'DCrdÜ t'¨geH tEkyg'dPÖyau© XwGmyd Owkork|meH y0wåwda,0/ (0dok'd¨-2-252/)
'DCrdÜ t'¨geEÅd ]]'o 'Gg'o 0ga&}}wd tnó 0kwåy&dapä'awm 'DCrdÜ umvH/ Owk [d obm*oEÅwd0aoe
v'ÿpö,H pd&w&rÜd umvH o'domum&H ½lyyÜ0wå ð oEÅmaewd Oyg'dEéuoEédóa,e 0dem? ya*0 £w&xm/
(r[m#D-2-404/)
ck a jymcJ h w J h tpmopf a um|moqd k w m Owk Z ½k y f u vmyf w d k Y & J U taygif ; tpk o m jzpf w ,f /

,if;OwkZ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSm awaZm"mwf yg0if w,f/ ,if;awaZm"mwfu OwkZ½kyfuvmyftopfudk
jzpfapjyefw,f/ ,if;OwkZ½kyfuvmyftopfrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfuvnf; tjcm; OwkZ ½kyfuvmyftopfudk
jzpfapjyefw,f/ 'Denf;tm;jzifh (10)Burd f (12)Burd f qdw
k hJ twdik ;f twmyrmPudk vGeNf y;D awmh &Snpf mG aom t"Geu Yf mv
ywfvkH;vnf; tEkyg'dPÖu (= oufrhJtzdkYtpk) ü wnfí t"GefY&SnfpGm jzpfapEdkifygw,f/ pMu0aw;rif;wdkY&JU
pMu&wem ywåjrm;&wem ponf wdv Yk kd uH\ taxmuftyHu h kd &&Scd rhJ ,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh ajymzG,&f mawmif rvdak wmhb;l ?
t"Ge&Yf n
S pf mG jzpfapEdik o
f nfom jzpfygw,f/ a&S;a&S;Owk aMumifjh zpfwhJ OwkZ½kyaf wGut
kd aMumif;cHNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh
aemufaemuf OwkZ½kyfawG jzpfMuw,f/ Owkypö,OwkZ½kyfvdkY ac:qdkw,f/ a&Tç aiG ponfwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl
oabmaygufyg/ --
tJ'Dvkd OwkZ½kyfawGjzpfwJhtykdif;rSm aemufqkH;tqifhrSm&SdwJh ½kyf uvmyfawGrSm yg0ifwJh awaZm"mwf (=

Owk)uawmh ½kyu f vmyf topfudk jzpfapEkid w f hJ pGr;f tm; r&db
S ;l vkYd rSwyf g/ 'gaMumifh a,bk,s (= rsm;aom)tm;jzifh
½kyfuvmyfwkdif;vkdvkdrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu ½kyf uvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapw,fvkdY ajymjcif;jzpfygw,f/
tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
tm[m&Z½kyfawGukd odrf;qnf;ykHtykdif;ukd ajymMu&atmif .../
O'&d,Hç u&DoHç ykaAÁmç rkwåEÅd £arok pwlok Owkork|maeok Owkork|meaó0 MoZ|ruó 0aoe t|
t| ½lyged ygu#med a[mEÅd/ (0dok'd¨-2-223/)
tpmopfç tpma[mif;ç jynfç usifi,f - qkdwJh 'Daum|mo (4)ck uawmh Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifh
jzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru½kyf (= MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh OwkaMumifhjzpfwJh½kyf)awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dawmh - a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f tm[m&Z½kyaf wGudk ½Iawmhr,fqv
kd Qif a&S;OD;pGm 'Dtpmopfaum|morSm&Sw
d hJ "mwfBu;D
(4)yg;ukd pwif odrf; qnf;yg/ 'Dvkd odrf;qnf;vkdufvQif rMumrDrSmyJ ½kyfuvmyftrIefawGukd awGUEkdifygw,f/
'gaMumifh tpmopfaum|moqkdwm ½kyfuvmyfwkdY&JU taygif;tpkjzpfw,fqkdwm rSwfom;xm;yg/
tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfawGukd "mwfcGJMunfhvkdufvQif ½kyfuvmyf wpfck wpfckrSm oabmw&m; (8)ckpD &Sdwmukd
awGUEdkifygw,f? qufvuf odrf;qnf;yg/ NyD;awmh 'D½kyfw&m;awG[m ½kyfuvmyfwpfckrSm &SdwJh awaZm"mwf (=
Owk) aMumifh topftopf xyfumxyfum qifhum qifhum &SnfpGmaom t"GefYumvywfvkH; tqufrjywf
jzpfaewJh ½kyf w&m;awGjzpfwmukd ÓPfESifhjrifatmif quf½Iyg/ 'gayrJh 'D½kyfuvmyf awG 'D½kyfw&m;awG[m jrJwJh
½kyfw&m;awGawmh r[kwfMubl;? jzpfNyD; ysufaewJh tedpöw&m;awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; rysufrD
jzpfNyD;aemuf XDumvokdYta&mufrSm topftopf ½kyfuvmyfawGukd xyfumxyfum qifhumqifhum t"GefY&SnfpGm
aus;Zl;jyKay;aeMuygw,f/
'Dtpmopfaum|mo[m tpmopftdrfxJokdY ra&mufrD tkd;-cGuf-yk*H-oydwf-ponfwkdYrSm wnf&SdaepOfuvnf;
tvm;wlyJ OwkZ½kyfawG om jzpfMuygw,f/ yg;pyfxJ0g;pOf tlxJrSm tpmtdrfxJrSm tpma[mif; tdrfxJrSm&SdpOf
cE¨mukd,ftwGif;okdY rysHUESHYciftwGif;rSmvnf; OwkZ½kyfawG om jzpfMuw,f/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu tpmpm;NyD;rS
w&m;xk d i f r S m jzpf a wmh xk d t csd e f r S m 'D t pmopf a um|mou rsm;aomtm;jzif h tpmopf t d r f E S i f h
tlvrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufrSmyJ &Sdaeygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu tJ'D tpmopfaum|moac:wJh ½kyfuvmyfawGukd jrifatmif ½kyfy&rwfoabmw&m;awGukd
jrifatmif ½IEkdifNyDqkdvQif tJ'D ½kyfy&rwfw&m;awGxJu tqDtap; MoZmukd ÓPfESifhykdif;jcm;,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/
tJ'DMoZmu OwkZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm yg0ifwJh MoZmjzpfvkdY OwkZMoZmom jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D OwkZMoZmukd
tpmtdr0f ef;usif pwJh xkx d adk e&mrSm wnf&adS ewJh ZD0w
d e0uuvmyfawGrmS yg0ifwhJ awaZm "mwf (= Owk)ac:wJh
tpmukad Muusuaf pwJh ur®Z0rf;rD;u tm;ay; axmufyv hH u
dk w
f t
hJ cg tJ'D OwkZMoZmu ½kyu
f vmyf topftopfudk
jzpfapygw,f/ tJ'D ½kyu

f vmyftopfuawmh rlvOwkZ½kyu
f vmyfrmS yg0ifwnf&w
dS hJ MoZm (= tm[m&)aMumifjh zpfvYdk
tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfuvnf; rMunfbl;/ "mwfcGJMunfhvQif ½kyfuvmyf
wpfckwpfckrSm ½kyfoabmw&m; (8)ckpDyJ &Sdygw,f/
tJ'D tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfrSm yg0ifwJh MoZmu --
1/ ur®Z½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm wnf&SdwJh MoZmç
2/ pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm wnf&SdwJh MoZmç
3/ OwkZ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm wnf&SdwJh MoZmç
4/ rdrd&JUa&S;u jzpfESifhwJh a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&Z ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm wnf&SdwJh MoZm --
tJ'DMoZm toD;toD;ukd xyfNyD; tm;ay;axmufyHhvkdufwJhtcg tJ'D ur®ZMoZmç pdwåZMoZmç OwkZMoZmç
a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&ZMoZm wkdYu ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukdvnf; &cJhvQif ½kyfuvmyf topf topfukd
jzpfapygw,f/
pu©K'ouuvmyfuJhokdYaom ur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm yg0ifwJh MoZm u (4)qifh (5)qifh?
pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh MoZmu (2)qifh (3) qifh?
OwkZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh MoZmu (2)qifh (3)qifhç &Hcg (10) qifh (12)qifh?
a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh MoZmu (10)qifh (12)qifhwkdifatmifaom ½kyfuvmyfawGukd
jzpfapygw,f/
{u'd0oH y&dbkwåm[ma&m owåm[rÜd Oyw¬arÇwd/ (0dok'd¨-2-251/)
wpfBudrfwpfcg pm;vkdufaom tpmtm[m&[m (7)&ufwkdYywfvkH; aomfvnf; 'Dvkd tm[m&Z½kyfawGukd
jzpfapEkdifw,fvkdY qkdw,f/
pwkork|meduMoZm
½kyfuvmyfwkdif;vkdvkdrSm&SdwJh .. wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh --
1/ ur®Z½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm yg0ifwJh ur®ZMoZmç
2/ pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm yg0ifwJh pdwåZMoZmç
3/ OwkZ½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm yg0ifwJh OwkZMoZmç
4/ a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm yg0ifwJh tm[m&ZMoZm
'D a v;rsKd ; vk H ; aom MoZmawG [ m tm[m&ZMoZm&J U taxmuf tyH h u k d &&S d w J h t cg ur® Z 0rf ; rD ; &J U
taxmuftyHu h v
dk nf; &&Sw
d t hJ cg MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&w
dS hJ MoZ|ru½kyu
f vmyf topftopfudk jzpfap ygw,f/
owd j yK&ef t csuf u awmh 'D a v;rsKd ; xJ r S m yg0if w J h tm[m&Z MoZm jzpf w ,f / aemuf a emuf a om
tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm ygwJh tm[m&ZMoZmu tm;ay;axmufyHhwJhtcg a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&Z
uvmyfawGrSmygwJh MoZmu MoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapw,fqkdwJh tcsufukdawmh cGJjcm;NyD;
rSwo
f m;xm;yg/ ckajymcJw h hJ uH-pdw-f Owk-tm[m& ac:wJh taMumif;w&m; (4)rsK;d aMumifjh zpfwhJ MoZmukyd J &nf&,
G Nf y;D
--
tm[ma&m emr uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m/ (0dok'd¨-2-251/)
uAVDuma&m tm[ma&mwd pwkoEÅwdork|mae ½lay MoZm tm[ma&m emr/ (tbd-|-3-377/) --

ponfjzifh t|uxmrsm;u uAVDum&tm[m&qkdNyD; zGifhqkdxm;Mu w,f/ uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwmuawmh
tay:uajymcJw h hJ xrif;pwJh t&m0w¬KrmS wnf&w
dS hJ OwkZMoZmyg0ifwhJ ½kyu
f vmyfawG &SMd uw,f/ tJ'D OwkZMoZmukd
ur®Z0rf;rD;u axmufyHhvkdufygrS 'DMoZmu MoZ|ru½kyfukd jzpfaprSmjzpfw,f/ tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfawG
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtm[m&ZMoZmu axmufyHhygrS ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; axmufyHhygrS ckeu ajymcJhwJh (4)rsKd;aom
pwkork|meduMoZmawG[m ½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapEkdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh - (4)rsKd;aom uAVDum&
tm[m& trnf & wJ h MoZmu tm[m&Z½k y f u vmyf topf t opf u k d jzpf a pjcif ; qk d w J h vk y f i ef ; ud p ö u k d
&GufaqmifwJhtykdif;rSm xrif;pwJht&m 0w¬Kukd tvkwftavG;jyKí pm;rsKd0g;rsKdrSomvQif tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf
topftopfukd jzpfapjcif;qkdwJh vkyfief;udpöukd &GufaqmifEkdifw,f/ rpm;rsKd r0g;rsKdcJhvQifawmh tJ'Dudpöukd
r&GufaqmifEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh tm[m&vkdYrokH;bJ uAVDum&tm[m& (= tvkwftavG; rjyKtyfaomf vnf;
jyKtyfouJhokdYaom tm[m&) vkdY ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;w,f/
(tbd-|-3-377/)
tvkwftavG; rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJhokdYaom

'Dae&mrSm uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwJh pum;vkH;ukd odawmfrl jrifawmf rlMuwJh a&S;a&S;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;u
jrefrmvkd bmomjyefqw dk hJ tykid ;f rSm - tvkwt
f avG;ukd rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJo
h aYdk om MoZm (= tm[m&)
- qkdNyD; bmomjyefqkdxm;awmfrlMuygw,f/ bmukd qkdvkdovJ¿ --
ckeu ajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ xrif;pwJh pm;rsKd0g;rsKd&rnfh t&m0w¬KawG [m - OwkZMoZ|ru½kyf = awaZm"mwf
(Owk)aMumifjh zpfwhJ MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&w dS hJ ½kyu
f vmyfw&Ydk UJ taygif;tpkom jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'D ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS
yg0ifwhJ MoZmudk MoZmwpfcw k nf; uGuNf y;D awmh pm;rsK0d g;rsKcd rhJ ,fqv
kd Qif b,fvrdk S rjzpfEidk b
f ;l / MoZmESiw
hf uGjzpfaewJh
½kyftm;vkH;wkdY&JU taygif;tpk (= ½kyfuvmyfwkdY&JU taygif;tpk)ukdom MoZm&JUwnf&m ½kyfawGESifhtwlwuGom
pm;rsK0d g;rsKv
d Ydk &Ekid w
f ,f/ ½kyf uvmyfw&Ykd UJ taygif;tpkuo kd m pm;rsK0d g;rsKvd Ydk &Ekid w
f ,f/ 'guvnf; taMumif;wpfcyk /J
aemuftaMumif;wpfckuawmh ½kyfuvmyfwkdYrnfonf (= ½kyfy&rwf w&m;wkdYrnfonf) jzpfNyD;wmESifh csufcsif;
ysufwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ jzpfwJh ae&myJ jzpfNyD;vQifNyD;csif; ysufoGm;Muw,f/ wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokdY
ajymif;a&TUjzpfEkdifavmufatmif tcsdefMumMum rjzpfMuygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tkd;-cGuf-yk*H-oydwfponfwkdY twGif;rSm
wnf&SdwJh ½kyfy&rwfw&m; awG[m yg;pyfxJrSm pm;vkdY0g;vkdY &wJhtcsdeftxd toufr&SnfMuygbl;/ wpfcg
pm;wkef;0g;wkef; yg;pyfxJrSm&SdwJh ½kyfy&rwfawG[mvnf; tl twGif; tpmtdrftwGif;okdY a&mufonfhwkdifatmif
toufr&SnfMu ygbl;/ pm;rsKd0g;rsKdvkdY &Ekdifatmif toufr&SnfMubl;/ ½kyfuvmyfwpfck rSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu
aemufxyf ½kyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfwHhEkdifa&;twGuf bkwftqufquf aus;Zl;jyKay;ae
wJhtwGuf tqufrjywf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyfjzpfaewJh ½kyfoEÅwd tpOftwef;wpfckom jzpfw,f/ wu,f
pm;rsK0d g;rsKv
d Ydk &Ekid af vmuf atmif touf&n
S af ewJh obm0w&m;awG r[kwMf uygbl;/ 'guvnf; taMumif;wpf&yf
jzpf y gw,f / 'gaMumif h tvk w f t avG ; uk d rjyKtyf a omf vnf ; jyKtyf o uJ h o k d Y a om tm[m&[k
bmomjyefqkdawmfrlMujcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufxyf taMumif;wpfcu
k awmh ckajymcJw
h hJ tpmopfaum|mo qkw
d hJ OwkZ½kyu
f vmyfawGrmS yg&Sw
d hJ MoZm[m
A[d'¨-MoZmom &Sdygao; w,f/ 'DOwkZMoZm (== A[d'¨MoZm)ukd ur®Z0rf;rD;ac:wJh ZD0dwe0u ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm

yg0ifwnf&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu tpmukd aMuusuf oGm;atmif tm;ay;axmufyHhvkdufwJhtcg MoZmvQif
(8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh MoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd 'DMoZmu jzpfapjyefw,f/ 'D½kyf uvmyfawGukdawmh
MoZmaMumifjh zpfvYdk tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½kyu f vmyf awGvYdk ac:qkw
d ,f/ tJ'D tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS
yg0if wnf&w dS hJ MoZmç txufuajymcJw
h hJ ur®ZMoZm pdwZå MoZm OwkZMoZm aygif; 'D (4)rsK;d vk;H aom MoZmawG[m
pm;rsKd0g;rsKdvkdY &wJh MoZmawG r[kwfMuygbl;/
okaYd omf 'DMoZmawG[m a&S;uajymcJw h t
hJ wkid ;f tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHu h vdk nf; &&Scd v
hJ Qif ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU
taxmuftyHu h v
dk nf; &&Scd v
hJ Qif tm[m&udpu ö dk aqmif&u G Ef idk w
f ,f/ tm[m&udpu ö dk aqmif &GuEf idk w f ,fqw dk mu
tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyf topftopfawGudk jzpfap Ekid w f ,fvYdk qkyd gw,f/ 'D (4)rsK;d aom MoZmawGu tZÑwu då MoZm
jzpfygw,f/ 'D (4)rsK;d aom tZÑwu då MoZmawGuv dk nf; tm[m&udpu ö dk aqmif&u
G Ef idk wf t hJ wGuf uAVDum&tm[m&
(= tvkwt f avG;ukd rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJo h aYdk om tm[m&)[k ac:qkjd cif; bmom jyefqjdk cif; jzpfygw,f/
awaZm"mwfESifh MoZmwkdYrS ESpfcGESpfcG yGm;ykH

txufyg½IuGufESifhywfoufwJh &Sif;vif;csuf t&yf&yfukd em;axmif MunfhvQif ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfckrSm
yg0ifwnf&w
dS hJ awaZm"mwf uvnf; OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyu f vmyfudk jzpfapw,f/ MoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZm&JU
taxmuftyHhç ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukd &&SdcJhvQif tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd
jzpfapw,f/ 'DESpfcsufukdawmh oabmaygufyg/ (y&rw¬rÍÆLom-trnf&SdwJh 0dok'¨dr*¾ r[m#Dum 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm - 401-rSm
'DtaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;ygw,f/)
ykHpHwpfckxkwfNyD; ajymMu&atmif/ pu©K'ouuvmyf qkdMupkdY ../ tJ'Dpu©K'ouuvmyfrSm ½kyfoabmw&m;

(10)rsK;d &S&d m tJ'D (10)rsK;d xJrmS awaZm"mwf (= Owk)vnf; yg0ifw,f? MoZmvnf; yg0ifw,f/ tJ'aD waZm"mwfu
OwkZMoZ|ru½kyu f vmyftopfudk jzpfapw,f/ MoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHEh iS hf ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU
taxmuftyHhukd &&SdcJhvQif ½kyfuvmyftopftopfudk jzpfapw,f/ 'DawaZm"mwfaMumifh jzpfwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd
"mwfcGJvkdufvQif oabm w&m; (8)rsKd; &Sdw,f/ 'Doabmw&m; (8)rsKd;&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd OwkZ½kyf uvmyf
yxrqifhvkdYyJ owfrSwfMupkdY/ --
tJ'D yxrqifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfrSm ½kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;&SdwJh teuf awaZm"mwfvnf; yg0ifjyefw,f/
MoZmvnf; yg0ifjyefw,f/ awaZm"mwfuvnf; OwkZMoZ|ru½kyu f vmyftopfudk jzpfapjyef w,f/ MoZmuvnf;
tm[m&ZMoZm&J U taxmuf t yH h E S i f h ur® Z 0rf ; rD ; &J U taxmuf t yH h u k d &&S d w J h t cg
tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ 'kwd,qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfESifh 'kwd,qifh tm[m&Z
½kyu
f vmyfwYdk jzpfMuw,f/ 'Dawmh yxrqifh OwkZ½kyu f vmyfrmS wnf &Swd hJ awaZm"mwfaMumifh ½kyu f vmyfwpfrsK;d ç
MoZmaMumifh ½kyfuvmyf wpfrsKd; - ½kyfuvmyfESpfrsKd; jzpfay:vmw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk rSwfom; xm;yg/
aemufwpfck ajymMu&atmif/ 'Dyxrqifh awaZm"mwfaMumifh jzpfwJh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfukd 'kwd,qifh
OwkZ½kyfuvmyfvkdY ajymcJhNyD;NyD/ 'D'kwd,qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfuvnf; ½kyfuvmyf topfukd
jzpfapjyefw,f/ MoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuf tyHh ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukd &&SdwJhtcg
½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/
tvm;wlyJ 'Dyxrqifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfrSmwnf&SdwJh MoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHh
ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukd &&SdwJh tcg tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ tJ'D

MoZmaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfuvmyfukd 'kwd,qifh tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfvkdY ajymcJhNyD;NyD/ MoZmaMumifhjzpfwJh 'kwd,qifh
½kyfuvmyfrSmvnf; awaZm "mwf yg0ifjyefw,f/ 'DawaZm"mwfuvnf; OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf ukd
jzpfapjyefw,f/ MoZmvnf; yg0ifjyefw,f/ 'DMoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHh ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU
taxmuftyHhukd &&SdwJhtcg MoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/
'Denf;twkdif; wwd,qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyf wwd,qifh tm[m&Z ½kyfuvmyfç pwkw¬qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyf
pwkw¬qifh tm[m&Z½kyf uvmyfç yÍörqifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyf yÍörqifh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf awGrSm&SdwJh
awaZm"mwfESifh MoZmwkdYukdvnf; oabmaygufyg/
pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfudk tajccHum OwkZ½kyf uvmyfESifh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfwkdY (4)qifh
(5)qifhwkdifatmif jzpf yGm;Muovkd rsufpdrSm&SdwJh um,'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh awaZmç bm0 'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh
awaZmç pdwZå ½kyu
f vmyfrmS &Swd hJ awaZmç OwkZ ½kyu f vmyfrmS &Sw
d hJ awaZmç tm[m&Z½kyu
f vmyfrmS &Sw
d hJ awaZm
"mwfudktaMumif;cHum OwkZ½kyfuvmyf tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawG jzpfyGm;ykHukdvnf; qufvuf½Iyg/
em;&Sif;atmif enf;enf;xyfajymOD;r,f - tJ'D 'kwd,qifh OwkZ½kyf uvmyfrSm &SdwJh awaZm"mwfuvnf;
OwkZMoZ|ru½kyu f dk jzpfap jyefw,f/ MoZmuvnf; tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyu f vmyfudk tvm;wl jzpfapjyefw,f/
wwd,qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfESifh wwd,qifh tm[m &Z½kyfuvmyfwkdY jzpfMuw,f/
'Dwwd,qifh OwkZ½kyfuvmyfrSm yg0ifwJh awaZm"mwfESifh MoZmç 'Dwwd,qifh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfrSm
yg0ifwJh awaZm"mwfESifh MoZm wkdYuvnf; ½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd tvm;wlyJ jzpfapMujyefw,f/ pwkw¬qifh
OwkZ½kyu f vmyf tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfwYdk jzpfMuw,f/ 'D pwkwq
¬ ifrh S yÍörqifph onf jzpfyu
Hk v
dk nf; oabmaygufyg/
aemuf w pf c k pu© K 'ouuvmyf r S m wnf & S d w J h M oZm[m ur® Z MoZm jzpf w ,f / 'D u r® Z MoZmuvnf ;
tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHhESifh ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukd &&SdwJhtcg tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½kyf
uvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ pu©K'ouuvmyf MoZm&JU om; jzpfw,f/ yxrqifh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf
jzpfw,f/
'Dyxrqifh tm[m&Z½kyu
f vmyfrmS yg&Sw
d hJ awaZm"mwfuvnf; MoZ|ru½kyu f vmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/
MoZmuvnf ; tm[m&Z MoZm&J U taxmuf t yH h E S i f h ur® Z 0rf ; rD ; &J U taxmuf t yH h u k d &&S d w J h t cg
MoZ|ru½kyu
f vmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ 'kw, d qifh OwkZ½kyf uvmyfEiS hf tm[m&Z½kyu
f vmyfwYdk jzpfMuw,f/
pu©K'ouuvmyf MoZm&JU ajr;uav;awG jzpfMuw,f/
'Denf;twkdif; 'kwd,qifh ½kyfuvmyfawGu wwd,qifhç wwd, qifh ½kyfuvmyfawGu pwkw¬qifhç
pwkw¬qifh½kyfuvmyfawGu yÍör qifh ½kyfuvmyfawG jzpfapykHwkdYukdvnf; oabmaygufyg/
pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfESifh MoZmaMumifh ½kyfuvmyf awG topftopf ESpfcG ESpfcG yGm;ovkdyJ
rsufpdrSm&SdwJh um,'ou uvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyf OwkZMoZ|ru uvmyf
tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyfawGrSm wnf&SdwJh awaZm"mwfESifh MoZmwkdYuvnf; ½kyfuvmyftopftopfukd ESpfcG
ESpfcG jzpfapykHukd enf;rSDNyD;awmh ½Iyg/ tcsKdUt&mü ½kyfuvmyf tqifhaygif;rsm;pGm tcsKdU t&mü ½kyfuvmyf (2)qifh
(3)qifhponf jzpfapykHwkdYukdvnf; oabm aygufatmif ½IMunfhyg/ pu©K'Gg&rSm ½I&ouJhokdY usefwJh'Gg&awGrSma&m
(42)aum|moawGrSma&m ykHpHwl qufvuf½Iyg/
aomw'Gg&
aomw'Gg&rSm xl;jcm;wJh ½kyfuvmyfuawmh aomw'ouuvmyf jzpfygw,f/ em;rSm&SdwJh MunfwJh½kyfuvmyf
wpfcu k dk "mwfcuJG m ½kyf oabmw&m; (10)rsK;d xJrS tMunf"mwfudk odr;f qnf;um toHwpfck ukd tm½kv
H rS ;f ,lMunfyh g/
xkdtoHu xkdtMunf"mwfukd ½kdufcwfaeygu tJ'D rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwf[m aomwtMunf"mwf
jzpfygw,f/ aomwtMunf"mwf yg0ifwJh ½kyfuvmyfu aomw 'ouuvmyf jzpfygw,f/ usefwJh ½kyfuvmyf
(5)rsKd;ukd pu©K'Gg&ukd enf;rSDNyD; ykHpHwl ½IMunfhyg/
Cme'Gg& ponf
teHY = *E¨m½kH a&S;½SL ½ku
d cf wfjcif;iSmxku
d w
f hJ tMunf"mwfu Cme tMunf"mwfjzpfw,f/ 'DtMunf"mwfyg0ifwhJ
½kyu
f vmyfu Cme'ou uvmyf jzpfw,f/ &om½kH a&S;½SL½ku d cf wfjcif;iSmxku
d w
f hJ tMunf"mwfu Zd0gS tMunf"mwf
jzpf w ,f / Zd 0 S g tMunf " mwf yg0if w J h ½k y f u vmyf u Zd 0 S g 'ouuvmyf jzpf w ,f / azm|AÁ m ½k H
a&S;½S L ½kdufcwfjcif;iSmxkdufwJh tMunf"mwfu um,tMunf"mwf jzpfw,f/ 'Dum,tMunf"mwf yg0ifwJh
½kyfuvmyfu um,'ouuvmyf jzpfw,f/ pu©K'Gg&ukd enf;rSD NyD; ½Iyg/
raem'Gg&
raem'Gg&rSm [','ouuvmyfpwJh ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; ½kyftrsKd; tpm; (54)rsKd;&SdaMumif;ukd [kda&SUykdif;u
ajymcJyh gw,f/ ESv;Hk tdrt
f wGi;f rSm wnf&w
dS hJ aoG;aum|moukd tm½k,
H yl g/ tJ'aD oG;rSm wnf&w
dS hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;ukd
odr;f qnf;yg/ ½kyu
f vmyftrIerf sm;ukd jrifwt hJ cg b0ifraemtMunf"mwfEiS hf qufpyfjzpfaewJh rMunfwhJ ½kyu f vmyf
wpfckukd "mwfcGJMunfhyg/ tu,fí tJ'D rMunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSm yx0DrS ZD0dwtxd ½kyf (9)rsKd;ukd odrf;qnf;vkdY
&&Sdygu [',0w¬K½kyfukd &SmazG Munfhyg/
rxif&Sm;vQif b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd pdwfpkdufxm;NyD; vufn§dK; wpfacsmif;ukd auG;vkduf qefYvkduf
jyKvkyfMunfhyg/ auG;csifwJhpdwf qefYcsifwJhpdwfukd jrifatmifMunfhyg/ tJ'D pdwfawG&JU rSDjzpfwJh ½kyfukd odrf;qnf;yg/
rSDjzpfaewJh qufpyfaewJh ½kyfuvmyfukdawGUvQif tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfukd "mwfcGJMunfhygu yx0DrSonf ZD0dwESifh
[',okdYwkdif atmif (10)rsKd;aom½kyfukd awGU&SdEkdifygw,f/
[',qkw d m raem"mwf-raem0dnmP"mwfac:wJh pdww
f &Ydk UJ rS&D m (= trScD )H ½kyo
f abmw&m;wpfck jzpfygw,f/
'D½kyfuvmyfu rMunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfjzpfw,f/ usef½kyfuvmyfawGukd pu©K'Gg&rSm ajymqkdcJhwJh enf;pepfawGukd
trSDjyKNyD;awmh qufvufodrf;qnf; ½IyGm;yg/
'Dvkd 'Gg& (6)yg;ESifh (42)aum|morSm&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;awGukd pepfwus odrf;qnf;EkdifygrS ½kyfw&m; (28)yg;
pkHnDrSm jzpfygw,f/
'D½kyf (28)yg;ukd tm,wea'oemawmft& tm,wetm;jzifh cGJjcm;a0zefvkdufvQif --
1/ pu©Kyom'u - pu©m,we
2/ aomwyom'u - aomwm,we
3/ Cmeyom'u - Cmem,we
4/ Zd0Sgyom'u - Zd0Sg,we
5/ um,yom'u - um,m,we --
aygif;vkdufawmh twGif;tm,we (5)yg; jzpfw,f/
1/ ½lyg½kHu - ½lyg,we = ta&miftqif;

2/ o'´g½kHu - o'´g,we = toH
3/ *E¨m½kHu - *E¨m,we = teHY
4/ &om½kHu - &om,we = t&om
5/ yx0D-awaZm-0ga,m"mwfokH;yg;u - azm|AÁm,we = azm|AÁm½kH
6/ usef½kyfw&m;awGu - "r®m,we wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfygw,f/
aygif;vkdufawmh tjyiftm,we (6)yg;eD;eD; jzpfygw,f/
'D½kyfykdif;qkdif&m ½IuGufawGuawmh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ ½lyedAÁwådyóemum&ykdif; (0dok'¨d-2-249-253/
r[m#D-2-399-405/) - wGif vm&SdwJh ½IuGufawG jzpfygw,f/
ckajymcJhwmawGuawmh ½kyftppf (18)rsKd;wkdYESifh qufoG,faewJh ½kyfuvmyf½IuGufawG jzpfMuygw,f/

½kyftwkawGESifh a&maESmaewJh pdwåZ-OwkZ-tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf ½IuGufawGvnf; &Sdygao;w,f/ q&morm;ESifhyJ
csOf;uyfavhvmyg/ ½kyftppf ½kyftwk tm;vkH;aygif; vkdufvQifawmh ½kyf (28)yg; jzpfygw,f/ 'D½kyf (28)yg;ukd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm rodcJhvQif edAÁmefukd &Ekdifrvm;vkdY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ r&Ekdifbl;vm;vkdYvnf; ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ 'Dvkd
ar;vQifawmh jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifu - r[ma*gygvuokwåefrSm 'Dvdk twdtus a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/
]]EG m ;taygif ; ud k xd e f ; ausmif ; aewJ h EG m ;ausmif ; om;wpf a ,muf u rd r d x d e f ; ausmif ; aewJ h E G m ;
b,fEpS af umif&w
dS ,fvYkd ta&twGuu f v kd nf; [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG rodcv
hJ Qiçf EGm;jymb,fEpS af umif EGm;eD b,fEpS af umif
EGm;usm; b,fESpfaumif &Sdw,fvdkY ta&miftqif;udkvnf; [kwfwdkif; rSefpGm rodcJhvQif xdkEGm;ausmif;om;onf
EGm;taygif;udk xdef;ausmif; aomfvnf; EGm;taygif;&JU BuD;yGm;rI wdk;wufrI b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;? qkwf,kwfrI
ysufpD;rIom jzpfEdkifw,f/
tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ igbk&m;&Sif&JUomoemawmfrSmvnf; blw½kyf-Oyg'g ½kyfac:wJh (28)yg;aom ½kyfw&m;awGudk
ta&twGuftm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;? b,f½kyfawGu uHaMumifhjzpfw,f b,f½kyfawGu pdwf aMumifhjzpfw,f
b,f ½ k y f a wG u Owk a Mumif h j zpf w ,f b,f ½ k y f a wG u tm[m&aMumif h j zpf w ,f ponf j zif h
taMumif;ork|meftm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodcJhvQif igbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSm r*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPf edAÁmefudk b,fvdkrSr&Edkifbl;}} vdkY --
bk&m;&Siu
f ,kd af wmfwikd u
f EGm;ausmif;om;udk yHpk x
H m;Ny;D awmh r[m a*gygvuokweå rf mS (r-1-281-286/) twdtus
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl wJt h wGuf bk&m;qdv k w
kd hJ r*f zdv
k f edAmÁ ef tppftrSeu
f kd vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif;
rSefcJhvQifawmh ½kyf (28)yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odatmifawmh BudK;yrf;&awmhr,f/
½kyfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm xdkyk*¾dKvfu a&SU wpfqifhwufNyD;awmh bmvkyf&rvJ¿

emrf w &m;awG u d k wpf q if h w uf NyD ; awmh ½I & w,f / bmaMumif h v J ¿ - ½k y f w &m;ouf o uf u d k 0d y óem
½Iae½kHrQjzifhaomfvnf; r*fÓPfudk b,fvdkrS r&Edkifbl;? emrfw&m; oufoufudk 0dyóem ½Iae½HkrQjzifhaomfvnf;
r*fÓPfudk b,fvdkrS rqdkufEdkifbl;/
'gaMumifh ..
aom umave ½lyH or®owd? umave t½lyH/ (tbd-|-1-271/)
aom = xdka,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf/ umave = &Hcg/ ½lyH = ½kyfw&m;udk/ or®owd = okH;oyf½IyGm;íae\/ umave
= &Hcg/ t½lyH = emrfw&m; udk/ or®owd = okH;oyf½IyGm;í ae\/
&Hcg ½kyfw&m;udkç &Hcg emrfw&m;udk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifNyD; 0dyóem½I&rSm
jzpf w ,f / bmjzpf v d k Y v J ¿ owå 0 gawG o nf ..½k y f w &m;tay:rS m om wG , f w mwyf r uf a eonf r[k w f ?
emrfw&m;tay:rSmvnf; wG,fwmwyfrufrIawG r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
igh&JUo'¨gw&m;u olrsm;&JU o'¨gw&m;ESifh rwlbl;? ighapwemu olrsm; apwemESifh rwlbl;? ighavmbu
olrsm;avmbESifh rwlbl; ponfjzifh 'Dvdk pGJvrf;rIawG r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
½kyfw&m;tay:rSmom igç igh[m[k pGJvrf;onf r[kwf? emrfw&m; awGtay:rSmvnf; igç igh[m ponfjzifh
pGv
J rf;aewJt
h wGuf 'DtpGJ tvef;awG (= wPSmpGJ rmepGJ 'd|pd JG tpGaJ wG) jyKwEf ikd af &;twGuf emrf w&m;awGuv
kd nf;
0dyóem½Iay;&w,f? ½kyfw&m;awGudkvnf; 0dyóem ½Iay;&w,f/
emrfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;ykH
tJ'Dawmh 'Demrfw&m;awGudk b,fvdk odrf;qnf;rvJvdkYar;awmh ckeu - tm,we'Gg&0aoe - qdkNyD;awmh
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm (tbd-|-2-241/) - pwJh t|uxmBu;D rsm;rSm azmfjyxm;wJt
h wdik ;f tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f
odrf;qnf;&w,f/
'D a wmh Oyrm - ta&mif u d k o d w J h p d w f u d k od r f ; qnf ; csif w ,f q d k M uygpd k Y ? ta&mif u d k o d w J h 0 D x d p d w f u d k
pu©K'gG &0Dxpd w
d v
f aYkd c:w,f/ xdpk u©K'gG & 0Dxpd w
d u
f kd odr;f qnf;csiwf hJ a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u pu©KtMunf "mwfEiS hf
b0ifraemtMunf"mwf ESpfckudk yl;wGJNyD;awmh yxr odrf;qnf; &w,f? NydKifwlxifatmif avhusifh&w,f/
ÓPfxJrSm 'DtMunf"mwfESpfck NydKifwl xifvmNyDqdkwJh tcsdeftcg usawmhrS ½kyfuvmyfwpfck odkYr[kwf
½kyfuvmyftrsm;pk&JU ½lyg½Hk ta&mifudk vSrf;NyD; tm½Hk,l&w,f/
xdk½lyg½Hkta&mifu pu©KtMunf"mwfESifh b0ifraemtMunf"mwf ESpfckrSm NydKifwl vmNyD; ½dkufcwfvdkufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm - yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;ç pu©K0dnmPfç orÜ#d päd Kif;ç oEÅD&Pç 0ka|mç aZm (7)Budrfç w'g½Hk ESpfBudrf pwJh
'D0Dxdpdwfav;awG ay:vmw,f/
tJ'aD wmh 'D0x
D pd w
d af wGukd rdrw
d u
Ykd pepfwus ½Icsiv
f Qiaf wmh ckeu qdik &f mqdik &f m tMunf"mwfawGukd pepfwus
odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; jzpfzdkY awmh vdkygw,f/ tMunf"mwfqdkwm b,fvdkaeovJ¿ rodbl;qdkvQif tJ'D yk*¾dKvf[m
emrfw&m;udk oGm;½Ivnf; b,fvdkrS [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodEdkifbl;/
psmefemrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;ykH
odkYaomf tckvdk orx,meduyk*¾dKvf jzpfr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh tJ'Dvdk pu©K'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;awGu p-

rodrf;qnf;bJ psmefemrfw&m;awGu ae pNyD; odrf;qnf;r,fqdkvQifawmh ydkvG,fulwJhoabm&Sdw,f/
ckeu tjzLuodkPf;udk tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh psmefemrfw&m; awGudk odrf;qnf;csifw,f qdkMuygpdkY/
yxra&S;OD;pGm psmeform"d qdkuf atmif 'DtjzLuodkPf;rSm jyefNyD; orm"d xlaxmifyg? psmeft*Fg ig;yg; xif&Sm;NyD/
orxydkif;rSmuwnf;u 'Dpsmeft*FgawGudk pepfwus avhusifhxm; wJh olawmfaumif;tzdkY 'Dpsmeft*FgawG
xif&mS ;vmwJh tcsed t
f cgrSm psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wd&Yk UJ tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfaerIukd pwifNy;D awmh jrifatmif avhusi&hf ygw,f/
psmef t *F g ig;yg; tBud r f r sm;pG m jzpf a ewmud k oabmayguf N yD q d k w J h tcsd e f t cgusawmh r S ,if ;
psmefemrfw&m;awGxJu todpdwfu pí jzpfapç a0'emu píjzpfapç zóu píjzpfap tJ'Dpsmefemrfw&m;
awGudk wpfpwpfp wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD wdk;NyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
Oyrm - todpdwfu pNyD; odrf;qnf;r,f qdkMupdkY/ todpdwfudk yxr tBudrfrsm;pGm jzpfaewmudk
jrifatmifavhusifhyg/ atmifjrifygu tJ'D todpdwfuae pNyD;awmh wpfzef todpdwfç zóç a0'emç onm
ponfjzifh pdwf-apwoduf emrfw&m;av;awGudk pepfwus jyefNyD; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD jrifatmifMunfh&w,f/
pdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;rSm NydKifwljzpfaewJh yxrpsmefemrfw&m;awG [m tjzLuodkPf;qdkvQifawmh (34)vHk;
&Syd gw,f/ tJ'D (34)vH;k aom pdw-f apwoduaf wGukd NyKd iw
f jl zpfaewmudk jrifatmif pwifNy;D awmh avhusi&hf ygw,f/
emrf w &m;awG u k d od r f ; qnf ; wJ h e nf ; pepf u zóupNyD ; od r f ; qnf ; wJ h e nf ; pepf ç a0'emupNyD ;
odrf;qnf;wJhenf;pepfç todpdwf = 0dnmPf upNyD; odrf;qnf;wJh enf;pepfqkdNyD; enf;pepf (3)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/
('D-|-2-314/ r-|-1-280-281/ tbd-|-2-252/)
zóuyJ pwifNy;D odr;f qnf;csiv
f nf; odr;f qnf;yg/ a0'emu pNy;D odr;f qnf;csiv f nf; odr;f qnf;yg/ todpw d f
= 0d n mPf u pNyD ; od r f ; qnf ; csif v nf ; od r f ; qnf ; yg/ pd w å u © P wpf c k t wG i f ; rS m wnf & S d w J h
psmefemrfw&m;tm;vkH;ukdawmh ukefpifatmif odrf;qnf;&rSm jzpfyg w,f/ (r-#D-1-370/)
'DtjzLuokdPf;ukd tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh psmefemrfw&m;awG[m psmefpdwåu©Pwkdif;rSm (34)vkH;pD &Sdygw,f/
'D (34)vkH;aom emrfw&m; awGukd wpfpwpfp wkd;NyD; odrf;qnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm- todpdwf = 0dnmPfu
pNyD; odrf;qnf;w,f qkdMupkdY/ psmefemrfw&m; (34)vkH;ukd a&wGufjyr,f/ --
1/ todpdwf = tjzLa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd &,ljcif; oabm/
[0dZmeeH tm&r®Pó Oyv'd¨ - (rlv#D-1-87/) qkdwJh rlv#DumESifh tnD tm½kHukdodw,fqkdwm tJ'Dtm½kHukd
vSr;f Ny;D tm½k,
H Ml unfw
h t
hJ cg tm½k,
H v
l &Ydk vQif 'Dtm½ku
H dk odw,fvYdk ac:qk&d w,f/ tu,fí tm½kH ,lvYdk r&bl;qkv
d Qif
'Dtm½kHukd odw,fvkdY rac:qkdEkdifbl;/]
2/ zó = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd awGUxd aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm/
3/ a0'em = (okca0'em) tjzLa&mifuokP d ;f y#dbm*edrw d t
f m½k&H UJ t&omukd csr;f csr;f omom cHpm;jcif;oabm/
4/ onm = tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd ]]tjzL}}vkdY rSwfom;jcif;oabm/
[rSwcf su/f / aemufapwoduw f üYdk tm½k[
H q
k v dk Qif tjzLa&mif uokP d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f m½kuH dk qkv
d o
dk nf[rk w
S yf g/
]
5/ apwem = ...tm½kaH y:okYd ,SOzf uf pdw-f apwoduf (= orÜ,w
k w
f &m;) wku
Yd dk a&mufatmif aphaqmfay;jcif;
(= Ekd;aqmfay;jcif;) oabm/
6/ {u*¾wm = ...tm½kHwpfckwnf;ay:okdY pdwfusa&mufaejcif; oabm (= wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm)/
7/ ZD0dw = ,SOfzuforÜ,kwfw&m;wkdYukd apmifha&Smufay;jcif; oabm/
8/ reodum& = ...tm½kb H ufoYkd pdwuf dk (orÜ,w
k w
f &m;wkuYd )dk OD;vSnhf wGe;f ykaYd y;jcif;oabm (= armif;ESiaf y;jcif;
oabm)/
= ...tm½kHukd ESvkH;oGif;jcif;oabm/
9/ 0dwuf = ...tm½kHay:odkY pdwfukd (orÜ,kwfw&m;wkdYukd) a&S;½SL wifay;jcif;oabm/
= ...tm½kHukd MuHpnfjcif;oabm/
10/ 0dpm& = ...tm½kHukd xyfumxyfum okH;oyfqifjcifjcif; oabm (= qkyfe,fjcif;oabm)/
= ...tm½kHukd xyfíxyfí ,ljcif;oabm/
11/ t"darmu© = ...tm½kHukd ]]tjzL}}[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;oabm/
12/ 0D&d, = ...tm½k H u k d o d a tmif ç ...tm½k H ü pd w f N id r f 0 yf p G m uyf í wnf a eatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm/
13/ yDwd = ...tm½kHukd ESpfoufjcif;oabm/
14/ qE´ = ...tm½kHukd odvkdjcif;oabm/
15/ o'¨g = psmeform"dodu©m (= orm"dusifhpOf)ukd ,kHMunfjcif; oabm/
16/ owd = ...tm½k H ü orÜ , k w f w &m;wk d Y u k d bl ; awmif ; uJ h o k d Y ray:apbJ ausmuf z smuJ h o k d Y
epfjrKyfapjcif;oabm/
= ...tm½kHukd rarhaysmufjcif;oabm/
= ...tm½kHü pdwfckdifjrJjcif;oabm/
17/ [d&d = &Sufjcif;oabm/
18/ MowåyÜ = aMumufjcif;oabm/
«tukokdvfw&m;awGrS &SufrI aMumufrI a&S;½SLwnf aerIoabmrQom jzpfygw,f/»
19/ tavmb = ...tm½kHü pdwfruyfNidjcif; = rwyfrufjcif;oabm/
20/ ta'go = ...tm½kHü pdwfrcufxef rMurf;wrf;jcif;oabm/
= ...tm½kHukd rzsufqD;vkdjcif;oabm/
21/ wMwrZÑwåwm = ...tm½kHü pdwfukd tv,ftvwf xm;jcif; oabm/
= ...tm½kHukd vspfvsL ½Ijcif;oabm/
22/ um,yó'¨d = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ Nidrf;at;jcif; oabm/
23/ pdwåyó'¨d = ...tm½kHü pdwf\ Nidrf;at;jcif;oabm/
24/ um,v[kwm = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ vsifjrefayghyg;jcif; oabm/
25/ pdwåv[kwm = ...tm½kHü pdwf\ vsifjrefayghyg;jcif;oabm/
26/ um,rk'kwm = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ El;nHhjcif;oabm/
27/ pdwårk'kwm = ...tm½kHü pdwf\ El;nHhjcif;oabm/

28/ um,ur®nwm = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ chHnm;jcif;oabm/
29/ pdwåur®nwm = ...tm½Hkü pdwf\ cHhnm;jcif;oabm/
30/ um,yg*knwm = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ >yrf;wD;avhvm Ekdifeif;jcif;oabm/
31/ pdwåyg*knwm = ...tm½kHü pdwf\ >yrf;wD;avhvmEkdifeif;jcif; oabm/
32/ um,kZkuwm = ...tm½kHü apwodufwkdY\ ajzmifhrwfjcif; oabm/
33/ pdwåKZkuwm = ...tm½kHü pdwf\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;oabm/
34/ ynm = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd xGif; azmufodjcif;oabm/
tm;vk;H aygif;vku
d af wmh psmefemrfw&m; (34)vk;H jzpfygw,f/ 'D psmefemrfw&m;awGudk todpw d u
f pNy;D wpfv;Hk pD
wpfvkH;pD wkd;um wpfp wpfp odrf;qnf;vkdY (34)vkH;ukd NydKifwl odrf;qnf;EkdifNyDqkdvQif psmeormywåd0DxdpOftwkdif;
jyefodrf;qnf;yg/
psmeormywåd0DxdpdwftpOfuawmh - raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;? y&duH? Oypm? tEkvkH? a*gMwbk? psmefaZm tBudrfrsm;pGm
- qkdwJh 0DxdpOf jzpfw,f/
raem'Gg&m0ZÆe;f - qkw
d mu tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d f tm½ku
H dk a&S;OD;pGm qifjcifwhJ 0Dxpd w
d f jzpfygw,f/
y&duH - qkdwmuawmh tyÜempsmefpdwf jzpfay:vm&ef jyKjyifpD&if wwfwJhpdwf jzpfygw,f/
Oypm& (Oypm) - qkdwmuawmh tyÜempsmefpdwf&JU teD;tyg;rSm uyfNyD; jzpfwwfwJhpdwf jzpfygw,f/
tEkavmr -- tyÜempsmefokdYrqkdufrD psmef&&Sda&;twGuf tjzLa&mif uokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwfukdyJ tm½kH,lum
pD;jzef;aewJhvkyfief;&yfukd y&duH vkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ tEkavmr (tEkvkH) qkdwmuawmh tJ'D y&duHESifh
tyÜempsmefwkdYtm; avsmfaompdwf jzpfygw,f/
a*gMwbk - qkdwmuawmh umrtEG,fukd vTrf;rdk;zdpD;wwf jzwf awmufwwfwJhpdwf jzpfygw,f/
psmefaZm - qkdwmuawmh tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHukd pkdufpkdufpl;pl; txl;jrJjrH ½Itm;oefwJhpdwf
jzpfygw,f/ psmef0ifpm;wJhtcg 'Dpsmefpdwf (psmefaZm) awGu tBudrfrsm;pGm (1)em&D (2)em&D ponfjzifh
qufwkdufjzpfMuygw,f/
ckajymcJhwJh psmeormywåd0Dxdac:wJh psmef0ifpm;wJh 0DxdpdwftpOfrSm yg0ifwJh raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;rSm - todpdwf
zó a0'em onm apwem {u*¾wm ZD0dw reodum& 0dwuf 0dpm& t"darmu© 0D&d, - qkdwJh emrfw&m;pk
(12)vkH; &Sdygw,f/ a0'emu Oayu©ma0'em jzpfw,f/
usefaewJh y&duH? Oypm? tEkvkH? a*gMwbk? psmefpdwf - 'Dpdwåu©P tm;vkH;rSmawmh emrfw&m; (34)vkH;pD
pdwåu©Pwkdif;rSm &SdMuygw,f/ a0'emuawmh okc (aomreó) a0'em jzpfygw,f/
'Demrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSm ckvkd todpdwfupNyD; odrf; qnf;vQifvnf; emrfw&m;awGukd
wpfv;Hk pDw;dk um wpfpwpfp ukepf if atmif odr;f qnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ emrfw&m;tm;vk;H ukd odr;f qnf; rdNyq
D v
dk Qif
- 'D emrfw&m;tm;vkH;u tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm* edrdwftm½kHbufokdY ñGwfukdif;½Idif;aeMuwJhtwGuf
tjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHudk ñGwfukdif;½Idif;jcif;qkdwJhoabmukd tm½kH,lum ]]emrfw&m; emrfw&m;}}
vkdY odrf;qnf;yg/
<uif;usefaeao;wJh psmefemrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;ykHç <uif;usef aeao;wJh 'Gg& (6)yg;rSmjzpfwJh

umrm0p&emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf; ykHawGukdawmh q&morm;ESifhyJ csOf;uyfNyD; avhvmyg/
½kyfemrfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;yg
'Dvkd 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;rSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf; NyD;wJhtcg ½kyfESifhemrfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;yg/
ykHpHwpfcktaeESifh ajymvQif awmh ckeuajymcJhwJh yxrpsmefemrfw&m;pkyg0ifwJh psmeormywåd0Dxd emrfw&m;pkyJ
qkdMupkdY ../
1/ raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;ü --rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (12)vkH;u emrfw&m;?
2/ y&duHü -- rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (34)vkH;u emrfw&m;?
3/ Oypm&ü -- rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (34)vkH;u emrfw&m;?
4/ tEkvkHü -- rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (34)vkH;u emrfw&m;?
5/ a*gMwbkü -- rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (34)vkH;u emrfw&m;?
6/ psmefaZmü -- rSD&m0w¬K½kyf (54)u ½kyfw&m;ç pdwf+apwoduf (34)vkH;u emrfw&m; --
'Dvkd ½kyfemrfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;yg/
'Dae&mrSm ckajymcJhwJh psmeormywåd0DxdtwGif;rSm&SdwJh emrfw&m; tm;vkH;wkdY[m [',0w¬K½kyfukdcsnf;
rSDjzpfMuygw,f/ 'D [',0w¬K qkdwmuvnf; rdrdwkdY&JU a&S;a&S;pdwåu©PESifh NydKifwljzpfwJh [',0w¬K jzpfygw,f/
Oyrm - raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;u rdrda&SUujzpfoGm;wJh aemufqkH; b0ifpdwfESifh Oyg'fcsif;NydKifjzpfwJh [',0w¬K½kyfukd
rSDjzpfw,f/ y&duHu rdrda&SUrSm&SdwJh raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;ESifh Oyg'fcsif;NydKifjzpfwJh [',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDjzpfygw,f/
aemufpdwåu©PawGrSmvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
[',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDjzpfMuaomfvnf; 'D [',0w¬K½kyf[m [', 0w¬K wpfckwnf; jzpfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdygbl;/
[','ouuvmyf ac:wJh ½kyfuvmyftaeESifh tkyfpktvkdufom jzpfEkdifygw,f/
wpfzef - 'D [','ouuvmyfuvnf; ESvkH;tdrftwGif; um, 'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf
pdwåZt|uvmyf OwkZt|uvmyf tm[m&Zt|uvmyfwkdYESifhom twlwuG jzpfavh&Sdygw,f/ ESvkH;tdrf
twGif;rSm&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfawGukd trsKd;tpm;wl&m pkaygif;vkdufvQif ½kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (6)rsKd; ½kyftrsKd;tpm;
(54)rsKd;wkdY jzpfMuygw,f/
½kyw
f &m;awGudk ½Iwt
hJ ykid ;f rSm a&S;uajymcJw
h hJ ½kyC
f e (= ½kyt
f wk;H tcJ) ok;H rsK;d NyKd rS y&rwfoYdk ÓPftjrifqu
dk rf mS
jzpfwJhtwGuf y&rwfokdY ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif CeNydKatmif ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm&SdwJh ½kyftm; vkH;ukdyJ jcHKikHNyD;
odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t|uxmBu;D rsm;u - tbd"r®menf;t& pu©K0n d mPfpwJh emrfw&m;awG[m pu©K0w¬K
[',0w¬K pwJh xkdxkd qkdif&mqkdif&m 0w¬K ½kyfawGukd rSDjzpfMuaomfvnf; okwåefenf;t& CeNydKatmif y&rwfokdY
ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif ½IuGuf ukd ñTefjyvkdwJhtwGuf --
0w¬K emr u&Zuma,m/ y / aom tw¬awm blwmed ap0 Oyg'g½lyged p/ (r-|-1-281/ tbd-|-2-252-253/)
'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh - okwåefenf;t& pu©K0w¬K [',0w¬K pwJh 0w¬K½kyfoufoufukdom
,lí r½IbJ xk0d w¬K½yk w

f EYdk iS hf qkid &f m'Gg&rSm twljzpfMuwJh blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyf tm;vk;H ukyd J odr;f usK;H um ½kyw
f &m;tjzpf
½I&ygw,f/
'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSmjzpfwhJ emrfw&m;wkid ;f rSm ykpH w
H yl J ½kyef mrfudk yl;wGJ odr;f qnf;yg/ aemufwpfqifu
h bmvky&f rvJ¿
--
emr½ly00w¬me = emrf½kyfukd ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;

aemufwpfqifhuawmh - emrf½kyfukd ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;jcif; qkdwJh vkyfief;&yf jzpfygw,f/ 'Gg& (6)yg;rSm
jzpfay:oGm;wJh ½kyfESifh emrfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg tJ'D½kyfemrfawGrSm ]]ig-olwpfyg;-a,mufsm;-rdef;r-yk*¾dKvf-
owå0g-vl-ewf-jA[®m-toufaumif-vdyfjymaumif-0dnmPfaumif-twåaumif r&SdrIoabm}}ukd tm½kHjyKNyD;awmh
--
]]yk*¾dKvf-owå0g-ZD0-twå r&Sd? ½kyf-emrfrQom &Sd\}}
'Dvkd emrf½kyfukd ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;yg/
tm,we (12) yg;

a&SUykdif;u pu©m,weç aomwm,weç Cmem,weç Zd0Sg,weç um,m,weqkdwJh twGif;tm,we
(5)yg;ESifh ½lyg,weç o'´g,weç *E¨m,weç &om,weç azm|AÁm,weç "r®m,wewpfpdwfwpfa'o qkdwJh
tjyiftm,we (6)yg;? aygif; - ½kyftm,we (10)yg;cGJ ajymcJhNyD; NyD/
tck odrf;qnf;cJhwJh emrfw&m;awGxJrSm - todpdwf tm;vkH;u rem,we jzpfw,f/ 'Drem,wexJrSm
y#doaE¨pwd f b0ifpw d f pkwpd w
d f qkw
d hJ 0Dxrd t
S vGwjf zpfwhJ 0Dxrd w
k pf w
d af wGvnf; ygygw,f/ pdwu
å P
© toD;toD;rSm
'DpdwfawGESifh xkdufovkd ,SOfwGJ jzpfaewJh apwoduf (52)vkH;u "r®m,we jzpfw,f/ tm;vkH;aygif;vkdufawmh -
-
1/ pu©m,we + ½lyg,we - wpfpkH
2/ aomwm,we + o'´g,we - wpfpkH
3/ Cmem,we + *E¨m,we - wpfpkH
4/ Zd0Sg,we + &om,we - wpfpkH
5/ um,m,we + azm|AÁm,we - wpfpkH
6/ rem,we + "r®m,we - wpfpkH
aygif;vku
d af wmh tm,we (6)pkH jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtm,we (6)pku
H dk &nfñeT ;f Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f pdwo
å <l u,ftm;
--
ow¬m wó tZÑmo,0aoe oVm,we0dbwådar0 uaxod/
(tH-|-1-298/)
bk&m;&Sifonf xkdpdwåol<u,f&JU tZÑmo,"mwfukdyJ Munfh½Iawmf rlum ol\tZÑmo, twGif;"mwfcHESifh
avsmfnDpGm oVm,we0dbwåd vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh twGif;tm,we tjyiftm,we (6)pkHESifh qufpyf aewJh
w&m;awmfukdyJ a0zefykdif;jcm;um a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;awmf rlygw,f/

'gaMumifh w&m;emy&dowfawGvnf; 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;awmhr,fqv
kd Qif 'kuo
© pömtrnf&wJh
twGif;tm,we (6)yg; tjyiftm,we (6)yg;qkdwJh tm,we (6)pkHjzpfwJh ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; awGukd a&S;OD;pGm
odrf;qnf;xm;zkdY ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lxm;zkdY vkdtyf ygw,f/
'D'ku©opömw&m;awG[m vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh eHygwfwpf w&m;tkyfpkawG
jzpfMuygw,f/ eHygwfESpf w&m;tkyfpkuawmh ork',opömw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh ½kyw
f &m;awGudk odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJh ÓPfEiS yhf idk ;f jcm;,lNy;D wJh yk*Kd¾ v[ f m tm,we'Gg&tvku d f jzpfay:aewJh
emrfw&m;awGudk 'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSm qufvuford ;f qnf;yg/ tao;pdwf avhusiyhf pkH epfawGudk awmh q&morm;ESiyhf J
csO;f uyfavhvmayawmh/ tJ'v D kd avhusivhf ukd f ygrS emrfw&m;udk [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odrmS ? ½kyaf wG emrfawGukd [kww f ikd ;f
rSefpGm odrSmjzpfygw,f/
emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf
tJ'D½kyfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmodNyD emrfw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyDqdkawmhrS tZÑwåMunfhvnf;
½kyfw&m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;tpktyHkyJ &Sdw,f/ A[d'¨rSmvnf; A[d'¨csif;wlvdkY omrefaygif;pkjcHKiHkNyD; vSrf;Munfh
vduk af wmh ½kyw
f &m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;tpktyHyk J &Sw
d ,f? ½kyef mrfuvGv
J Ykd yk*Kd¾ v-f owå0g-ZD0-twå r&Sb
d ;l qdNk y;D awmh
½kyfoufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;ç emrfoufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;ç ½kyfemrf cGJjcif;ç ½kyfemrf ydkif;jcm;jcif;qdkwJh
'Dvkyfief;&yfawGudk qufNyD; jyKvkyf&ygw,f/
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf
tJ'Dvdk jyKvkyfvdkY atmifjrifNyDqdkwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS - tZÑwåç A[d'¨ ESpfXmewdkYü 'D½kyfawG emrfawGudk
pepfwus odrf;qnf;wwfNyD qdkawmhrS 'D½kyf 'Demrfonf bmaMumifhjzpfovJqdkwJh taMumif;udk odcsif wJhpdwfESifh
twdwfbufudk wmplNyD; ½kyfawG emrfawGudk wpfpwpfp odrf;qnf;cJhaomf wjznf;jznf;ESifh uav;b0rSmwnf&SdwJh
½kyfemrf ..
uav;b0 ½kyfemrfuae trd0rf;wGif; ..
trd0rf;wGif; ½kyfemrfuae uvva&MunftcdkufrSm&SdwJh ½kyfemrf txd qufvufodrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
uvva&MunfrSm&SdwJh ½kyfawGemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg [dk bufudk 'D½kyfemrfawG b,fuvmovJvdkY
vSrf;NyD; odcsifwJh pdwfESifh xdk;pdkufvdkufaomf [dkbufu aocgeD;umvrSm tusKd;ay;rnfh uH&JU pGrf;tifowådaMumifh
xifaewJh tm½HkedrdwfawG vmNyD;ay:w,f/
ck pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;rSmawmh tusKd;ay;aewmu b,fuHvJ¿ uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmf
tcsdeftcgwkef;u vdkPf*lwpfck twGif; ausmufzsmxufü bm0emur®|mef;pD;jzef;aewJh &[ef;olawmf aumif;
wpfyg;udk qGrf;vSLcJhwJhuHu vmNyD; tusKd;ay;aew,f/
tJ'DuHu vGefcJhwJh twdwfb0 aocgeD;umv pdwåol<u,favmif; jzpfwJh 'g,um&JU b0ifraemtMunfrSm
vmNyD;awmh xifaeygw,f/ tJ'DqGrf;vSLaewJh uHtm½kH[m olU&JUr&PmoEéaZm&JUtm½kH jzpfaew,f/
tvm;wlyJ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfuvnf; rdrd&JU y#doaE¨cE¨mig;yg; pwJh tusKd;0dygufawGudk wdkuf½dkufjzpfapwwfwJh
uHudk jrifatmif vSrf;½I &ygw,f/ tJ'DuHudk vSrf;NyD; jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmhrS pdwåol<u,fwdkYvdk qGrf;vSLwJhtm½Hk
ay:vmNyq D akd wmhrS qGr;f vSLaewJyh rkH mS ajymif;Ny;D awmh tJ'q
D rG ;f vSLcJw
h yhJ rHk mS wnf&w
dS hJ "mwfav;yg;udk odr;f qnf;&w,f/
"mwfav;yg;udk pdkuf½IvdkufvQif uvmyftrIefawGudk awGUr,f/ ½kyf awG "mwfcGJ? txl;ojzifh ESvHk;rSm&SdwJh
(54)rsKd;aom ½kyfawGudk "mwfcGJNyD; awmh [',0w¬Kudk rdatmifodrf;qnf;vdkufvQif xkd[',0w¬Kudk rSD
wG,fNyD;jzpfay:aewJh b0ifraemtMunfudk vSrf;½IvQif ½IvdkY pdkufvdkY&NyD/
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk zrf;vdkYrdNyDqdkvdkY&SdvQif 'Dtdrf&Sifb0if raemtMunf"mwfudk a&SUwdk;Munfh
aemufqkwfMunfh MunfhvdkufcJhaomf ckeu qkawmif;aewJh pdwftpOfav;awG ay:vmr,f/
pdwåol<u,ftaMumif;udk jyefqufMu&atmif .../
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umu bmqkawmif;cJhovJ¿
,xm,H &oyd@ygawe o'¨ ð ykyæylZm pdwåH y&dawmaowd? {0H edAÁwåedAÁwå|mae ar yPÖmum&o[ómed
ap0 tm*pä EÅ K yÍö0PÖukokr0óÍö 0ówk/ (tH-|-1-297/)
baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m; .../ &oyd@ygawe = rGefjrwfvSaom t&om&Sdaom qGrf;cJzG,fabmZOfESifh/ o'¨ð =
twlwuG/ t,H ykyæylZm = þyef;ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmf&jcif;onf/ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmf\/ pdwåH = pdwfukd/
y&dawmaowd ,xm = ESpo f ufauseyfapouJo h /Ydk {0H = þtwl/ t[H = bk&m;wynfah wmfonf/ edAw
Á eå Ad w
Á |å mae
= jzpfav&mXme jzpfav&m bkHb0ü/ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmftm;/ yPÖmum&o[ómed ap0 = vufaqmif
tm*pää EÅ K = usa&muf qu
taxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkYd onfvnf;/ tm*p f wnf;/ yÍö0PÖuo
dk af &mufvmMuygapukeo k rk 0óÍö
= ig;yg;aom tqif;&Sdaom yef;rkd;onfvnf;/ 0ówk = &GmoGef;ygapownf;/ --
olawmif;cJhwJhqkyJ? tJ'Dqkawmif;cJhwJhpdwftpOfawG jyefay:vmvdrfh r,f/ jyefay:wJhtcsdeftcgrSm ckeu
vufaqmiftaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm qdkufa&mufEdkifwJh a,mufsm;b0ç yef;rdk;&GmoGef;EdkifwJh a,mufsm;b0vdkY
todrSm;aewJh oabmu t0dZÆm?
xdkb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufaewJhoabmu wPSm?
pdwfuyfNyD;pGJaewJhoabmu Oyg'gef?
t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gef? tJ'D t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefuvnf; olU oHk;vHk;wnf; jzpfwmawmh r[kwfbl;?
a,bk,stm;jzifhaygh yDwdvnf; ygr,fqdkvQifawmh pdwf-apwoduf tvHk; (20) &Sdygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f rdr&d UJ twdwuf uH kd vSr;f Ny;D ÓPfEiS hf ½Iv&Ykd Nyq
D v
kd Qiaf wmh t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'geftyk pf çk
ocFg&-uHtyk pf ak wG udk uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odatmif avhusi&hf rSmjzpfw,f/ a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wGukd pepfwus aoaocsmcsm
CeNydKatmifç emrfwHk; emrfcJawG NydKuGJatmif awmh t½Icdkif;&ygw,f/
pdwåol<u,fudk jyefMunfhyg? ol&JU t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefu udavo0#f? 'Dudavo0#fawGudk tajccHNyD;awmh
'Dudk,fawmfudk qGrf; vSLcJhw,f? ocFg&vdkY ac:w,f/ b0opfudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh tbdocFg&w&m;awGudk
jyKpkysKd;axmifaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ a,bk,s tm;jzifhawmh yDwdvnf; ygr,f uH-uH\tusKd;udk wwfodem;vnfaewJh
ÓPfvnf; ygr,fqdkvQifawmh pdwf-apwoduf (34)vHk;avmuf &Sdyg w,f/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'Dvdk odrf;qnf;wwfzdkY
vdkygw,f/
tJ'Demrfw&m;awG (= tJ'D t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'geftkyfpkç ocFg& tkyfpk - pdwfapwodufw&m;awG) u
y&rwfw&m;awGjzpfjcif;aMumifh y&rwfwkdY&JU "r®wmtwdkif; jzpfNyD;wmESifh ysufoGm;w,f/

ysufayrJhvdkY aemifwpfcsdefrSm olarQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh a,mufsm; b0wpfckudk &apEdkifwJh pGrf;tifur®owådudk
½kyef mrftpOfrmS jrKyEf NHS y;D rS csKyyf suo
f mG ;w,f? tJ'D pGr;f tifur®owåu
d uH-jzpfw,f/ tvm;wlyJ a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f vnf;
rdrdxlaxmifcJhwJh tJ'DuHudk jrifatmifawmh vSrf;&Sm&w,f? b,fvdk&SmrvJvdkYar;awmh 'DocFg&w&m;ESifh uyfNyD;
&Sm&wmyJ/
'D pdwf-apwoduf (34)vHk; csKyfysufoGm;wJhtcgrSm usef&pfcJhwJh pGrf;tifudk jrifatmif 'Dpdwf-apwodufawGESifh
uyfNyD; Munfh&ygw,f/
Munfvh ukd w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'Dur®owåu
d kd awGUNyq
D akd wmhrS rdr&d UJ y#doaEüvva&Munfwnfcukd rf mS jzpfay:aewJh
cE¨mig;yg; (½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG)ESifh aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI &Sd-r&Sdudk wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh Munfh&w,f/
MunfhvdkufwJhtcgrSm [dkbufb0u ur®owådudk Munfhvdkuf? 'Dbuf b0u ½kyfawGudk Munfhvdkuf? ur®owådudk
Munfvh ukd f 'Dbufb0u ½kyaf wGukd Munfv h u kd ?f tJ'v
D kd xyfumxyfum Munfv
h u
kd v
f Qif 'DuH aMumifh 'D½yk w
f &m;awGu
xif&Sm;jzpfcJhwm rSefvQifaygh? 'DuHaMumifh 'D ½kyfw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfaewmudk a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u udk,fwdkif
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufNyD; 'DtcgrSm odEdkifygw,f/ odkYaomf odEdkifa&; twGuf oabmaygufatmifawmh BudKwifNyD;
oifay;&wJh tcsuf tvufuav; wpfckawmh &Sdw,f/
½kyfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;wJhtydkif;rSm pdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfudk a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'DtcgrSm odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;
jzpfygw,f/
b0ifraemtMunfukd pdwpf u kd Nf y;D awmh vufnKd ;av;wpfacsmif;udk auG;vdu
k f qefv
Y u
kd f jyKvyk cf ikd ;f w,f/ auG;csif
qefYcsifaewJh pdwfudk jrifatmifMunfh&w,f/ tJ'D pdwfaMumifh pdwåZ½kyfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh uvmyftrIefav;awG
wzGm;zGm; jzpfaewm jrifatmif Munfh&w,f/ uvmyfuav;awG "mwfcGJMunfhvQif wpfrIef wpfrIefrSm yx0Dç
tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç tqif;ç teHYç t&omç MoZm qdkNyD; oabmw&m; &Spfck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D½kyfuvmyfawGu
rMunfMubl;/
tJ'½D yk o
f abmw&m;awGEiS hf pdww
f &Ykd UJ aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G af ewJh oabmvdyk J pdwaf Mumifh pdwZå ½kyaf wG wzGm;zGm;
jzpfaewmudk oabm aygufaewJh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u twdwu f uH kd vSr;f Munfv
h u
kd v
f Ykd jrifNyq
D v
kd Qif xdu
k aH Mumifh
ur®Z½kyfawG wzGm;zGm;jzpfaewmudk jrifatmif ½IvdkY&r,f/
tJ'DvdkjrifwJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS - ]]t0dZÆmjzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfjzpf\? t0dZÆmu taMumif;w&m; ½lyu©E¨mu
tusKd;w&m;}} - ponfjzifh tJ'DrSm taMumif; tusKd; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk taMumif;w&m; tusKd; w&m;
odr;f qnf;aewJÓh Pfuakd wmh ypö,y&d*[¾ ÓPfvYkd ac:ygw,f/ ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf &Ny;D Nyq
D v
kd Qif vHak vmufNyv
D m;¿
rvHkavmufao;bl;/
Ówy&dnmpcef;
]]twDawyd ypö,m ap0 ypö,orkyÜEé"r®m p? tem*awyd {w&[dyd ypö,m ap0 ypö,orkyÜEé"r®m p?
wawm O'¨H oawåm 0g yk*¾avm 0g ew¬d? ok'öcFg&ykaÍÆm {0g}}wd wDok t'¨gok ucø 0dw&wd/ t,H ye
0dyóemocFg&ov’u©Pm Ówy&dnm emr/ --
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm (tbd-|-2-242/) ponfwdkYrSm zGifhqdkxm; ygw,f/

twDawyd = twdwfüvnf;yJ/ ypö,m ap0 = taMumif;w&m;wdkY onfomvnf;aumif;/ ypö,orkyÜEé"r®m p
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSDí jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;wdkYonfomvnf;aumif;/ oEÅd = &SdMuavukef\/
tem*awyd = tem*wfüvnf;yJ/ ypö,m ap0 = taMumif;w&m;wdkYonfomvnf;aumif;/ ypö,orkyÜEé"r®m p
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSDí jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;wdkYonfom vnf;aumif;/ oEÅd = &SdMuavukef\/
{w&[dyd = ,ckypöKyÜefüvnf;yJ/ ypö,m ap0 = taMumif;w&m;wdkYonfomvnf;aumif;/ ypö,orkyÜE"r®é"r®m p =
taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSDí jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;wdkY onfomvnf;aumif;/ oEÅd = &SdMuavukef\/
wawm = xdktaMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m; tpktykHxuf/ O'¨H = tydktvGefjzpfaom/ oawåm 0g =
owå0gonfvnf;aumif;/ yk*¾avm 0g = yk*¾dKvfonfvnf;aumif;/ ew¬d = r&Sday/ ok'öcFg&ykaÍÆm {0 =
taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m; tpktykHoufoufç ocFg&w&m; tpktyHk oufoufomvQif/ oEÅd = &Sday\/ £wd
= þodkYvQif/ wDok t'¨gok = twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef[k ac:qdktyfonfh umvoHk;yg;wdkYü/ ucø = odkYavm
odkYavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpämw&m;udk/ 0dw&wd = ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;Edkifay\/ t,H ye =
þÓPfonfum;/ 0dyóemocFg&ov’uP © m = 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ict H m½kH jzpfonfh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd aumif;pGm
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odwwfaom/ Ówy&dnm emr = Ówy&dnm rnf\/
twdwfMunfhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;yJ &Sdw,f? ypöKyÜef Munfhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh
tusK;d w&m;yJ &Sw
d ,f? tem*wfMunfh vnf; taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;yJ &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dvtkd odÓPfrsK;d &&Sad tmif
taMumif;w&m; tqufqufç tusKd;w&m; tqufqufudk jrifatmif vSrf;NyD;awmh qufNyD;½IzdkY vdkygw,f/
'kw,
d twdwf wwd, twdwf ponfjzifh qufNy;D ½IzYkd vdyk gw,f/ tem*wfrmS awmh qH;k onfh wdik af tmif½zI Ykd vdyk gw,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ --
[dk 0dyóemydik ;f a&mufvmNyq D v
kd Qif bk&m;&Siu
f , kd af wmfwikd u
f - ]]t0dZmÆ eda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mç wPSmeda&m"m
½lyeda&ma"m ... = t0dZÆmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfcsKyf\? wPSmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfcsKyf\ ...}} ponfjzifh t0dZÆm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH tp&SdwJh taMumif; w&m;awG vHk;vHk;csKyfoGm;wJhtcgrSm ½kyfawG emrfawG aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudk jrifatmif½IzdkY O',AÁ,ÓPfydkif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
tJ ' D ñT e f M um;csuf t & 'D y pö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf y d k i f ; rS m vnf ; tem*wf ud k vS r f ; ½I z d k Y vd k a eygw,f ?
tem*wfqHk;onfhwdkifatmifawmh ½IzdkY vdkae w,f/
tEkyÜg'eda&m"
b,ftcgrS 'Dt0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHawGu ukefrvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh aemifwpfcsdef t&[wår*fudk
&wJhtcsdeftcgrSm ukefr,f/ 'Dawmh rdrdwdkYuvnf; t&[wår*fudk r&ao;bl;qdkvQifaygh? xdkt&[wå r*f
&rnfhtcsdefonf aemiftem*wfvdkY rajymoifhbl;vm;¿ ajymoifh aeNyD/
tJ't
D em*wfumvrSm t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH tp&Sw d hJ taMumif;w&m;awG[m t&[wår*faMumifh
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;vdkY ½kyfawGemrfawG[mvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdpdwf&JU aemufuG,fü
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;yHkudkvnf; a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf jrifatmif vSrf;NyD; ½I&r,f/
'Dawmh acwfuawmh enf;enf;ajymwJh tcsufuav;awmh&Sdw,f/ twdwfu r&Sdawmhbl; b,fvdkvkyf ½IrvJ¿
tem*wfu r&Sdao;bl; rjzpfao;bl;? b,fvdkvkyf ½IrvJvdkY ajymMuw,f/ ÓPf&JU pGrf;tif tmEkabmfudk

oabmraygufvdkY ajymwJhpum;yg/
tu,fí ½Ir&bl;qdkvQif bk&m;&Sifonf bmhaMumifh aMumif;usKd; quf y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;udk
0dyóem½IzdkY&ef ñTefMum;aerSmvJ¿ ½Ir&vQif ½IvdkYr&EdkifwJh w&m;awGudk om0uawGudk tyifyef;cHNyD;awmh
0dyóem½IzdkY bk&m;&Sifonf bmaMumifha[mawmfrlrSmvJ¿ t"dyÜg,f &Sdw,f/
]] 'D aMumif;usK;d quf y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;udk y&dnmynm oH;k csujf zifh [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG ydik ;f jcm;Ny;D rodcv
hJ Qif
r*f-zdkvf-edAÁmefudk b,fvdkrS r&bl;}}vdkY r[med'geokwåefrSm ('D-2-47/) bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmf wdkifu twdtus
t|uxmrsm;uvnf; ]]aMumif;usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm ÓPfwnf;[laom
oefvsufjzifh razmufxGif;EdkifbJ razmufcGJEdkifbJ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;wJh yk*¾dKvfqdkwm
tdyfrufxJawmifrS wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdzl;bl;}}vdkY - 'Dvdk twdtus zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-221/ tbd-|-2-189/)
'gaMumifh oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k © ukeq
f ;kH &mjzpfwhJ edAmÁ efukd vdv
k m; awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif; rSecf v
hJ Qiaf wmh
'DaMumif;usKd;quf y#dpö orkyÜg'foabmw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odatmif ½I&awmhr,f/
aMumif;usK;d quf y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;qdwk mu uH-uH\tusK;d udk y"mexm;Ny;D oHo&mvnfywfyu
Hk akd &m
oHo&mcsKyfNidrf;ykHudka&m ñTefjyawmfrlwJh a'oemawmfyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf uH-uH\tusKd;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;rSm twdwf tem*wfESifh a&SmifvTJvdkY
b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
twDaw a[wa0g yÍö? £'ged zvyÍöuH ...
pwJh usrf;*eftqdktrdefYawGESifh tnD - twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmif cJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg&
uHawGaMumifh 'Db0rSm 0dnmPf emrf-½kyf oVm,we zó a0'emqdkwJh tusKd;w&m;awG vmjzpfMu w,f/
'Db0rSm jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawGaMumifh aemiftem*wfrSm 0dnmPf emrf-½kyf
oVm,we zó a0'emawG jzpfMur,fvdkY odrSvnf; uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk odrSmjzpfygw,f/ uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk
ckvdkodrSvnf; y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;udk udk,fwdkif odrSmjzpfygw,f/
uJ 'Dvdk ½kyfawG emrfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyDç twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef umvoHk;yg;rSm ½kyfawG emrfawGudk
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyDç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyD qdkwJhtcgus awmhrS
xdka,m*Dolawmfaumif;u bmvkyf&ovJ¿ taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuG 'D½kyfemrfawGudk vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-
y'|mef enf;tm;jzifh vnf; vSnfhNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygao;w,f/
tJ'o
D rd ;f qnf;yHt
k ydik ;f awGuv
kd nf; q&morm;ESiyhf J csO;f uyfNy;D avhvmayawmh/ odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQif bmvky&f rvJ¿
--
tJ'D ½kyfw&m;awGç tJ'Demrfw&m;awG&JU jzpfNyD;ysufaewJhoabmudk ÓPfESifhjrifatmifMunfhNyD; ]]tedpö}}vdkY
wGifwGif½I&w,f? jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; jzifh tESdyfpufcHae&wJh oabmawGudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmifMunfhNyD; ]]'ku©}}vdkY
wGifwGif½I&w,f? rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpf om&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twår[kwfwJhoabmawGudk
ÓPfESifh jrif atmifMunfhNyD;awmh ]]tewå}}vdkY wGifwGif½I&w,f/
tJ'v
D kd tedpvö Ykd 'kuv
© Ykd tewåvYdk wGiw
f iG ½f aI ewJt
h ydik ;f udo
k mvQif 0dyóemvdYk ac:ygw,f/ tJ'0D yd óemÓPf
&&Sda&;twGufu bk&m; qdkvdkwJh ½kyfawG emrfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odzdkY taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odxm;NyD;jzpfzdkYawmh vdkaew,f/
emr½l y y&d a pä ' ÓPf E S i f h ypö , y&d * ¾ [ ÓPf ES p f y g; &&S d N yD ; rS o mvQif xd k o l a wmf a umif ; &J U oEÅ m ef ü
0dyóemÓPfqdkwm jzpfay:Edkifw,f/ xdk 0dyóemÓPf &&Sda&;twGuf orm"dudk BudKwifNyD; xlaxmifjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemqkdwm bmvJ¿
tckajymcJhwJhpum;awGudk cdkifcHhoGm;atmif 0dyóemtaMumif;udk xyfNyD; &Sif;jyOD;r,f/
tedpöm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar® yówDwd 0dyóem?
(tbd-|-1-175/)
emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfjzifh odrf;qnf;xm;tyfwJh twdwfç tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç tZöswåç A[d'¨ç ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh
MoVm&duç odrfarGUEl;nHhwJh okckrç ,kwfnHhwJh [Deç rGefjrwfwJh yPDwç a0;wJh 'l&ç eD;wJh oEÅduvkdY ac:qkdwJh
wpfq,fhwpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh cE¨m ig;yg; = 'ku©opömw&m;ç
ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPfjzihf odr;f qnf;xm;tyfwhJ ,if;'kuo © pömw&m;\ taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uH qdkwJh ork', opömw&m; --
'D'u
k o © pömw&m;ESihf ork',opömw&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku© tewå pwJt h jcif;t&mtm;jzifh vu©Pm,mOfwifum
½IyGm;oHk;oyfaewJh ÓPf udk 0dyóem - vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ 'Dawmh ]]0dyóemÓPfESifh ½I&rnfh 0dyóemÓPf&JU
t½IcHtm½kHw&m;awG[m 'ku©opömw&m;ESifh ork', opömw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f}} qkdwmukdawmh pGJpGJjrJjrJ
rSwfom;xm;yg/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ orx 0dyóem bm0emawGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfae wmu opömav;yg;ukd
xk;d xGi;f odjrifa&;twGuçf txl;ojzifh edAmÁ efudk tqifq
h ifah om t&d,r*fÓPf-zkv d Óf PfwjYdk zifh rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk af &;
twGufç oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© rD;ykHBuD; tNyD;wkdif tNidrf;BuD; Nidrf;&ef twGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
yxraum#d*grokwåef
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© ukefqkH;a&;twGuf opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif; odzkdY&ef ta&;BuD;ykHESifh qufpyfNyD;
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh okwåefwpfckuawmh aum#d*grokwåef jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu b,fvkd
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿ --
pwkEéH bdu©a0 t&d,opömeH teEkaAm"m tyÜ#da0"m {0rd'H 'DCr'¨geH oE¨m0dwH oHo&dwH rraÍö0 wkrSmuÍö/
(oH-3-377/)
bdua© 0 = &[ef;wkYd .../ pwkEHé t&d,opömeH = t&d,opömw&m; av;yg;wku Yd /dk teEkaAm"m = tEkaAm"ÓPfjzifh
y#d a 0"ÓPf t m; avsmf p G m xk d ; xG i f ; í rod j cif ; aMumif h / tyÜ # d a 0"m = y#d a 0"ÓPf j zif h r*f q k d u f
zkdvfqkdufonfhwdkifatmif udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodjcif;aMumifh/ rraÍö0 = igbk&m;onfvnf;aumif;/
wkrSmuÍö = oifcspfom;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;/ {0H = þokdYuavmuf/ £'H 'DCr'¨geH = þ&Snfvsm;vSpGmaom
oHo&mc&D;umvywfvkH;/ oE¨m0dwH = xkdb0rS þb0ç þb0rS xkdb0okdY wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnfusufpm;
ajy;oGm;cJh&avNyD/ oHo&dwH = wpfckaomb0üvnf;yJ xyfumxyfum usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;cJh&avNyD/
teEkaAm"mwd Ówy&dnm0aoe teEkAkZÑem/

tyÜ#da0"mwd wD&PyÜ[mey&dnm0aoe tyÜ#d0dZÑem/
('D-|-2-85/)
'Dt|uxm&JU zGifhqkdcsuft& opömav;yg;ukd tEkaAm"ÓPf y#d a0"ÓPfwdkYjzifhç wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh
Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnmqkdwJh y&dnmÓPf (3)rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; rodjcif; aMumifh
owå 0 gawG [ m oH o &mc&D ; rS m &S n f j rif h p G m aom tcsd e f t cgumv ywf v k H ; wajymif ; ajymif ; wjyef j yef
usifvnfusufpm;ajy;oGm;aecJh&jcif; jzpfw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
'Dawmh oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufcsifwJh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf[m 0dyóemykdif;rSmvnf; opömav;yg;ukd
0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif; odatmif usifh&r,f/ t&d,r*fÓPfykdif;rSmvnf; t&d,opömav;yg; ukd xkd;xGif;
odatmif usifh&r,f/ 0dyóemykdif;rSm 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif; od&wJh opömav;yg;u avmuD opömav;yg;
jzpfygw,f/ avmukw&å m t&d,r*fÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odwhJ t&d,opömav;yg;xJu 'kuo
© pömESihf ork',opömwku
Yd
avmuD 0¥opöm jzpfMuNyD; eda&m" opömESifh r*¾opömwkdYu avmukwå&m t&d,opömwkdY jzpfMuygw,f?
0d0¥opömvkdYvnf; ac:ygw,f/
avmuDt&d,opömav;yg;
avmukwå&mjzpfwJh 0d0¥opöm (2)yg;ukd avmukwå&mjzpfwJh t&d, r*fÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifa&;twGufç
wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh avm ukwå&m t&d,r*fÓPfjzifh t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif;odjrifa&; twGuf
bmvkyf&rvJ¿
f - rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf r[ma*gygvu okweå rf mS -- e 0Dxð Zmemwd (r-1-282-283/) - edAmÁ efoo
bk&m;&Siu Ydk mG ;&m
r*¾ifvrf;ukd [kwf wkdif;rSefpGm rodvQif omoemawmfü t&d,r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfukd &&Sd onhfwkdifatmif
wkd;wufpnfum; BuD;yGm;jcif;iSm rxkdufwefaMumif;ukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'DtcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; t|uxmuvnf; zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ 'D t|uxm&JUtzGifhu w&m;bm0emukd
yGm;rsm;aewJh olawmfaumif;wkYd twGuf tvGew
f efz;dk &Sw
d hJ tzGiw
hf pfck jzpfaeygw,f/ t|uxmu b,fvzdk iG o
hf vJ¿
--
e 0Dxð ZmemwDwd aom a*gygvaum r*¾gr*¾H 0d, - ]]t,H avmuda,m t,H avmukwåa&m}}wd t&d,H
t|*ØuH r*¾H ,xmblwH e yZmemwd? tZmeaEÅm avmud,ra*¾ tbde0d o
d w
d mG avmukw&å H edAaÁ wåwHk e oauúmwd/
(r-|-2-165/)
e 0Dxð ZmemwDwd = vrf;c&D;ukd rod[lonf/ aom a*gygvaum = xkd EGm;taygif;ukd xdef;ausmif;aeonfh

EGm;ausmif;om;onf/ r*¾gr*¾H = EGm;wkdYoGm;oifhonfhvrf;-EGm;wkdYroGm;oifhonfhvrf;[k ac:qkdtyfwJh vrf;rSef-
vrf;rSm;uk/d e Zmemwd 0d, = rodouJo h /Ydk bduK© = a,m*g 0p&&[ef;awmfonf/ t,H = þonfum;/ avmuda,m
= avmud, r*¾ifvrf;wnf;/ t,H = þonfum;/ avmukwåa&m = avmukwå&m r*¾ifvrf;wnf;/ £wd =
þokdYvQif/ t&d,H = jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom/ t|*ØuH = t*Fg (8)yg;ESifh jynfhpkHaom/ r*¾H = r*¾ifvrf;ukd/ ,xmblwH
= [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG / e yZmemwd = uGu
J jJG ym;jym; rod/ tZmeaEÅm = rodco hJ nf&adS omf/ avmud,ra*¾ = avmud,r*¾if
(8)yg; usifhpOf w&m;ü/ tbded0dodwGm = ESvHk;oGif;½IyGm;í/ avmukwå&H = avmukwå&m r*¾ifudk/ edAÁawåwHk =
jzpfapthHaomiSm/ e oauúmwd = rpGrf;Ekdif/

(r-|-2-165/)
EGm;taygif;udk xdef;ausmif;aewJh EGm;ausmif;om;[m EGm;awG oGm; oifhwJhvrf; roGm;oifhwJhvrf;qdkwJh
vrf;rSefvrf;rSm;udk rodovdkyJ - a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf[mvnf; - ]]'gu avmuDr*¾ifvrf; jzpfw,f? 'gu
avmukwå&mr*¾ifvrf; jzpfw,f}}vdkY uGJuGJjym;jym; rodcJhbl;qdkvQif 'Dvdk rodwJhtwGuf avmuDr*¾ifvrf;udk
ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;vsuf avmukwå&mvrf;udk jzpfapzdkY&ef b,fvdkrS rpGrf;Ekdifbl;vdkY 'DvdkzGifhqdkxm;w,f/
'gaMumif h a,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf [ m avmuD r *¾ i f v rf ; ES i f h avmuk w å & m r*¾ i f v rf ; ud k cG J j cm;wwf z d k Y ç
cGjJ cm;odNy;D wJt
h cgrSmvnf; avmuDr*¾iv f rf;udk a&S;OD;pGm odatmif usizhf Ykd vdt
k yfygw,f/ OD;wnfcsuu f avmukw&å m
r*¾ifudk jzpfay:vmapvdkwJh OD;wnfcsufjzpfygw,f/
avmuDr*¾if (8) yg; = avmuDr*¾opöm

avmuDr*¾ifvnf; (8)yg;ç avmukwå&mr*¾ifvnf; (8)yg;qdkNyD; toD; toD; (8)yg;pD &SdMuygw,f/ a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmf[m a&S;OD;pGm --
1/ or®m0gpm = rSefaompum;udk ajymqdkjcif;
2/ or®mur®EÅ = rSefuefaom um,uHrIudk jyKusifhjcif;
3/ or®mtmZD0 = rSefuefaom toufarG;rI &Sdjcif; --
qdkwJh oDvr*¾if (3)yg;udk w&m;rxdkifrD BudKwifNyD; aqmufwnfum jzLpifatmif jznfhusifh&ygw,f/
1/ or®m0gpm qdkwmuawmh --
(u) rkom0g' = rkom;pum; ajymMum;jcif;
( c ) ydokP0gpm = ukef;wdkufpum; ajymMum;jcif;
( * ) z½ko0gpm = Murf;wrf;wJhpum; ajymMum;jcif;
(C) oræyÜvmyg = Nydefzsif;wJhpum; ajymMum;jcif; --
qdkwJh 0pD'kp½kdufav;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfNyD; rSefuefwJh 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukokdvfa&;ESifh
qufpyfaewJh pum;awGudkom ajymMum;jcif;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
2/ or®mur®EÅ qdkwmuawmh --
(u) ygPmwdygw = olUtoufudk owfjcif;
( c ) t'dEém'ge = olUypönf;udk rw&m;,ljcif;
( * ) umarokrdpämpm& = umrwdkYü rSm;,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefruef jyKusifhjcif; --
qdkwJh um,'kp½kdufoHk;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jznfhusifh jcif; orx 0dyóem yGm;rsm;jcif; pwJh
pifMu,fwJh um,uHrIawGudk jznfhusifhjcif;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
3/ or®mtmZD0 qdkwmuawmh --
rdpämtmZD0vkdY ac:qdkwJh rSm;,Gif;wJh toufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfief; &yf trsKd;rsKd;awGudk a&SmifMuOfvsuf -
&[ef;jzpfvQif qGrf;cHusifh0wfudk jznhfusifhjcif; ponfjzifh &&SdwJhypönf;av;yg;udkç vla,m*DjzpfvQifvnf; rSefuefwJh
ukefoG,fjcif; v,fvkyfjcif;pwJh rSefuefwJh toufarG;0rf; aMumif;vkyfief;&yfawGudk jyKusifhvdkY &&SdwJh ypönf;udk

oHk;pGJr,fqdkvQif or®mtmZD0 jzpfygw,f/
'DavmufESifhawmh em;vnfcsifrSem;vnfr,f/ enf;enf;awmh xyf ajymOD;r,f/ &[ef;jzpfvQifvnf;
opfoD;ay;jcif; yef;ay;jcif; aq;ukjcif; aA'ifa[mjcif; pwJh 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkY&JU ppfrSefwJh o'¨gw&m;udk
ysufjym;apwwfwJh ukv'lou taeoerIawGaMumifh &&SdwJh ypönf;udk roHk;pGJbJ qGrf;cHusifh0wfjzihf &&Sdjcif; pwJh
w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh &&dSwJh ypönf;av;yg;udk oHk;pGJjcif;udk or®mtmZD0vdkY ac:ygw,f/
vla,m*D jzpfvQifvnf; ckajymcJhwJh 0pD'kp½kduf (4)yg; um,'kp½kduf (3)yg;aMumifh &&dSwJhypönf;awGudk roHk;pGJbJ
ukefoG,fjcif; v,fvkyfjcif; pwJh rSefuefwJh vkyfief;&yfawGESifh &SmazGvdkY&&SdwJh ypönf;udk oHk;pGJcJhvQif or®mtmZD0vdkY
ac:ygw,f/
'gaMumif h a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf a wG [ m rk o m;ajymvd k Y & &S d w J h y pö n f ; ç uk e f ; pum; ajymvd k Y & &S d w J h y pö n f ; ç
Murf;wrf;wJph um;awGajymvdYk &&Sw d yhJ pön;f ç Nyed zf si;f wJh pum;awGuakd jymvdYk &&Sw
d yhJ pön;f awGukd roH;k pGrJ zd Ykd owdjyK&r,f/
olU toufudkowfvdkY&&SdwJhypönf;ç t'dEém'geuHawGaMumifh rw&m;&wJh ypönf;ç w&m;Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;wJh
vmbfay;vmbf,pl epfawG aMumifh &&Sw d yhJ pön;f ç umarokrpd mä pm&trIawGaMumifh &&Sw d yhJ pön;f awG udk roH;k pGrJ zd v
Ykd nf;
owdjyK&r,f/ aemufxyf rdpämtmZD0ESifhywfoufvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;
qdw
k mvnf; &Sad o;w,f/ t*Fw k Kdå &yf gVdawmf yÍöuedygwfrmS 0PdZmÆ okweå f - qdw k hJ okweå wf pfck &Syd gw,f? tJ'o D w k eå rf mS
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu &wemoHk;yg; udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh OygoumawG a&SmifMuOf&rnhf ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;udk
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ --
ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;
yÍörd m bdua© 0 0PdZmÆ Oygoaue tu&PD,m/ uwrm yÍö¿ ow¬0PdZmÆ owå0PdZmÆ rHo0PdZmÆ rZÆ0PdZmÆ
0do0PdZÆm/ £rm acg bdu©a0 yÍö 0PdZÆm Oygoaue tu&PD,m/ (tH-2-183/)
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ Oygoaue = &wemokH;yg;ukd ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif;okdYa&mufaom Oygoum
'g,um 'g,dumronf/ yÍö = ig;yg;ukefaom/ £rm 0PdZÆm = þukefoG,fjcif;wkdYukd/ tu&PD,m = rjyKoifh
rjyKxkduf rjyKtyfay/ uwrm yÍö = tb,fig;rsKd;wkdYenf;[lrl um;/ --
1/ ow¬0PdZÆm = vufeufukd ukefoG,fjcif;vnf;aumif;/
2/ owå0PdZÆm = vlukd ukefoG,fjcif;vnf;aumif;/
3/ rHo0PdZÆm = tom;ukd ukefoG,fjcif;vnf;aumif;/
'Dtom;ukd ukefoG,fjcif;ESifh ywfoufvkdY t|uxmu --
rHo0PdZÆmwd olu&rd*g'a,m aygaowGm awoH 0duúa,m/
(tH-|-3-62/)
0ufawG om;aumifawG pwJh wd& pämefawGukd arG;jrLa&;vkyfief; jyKvkyfNyD;awmh 'Dom;aumifawGukd
a&mif;csukefoG,fjcif;ukd qkdvkdw,f qkdNyD;awmh &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/ aemufukefoG,fjcif;awGuawmh
4/ rZÆ0PdZÆm = rl;,pfaq;0g;ukd ukefoG,fjcif;vnf;aumif;/
5/ 0do0PdZÆm = tqdyfukd ukefoG,fjcif;vnf;aumif;wnf;/
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ Oygoaue = &wemoHk;yg;udk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif;odkYa&mufaom Oygoum

'g,um 'g,dumronf/ £rm yÍö 0PdZÆm = þukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;wdkYudk/ tu&PD,m = rjyKoifh rjyKxdkuf
rjyKtyfay/
vufeufukd ukeo
f ,G jf cif;ç vlukd ukeo
f ,
G jf cif;ç arG;jrLa&;vkyNf y;D om;aumifawGukd ukeo
f ,
G jf cif;ç rl;,pfaq;0g;udk
ukefoG,fjcif;ç tqdyf udk ukefoG,fjcif;qdkNyD; ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ 'DukefoG,frIig;rsKd;udk &wemoHk;yg;udk
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh olawmfaumif;[m --
£wd oAÁrÜd £rH 0PdZÆH ae0 twåem umwHk? e ya& orm'aywGm uma&wHk 0¥wd/ (tH-|-3-62/)
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; rjyKvkyfaumif;bl;? om;r,m;pwJh olwpfyg;wdkYudk vnf; rjyKvkyfap&ygbl;/ tu,fí

xduk ek o
f ,
G rf I ig;rsK;d wdjYk zifh &&Sw
d hJ ypön;f udk oH;k pJcG v
hJ Qiv
f nf; rdpmä tmZD0jzpfygw,f/ 'Dv&kd &Sw
d hJ ypön;f rsK;d udk roH;k pJb
G J
rSefuefwJh ukefoG,frI v,fvkyfrIpwJh vkyfief;&yfawGaMumifh &&SdwJhypönf;udk oHk;pJGcJhvQif or®mtmZD0 jzpfygw,f/
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf[m 'DoDvr*¾if oHk;yg;udk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifh NyD;wJhtcgrSm --
1/ or®m0g,mr = rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;
2/ or®mowd = rSefuefpGm trSwf&jcif;
3/ or®morm"d = rSefuefpGm pdwfwnfMunfjcif; --
qd k w J h orm"d r *¾ i f o H k ; yg;ud k quf v uf N yD ; xl a xmif & ygw,f / umrm 0p&orm"d ç ½l y g0p&orm"d ç
t½lyg0p&orm"dqdkwJh orm"doHk;rsKd;xJu orm"dwpfrsKd;udkjzpfap ESpfrsKd;udkjzpfap oHk;rsKd;vHk;udkjzpfap &&Sdatmif
xlaxmif&ygw,f/
'D oDvr*¾ifoHk;yg; orm"dr*¾ifoHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh a,m*Dolawmf aumif;u ynmr*¾ifESpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif
wpfqifhwufNyD; BudK;pm; &w,f/ ynmr*¾ifESpfyg;u bmawGvJ¿ --
1/ or®m'd|d = rSefuefpGm odjrifjcif;
2/ or®mouFyÜ = rSefuefpGm MuHpnfjcif; --
qdkNyD; ynmr*¾if (2)yg; &Sdygw,f/
bmudk or®m'd|dvdkY ac:qdkovJ¿ jrwfpGmbk&m;u r[mowdy|me okwåefrSm or®m'd|dudk (4)rsKd; cJGjcm;NyD;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
uwrm p bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ ,H acg bdu©a0 'kau© ÓPH? 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH? 'ku©eda&ma" ÓPH?
'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH/ t,H 0kpöwd bdu©a0 or®m'd|d/ (r-1-88/)
'Da'oemawmft& --
1/ 'ku©opömü odaomÓPfonf or®m'd|d?
2/ ork',opömü odaomÓPfonf or®m'd|d?
3/ eda&m"opömü odaomÓPfonf or®m'd|d?
4/ eda&m"opömodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfjzpfwJh r*¾opömü odaom ÓPfonf or®m'd|d --
'Dvkd or®m'd|u d kd av;rsK;d cJjG cm;Ny;D a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ [dk y#dorÇ'd gÓPfyikd ;f wke;f u 'Dopömav;yg;udk
&Sif;jycJhNyD;ygNyD/ avmuD or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;od&rnfh avmuDopömav;yg;udk a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf u a&S;OD;pGm
odatmif BudK;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
or®m'd|du opömav;yg;tm½kHudk xdk;xGif;odvQif or®mouFyÜu xdk opömav;yg;tm½kHay:odkY pdwfudk
a&S;½SL wifay;jcif;oabm jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemydkif; r*¾if (8) yg;

'gaMumifh 0dyóemydkif; a&mufvmwJhtcg r*¾if (8)yg; jzpfay:vm yHkudk tusOf;csKyfNyD; xyfajym&OD;r,f/
1/ avmuDopömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjcif;oabmu or®m'd|d?
2/ tJ'D opömav;yg;tm½kHay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu or®mouFyÜ?
3/ opömav;yg;tm½kHudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; oabmu or®m0g,mr?
4/ opömav;yg;tm½Hkudk atmufarhjcif; trSwf&aejcif; oabmu or®mowd?
5/ opömav;yg;tm½kHü pdwfwnfNidrfaejcif;oabmu or®morm"d jzpfygw,f/
BuKd wifNy;D jzLpifatmif aqmufwnf usio hf ;kH xm;wJh oDvr*¾if (3)yg;ESihf aygif;vdu
k v
f Qif avmuDr*¾iw
f &m;ud,
k f
(8)yg; jzpfygw,f/ 'DavmuDr*¾if (8)yg;udk avmukw&å mr*¾if (8)yg; jzpfay:vma&;twGuf yGm;rsm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
opömav;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHk
0dyóemydkif;rSm opömav;yg;u b,ftcgrSm xif&Sm;vmygovJvdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/
waó0H ypö,awm ap0 cPawm p a'G"m O',AÁ,H yóawm opö-y#dpöorkyÜg'-e,-vu©Pab'g
ygu#m a[mEÅd/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
{0H = þodkYvQif/ ypö,awm ap0 = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ cPawm p = cPtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ a'G"m = ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ O',AÁ,H = 'ku©opömw&m; ork', opömw&m;[lonfh
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; (= O',-0,)udk/ yóawm = ½Ijrifíaeaom/ wó = xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
tod ÓPfü/ opö-y#dpöorkyÜg''-e, e, vu©Pab'g =
e,-vu©
1/ avmuDopömav;yg;
2/ y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;
3/ enf;av;yg;
4/ vu©Pmig;yg;[laom tjym;wdkYonf/
ygu#m = xif&Sm;ukefonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfukef\/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
0dyóemykid ;f rSm 'kuo © pöm ork',opöm trnf&wJh ocFg&w&m; awGudk vu©Pm,mOfo;Hk wef wpfvn S phf w
D ifNy;D
enf;trsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzifh 0dyóem½Ivm&m O',AÁ,ÓPfydkif; a&mufNyDqkdMupkdY/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'DocFg&w&m;awG&JU
jzpfrIysufrIukd uGufuGufuGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ESifh cPypöKyÜefokdY qkdufatmif ÓPftjrifoefY&Sif;atmif
BudK;pm;tm; xkwf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJhae&mrSm O',AÁ,u ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/
1/ ypö,awm O',AÁ, = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysufukd ½Ijcif;

2/ cPawm O',AÁ, = cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufukd ½Ijcif; --
qkdNyD; O',AÁ, ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/
1/ ypö,awm O',AÁ, = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysufukd ½Ijcif; qkdwmukdvnf; tjzpfwpfrsKd; tysufwpfrsKd;
qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd;cGJNyD; ½I& ygw,f/
(u) ypö,awm O', = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfukd½Ijcif;
( c ) ypö,awm 0, = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufukd ½Ijcif; okdYr[kwf tcsKyfukd ½Ijcif; --
qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd;cGJNyD; ½I&ygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ ..
2/ cPawm O',AÁ,ukdvnf; --
(u) cPawm O', = cPtm;jzifh tjzpfukd ½Ijcif;
( c ) cPawm 0, = cPtm;jzifh tysufukd ½Ijcif; --
qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd;yJ cGJ½I&ygw,f/ b,fvkd ½I&rvJ¿ cE¨mig;yg;xJu ½lyu©E¨mukdyJ ykHpHxkwfjyMupdkY .../
½lyu©E¨mü O',udk tus,f½IyGm;enf;

y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfBuD;u 'D½IuGufukd b,fvkd ñTefMum;ay;xm; ovJ¿
1/ ]]t0dZÆmork',m ½lyork'a,m}}wd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yówd/
2/ ]]wPSmork',m/ y /
3/ ]]ur®ork',m/ y /
4/ ]]tm[m&ork',m ½lyork'a,m}}wd ypö,ork',a|e ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yówd/
5/ edAÁwådvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó O',H yówd/
½lyu©E¨ó O',H yóaEÅm £rmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd/
(y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmf&JU qdkvkd&if;udk #Dumq&mawmfrsm;u &Sif;vif;wifjyxm; wmu ½lyu©E¨mudk jzpfay:apwwfwJh
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;xJ u t0dZÆmESifhwPSmudk wdkuf½kdufxkwfaqmif a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufwJh twGuf
'D t 0d Z Æ m -wPS m wd k Y E S i f h ud a vo0#f c sif ; wl n D a ewJ h Oyg'gef u d k vnf ; xnf h o G i f ; ,l & ygw,f / ur® u d k
wdkuf½dkufxkwfaqmif a[mMum; awmfrlvdkufwJhtwGuf ur®ESifh ur®0#fcsif; wlnDaewJh ocFg&udkvnf;
xnf h o G i f ; ,l & ygw,f / aygif ; vd k u f a wmh - ½l y u© E ¨ m ud k txl ; ojzif h ur® Z ½k y f a wG u d k jzpf a pwwf w J h
taMumif;w&m;awG[m - t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkNyD; ig;yg; &Sdygw,f/
1/ t0dZÆm -qdkwmu a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g ponfjzifh tod rSm;rIoabm jzpfygw,f/ vlom;wdkY&JU
cE¨mtdrfudk y&rw¬opöm e,fbufuaeNyD; ynmrsufpdESifh vSrf;ajrmfMunfhvdkufvQif ½kyfw&m; tpktyHk
emrfw&m;tpktyHok m &Swd ,f? taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusK;d w&m;tpktyHo
k m &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dxuf tydt
k vGejf zpfwhJ
a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0gqdkwm r&Sdygbl;/ 'D½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG [mvnf; jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh
tedpöw&m;tpktyHk 'ku©w&m;tpktyHk tewåw&m;tpktyHkawGom jzpfw,f/ olyJ igyJ a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ
ponfjzifh ac:a0:ajymqdkEdkifavmufatmif tcsdefMumMum &yfwnf aerI r&Sdygbl;/ taMumif;w&m;awGu
rukefao;orQumvywfvHk;ç taMumif;w&m;awG&JU aus;Zl;jyKay;rI &SdaeorQumvywfvHk; 'DvdkyJ jzpf-ysuf

½k y f e mrf t pOf t wef ; taetm;jzif h quf v uf jzpf a y:ae atmif taMumif ; w&m;awG u
qufvufaus;Zl;jyKay;aerSmyJ jzpfyg w,f/ 'Dvkd jzpfysuaf ewJh ½kyef mrftpOftwef; tpktyHu
k kd ½kyef mrf tpktyHv
k Ykd
rjrifbJç tedpöw&m;tpktyHk 'ku©w&m;tpktyHk tewå w&m;tpktyHkvdkY rjrifbJ rodbJ - a,mufsm; rdef;r
yk*¾dKvf owå0g ponfjzifh jrifae odaecJhvQif 'DtodrsKd;udk todrSm;rI t0dZÆmvdkY ac:ygw,f/ pdwåol<u,f
ausmif;'g,umBuD;&JU tavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;taeESifh tqif;ig;rsKd;&SdwJh yef;rdk;BuD; &GmoGef;EdkifwJh
trsKd;om;b0vdkY todrSm;aewJh yHkpHrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
2/ wPSm-qdkwmuawmh tJ'Da,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufjcif;oabm jzpfygw,f/
pdwåol<u,f ausmif; 'g,umtavmif;taeESifh arG;zGm;wJhtcg tqif;ig;rsKd; &SdwJh yef;rdk;BuD; &GmoGef;csEdkifwJhç
b0wpfavQmufrSmvnf; vufaqmif yPÖm axmifaygif;rsm;pGm qdkufa&mufvmEdkifwJh trsKd;om;b0udk
wG,fwmrufarmwJh yHkpHrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
3/ Oyg'gef-qdkwmuawmh tJ'Dvdk a,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0 awGudk pdwfuyfa&muf pJGvrf;aewJhoabm
jzpfygw,f/
4/ ocFg&-qdkwmuawmh xdkxdk vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh b0rsKd;awGudk wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh cE¨mig;yg;udk
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay; aewJh ukov kd af pwem odrYk [kwf tukov
kd af pwem OD;aqmifaewJh emrfw&m;tkypf k
jzpfygw,f/ pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umtavmif; u awmxJrSm vdkPf*lwpfcktwGif; ausmufzsmxuf0,f
w&m; bm0emü arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaewJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm; t&om&SdNyD; rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;awGESifh
yef;awGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhwJh ukodkvfapwem OD;aqmifwJh emrfw&m;tkyfpkrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
5/ uH-qdw
k muawmh tJ'D ukov kd o
f cFg& odrYk [kwf tukov kd o
f cFg& w&m;pkawG[m y&rwfw&m;wd&Yk UJ xH;k wrf;pOfvm
"r®wmtwdkif; csKyfysufoGm;wJhtcg ½kyfemrftpOfrSm jr§KyfESHxm;cJhwJhç tJ'D ukodkvf ocFg& odkYr[kwf
tukov kd o
f cFg&wd&Yk UJ aemifwpfcsed f rdrw
d Ydk arQmv
f ifh awmifwh xm;wJh b0qdw k hJ cE¨mig;yg;udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tif
ur®owåd jzpfygw,f/
aygif ; vd k u f a wmh t0d Z Æ m ç wPS m ç Oyg'gef ç ocF g &ç uH q d k N yD ; vuf & S d ur® Z ½k y f a wG u d k jzpf a pwwf w J h
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; jzpfyg w,f/
½k y f w &m;awG u d k jzpf a pwwf w J h ypö K yÜ e f t aMumif ; w&m;awG x J r S m tm[m&qd k w J h tm;aumif ; wJ h
y"metaMumif;w&m;udk wdkuf½dkufxkwf aqmif a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufojzifh ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk jzpfapwwfwJh y0wåd
taMumif ; w&m; (= ypö K yÜ e f t aMumif ; w&m;)csif ; wl n D a ewJ h ty"mejzpf w J h pd w f E S i f h Owk w d k Y u d k v nf ;
xnfhoGif;í,l&ygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-421-Munfhyg/)
'gaMumifh ½kyfw&m;wdkY&JU ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m;awGu pdwf-Owk-tm[m& - qdkNyD; (3)rsKd; jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
ckajymcJhwJh qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;½kyfw&m;awG jzpfyHkudk ÓPfESifh
jrifatmifMunfhNyD;awmh --
1/ t0dZÆmjzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
2/ wPSmjzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/

4/ ocFg&jzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
5/ uHjzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
Ä (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
6/ pdwfjzpfjcif;aMumifh (pdwåZ½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
Ä (pdwåZ½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
7/ Owkjzpfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
Ä (OwkZ½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
8/ tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\/
Ä (tm[m&Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m\ jzpfjcif;oabm/ --
'Dvdk ½I&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk½IwJhtydkif;rSm - t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHwdkYaMumifh ur®Z½kyfjzpfyHkç pdwfaMumifh
pdwZå ½kyjf zpfyçkH OwkaMumifh OwkZ½kyjf zpfyçkH tm[m&aMumifh tm[m&Z½kyf jzpfyw
kH u
Ykd kd ½Iwt
hJ ydik ;f udak wmh -- ]]ypö,awm
O','óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpf (= O',) udk jrifatmif½Ijcif;}} - vkdY ac:qdkygw,f/
wpfzef ur®Z½ky\f jzpfjcif; O',oabmç pdwZå ½ky\ f jzpfjcif; O',oabmç OwkZ½ky\ f jzpfjcif; O',oabmç
tm[m&Z½kyf\ jzpfjcif; O',oabmudk jrifatmif ½IwJhtykdif;ukdawmh -- ]]cPawm O','óe = cPtm;jzifh
tjzpfukd jrifatmif ½Ijcif;}}vkdY ac:qkdyg w,f? jzpfjcif; = edAÁwådvu©Pmudk ½Ijcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemuf w pf c k u awmh .. 0,-½I e nf ; jzpf y gw,f / 0,-½I u G u f u k d y#d o rÇ d ' gr*¾ y gVd a wmf B uD ; rS m
b,fvkda[mxm;ovJ¿ em;axmifMunfhyg/
½lyu©E¨mü 0,ukd tus,f½IyGm;enf;

1/ ]]t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"m}}wd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yówd/
2/ ]]wPSmeda&m"m/ y /
3/ ]]ur®eda&m"m/ y /
4/ ]]tm[m&eda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"m}}wd ypö,eda&m"a|e ½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yówd/
5/ 0dy&dPmrvu©PH yóaEÅmyd ½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yówd/
½lyu©E¨ó 0,H yóaEÅmyd £rmed yÍö vu©Pmed yówd/
(y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmfuawmh y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfBuD;rSm vm&SdwJh pum;&yfrsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm 0, = tw¬*Fr
= eda&m"-qkwd hJ pum;vk;H awG[m ysujf cif;ESihf csKyjf cif;ukyd J &nfñeT ;f xm;wJh y&d,m,fwl pum;vk;H rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm eda&m"u OyÜg'eda&m"ESifh tEkyÜg'eda&m" qkdNyD; eda&m"ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/
1/ OyÜg'eda&m"-qdkwmuawmh aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh&SdwJh csKyfenf;vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ ocFwy&rwfw&m;awG[m
ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdkY&JU xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; jzpfNyD;u csufcsif;yJ ysufoGm;Muw,f csKyf oGm;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk
Oyg'f-XD-bifqdkwJh oufwrf;aphvdkY csKyfysuf oGm;wJhtcg 'D½kyfawG emrfawGudk tqufrjywf jzpfay:aeatmif

aus;Zl ; jyKay;aewJ h taMumif ; w&m;awG u ruk e f a o;vd k Y quf v uf aus;Zl ; jyKay;aeOD ; r,f q d k v Qif
'Djzpfysu½f yk ef mrftpOftwef;awG[m qufvufNy;D jzpfaeOD;rSm jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd jzpfNy;D u ysuaf erI csKyaf erIrmS
aus;Zl;jyKaewJh taMumif;w&m;awGu rukefao;vdkY qufvufaus;Zl;jyKaeOD;r,fqdkvQif aemifwpfzef
jzpfcGifh&Sdaeao;wJh twGuf 'DcsKyfenf;udkawmh ]]OyÜg'eda&m" = aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh&Sdaom csKyfenf;}}vdkY
ac:qdyk gw,f/ 'DOyÜg'eda&m"oabmudk jrifatmif ½Ijcif;udak wmh ]]cPawm 0,'óe = cPtm;jzifh tysuu f kd
(tcsKyfudk) jrifatmif ½Ijcif;}}vdkY ac:qdkygw,f? azmufjyefysufpD; wwfwJh 0dy&dPmrvu©Pmudk ½Ijcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/
2/ aemufwpfcu k awmh tEkygÜ 'eda&m" jzpfygw,f/ tEkygÜ 'eda&m" qdw k muawmh aemifwpfzefjzpfciG rhf &Sw d hJ csKyjf cif;
jzpfygw,f/ t0dZmÆ wPSm-Oyg'gef-uH-pdw-f Owk-tm[m& pwJh taMumif;w&m;awGu aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg tusKd;cE¨m ig;yg;wdkYvnf; aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu
w,f/ 'Dvdk csKyfNidrf;rIudkawmh ]]tEkyÜg'eda&m" = aemifwpfzef rjzpf aomcsKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;}}vdkY
ac:qdkygw,f/ 'DvdkqdkvQif b,f tcgrSm 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG[m aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;jzihf csKyfNidrf;rSmvJ ..¿ 'Dtcsufudk 0dok'¨dr*¾ r[m#Dumq&mawmfu 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ --
t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd t*¾r*¾ÓaPe t0dZÆm, tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm tem*wó ½lyó
tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m a[mwd ypö,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd = t0dZÆmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh ½kyfcsKyf\ [lonfum;/ t*¾r*¾ÓaPe =
t&[wår*fÓPfaMumifh/ t0dZÆm, = t0dZÆm\/ tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm = aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh/ tem*wó ½lyó = y&dedAÁmepkwdü jzpfay:cGifh&Sd aom tem*wfjzpfaom½kyf\/
tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m = aemifwpfzef rjzpf aomcsKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,f
aMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ ypö,mbma0 = taMumif;w&m;\ r&Sdjcif;onf/ owd = &Sdvwfaomf/ tbm0awm =
tusKd;w&m;\ rjzpfjcif; r&Sdjcif; aMumifhwnf;/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
qkvd w dk muawmh ckvdk pdwo å <l u,fwv Ydk dk 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;aewJh olawmfaumif;[m wpfaeYrmS
t&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvf &Ekdifavmufatmif o'¨g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm qkdwJh £aÈíg;yg; wkdYu
&ifuh suv f mNyq
D v dk Qif t&[wår*fudk used ;f ao &&SMd urSmjzpfw,f/ tJ'v D dk t&[wår*f &&Sw d thJ cgrSm 'Dt&[wår*fu
t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefqw dk hJ udavomawGudk aemufxyfwpfzef jzpfciG hf r&Sad tmif t<uif;rJh y,fowfrmS jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk t&[wår*faMumifh udavomawG t<uif;tuserf &Sd ukepf if atmif csKyNf ird ;f oGm;MuwJt h cg udavomqkw d hJ
taygif;tazmfudk &&Srd S tusK;d ay;Edik w f hJ uHawGvnf; udavomqkw d hJ taygif;tazmfudk r&&Swd hJ twGuçf b0tay:ü
wG,fwmrIrSeforQ tm;vkH;csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGuf tusKd;ray;EkdifawmhbJ tusKd;ay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tifawG
ukefcef;oGm;Muyg w,f/
'D v k d t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH q k d w J h taMumif ; w&m;awG u aemif w pf z ef jzpf c G i f h r &S d a om
csKyfjcif;vkdYac:qkdtyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdY[m vnf;
y&dedAÁmepkwdukd aemufqkH;xm;NyD; aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muw,f/ 'Dvkd csKyfNidrf;rIukd
tEkyÜg'eda&m"vkdY ac:ygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m O',AÁ,ÓPfykdif; a&mufwJhtcg tJ'D tEkyÜg'eda&m"vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh taMumif;-tusKd;
ESpf&yfvkH;wkdY&JU csKyfNidrf;rIukd O',AÁ,mEkyóemac:wJh 0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½I&rSmjzpfyg w,f/ tJ'Dvkd

taMumif;w&m;wkdY&JU aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;wkdY&JU aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIukd jrifatmif½Ijcif;ukd - ]]ypö,awm 0,'óe = taMumif; w&m;tm;jzifh
tysufukd (tcsKyf)ukd ½Ijcif;}} - vkdY ac:ygw,f/
'gwGif ruao;bl;? 'Dtykdif;rSm 0dy&dPmrvu©Pm-ac:wJh cE¨m ig;yg;wkdY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufaerIvkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh ocFg&w&m; wkdY&JU bifukdvnf; 0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif ½IzkdYvnf; ñTefMum; xm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf[m ur®Z½kyfç pdwåZ½kyfç OwkZ½kyfç tm[m&Z½kyfwkdY&JU cPtm;jzifh ysufrI bifukdvnf;
jrifatmif ½I&yg w,f/ usefemrfcE¨mawGrSmvnf; enf;wlyJ ½I&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk ocFg&w&m; wdkY&JU tysuf bifudk
½Ijrifjcif;udk ]]cPawm 0,'óe = cPtm;jzifh tysufukd ½Ijcif;}}vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufawmh --
1/ ypö,awm O','óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfukd ½Ijcif;
2/ ypö,awm 0,'óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tcsKyfudk ½Ijcif;
3/ cPawm O','óe = cPtm;jzifh tjzpfukd ½Ijcif;
4/ cPawm 0,'óe = cPtm;jzifh tysuf (tcsKyf)udk ½Ijcif; -
qdkNyD; ½IuGuf (4)rsKd; jzpfvmw,f/
wpfzef - ypö,awm O','óe ESifh ypö,awm 0,'óe ESpfckudk aygif;vdkufawmh ]]ypö,awm
O',AÁ,'óe = taMumif;w&m; tm;jzifh jzpf+ysufudk ½Ijcif;}}qdkwJh O',AÁ,ÓPfu wpfck?
cPawm O','óe ESifh cPawm 0,'óe ESpfckudk aygif; vdkufawmh ]]cPawm O',AÁ,'óe =
cPtm;jzifh jzpf+ysufudk ½Ijcif;}}qdkwJh O',AÁ,ÓPfu wpfck --
aygif;vkdufawmh O',AÁ,ÓPf ESpfrsKd; jzpfvmw,f/ ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh O',AÁ,-½Ienf;vdkY
ac:qdkygw,f/ 'D½IuGufudk cE¨mig;yg;vHk;rSm yHkpHwl ½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm aqG;aEG;p&mtcsuf awG rsm;pGm
&Sdaeygw,f/ wcsKdUtcsuftvufawGudk xyfrHNyD; &Sif;jy vdkygw,f/
t&[wår*f&rnfhtcsdef
a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf [ m ck t csd e f r S m 0d y óemyd k i f ; rS m O',AÁ , ÓPf t qif h od k Y o m a&muf & S d y gao;w,f /
rnfonfht&d,mtqifhodkYrQ ra&muf&Sdao; ygbl;/ ykxkZefb0ESifh O',AÁ,ÓPftqifhavmufudkom a&muf&Sdyg
ao;w,f/ xdt k qifrh mS a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f taMumif;tusK;d ESp&f yfv;kH wd&Yk UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudk jrifatmif ½IzdkY&ef y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfBuD;ESifh 0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxmwdkYu
ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
'gaMumif h tJ ' D t &[wå r *f u d k &rnf h t csd e f o nf O',AÁ , ÓPf u d k tm;opf q J jzpf a ewJ h
ykxkZefolawmfaumif;twGuf .. 'Db0rSmyJ t&[wår*fudk &r,fqdkvQif 'Db0tem*wf? aemifvmrnfh tem*wf
b0wpfckckusrS t&[wår*fudk &&Sdr,fqdkvQifvnf; aemifb0wpfckck qdkwJh tem*wfyJ jzpfygw,f/
a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u tJ ' D t em*wf r S m t&[wå r *f a Mumif h t0d Z Æ m ç wPS m ç Oyg'gef ç ocF g &ç uH w d k Y & J U
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudkvnf; O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPf
jzifh jrifatmif ½I&rSm jzpfw,f/ xdktaMumif;w&m;wdkY tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGuf
tusKd; cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf; aemif wpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabm tm;jzifh

y&deAd mÁ epkwu
d kd aemufq;kH xm;Ny;D csKyNf ird ;f rIuv
dk nf; O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif vSr;f ½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh r[m#Dumq&mawmfu --
t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"mwd t*¾r*¾ÓaPe t0dZÆm, tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm tem*wó ½lyó
tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m a[mwd ypö,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
ponfjzifh zGifhqdkxm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemukodkvfaZm ESifh t&[wår*f

'Dae&mrSm ykxkZefolawmfaumif;&JU O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfqdkwm raem'Gg&rSm jzpfaewJh r[mukodkvf
ÓPorÜ,kwf (= ÓPfESifh,SOfwGJ aewJh) aZmpdwåKyÜg'ftpOf jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D r[mukodkvf ÓPorÜ,kwf
aZmpdwfapwodufw&m;udk w&m;udk,faumuf,l&wJh ykxkZefolawmf aumif;&JU O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPf[m
t&[wår*fudkawmh tm½kHrjyK Edkifygbl;/ 'gayrJh t&[wår*faMumifh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHwdkY&JU
aemif w pf z ef rjzpf a om csKyf j cif ; vd k Y ac:qd k t yf w J h tEk y Ü g 'ed a &m" oabmtm;jzif h csKyf N id r f ; rI u d k a &m
tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY&JU aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmukda&m 'D
ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkawmh ½IvdkY&ygw,f/ t&[wår*fudk vSrf;½Iwm vSrf;tm½kH ,lwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m;wdkY&JU tEkyÜg' eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIukdom vSrf;½Iwm jzpfygw,f/
avmuDopömav;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHk
ork',opöm xif&Sm;vmyHk
£pöaó0H ypö,awm ap0 cPawm p a'G"m O',AÁ,H yóawm ypö,awm O','óaee ork',opöH
ygu#H a[mwd Zeum0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
£wd wo®m = xko d Ydk taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh cE¨mwk\ Yd O',AÁ, udk ½Ijcif;ç cPtm;jzifh cE¨mwk\ Yd O',AÁ,ukd
½I j cif ; aMumif h / {0H 0k w å y uma&e = þ zG i f h q k d t yf c J h N yD ; aom tjym;tm;jzif h / ypö , awm ap0 =
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ cPawm p = cPtm; jzifhvnf;aumif;/ a'G"m = ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;tm;jzifh/
O',AÁ,H = cE¨mig;yg; wkdY\ O',AÁ,ukd/ yóawm = ½Ijrifíaeaom/ tó = xkda,m*g 0p&yk*¾dKvf\
todÓPfü/ ypö,awm = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh/ O','óaee = cE¨mig;yg;wkdY\ jzpfrIukd ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/
Zeum0aAm"awm = cE¨mig;yg;wkdYukd wkduf½kdufjzpfapwwfaom ZeutaMumif; w&m;jzpfonfh t0dZÆmç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH paom taMumif; w&m;ukd xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifh/ ork',opöH = ork',opömonf/
ygu#H = xif&Sm;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysuu
f ½dk jI cif;ç cPtm;jzifh jzpfysuu
f dk ½Ijcif;qkw
d hJ ESprf sK;d ESppf m;tm;jzifh cE¨mig;yg;wk&Yd UJ
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; O',AÁ,ukd O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifaeaom a,m*g0p& &[ef; awmf&JU todÓPfrSm
- twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh ypöKyÜefwGif
0d n mPf emrf ½ k y f oVm,we zó a0'em qk d w J h tusKd ; cE¨ m ig;yg;wk d Y & J U xif & S m ; jzpf y k H ç ypö K yÜ e f w G i f
jyKpkysKd;axmifvkdufaom t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh aemiftem*wfwGif
0dnmPf emrf ½kyf oVm,we zó a0'emqkdwJh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU xif&Sm;jzpfykH awGudk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
½IjrifaewJhtwGuf cE¨mig;yg;ukd wkduf½kdufjzpf ay:apwwfwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpwJh taMumif;w&m;
awGukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifjcif;aMumifh ork',opöm[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
'guawmh O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfqwdk hJ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ork',opömudk xk;d xGi;f odyHk jzpfygw,f/ aemufxyf
'D0dyóemÓPfu 'ku©opömukd xkd;xGif;odykHukdvnf; t|uxmu qufNyD; &Sif;jyxm;jyef w,f/ b,fvkd
&Sif;jyxm;ovJ¿ --
'ku©opöm xif&Sm;vmykH
cPawm O','óaee 'ku©opöH ygu#H a[mwd Zmwd'ku©m0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
cPawm = cPtm;jzif/h O','óaee = cE¨mig;yg;wk\ Yd jzpfrI O',ukd ½Ijrifjcif;jzif/h Zmwd'u
k m© 0aAm"awm
= Zmwd0#f'ku©ukd xkd; xGif;íodjcif;aMumifh/ 'ku©opöH = 'ku©opömw&m;onf/ ygu#H = xif&Sm; vmonf/ a[mwd
= jzpf\/
½ky-f a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPfac:wJh cE¨mig;yg;wk&Yd UJ jzpfru I dk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;ukd O','óevkYd
ac:qkyd gw,f/ a,m*g 0p&yk*Kd¾ vu f cPtm;jzifh 'DcE¨mig;yg;wk&Yd UJ jzpfrI O',ukd 0dyóem ÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifwt hJ wGuf
cE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU Zmwd'ku©ukd tJ'D 0dyóem ÓPfu xkd;xGif;odoGm;ygw,f/ Zmwdyd 'ku©m - vkdY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlwJhtwkdif; cE¨mig;yg;ukdvnf; odw,fç cE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU jzpfrI Zmwd'ku©ukdvnf; xkd;xGif;odwJhtwGuf
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU tod ÓPfrSm 'ku©opömw&m;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmfuvnf; - {ua'o'óaee yAÁwork'´g'd'óeumeH 0d, - qkdNyD; Oyrm
xkwfaqmifNyD; &Sif;jyxm; ygw,f/ Oyrm - yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu awmifndKawmifwef;wkdYvkd awmif wpfawmifukd
cyf v S r f ; vS r f ; rS jrif w ,f q k d M uygpk d Y / awmif u k d jrif w ,f qk d a omf v nf ; awmif & J U wpf p d w f w pf a 'o
wcsKdUwpf0ufavmufukdom olu jrifEkdifygw,f/ awmifwpfawmifvkH;ukd tbufbufu ukefpif atmifawmh
olu rjrifEkdifygbl;/ 'gayrJh 'Dyk*¾dKvfu ]]igu awmifukd jrifygw,f}}vkdYawmh ajymaew,f/
aemufOyrmwpfrsKd;uawmh - usKdu©rDuJhokdYaom wpfae&mu aeNyD; awmh a,mufsm;wpfa,mufu
yifv,fork'´&mukd vSrf;Munfhawmh jrif w,f qkdMupdkY/ 'Da,mufsm;u ]]ig[m yifv,fork'´&mukd jrifzl;ygw,f}}
vkdYawmh olu ajymr,f/ 'gayrJh yifv,fork'´&mudk oljrifw,fqkdayrJh ork'´&mav;pif;qkdwJh wpfurÇmvkH;rSm&SdwJh
yifv,ftukefvkH;ukdawmh olrjrifygbl;/ yifv,fork'´&m&JU tpdwftykdif; wcsKdUwpf0ufavmufukd om olu
jrifvkdufwm jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ - 'Dae&mrSm 'ku©opömukd 0dyóemÓPfu xkd;xGif; odw,fqkdayrJh (31)bkHvkH;rSm&SdwJh
'ku©opömtm;vkH;ukd ukefpifatmif odwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ wcsKdUwpf0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom olu
odwmjzpfygw,f/ erlemykHpH xkwfjy&vQifawmh - vlom;wpfOD;&JU cE¨mtdrfrSmwnf&SdwJh NydKifwljzpfysufaewJh
y&rmPkjrLcefY tvGefYtvGef ao;i,faewJh ½kyfuvmyftrIefaygif;awG[m ÓPfESifh csifwG,f& aumif;vkdYom
tu,fí csiw f ,G Mf unfrh ,fqv
kd Qif - a'gPrwåm od,m (0do'k -d¨ 1-361/) - wpfpw
d o
f m;cefaY vmuf &Srd ,fvYdk qkyd gw,f/
om0u awG[m tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfawGukd t<uif;tusefr&Sd wpfckrusef y&rwfokdY qkdufatmif - yx0D tmayg
awaZm 0ga,m tqif; teHY t&om MoZm ponfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; r½IEkdifygbl;/ rdrdwkdY qnf;yl;xm;wJh
yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmwJh ÓPf&JU tmEkabmfu BuD;rm;vQif cyfrsm;rsm; wcsKdUwpf0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'oukdç
ÓPftmEkabmfu ao; vQifvnf; cyfenf;enf; wcsKdUwpf0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom odrf;qnf;Ekdif
½IyGm;EkdifMuygw,f/ tjyif A[d'ükd ½I&mrSmvnf; tvm; wlygyJ/ wcsKdUwpf0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom

½IEkdifMuygw,f/ cE¨mig;yg;vkH;ukd ykHpHwlyJ oabmaygufyg/
eda&m"opöm xif&Sm;vmykH
aemuf x yf ed a &m"opö m uk d 0d y óemÓPf u xk d ; xG i f ; od j rif y k H u k d vnf ; t|uxmu quf v uf N yD ;
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
ypö,awm 0,'óaee eda&m"opöH ygu#H a[mwd ypö,mEkyÜga'e ypö,0wH tEkyÜg'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-
2-267/)
ypö,awm = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzif/h 0,'óaee = tysuu f dk ½Ijrifjcif;jzif?h wpfenf; - tcsKyu
f dk ½Ijrifjcif;jzif/h
eda&m"opöH = eda&m" opömonf/ ygu#H = xif&mS ;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifeh nf;[lru l m;/
ypö,mEkyÜga'e = taMumif;w&m;wkdY\ rjzpfjcif;jzifh? wpfenf; - ypö,mEkyÜga'e = taMumif;w&m;wkdY\ aemif
wpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;[lonfh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyf Nidrf;jcif;aMumifh/ ypö,0wH =
taMumif;w&m;&Sdukefaom tusKd;w&m; wkdY\? 0g - taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfukefaom tusKd;w&m;wkdY\/
tEkyÜg'g0aAm"awm = aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf; jcif;ukd xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - qkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awG&JU t&[wår*faMumifh
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;vkaYd c:qkw d hJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmjzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt
h wGuf tusK;d cE¨mig;yg;wk&Yd UJ
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh y&dedAÁmepkwdukd aemufqkH;xm;NyD;
csKyf oGm;yku
H dk O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfvYdk ac:qkw d hJ 0dyóemÓPfEiS hf jrif atmif½jI cif;ukd ypö,awm 0,'óevkYd
ac:qk d y gw,f / 'D y pö , awm 0,'óe ÓPf t jrif u k d &&S d a ewJ h a,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf & J U tod Ó Pf u
taMumif;w&m;wkdY&JU tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif; aMumifh taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfaeMuwJh
tusK;d cE¨mig;yg;wk[Yd m vnf; y&deAd mÁ epkwud dk aemufq;Hk xm;Ny;D tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh tjrpfjywfcsKyNf ird ;f rIudk
xkd;xGif;odaeygw,f/ 'Dvkd odaewJhtwGuf 'D a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm eda&m"opömw&m;onf xif&Sm;
vmygw,f/
'Deda&m"opömw&m;uawmh avmuD 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif; odtyfwJh eda&m"opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/
avmuk w å & m t&d , r*f Ó Pf zk d v f Ó Pf w k d Y j zif h xk d ; xG i f ; od t yf w J h tocF w ed A Á m ef q k d w J h avmuk w å & m
eda&m"opömw&m;awmh r[kwfygbl;/ 'D avmuD 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;odtyfwJh eda&m"opömw&m;ukd ykdNyD;
todÓPf oefY&Sif;oGm; atmif t*FkwådK&f wduedygwf wdw¬m,weokwåefrSm - bk&m;&Sif a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh
eda&m"opömtaMumif;ukd qufvufNy;D emMum; Munfyh g/ tJ'D wdwm¬ ,weokweå rf mS jrwfpmG bk&m;u eda&m"opömukd
b,fvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿ --
uwrÍö bdua© 0 'kue© ad &m"H t&d,opö¿H t0dZmÆ , awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m? ocFg&eda&m"m
0dnmPeda&ma"m? 0dnmPeda&m"m emr½lyeda&ma"m? emr½lyeda&m"m oVm,weeda&ma"m? oVm,weeda&m"m
zóeda&ma"m? zóeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"m? a0'emeda&m"m wPSmeda&ma"m? wPSmeda&m"m Oyg'geeda&ma"m?
Oyg'geed a &m"m b0ed a &ma"m? b0ed a &m"m Zmwd e d a &ma"m? Zmwd e d a &m"m Z&mr&PH
aomuy&da'0'ku©a'greókyg,mom ed½kZÑEÅd/ {0arwó au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó eda&ma"m a[mwd/ £'H
0kpöwd bdu©a0 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH/ (tH-1-178/)
&[ef;wdkY ... 'ku©eda&m" t&d,opöm - [lonf tb,fenf;¿ t0dZÆm\ t&[wår*faMumifh t<uif;rJh

csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&csKyf\? ocFg&csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPfcsKyf\? 0dnmPfcsKyfjcif;aMumifh emrf½kyf csKyf\?
emrf½yk cf sKyjf cif;aMumifh oVm,wecsKy\
f ? oVm,wecsKyjf cif; aMumifh zócsKy\
f ? zócsKyjf cif;aMumifh a0'emcsKy\
f ?
a0'emcsKyfjcif; aMumifh wPSmcsKyf\? wPSmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefcsKyf\? Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh b0 (=
ur®b0+Oyywådb0) csKyf\? b0 (= ur®b0) csKyfjcif;aMumifh ZmwdcsKyf\? ZmwdcsKyfjcif;aMumifh Z&m r&P
aomu y&da'0 'ku© a'greó Oyg,mowdkYonf csKyfukef\/ þodkYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'ku©wHk;
'ku©tpktyHk\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkY ...þonfudk 'ku©eda&m"t&d,opöm[lí qdktyf\/
(tH-1-178/)
eda&m" (3) rsKd;
'Dae&mrSm eda&m" (3)rsKd;udk cJGjcm;NyD; rSwfom;xm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
1/ t&[wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf odkYr[kwf r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf tm;vHk; wdkY&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh tocFw"mwf
tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefudkvnf; eda&m" (= eda&m"opöm)vdkY ac:ygw,f/ avmukwå&m r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf wdkYjzifh
odtyfwJh avmukwå&m eda&m"opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/ - tocFw - qdkwmu rnfonfhtaMumif;w&m;rQ
rjyKjyiftyfwJh w&m;yJ? rnfonfhtaMumif;w&m;aMumifhrQ jzpfay:vmwJhw&m; r[kwfbl;vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
'gaMumifh tJ'DedAÁmefudk tocFw"mwf vdkYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/
2/ eHygwfESpf eda&m"uawmh t&[wår*faMumifh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef wdkY&JU t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif
aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif; jzifh csKyfNidrf;rI eda&m"jzpfygw,f/ 'DudavomwdkY&JU csKyfNidrf;rIudkawmh
oOyg'daooedAmÁ efvvYkd nf; ac:qdyk gw,f/ oOyg'daooedAmÁ ef qdw k mu udavomawGuawmh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Ny;D
twdwb f 0u xlaxmifcw hJ u
hJ u
H ad vomawGaMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfaewJch E¨mig;yg;u xif&mS ;&Sad eao;wJh csKyNf ird ;f rIvYkd
qdkvdkygw,f/ 'DoOyg'daooedAÁmef udkyJ udavoy&dedAÁmefvdkYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/ (tbd-|-2-413/)
ww¬ udavoy&dedAÁmeH aAm"dyv’auF ta[mod? (tbd-|-2-413/)
jrwfpGmbk&m;&SiftwGuf uGufNyD;ajymr,fqdkvQif bk&m;&Sif[m r[m ouú&mZf (103)ck uqkefvjynfhaeYrSm
aAm"d y if a jc jrwf a omyv’ i f a AG xuf r S m ç t&[wå r *f Ó Pf oAÁ n KwÓPf a wmf j rwf u d k &&S d c d k u f r S m
udavoy&deAd mÁ efukd pHawmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ 'gayrJh bk&m;&Si&f UJ oEÅmefrmS udavomawG y&deAd mÁ efpo
H mG ;ayrJv
h Ykd twdwu f
xlaxmifcJhwJh uH udavomawGaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfaewJh cE¨mig;yg;uawmh qufvuf NyD; (45)0gwdkYumvywfvHk;
wnf&aSd eygao;w,f/ 'gayrJh udavomawG csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt h cg udavomtazmfukd &&Srd S tusK;d ay;Edik w f hJ uHawG
[mvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwd&JU aemufqG,frSm tusKd;ray;EdkifawmhbJ csKyfNidrf; oGm;Muygw,f/ y&dedAÁmepkwd rwdkifrD
twGif;rSmom udavomr&SdwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk qufvufwnfwHhaprSm jzpfygw,f/
3/ aemufwpfck eHygwfokH; eda&m"uawmh cE¨mig;yg;wdkY&JU tEkyÜg' eda&m"vdkY ac:qdkwJh aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rI jzpfygw,f/ ckajymcJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGu
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm; wJhtcg taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&SdrS jzpfEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh tusKd;
cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdudk aemufqHk;xm;NyD; tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muygw,f/
'D c sKyf N id r f ; rI u d k wd w ¬ m ,we ok w å e f r S m bk & m;&S i f u ed a &m"opö m qd k w J h emrnf u d k wyf u m a[m
Mum;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ 'DcE¨mig;yg;wd&Yk UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm; jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIukd tEkyg'daooedAmÁ efvv Ykd nf;
ac:qdyk gw,f/ 0dyguf cE¨mwd&Yk UJ t<uif;tuserf &Sd csKyNf ird ;f jcif;oabmudk tEkyg'daoo edAmÁ efvYkd ac:qdyk gw,f/
aemufwpfrsKd;tm;jzifh cEÿ&dedAÁmefvdkYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/

cEÿ&dedAÁmeH ukodem&m,H? (tbd-|-2-413/)
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf cEÿ&dedAÁmefudk ukodem½kHNrdKUrSm 0ifpHawmfrlw,f vdkY oar®m[0daem'eD tp&SdwJh ygVdawmf

t|uxmrsm;u azmfjyxm; Muygw,f/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siuf kd uGuNf y;D yHpk x
H m;íajymr,fqvkd Qif bk&m;&Sio
f nf r[mouú&mZf (103)ck uqkev f jynfah eY0,f
aAm"dr@dKifrSm udavo y&dedAÁmefpH0ifawmfrlygw,f/ wpfenf;ajymvQifawmh oOyg'daooedAÁmef "mwfodkY
qd k u f a &muf a wmf r l y gw,f / (45)0g jynf h w J h t cg uqk e f v jynf h aeY r S m yJ uk o d e m½H k N rd K U rv’ m rif ; wd k Y & J U
tifMuif;O,smOftwGif;rSm cEÿ&d edAÁmef 0ifpHawmfrlygw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh tEkyg'daooedAÁmef
0ifpHawmfrlygw,f/ udavoy&dedAÁmefESifh cEÿ&dedAÁmefç wpfenf;qdkvQif awmh oOyg'daooedAÁmefESifh
tEkyg'daooedAÁmef 0ifpHawmfrl&m tcsdef umvESifh t&yfa'o xif&Sm;&Sdaeygw,f/ 'gayrJh t&d,r*fzdkvfwdkY&JU
tm½kjH zpfwhJ tocFw"mwf edAmÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfuawmh b,ftcsed f tcgrSm jzpfw,f b,fae&mrSm jzpfw,fqw kd m
r&Sdygbl;/ edpöxm0& w&m;oabm wpfrsKd;om jzpfygw,f/
'D a e&mrS m - &m* a'go arm[ pwJ h ud a vomwd k Y & J U uk e f j cif ; oOyg'd a ooed A Á m ef od k Y r [k w f
udavoy&deAd mÁ efqw kd mu wpfc?k 0dyguf cE¨mwd&Yk UJ t<uif;tuserf &Sd csKyNf ird ;f jcif;qdw
k hJ tEkyg'daooedAmÁ ef odrYk [kwf
cEÿ&dedAÁmefu wpfck? t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkY&JU tm½Hk jzpfwJh tocFw"mwfedAÁmefu wpfck - 'D (3)rsKd;udk
cJGjcm;NyD; em;vnf xm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsuf
'Dae&mrSm oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxmBuD;u 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;yg w,f/ --
tocFwm "mwlwd tocFwobm0H edAÁmeH/ ,o®m yaewH tm*r® &m*g'a,m cD,EÅd? wo®m ]]&m*u©a,m
a'gou©a,m arm[u©a,m}}wd 0kwåH/ t,arw¬ tmp&d,meH ormew¬uxm/ (tbd-|-2-48/)
'Dt|uxm&JU qdkvdk&if;uawmh ]]tocFw"mwfqdkwm uH pdwf Owk tm[m&pwJh rnfonfhwpfpHkwpfckaom
taMumif;w&m;urQ jyKjyifvdkY jzpfay:vm&wJh oabm r&SdwJh edAÁmefudk qdkvdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifh - 'D tocFw"mwf
edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tpJGjyKí tm½kHjyKí udavom rsm; ukefcef;oGm;&wJhtwGuf 'DtocFw"mwf edAÁmefudk
]&m*\uke&f m ukeaf Mumif; a'go\uke&f mukeaf Mumif; arm[\uke&f mukeaf Mumif; w&m;}vdYk ac:qdjk cif; jzpfygw,f/
'guawmh q&mjrwf t m;vH k ; wd k Y & J U oabmwl n D r I &&S d x m;wJ h tqH k ; tjzwf wpf c k jzpf y gw,f } } - qk d N yD ;
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tm½Hk,lNyD; awmh t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfawG[m
jzpfay:vmMuygw,f/ t&d, r*fzdkvfwdkY&JU tm½HkjzpfwJh 'DtocFw"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;u tm½HktjzpfESifh
&yfwnfum tm&r®Pypö,owåEd iS hf aus;Zl;jyKay;vdu k f wJt
h wGuf t&d,r*fÓPfEiS hf edAmÁ efwYkd aygif;qHrk w d thJ cgrSm
t&d , r*f Ó Pf u tocF w "mwf tNid r f ; "mwf ed A Á m ef w &m;awmf j rwf B uD ; &J U at;csrf ; wJ h
"mwfaiGUt&Sed t
f 0gowåxd ;l Bu;D &JU tultnDukd &,lvsuf udavomtylr;D awGukd tqifq h ifh Nir§d ;f owfvu kd yf gw,f/
xdt
k cgrSm txl;ojzifh t&[wår*fqu kd af &mufwt
hJ cgrSm udavomtylr;D [lorQ tukev f ;kH Nird ;f at;oGm;Muygw,f/
'DudavomtylrD;wdkY&JU Nidrf;at;rIudkyJ oOyg'daooedAÁmefvdkYvnf; ac:w,f? udavoy&dedAÁmefvdkYvnf;
ac:qdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D oOyg 'daooedAÁmef udavoy&dedAÁmefwdkYrSm t&d,r*fÓPfqdkwJh taMumif; w&m;ç
tocFwedAÁmefqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awG &Sdaeygw,f/ tqifh qifhaom t&d,r*fw&m;awGu tocFw"mwf

tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efukd tm½k,
H í
l rjzpfay:vmcJv
h Qif 'Duad vom tylr;D wd&Yk UJ Nird ;f at;rIqw
kd m rjzpfEikd yf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh
- oOyg'daooedAÁmef odkYr[kwf udavo y&dedAÁmef[m taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&SdwJh w&m;rsKd;om jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tEkyg'daooedAÁmef odkYr[kwf cEÿ&dedAÁmefqdkwmvnf; taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&dSwJh w&m;rsKd;om
jzpfygw,f/ bmtaMumif; w&m;vJ¿ t&d,r*fESifh tocFwedAÁmefwdkY aygif;qHkrdwJhtcg t&d,r*f aMumifh
udavomawGu aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyf wJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfoGm;w,f?
udavoy&deAd mÁ ef odrYk [kwf oOyg'daooedAmÁ efoYkd qdu
k af &mufomG ;w,f/ udavomqdw k hJ taygif;tazmfukd &&Syd grSç
txl;ojzifh b0wpfcktay:rSm wG,fwm wyfrufrIqdkwJh wPSmtpdk"mwf tap;"mwf &SdygrS uHawGu tusKd;ay;
EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk udavomawGu csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGufç b0tay:rSm wG,fwmwyfrufrIqdkwJh
wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf r&SdwJhtwGuf uHawGrSm b0udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifawG ukefcef;oGm; Muw,f/
'gaMumifh txl;ojzifh t&[wår*fukd ]]ukovmukovH Z[H = ukov kd w
f &m; tukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k udk y,fpeG w
Yf ,f}}
qdkNyD; *kPfwif um csD;rGrf;Mujcif; jzpfw,f/ uH-udavomawG ukefcef;oGm;wJhtwGufç b0opfqdkwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk
jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifawG ukefcef;oGm;wJh twGuf y&dedAÁmepkwdudk aemufqHk;xm;NyD; cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf; tEkyÜg'
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm; Muw,f/ cEÿ&dedAÁmef odkYr[kwf
tEkyg'daooedAÁmefodkY qdkufa&muf oGm;Muw,f/
'gaMumifh - 'DcEÿ&dedAÁmef odkYr[kwf tEkyg'daooedAÁmefrSm t&d, r*fESifh txl;ojzifh t&[wår*fESifh
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmef qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;&Sdaeygw,f/
'gayrJ h tocF w "mwf tNid r f ; "mwf ed A Á m ef r S m awmh bmtaMumif ; w&m;rQ r&S d y gbl ; / b,f v d k
taMumif;w&m;awGurS jyKjyifvdkY jzpfay: vm&wJh w&m;vnf; r[kwfwJhtwGuf tocFwedAÁmefvdkY ac:qdkjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'D tocFwtNird ;f "mwf edAmÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D u t&d, r*fÓPf zdv
k Ó
f PfwjYkd zifo
h m xd;k xGi;f odtyfwJh
rsufarSmufjyKtyfwJh w&m;jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf - udavoy&dedAÁmef (= oOyg'daooedAÁmef) ESifh cEÿ&dedAÁmef (=
tEkyg'daooedAÁmef)uawmh ckvdk O',AÁ,ÓPfydkif; a&mufwJhtcg O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfuJhodkYaom
0dyóemÓPfwdkYjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh w&m;rsKd;om jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dvkd t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqw kd hJ taMumif; w&m;awG&UJ t&[wår*faMumifh aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaomcsKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd; cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf;
y&dedAÁmepkwdudk aemufqHk;xm;NyD; aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyf Nidrf;rIudk ½IjrifwwfwJh 0dyóemÓPfudk 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmq&mawmf u ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPfqdkNyD;
ac:a0:oHk;pJGxm;ygw,f/
(0dok'¨d-2-267/)
'gaMumihf 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu --
ypö,awm 0,'óaee eda&m"opöH ygu#H a[mwd ypö,mEkyÜga'e ypö,0wH tEkyÜg'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-
2-267/)
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufudk (= tcsKyf)udk ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh eda&m" opömw&m;onf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU

todÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - qdkwJh taMumif; w&m;awG&JU
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh taMumif;w&m;&SdygrS jzpfay:vmEdkifpGrf;&SdMuwJh
tusKd ; cE¨ m ig;yg;wd k Y & J U tEk y Ü g 'ed a &m"oabmtm;jzif h csKyf N id r f ; rI u d k ypö , awm 0,'óeÓPf jzif h
xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;aMumifh tJ'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm eda&m"opöm[m xif&Sm;vmygw,fvdkY

zGifhqdkxm;w,f/ t*FkwådK&f wdu edygwf wdw¬m,weokwåefrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh eda&m" opömrsKd;
jzpfygw,f/ avmuD0dyóemÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh eda&m"opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/
wpfzef 'ku©opöm xif&Sm;vmyHk

aemufwpfck - cPawm 0,'óeÓPftaMumif;udk ajymMu &atmif/ cE¨mig;yg;wdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ
NydKNydKysufysufaewJhoabmudk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IjrifwJhtwGuf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf[m r&P'ku©udk xdk;xGif;odNyD;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'Dvdk cE¨mwdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ aoaus ysufpD;aewJh r&P'ku©udk xdk;xGif;odjrifwJhtwGuf
'DvdkodaewJhtcgrSm a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm 'ku©opömw&m;onfyif xyfNyD; xif&Sm;vmjyefw,f/
cE¨mwd&Yk UJ Zmwd'u
k u
© kd odjrifwek ;f uvnf; a,m*g 0p&yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ todÓPfrmS 'kuo © pömw&m;[m xif&mS ;aeygw,f/
ck wpf c g 'D c E¨ m awG & J U aoausysuf p D ; jcif ; r&P'k u © u d k xd k ; xG i f ; od j yef w J h tcgrS m vnf ; r&P'k u © u d k
xdk;xGif;odwJhtwGuf - r&PrÜd 'ku©H - qdkwJhtwdkif; 'ku©opömw&m;yJ xyfNyD; xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
avmuDr*¾opömw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk
aemuf w pf c k - r*¾ o pö m taMumif ; ud k v nf ; t|uxmu quf v uf NyD ; &S i f ; jyxm;jyef w ,f /
b,fvdk&Sif;jyxm;ovJ¿ --
,Íöó O',AÁ,'óeH? ra*¾g0g,H avmudaumwd r*¾opöH ygu#H a[mwd wMw oar®m[0dCmwawm/
(0dok'¨d-2-268/)
tó = xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\/ ypö,awm p = taMumif;w&m; tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ cPawm p =

cPtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ,H O',AÁ,'óeH = taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ jzpf jcif; ysufjcif;
O',AÁ,wdkYudk ½Ijrifjcif;onf/ tw¬d = &Sd\/ t,H = þ½Ijrifwwfaom rawGra0 odwwfonfh toar®m[
jy"mef;aom raem'Gg&du 0dyóemaZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkü wnf&Sdaom r*¾ifw&m; udk,f ig;yg;onf/ avmudaum
= avmuDjzpfaom/ ra*¾g0 = r*¾if w&m;onfomvQif/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ £wd wo®m = xdkYaMumifh/ r*¾opöH =
r*¾opömonf/ ygu#H = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ wMw =
xdktaMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ O',AÁ,ü/ oar®m[0dCmwawm = awG a0jcif; rodjcif;
oar®m[w&m;udk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fowfwwfaom aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'¨d-2-268/)
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;ç cPtm;jzifvh nf;aumif; cE¨mig;yg;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; - ysujf cif;(= csKyjf cif;)udk
½I j rif w wf a om O',AÁ , mEk y óemÓPf q d k w m yk x k Z ef aou© ol a wmf a umif ; wd k Y \ oEÅ m ef rS m
r[mukodkvfraem'Gg&du 0dyóemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkwdkY om jzpfMuygw,f/
a,bk,stm;jzifh --
todpdwf - 1-vHk;
tnormef;apwoduf - 13-vHk;
aombPom"m&Papwoduf - 19-vHk;
yndaÈápwoduf - 1-vHk;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf aZmtoD;toD;ü (34)vHk;aom emrfw&m;wdkY yg0ifMuw,f/ ,if;emrfw&m;pkwkdYrSm
,if;cE¨mwdkY&JU ESpfrsKd;aom O',AÁ,udk rawGra0 odwwfwJh toar®m[ac:wJh yndaÈápwodufu jy"mef;vsuf

OD;aqmifvsuf&dSw,f/ tJ'Demrfw&m;pkxJrSm --
1/ or®m'd|d = tJ'DcE¨mwdkY&JU O',AÁ,udk ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&m tm;jzifh (taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh +
cPtm;jzifh) xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
2/ or®mouFyÜ = ,if;cE¨mwdkY&JU O',AÁ,tm½kHay:odkY 0dyóempdwf ukd a&S;½S Lwifay;jcif;oabm?
3/ or®m0g,mr = ,if;cE¨mwdkY&JU O',AÁ,udk rawGra0 odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?
4/ or®mowd = ,if;cE¨mwdkY&JU O',AÁ,udk atmufarhjcif; trSwf &aejcif;oabm?
5/ or®morm"d = ,if;cE¨mwdkY&JU O',AÁ,tm½kHü bm0empdwf&JU Nidrf 0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaejcif;oabm --
aygif;vdkufawmh avmuDr*¾ifw&m;udk,f ig;yg; jzpfygw,f/ bm0em udk ryGm;rD yGm;rsm;qJtcgwdkYü vkHjcHKpGm
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;wJh oDvr*¾if (3)yg;udkyg xnfhoGif;a&wGufvQifawmh avmuDr*¾if (8)yg; jzpfygw,f/
'gayrJh 'DoDvr*¾if (3)yg;u 0dyóemÓPfESifh pdwåu©P wpfck twGif;rSm twl,SOfwJGNyD; rjzpfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh
0dyóemtcdkuf rSmawmh avmuDr*¾ifw&m;udk,f ig;yg;yJ 0dyóemÓPfESifh ,SOfwJGNyD; jzpfMuygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu tJ'D0dyóemaZm0DxdpdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkudkvnf; wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½I&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ½IEdkifwJhtcgrSm 'Dr*¾if w&m;udk,f ig;yg;qdkwJh avmuDr*¾opömw&m;[m xdka,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm
xif & S m ;vmygw,f / bmaMumif h 'D r *¾ i f w &m;ud k , f ig;yg;ud k r*¾ o pö m vd k Y ac:a0:oH k ; pJ G & ovJ v d k Y a r;vQif
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom cE¨mig;yg;wdkY&JU O',AÁ,udk rodatmifzHk;vTrf;xm;wJh oar®m[w&m;udk
'D0yd óemÓPf jy"mef;wJh r*¾iw f &m;ud, k if g;yg;u w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f &Sm;Edik w
f t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh r*fvyYkd J ac:ygw,f/
w'*Ftm;jzifh udavom awGudk y,fowfwwfvdkY 'DavmuDr*¾ifw&m;udk,f ig;yg;udk avmuDr*¾ opömw&m;vdkY
ac:qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/ avmuDr*¾ifawG[mvnf; udav omawGudk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fowfNyD; edAÁmefbufudk
vS r f ; ajrmf a jy;oG m ; aewJ h (ed A Á m ef o d k Y ra&muf a o;wJ h ) w&m;pk a wG o mjzpf v d k Y avmuD r *¾ o pö m w&m;vd k Y
emrnfwyfxm;ygw,f/
0dyóemÓPftcdkufrSm opömav;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHkudk ajymNyD;wJh tcg y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;rsm;
0dyóemÓPftcdkuf xif&Sm;vmyHk udkvnf; qufvufNyD; emMum;Mu&atmif .../
y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;rsm; xif&Sm;vmyHk
tEkavmry#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk
ypö,awm pó O','óaee tEkavmarm y#dpo ö rkygÜ a'g ygua#m a[mwd? ]]£ro®ð owd £'H a[mwD}}wd
t0aAm"awm/
(0dok'¨d-2-268/)
ypö,awm O','óaee = taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; aMumifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk
0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif; aMumifh/ tó = xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ todÓPfü/ tEkavmarm y#dpöorkyÜga'g
= tEkavmry#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m =
£ro®ð = þt0dZÆm paom taMumif;w&m;onf/ owd = &Sdvwfaomf/ £'H =
tb,faMumifhenf; [lrlum;/ ]]£ro®
þocFg&paom tusK;d w&m;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/}} £wd = þod/Yk t0aAm"awm = xk;d xGi;f í odjrifjcif;aMumif/h
tEkavmarm y#dpöorkyÜga'g = tEkavmry#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;onf/ a[mwd =
jzpf\/
]]t0dZÆmjzpfjcif;aMumifh (ur®Z½kyf) ½lyu©E¨m jzpf\}} ...
ponfjzifh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH pwJh taMumif;w&m; awG xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh cE¨mig;yg;wdkY
xif & S m ; jzpf a y:vmyH k u d k 0d y óemÓPf j zif h ½I j rif r ,f q d k v Qif xd k a ,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf & J U tod Ó Pf r S m
tEkavmry#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;[m v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdk xif&Sm;aeygw,fwJh/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ --
]]þtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf þtusKd;w&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpf\}} --
'Dvdk - enf;rSefvrf;rSef 0dyóemÓPfESifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifaewJhtwGufaMumifh
tEkavmry#dpoö rkygÜ 'f oabm w&m;[m xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ todÓPfrmS xif&mS ;vmjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
- t0aAm"awm = 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ud, k w f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifjcif;aMumifv
h Ykd taMumif;jyxm;wJt
h wGuf
olrsm; tajymESifh vGrf;NyD;od&wJh todrsKd; (= oifodrsKd;) udkawmh rqdkvdkbl;vdkY rSwfyg/ tEkavmry#dpöorkyÜg'f
oabmw&m;qdkwmu bmvJ¿ --
]]t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m? ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH}}ponfjzifh a[mMum; xm;awmfrltyfwJhç oHo&m0#f vnfywfyHk
jzpfpOfudk ñTefjywJh ]]t0dZÆm aMumifh ocFg&jzpf\? ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpf\}} ponfjzifh a[mMum; xm;awmfrlwJh
y#dpöorkyÜg'f jzpfpOfa'oemawmf jzpfygw,f/ t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf wduedygwf wdw¬m,weokwåefrSm (tH-1-178/)
bk&m;&Sif a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh ork',opömtrnf&wJh y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmf enf; jzpfygw,f/
y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk
aemufwpfckuawmh y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m; xif&Sm; vmyHktydkif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtydkif;udk -
t|uxmq&mawmfu 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/ --
ypö,awm 0,'óaee y#davmarm y#dpöorkyÜga'g ygua#m a[mwd? ]]£ró eda&m"m £'H ed½kZÑwD}}wd
t0aAm"awm/
(0dok'¨d-2-268/)
ypö , awm 0,'óaee = t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH paom taMumif ; w&m;wd k Y \
tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d cE¨mig;yg;wd\
Yk tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyf Nird ;f yHu
k kd
ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;aMumifh/ tó = xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfü/ y#davmarm
y#dpöorkyÜga'g = y#davmr y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m =
tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ ]]£ró £ró = þt0dZÆmpaomtaMumif;w&m;\/ eda&m"m = tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabm
tm;jzifh csKyfjcif;aMumifh/ £'H = þocFg&paom tusKd;w&m;onf/ ed½kZÑwd = tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyf\/}} £wd = þodkY/ t0aAm"awm = 0dyóemÓPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh/
y#davmarm y#dpöorkyÜga'g = y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH pwJt h aMumif; w&m;awGu aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;vdYk
ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg' eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGuf tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wdkYvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdudk
aemufq;kH xm;Ny;D aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;MuyHu
k kd
ypö,awm 0,'óe-ÓPfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh 0dyóemÓPfESifh udk,f wdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifwJhtwGuf
tJ'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;[m xif&Sm;vmyg w,fwJh/
bmaMumifhvJ¿
]]þtaMumif ; w&m;\ tEk y Ü g 'ed a &m"oabmtm;jzif h csKyf j cif ; aMumif h þtusKd ; w&m;onf
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyf\}}
'Dvdk 0dyóemor®m'd|dÓPfESifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifaewJhtwGufaMumifhyJ jzpfw,f/
'Dvdk odaewJhae&mrSmvnf; olrsm;tajymESifh tvGrf;BuD; vGrf;ç taqG;BuD; aqG;ç tai;BuD; ai;ç tawG;BuD;
awG ; NyD ; od a e&wJ h oif o d rsKd ; awmh r[k w f b l ; aemf / 0d y óemor® m 'd | d v d k Y ac:qd k t yf w J h or® m 'd | d
ÓPfynmESifhç udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifwJh twåypöu©ÓPf ESifh odjrifrIrsKd;udkom qdkvdkygw,f/
upömea*gwåokwåefrSm 'DtcsufESifh ywfoufvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu b,fvdka[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
ty&ypö,m ÓPar0ó {w¬ a[mwd/ (oH-1-258/)
'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ t|uxmuvnf; --

ty&yÜpö,mwd e y&yÜpöa,e? tnó tywåd,ma,wGm twåypöu©ÓPar0ó {w¬ a[mwd/ (oH-|-2-32/
)
'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ #Dumq&mawmfuvnf; --

e y&yÜpöa,emwd y&ó to'´[aee/ (oH-#D-2-38/)
'D v d k z G i f h q d k x m;ygw,f / 'D t |uxm-#D u mtzG i f h a wG E S i f h t nD txuf u &G w f z wf c J h w J h ygVd a wmf u d k

bmomjyefqdkr,fqdkvQif 'Dvdk jzpfygw,f/
{w¬ = þcE¨mig;yg;[kqkdtyfwJh 'ku©\jzpfjcif; 'ku©\csKyfjcif;ü/ tó = xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/
ty&ypö,m = olwpfyg; wkt d jzif/h ÓPar0 = uk,
Yd m; uk;d pm;,kMH unfrI r&So d w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifaom
twåypöu©ÓPf[k ac:qkdtyfwJh 0dyóem or®m'd|dÓPfonfomvQif/ a[mwd = jzpfay:íaeay\/
'Da'oemawmft& a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfu t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHpwJh taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;&JU jzpfykHç t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - pwJh
taMumif;w&m;awG&JU aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif; (tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;) aMumifh
tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;wkdY&JU aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif; (tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykH)
ukd odwJhtykdif;rSm olwpfyg;wkdYukd ukd;pm; ,kHMunfNyD;odwJh todrsKd; r[kwfbl;/ 0dyóemor®m'd|djzpfwJh twåypöu©
ÓPfESifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifjcif;om jzpfw,fvkdY rSwfyg/ 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd
tywfwukwf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf aewJhyk*¾dKvf[m ]]0dyóemÓPfESifh ig xkd;xGif;odjrifatmif ½I&rnfh w&m;awG[m
b,fw&m;awGjzpfw,f}} qkdwmukdawmh em;vnfxm; oifhygw,f/ 'grSvnf; odatmif usifhEkdifrSm jzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSm oHo&m&JUcsKyfpOfukd azmfjywJh t0dZÆm, awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m ponfjzifh
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfukd y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'fqkdNyD; ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;ygw,f/ t0dZÆm&JU
t&[wår*faMumifh t<uif;tusefr&Sd csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh ocFg&csKyf\? ocFg&csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPfcsKyf\
ponfjzifh vnfywf aewJh oHo&mpuf&[wfBu;D rvnfywfEidk af wmhbJ oHo&mpuf&[wf&UJ tjrpfjywfcsKyNf ird ;f yku H dk
ñTejf ywJah 'oemawmf jzpfygw,f/ 'DcsKyNf ird ;f ykH tpOfuydk J eda&m"opömtrnfEiS hf ckeu opömav;yg;tykid ;f rSm &Si;f jy
cJhwm jzpfygw,f/ (tH-1-178 - wdw¬m,weokwåef/)

aemufxyf y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmf wpfrsKd; &Sdygao; w,f/ ]]Z&mr&Ponf bmaMumifhjzpfovJ¿
ZmwdaMumifh jzpfw,f/ Zmwdonf bmaMumifhjzpfovJ¿ b0aMumifh jzpfw,f/ b0onf bm aMumifh jzpfovJ¿
Oyg'gefaMumifh jzpfw,f}} ponfjzifh t0dZÆmokdYwkdif atmif ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh oHo&mpuf&[wf vnfywfykHukd
a[mMum; xm;awmf r l w J h y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f a 'oemawmf u k d v nf ; y#d a vmry#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f vk d Y y J ac:ygw,f /
'DoHo&mjzpfpOfukd ajymif;jyefa[mwJh y#dpöorkyÜg'f ukdawmh 'Dtykdif;rSm eda&m"opömvkdY rqkdvkdygbl;/
y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;rsm; xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufwpfckuawmh y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;rsm; xif&Sm;vmykHtykdif; jzpfyg w,f/ t|uxmu b,fvkd
&Sif;vif;zGifhqkdxm;ovJ¿ --
cPawm ye O',AÁ,'óaee y#dpöorkyÜEém "r®m ygu#m a[mEÅd ocFwvu©Pm0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-
268/)
cPawm = cPtm;jzif/h O',AÁ,'óaee = cE¨mig;yg;wk\ Yd jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; O',AÁ,ukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ y#dpöorkyÜEém "r®m = taMumif;w&m;ukd tpGJjyKí jzpfay:vmMuukefaom tusKd;w&m;[lonfh
y#dpoö rkyEÜ w
é &m;wko Yd nf/ ygu#m = xif&mS ;vm ukeo
f nf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfuek \
f / uo®m = tb,faMumifeh nf;[lru
l m;/
ocFwvu©Pm0aAm"awm = ocFwvu©Pmukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
t*FkwådK&f wduedygwf ocFwvu©PokwåefrSm ocFww&m;wdkif;rSm ocFww&m;vdkY odavmufwJhtrSwftom;
oHk;ck&dSaMumif;udk a[mMum; xm;awmfrlygw,f/ ocFww&m;qdkwmuawmh taMumif;w&m;awGu jyKjyifay;vdkY
jzpfay:vm&wJh w&m;vdkY qkdvkdygw,f/ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmef&JU qefYusifbuf pdwf+apwoduf+½kyf-
qkdwJh y&rwf w&m;awGukd ocFww&m;awGvYkd ac:qkdygw,f/ vu©PmokH;yg;u -
1/ OyÜga'g ynm,wd?
2/ 0a,m ynm,wd?
3/ Xdwó tnxwåH ynm,wd/ (tH-1-150/)
1/ Oyg'f = jzpfrI
2/ 0, = ysufrI
3/ Xdwó tnxwå = wnfaeaomw&m;&JU ysufjcif;bifbufokdY ,kdifvJaejcif;qkdwJh tjcif;t&mwpfrsKd;jzpfrI =
wnfrI --
tm;vkH;aygif;vkdufawmh ocFww&m;wkdif;rSm 'D jzpfrI-wnfrI-ysufrI qkdwJh trSwftom;vu©Pm okH;yg;pD
&Sdygw,f/
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu cE¨mig;yg; = ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYukdç wpfenf;ajym& vQifawmh --
oyÜpö,emr½ly0aoe wdvu©PH tma&maywGm 0dyóemy#dyg#d,m ]]tedpö 'ku©H tewåm}}wd or®oaEÅm
0dp&wd/ (r-|-1-281/)
qdkwJh t|uxmwkdY&JU ñTefMum;csufESifhtnD taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYukd
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;aewJhtcg ,if;taMumif;
w&m;ESiwhf uGaom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrfw&m;wk&Yd UJ cPrpJ woJoJ jzpf aerI ysuaf erI (= jzpfryI surf I = tjzpfEiS t
hf ysu)f
ukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif aphaphikik ½IyGm;okH;oyf&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd 0dyóem½IvkdufwJhtcg taMumif;w&m;ESihfwuGaom cE¨m ig;yg; (= ½kyfemrfw&m;)vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh
ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU jzpfrIysufrIukd cPypöKyÜefokdY qkdufatmif 0dyóemÓPfu jrifawGUNyDqkdvQif xdktcgrSm
xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v[f m t*Fw k Kdå &f wduedygwf ocFwvu©Pokweå rf mS bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ ocFww&m;
(= ocFg&w&m;)wkdY&JU jzpf-wnf-ysufqkdwJh ocFwvu©Pmukd xkd;xGif;odNyD;jzpfygw,f/ ocFw vu©Pm[m
tJ ' D a ,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf & J U tod Ó Pf r S m xif & S m ;vmygw,f / 'D v k d ocF g &w&m;wk d Y & J U ocF w vu© P muk d
xkd;xGif;odwJhtwGuf jzpf-wnf-ysufqkdwJh ocFwvu©Pm&SdwJh ocFww&m; (= ocFg&w&m;) awGukdvnf;
xkd;xGif;odjrifNyD;om jzpfygw,f/
ocFww&m; (= ocFg&w&m;) qkdwmu qkdif&m qkdif&m taMumif; w&m;awGu aygif;pkjyKjyifay;ygrS
jzpfay:vm&wJh taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ opöma'oem
awmfenf;t& 'ku©opömw&m;ESifh ork',opömw&m;rsm; jzpfMuyg w,f/ ork',opömw&m;awGrSmvnf;
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay; aewJh qkdif&m qkdif&m taMumif;w&m;awG &SdMuygw,f/
Oyrm - y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sifu - a0'emypö,m wPSm = a0'emaMumifh wPSmqkdwJh
ork',opömw&m; jzpfay:vm aMumif;ukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh - 'DocFww&m; (=
ocFg&w&m;)awG[m taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&SdaewJh tusKd;w&m; awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;
xif&Sm;&SdaewJh tusKd; w&m;awGukd y#dpöorkyÜEé"r® = y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;vkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu
cPawm O',AÁ,'óeÓPfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfESifh ocFww&m; (= ocFg&w&m;)wkdY&JU
jzpfrI-ysufrIukd cPypöKyÜefokdY ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif ½IyGm;oHk;oyfEdkifwJhtcg jzpf-wnf-ysufqkdwJh ocFwwkdY&JU
vu©Pmukd xkd;xGif;odaewJhtwGuf aMumifh tJ'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;awG[m
xif&Sm;vmMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh - t|uxmq&mawmfu qufNyD; &Sif;jyxm;jyefw,f/ --
O',AÁ,0aEÅm [d ocFwm? aw p y#dpöorkyÜEém/ (0dok'd¨-2-268/)
[d = rSef\/ ocFwm = ocFw y&rwfw&m;wkdYonf/ O',AÁ,0aEÅm = jzpfjcif; (O',) oabmç ysufjcif;
(0,) oabm &SdMuukef\/ aw p ocFwm = xkdocFww&m;wkdYonfvnf;/ Z&mr&PH bdu©a0 tedpöH ocFwH
y#dpöorkyÜEéEÅdtm'd0peawm = &[ef;wdkY ... Z&m r&Ponf (Zmwd-b0-Oyg'ge-wPSm-a0'em-zó-
oVm,we-emr½ly-0dnmP-ocFg&onf) tedpöw&m;wnf;? taMumif;w&m; wkdYonf aygif;pkí jyKjyifay;ygrS
jzpfay:vm&onfh ocFww&m;wnf;? taMumif;w&m;wkdYukd pJGrSDí jzpfay:vm&onhf y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;wnf;?
þokpYd onfjzifh ed'ge0*¾o, H wk yf gVdawmf ypö,okweå f (oH-1-264-265/) ü bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif;aMumif/h
y#dpöorkyÜEém = y#dpö orkyÜEéw&m;wkdYonf/ a[mEdÅ = jzpfMuukef\/ £wd wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ cPawm = Oyg'f-
XD-bif-[laom cPtm;jzih/f O',AÁ,'óaee = ocFg&w&m;wk\ Yd jzpfr-I ysurf I O',-0,ukd O',AÁ,mEkyóem
ÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ y#dpöorkyÜEém "r®m = y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;wkdYonf/ tó = xkd½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
todÓPfü/ ygu#m = xif&Sm;vmukefonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfukef\/
qkvd w
dk muawmh - bk&m;&Sio
f nf ed'ge0*¾o, H w
k yf gVdawmf ypö, okweå rf mS Z&m-r&P (= tkjd cif;-aojcif;)[m
Zmwdac:wJh y#doaE¨ wnfae&jcif;ukd tpGJjyKí jzpfay:vm&w,f/ 'gaMumifh y#dpöorkyÜEé w&m;jzpfw,f/ wpfzef
Zmwd[mvnf; ur®b0ac:wJh uHukd tpGJjyKí jzpfay:vm&wJh w&m;jzpfwJhtwGuf y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;jzpfw,f
ponf jzif h y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f t *F g &yf toD ; toD ; uk d ocF g &ok d Y w k d i f a tmif y#d p ö o rk y Ü E é w&m;rsm;tjzpf
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu ocFg&w&m;awG&JU Oyg'f-XD-bifukdjrif atmif cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIysufrIukd jrifatmif
O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPf jzifh ½IymG ;ok;H oyfvYdk jrifNyq
D v
dk Qif tJ'aD ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v[
f m ocFwvu©Pmukd xk;d xGi;f odjrifNy;D
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ocFwvu©Pmukd xkd;xGif;odjrifwJh twGuf tJ'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfxJrSm
y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m; awG[m xif&Sm;vmygw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
enf;av;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH
1/ {uwåenf;
aemufxyf t|uxmq&mawmfu enf;av;yg; xif&mS ;vmyku H dk vnf; qufvufNy;D &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
'Denf;av;yg;[mvnf; 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;aewJh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwkdif; od&Sd xm;&rnfh
odatmifusifh&rnfhenf;awGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/ a&S;OD;pGm {uwå enf;taMumif;ukd emMunfhMu&atmif .../
ypö , awm pó O','óaee {uwå e a,m ygua#m a[mwd a[wk z vorÁ a E¨ e oEÅ m eó
tEkyapä'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-268/)
ypö,awm = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh/ O','óaee = jzpfjcif; (= O',)ukd ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ tó =
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ todÓPfü/ {uwåea,m = {uwåenf;onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd =
jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifeh nf;[lru l m;/ a[wkzvorÁaEë = taMumif;ESifhtusKd; qufpyfojzifh/ oEÅmeó
= ½k y f e mrf o EÅ m ef t pOf \? wpf e nf ; - taMumif ; w&m; tusKd ; w&m;[l o nf h ½k y f e mrf o EÅ m ef t pOf \/
tEkyapä'g0aAm"awm = tpOftquf rjywfonfukd xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifh/ {uwåea,m = {uwåenf;onf/
ygua#m = xif&Sm; vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfykHukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
½Ijrifvu dk w
f t
hJ wGuf 'Dvo
dk jd rifaewJh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ todÓPfrmS {uwåenf;[m xif&mS ;vmw,f/ bmaMumifh
xif&Sm;vm&ovJqkdvQif - taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m; wkdY[m aMumif;-usKd;qufpyfvsuf txyfxyfjzpfaewJh
½k y f e mrf o EÅ m ef tpOf t wef ; BuD ; &J U tpOf t quf r jywf txyf x yf j zpf a eyk H u k d a,m*D yk * ¾ d K vf u
0dyóemor®m'd|dÓPfjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifaewJh twGufaMumifh {uwåenf;[m
xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkdxif&Sm;vmwJhtwGuf --
tx ok|Kw&H Oapä''d| ð yZ[wd/ (0dok'¨d-2-268/)
tx = xkdokdY ½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOf\ taMumif;ESifhtusKd; qufpyf vsuf tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyf

jzpfaeonfudk 0dyóemÓPf ynmjzifh uk, f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifvwfaomf/ ok|Kw&H = tvGet
d w Yf vGef
aumif;rGefpGm/ Oapä''d| ð = twåonf aovQifjywf\[k pGJ,lwwfaom Oapä''d|dukd/ yZ[wd = y,fpGefYEkdif\/
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu ckajymcJhwJhtwkdif; ½kyfemrfoEÅmef tpOftwef; &JU taMumif;ESifh tusKd;qufpyfvsuf
tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyf jzpfaewmukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh uk, d wf idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rif vku
d w
f t
hJ cg
'DtodÓPfu 'D0dyóemÓPfu ]]twåonf (= igonf) aovQif jywf\? acgif;[kdbuf bmrQr&Sd}}vkdY
'DvkdpGJ,lwwfwJh Oapä' 'd|dBuD;ukd y,fpGefYEkdifw,fwJh/ 'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmfuvnf; qkdvkd&if;

teuft"dygÜ ,fudk &Si;f oxuf&Si;f vif;oxufvif;oGm; atmif xyfNy;D zGiq
hf x
dk m;jyefw,f/ b,fvdk zGiq
hf x
dk m;ovJ¿
yk&dryk&drmeH eda&ma"m Owå½kwå&meH OyÜg'gEkAaE¨mwd t,raw¬m ypö,awm O','óaee odZÑrmaem
{uwåe,m"d*rm, a[mwd/ ,awm ]]tanm ua&mwd? tanm y#doHa0',wD}}wdtm'da0g[m&od'¨d,m
Oapä''d|d,m taemumowm/ awem[ ]]a[wkzvorÁaEëm}}wdtm'd/ (r[m#D-2-424/)
'Dr[m#Dumpum;&yf&JU qkdvkd&if;uawmh --
a&S;a&S;cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrfw&m;wk&Yd UJ csKyjf cif; (= eda&m")ukd aemuf aemuf cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrfw&m;wk&Yd UJ jzpfjcif;
(= Oyg'f)u tpOfvu dk yf g aeygw,f-wJ/h bmaMumifv h ¿J a&S;w&m;awG csKyyf suo
f mG ;wJt
h cg aemufaemufw&m;awGu
xyfNyD;jzpfvmw,f/ bmaMumifhjzpf&ovJ¿ aemufaemufw&m;awGukd tpOfrjywf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyfjzpfae
atmif taMumif;w&m;awGu aus;Zl;jyKaevkdYyJ/ 'Dvkd aus;Zl;jyKay; aeykHukdç a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfykHukd ypö,awm O','óe ac:wJh 0dyóem ÓPfjzifh
½IMunfhvkdufwJhtcg aumif;pGm awGUjrifaeygw,f? aumif;pGm odjrifaeygw,f/ 'Dvkd odjcif; jrifjcif;udpö
NyD;pD;oGm;wJhtwGuf 'Da,m*D yk*¾dKvfu {uwåenf;ukdvnf; ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lEkdifoGm;w,f/
{uwåenf; qkdwmu uHukdjyKpkysKd;axmifpOf t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwkdY jzpfcJhpOfu cE¨mig;yg;qkdwJh
tqufrjywfjzpfaewJh ½kyef mrf oEÅmef tpOftwef;ESihf tJ'D t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwaYdk Mumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
tusKd ; cE¨ m ig;yg; ½k y f e mrf w &m;wk Y d & J U tquf r jywf jzpf a e wJ h ½k y f e mrf o EÅ m ef tpOf t wef ; wk d Y [ m
tpOftwef;wpfckwnf; (= jzpf- ysuftpOftwef; wpfckwnf;) jzpfaewmukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU 0dyóem ÓPfu
od&Sdaeygw,f jrifaeygw,f/
'Dvkd {uwåenf;ukd odjrifaewJhtwGufaMumifh tanm ua&mwd? tanm y#doHa0',wd (oH-1-260/) =
]]tjcm;wpfa,mufaomolonf uHukd jyKpkysKd;axmif\? tjcm;wpfa,mufaomolonf xkduH\tusKd;ukd cHpm;\}}
= ]]jyKoul wjcm;? cHpm;olu wjcm;}} = ]]'Db0 'Du, dk pf ?H [kb
d 0 [ku
d , dk f cHvrd rhf ,f}} pwJh t,l0g'&JU Ny;D pD;aMumif;jzpfwhJ
Oapä''d|[ d m axmuf&mwnf&mukd r&&SEd idk f jzpfomG ;ygw,f/ Oapä''d|u d dk NzKd cw
JG hJ ae&m rSm taumif;qk;H vufeufwpfck
jzpfygw,f/ 'gu ypö,awm O','óe ac:wJh taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu Hk dk
½IjrifwwfwJh 0dyóemÓPf&JU pGrf;tifowådwpfrsKd; jzpfyg w,f/
'gaMumifh ]]taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;wkYd qufpyfvsuf txyfxyfjzpfaewJh ½kyef mrfoEÅmef tpOftwef;&JU
tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyfjzpfaeyku H dk 0dyóemor®m'd|Ó d PfEiS hf uk,
d w f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifwt
hJ wGuf
{uwåenf;[m a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU tod ÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmygw,f}}vkdY t|uxmu zGifhqkdoGm;awmfrljcif;
jzpfyg w,f/ -- ,ck&Sif;vif;wifjycJhwmuawmh ckeu&GwfjycJhwJh r[m#Dum pum;&yf&JU qkdvkd&if; oabmw&m;rsm;
jzpfMuygw,f/
emewåenf; xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufwpfrsKd;uawmh emewåenf; xif&Sm;vmykHtykdif; jzpfygw,f/
cPawm O','óaee emewåea,m ygua#m a[mwd e0e0geH OyÜg'g0aAm"awm/ tx ok|Kw&H
oów'd| ð yZ[wd/
(0dok'¨d-2-268/)
cPawm = cPtm;jzifh/ O','óaee = jzpfjcif; O',ukd ½Ijrif jcif;jzifh/ emewåea,m = emewåenf;onf/

ygua#m = xif&mS ;vm onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifeh nf;[lru l m;/ e0e0geH = topftopfaom
ocFg&w&m;wkdY\/ OyÜg'g0aAm"awm = tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyf topftopfjzpfjcif; Oyg'fukd xkd;xGif; í
odjrifjcif;aMumifh/ emewåea,m = emewåenf;onf/ ygua#m = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ tx = xkdokdY
topf t opf a om ocF g &w&m;wk d Y \ tpOf t quf r jywf txyf x yf topf t opf j zpf j cif ; Oyg'f u k d
xkd;xGif;odvwfaomf/ ok|Kw&H = vGefrif;pGmvQif/ oów'd|ð = twåonf jrJ\[kpGJ,laom oów'd|dukd/
yZ[wd = y,fpGefYEkdif\/
'Dt|uxmpum;&yf&JU qkdvkd&if;ukd r[m#Dumq&mawmf&JU zGifhqkd csufESifh yl;wGJNyD; &Sif;jyygrS jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ykdNyD;
oabmayguf em;vnfrSm jzpfwJhtwGuf r[m#Dumq&mawmf&JU &Sif;vif;csufukdyg qufvuf em,lMunfhyg/ --
ocFg&m caP caP OyÜZEÆ w
ÅD d t,raw¬m cPawm O','óaee odZÑrmaem emewåe,m"d*rm, a[mwd/
,awm ypö,ypö,kyÜEémeH obm0ab'g0aAm"awm ]]aom ua&mwd? aom y#doHa0',wD}}wdtm'de,yÜ0wåm,
oów'd|d,m taemumowm/ awem[ ]]cPawm O','óaeem}}wdtm'd/ (r[m#D-2-424/)
ocFg&m = ocFg&w&m;wko Yd nf/ caP caP = Oyg'f-XD-bif[l aom cPoH;k yg;wk\
Yd taygif;jzpfaom cPwkid ;f
cPwkdif;ü/ OyÜZÆEdÅ = jzpfay:aeMuukef\/ £wd t,H taw¬m = þuJhokdYaom teufo abmw&m;onf/
cPawm O','óaee = cPtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m; wkdY\ tjzpfoufoufukd ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ odZÑrmaem =
NyD;pD;vwfaomf/ emewåe,m"d*rm, = emewåenf;ukd odjcif; &&Sdjcif;iSm/ a[mwd = jzpfay\/ ,awm = ,if;okdY
emewåenf;ukdodojzifh/ ypö,ypö,kyÜEémeH = taMumif; (ypönf;)w&m; tusKd; (ypö,kyÜef)w&m;wkdY\/ obm0-
ab'g0aAm"awm = toD;toD;aom ukd,fykdif obm0vu©Pm\ wpfckpD wpfckpD uGJjym;rIukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
aom = xkdolonfyif/ ua&mwd = uHukdjyKpkysKd;axmif\/ aom = xkd uHukd
xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifh/ ]]aom
jyKpkysKd;axmifaomolonfyif/ y#doHa0',wd = xkduH\tusKd;ukd cHpm;\/}} £wdtm'de,y0wåm, =
þokdYpaomenf;jzifh jzpfay:vm aom/ oów'd|d,m = oów'd|d\/ taemumowm = axmuf &m wnf&m
r&Sdonf\tjzpf (jzpfcGifhr&dSonf\ tjzpf)onf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:vm\/
ocFg&w&m;wkdif;rSm Oyg'f-XD-bif (= jzpf-wnf-ysuf) qkdwJh ocFw vu©Pm okH;yg; &SdMuygw,f/ Oyg'f-XD-bif
qkdwJh cPokH;yg; oufwrf; aphoGm;ygu ysufoGm;Muygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ --
½lyH bdu©a0 tedpöH? a,myd a[wk a,myd ypöa,m ½lyó OyÜg'g,? aomyd tedapöm? tedpöorÇ LwH bdu©a0
½lyH? ukawm edpöH b0dówd/
(oH-2-20/)
bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ ½lyó = ½kyfw&m;ukd/ OyÜg'g, = jzpfay:apjcif;iSm/ a,myd a[wk = tMuif
a[wktaMumif;w&m;onf vnf;/ tw¬d = &Sd\/ a,myd ypöa,m = tMuif ypö,taMumif;w&m; onfvnf;/
tw¬ d = &S d \ / aomyd a[wk = xk d a[wk t aMumif ; w&m; onf v nf ; / aomyd ypö a ,m =
xkdypö,taMumif;w&m;onfvnf;/ tedapöm = tedpöomwnf;/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY .../ tedpöorÇLwH =
tedpötaMumif;w&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:ívm&aom/ ½lyH = ½kyfw&m;onf/ ukawm = tb,frSmvQif/ edpöH =
edpöonf/ b0dówd = jzpfEdkifygthHenf;/
usefemrfcE¨m (4)yg;ukdvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvufNyD; a[mMum;xm; awmfrlygw,f/ 'Da'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD
taMumif;w&m;ESiw hf uG aom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrf ocFg&w&m;awGudk wku
d ½f u
dk jf zpfapwwfwhJ a[wktaMumif;w&m;
(= ZeutaMumif;w&m;)ç tm;ay;axmufyHh wwfwJh ypö,taMumif;w&m; (= Oyw¬ru Ç taMumif;w&m;)awG
&SMd u ygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGukd,fwkdifu jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh tedpöw&m; awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

'Dtedpö taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm&wJh 'DocFg&w&m;awG[m b,frmS jrw
J hJ edpw
ö &m; jzpfEidk yf ghrvJ?
tedpöw&m;om jzpfMu&w,f/
'Dae&mrSm t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpwJh taMumif;w&m; awGu cE¨mig;yg;ukd wdkuf½dkufjzpfapwwfwJh
ZeutaMumif;w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ pdwf Owk tm[m&qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;ç 0w¬K tm½kH zópwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGu tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfwJh Oyw¬rÇu taMumif;w&m; (= ypö,taMumif;w&m;)awG
jzpfMuygw,f/
'D a wmh t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH p wJ h cE¨ m ig;yg; ½k y f e mrf w &m; wd k Y u k d jzpf a pwwf w J h
taMumif;w&m;awGukd,fwkdifu tedpöjzpfaewJh twGuf tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;awG[mvnf; tedpöom
jzpfae Mu&w,f/
'gaMumifh 'DocFg&w&m;awG[m Oyg'f-XD-bif qkdwJh cPwkdif; cP wkdif;rSm topftopf qifhumqifhum
txyfxyf jzpfaeMu&w,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J taMumif;w&m;awGu 'Dvdk txyfxyf jzpfatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aevkyYd /J
tu,fí taMumif;w&m;awGu xyfumxyfum topftopf jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;rjyKEkdifawmhbl;qkdvQif
b0 wpfck tqkH;owf&awmhwmyJ/ 'gayrJh aemufxyf taMumif;uHawGu rukefao;vkdY oHo&mc&D;uvnf;
rqHk;ao;bl;qkdvQif aemufxyf uHopfwpfckuvnf; yHkpHwlyJ topftopfawG jzpfay:vmatmif xyfumxyfum
aus;Zl;jyKay;aerSm jzpfygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH qkdwJh twdwf taMumif;w&m;awGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhpOf
twdwfb0u jzpfcJhwJh cE¨m ig;yg;awGukda&mç ,ckb0wGif tqufrjywf txyfxyf topfopf jzpfay:aewJh
cE¨ m ig;yg;awG u k d a &mç 'D b 0rS m jyKpk y sKd ; axmif v k d u f w J h t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH - qk d w J h
taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh aemiftem*wfrmS jzpfay:vmrnfh tem*wf cE¨mig;yg;awGuadk &mç tm;vk;H ukyd J cPrpJ
woJoJ topftopf xyfumxyfum jzpfaeykHukd cPawm O','óeÓPfvkdY ac:qdktyfwJh 0dyóem
or®m'd|dÓPf ynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd ½IjrifEkdifwJhtwGuf
'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm emewåenf;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
emewåenf;qkdwmu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH pwJhtaMumif; w&m;awGESifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;
½kyfemrfw&m;awGrSm rwluJGjym;jcm;em; aewJh ukd,fykdifobm0vu©Pm toD;toD; &SdMuw,fqkdwmudk cGJjcm;NyD;
odwJhenf;vkdY qdkvdkygw,f/ 'Dvkdemewåenf;ukd odojzifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wkdY&JU
rwluJGjym;jcm;em;aewJh ukd,fykdif obm0vu©Pm toD;toD;ukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif; odjrifwJh twGuf -
aom ua&mwd? aom y#doHa0',wd = xkdolonfyif jyK\? xkdolonfyif cHpm;\ - ponfjzifh pJG,lwwfwJh (=
twåonfjrJygw,fvkdY pJG,lwwfwJh) oów'd|d[m axmuf&mwnf&mukd r&Ekdif jzpfcGifhr&SdEkdif jzpfoGm;w,f/
bmaMumif h v J ¿ taMumif ; ocF g &w&m;awG v nf ; jzpf N yD ; wmES i f h jzpf w J h a e&mrS m yJ ysuf o G m ;Muw,f /
tusKd;ocFg&w&m;awGvnf; jzpfNyD;wmESifh jzpfwJhae&mrSm ysufoGm;Muw,f/ topftopf xyfum xyfum
ysuf o G m ;wJ h t cg topf t opf xyf u mxyf u m jzpf a ewmuk d 0d y óemÓPf j zif h awG U jrif a ewJ h t wG u f
jrJwJh oóww&m; twåw&m; ukd &SmazGvkdY rawGUEkdif jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU topf topf
cPwdik ;f cPwkid ;f ü jzpfru
I dk jrifaewJh olawmfaumif;&JU tod ÓPfrmS oów'd|&d UJ wnf&cdS iG u hf dk r&jcif;jzpfygw,f/
oów'd|dukd NzdKcJGzkdY&eftwGuf taumif;qkH;aom vufeufwpfck jzpfygw,f/
tAsmyg&enf; xif&Sm;vmykH
ypö,awm pó O',AÁ,'óaee tAsmyg&ea,m ygua#m a[mwd "r®meH t0o0wådbm0g0aAm"awm/
tx ok|Kw&H twå'd| ð yZ[wd/ (0dok'd¨-2-268/)
ypö,awm = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh/ O',AÁ,'óaee = jzpf jcif;-ysufjcif; (= jzpfjcif;-csKyfjcif; = O',-
0,)ukd ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ tó = xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ todÓPfü/ tAsmyg&ea,m = tAsmyg& enf;onf/
ygua#m = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ "r®meH = y&rw¬"r®wkdY\/
t0o0wå d b m0g0aAm"awm = tvk d t Bud K uf o k d Y rvk d u f y gjcif ; oabm&S d o nf \ tjzpf u k d 0d y óem
or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif; azmufodjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ tx = xdkodkYodjrifvwfaomf/
ok|Kw&H = vGefrif;pGmvQif/ twå'd|ð = zefqif;&Siftwå tzefqif;cH&aomtwå &Sd\[k pJGvrf;aom twå'd|dukd/
yZ[wd = y,fpGefYEkdif\/
ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óe = t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpwJh taMumif;w&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;qdk wJhtusKd;w&m;wkdY&JU xif&Sm;jzpfykHqdkwJh ypö,awm O',oabmukda&mç t0dZÆm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocF g & uH p wJ h taMumif ; w&m;wk d Y & J U tEk y Ü g ' ed a &m"oabmtm;jzif h t&[wå r *f a Mumif h
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusK;d cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrfw&m;wk&Yd UJ tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykq
H w
kd hJ ypö,awm
0,oabmudka&m - a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu 0dyóem or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrif
vdkufwJhtcg .. 'Dvdk odaewJh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfxJrSm tAsmyg& - enf;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿ y&rw¬"r® obm0w&m;awG[m zefqif;&SifwkdYvkd rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfowå0g wpfpkH wpfa,muf&JU
tvk d t Bud K uf o d k Y r Q rvk d u f y gwwf w J h o abmuk d 0d y óem or® m 'd | d Ó Pf j zif h ud k , f w k d i f r suf a rS m uf
xGif;azmufodjrifaewJhtwGuf aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd odvkdufwJhtwGuf twå'd|dukdvnf; 'D0dyóem ÓPfu
aumif;aumif;BuD; y,fpGefYEkdifoGm;w,f/
qkdvkdwmuawmh -- taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfykHukd odjrifwJhtcg
]]zefqif;&SifuJhokdYaom yk*¾dKvf owå0g wpfpkHwpfa,muf&JU tvkdqE´twkdif; jzpfae&ygw,f}}qkdwJh t,ltqç
taMumif ; w&m;awG tEk y Ü g 'ed a &m"oabmtm;jzif h csKyf N id r f ; oG m ;wJ h t cg tusKd ; w&m;awG v nf ;
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyf Nidrf;ykHudk odjrifvkdufwJhtcgrSmvnf; ]]zefqif;&SifuJhokdYaom yk*¾dKvf owå0g
wpfpkHwpfa,muf&JU 'PfcwfrIaMumifh ol&JUtvkdqE´twdkif; ysufpD;oGm; &w,f}}qkdwJh t,ltqç ]]bk&m;ocif\
&ifciG af wmfrmS tdyaf ysmaf wmf rljcif;}} (= ]]twå[m jrw
J ,f}})qkw
d hJ t,ltqç ]]b0qkw
d m ykcufEiS hf acgif;tMum;rSmyJ
&Sdygw,f? acgif;[kdbuf bmrQr&Sdygbl;}}qkdwJh t,l tq - 'DvkdtwåESifh qufpyfaewJh t,l0g' (= twå0g')
trsKd;rsKd;udk 'D0dyóemÓPfu y,fpGefYEkdifw,fvkdY qkdvdkygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmfuvnf; xyfNyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyxm; jyefw,f/ --
ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óaee ypöa, owd zvó bma0g? towd tbma0gwd £ró tw¬ó od'd¨,m
twdåwmrawåae0 aw "r®m um&PEÅd tAsmyg&ea,m ygua#m a[mwd/ ,awm twå'd|d,m taemumowm
0o0wdåwm, tvAÇae,sawm/ awe 0kwåH ]]"r®me}}EÅdtm'd/ t0oowådbma0g y&m,wåwm? om p oyÜpö,-
wm, a0'dwAÁm/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
'D#Dumq&mawmf&JU qkdvdk&if;uawmh 'Dvkdyg ../
£wd £ro® ð owd £'H a[mwd? £rókyÜg'g £'H OyÜZÆwd? £ro® ð towd £'H e a[mwd? £ró eda&m"m
£'H ed½kZÑwd/ (O'ge-79/)
]]þtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf þtusKd;w&m;onf jzpfay:vm\? þtaMumif;w&m;\
jzpf j cif ; aMumif h þtusKd ; w&m; onf jzpf a y:vm\/ þtaMumif ; w&m;onf xif & S m ;r&S d v wf a omf
þtusK;d w&m;onf rjzpf? þtaMumif;w&m;\ csKyjf cif;aMumifh þ tusK;d w&m;onf csKy\
f }} - 'Dvdk jrwfpmG bk&m;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh twdkif; --
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óeÓPfjzifh vSrf;½I vkdufwJhtcg twdwftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
ypöKyeÜ t
f usK;d w&m;jzpfyçHk ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;w&m;aMumifh (oHo&mc&D; rqk;H ao;wJo
h al wGtwGu)f tem*wftusK;d w&m;
jzpfykHqkdwJh oabmukdvnf; jrifw,f? taMumif; w&m;awGu t&[wår*faMumifh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyf Nidrf;oGm;wJhtcg tusKd;w&m;awGvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdukd aemufqkH;xm;NyD; tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;oGm;ykHukdvnf; jrifw,f/
'DvdkodjrifaewJhtwGuf tJ'D a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JUtodÓPfrSm -- ]]taMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf
tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpf jcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ taMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm; r&Sdvwfaomf tusKd;w&m;\
xif&Sm; rjzpfjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/}} -- qdkwJh teuf oabmw&m;[m NyD;pD;oGm;w,f/ 'DvdkNyD;pD;oGm;wJhtwGuf
]]xif&Sm;&Sd ae½HkrQjzifhvQif 'Dt0dZÆmpwJhw&m;awG[m taMumif;w&m; jzpfMu&w,f}} qdkwJhtcsufukdvnf;
a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u od j rif a ew,f / 'D v k d od j rif a ewJ h twG u f taMumif ; w&m;awG r S m tusKd ; w&m;awG u d k
jzpf a y:vmatmif ]]wk d Y - jyKvk y f M ur,f } } qd k w J h aMumif h M uAsmyg&oabmw&m; r&S d y k H u k d v nf ;
em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdk odae jrifaewJh a,m*D yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm tAsmyg&enf;[m
xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfw,f/
'Dvdk tAsmyg&enf; xif&Sm;vmwJhtwGuf ]]zefqif;&SifqdkwJh twå qdkwm &Sdw,f? tzefqif;cH&wJh twåqkdwm
&Sdw,f}} ponfjzifh pJGvrf; ,kHMunfaewJh twå'd|d[m axmuf&mwnf&mukd r&&Sd jzpfoGm;w,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
taMumif;w&m;bufrSmvnf; jyKvkyfwwfwJh zefqif; wwfwJh twåukd &SmrawGUbl;? tusKd;w&m;bufrSmvnf;
tzefqif;cH& wJh tjyKvkyfcH&wJh twåukd &SmrawGUbl;/ taMumif;tusKd; ESpfrsKd;vkH; bufrSm tedpöw&m;tpktykH
'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;tpktykH jzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m; tpktykHukdom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU
0dyóemÓPfu odjrifaew,f/ 'DtaMumif;w&m;tpktykH tusKd; w&m;tpktykHxuf tykdtvGefjzpfwJh twåukd
&SmrawGU jzpfaew,f/ tJ'D tMumif;w&m;tpktykH tusKd;w&m;tpktykHqdkwJh 'DocFg&w&m; tpktykHxJrSmvnf;
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvfowå0g&JU okdYr[kwf zefqif;&SifuJhokdYaom y&rtwå&JU tvkdtwdkif;jzpfaewJh
obm0w&m; udk 0dyóemÓPfESifh &SmazGMunfhaomfvnf; r&tyf r&Ekdif jzpfaew,f/
'gaMumifh y&rw¬"r®awG[m b,fyk*¾dKvfowå0g wpfpkHwpfa,muf&JU tvkdokdYrQ rvdkufygwwfwJh (=
t0o0wåew¬)obm0ukd a,m*g0p& yk*¾dKvfu ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óevkdY ac:qdktyfwJh 0dyóem or®m 'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifaewJhtwGuf 'D0dyóemÓPfu ]]twå &Sd\}} [k
pJGvrf;,HkMunfaewJh twå'd|dukd y,fpGefYEkdifaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/
taMumif;w&m;wnf;[laom olwpfyg;ESifh qufpyfrI&SdaewJh obm0[m y&rw¬"r®wkdY&JU t0o0wådbm0 (=
wpf p k H w pf a ,muf yk * ¾ d K vf owå 0 g&J U od k Y r [k w f zef q if ; &S i f u J h o d k Y a om twå & J U tvd k t wk d i f ; jzpf j cif ; ud k
r&tyfr&Edik w f o
hJ abm)rnfw,f/ ocFwy&rwfw&m;wkid ;f rSm qdik &f m qkid &f m taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&daS ejcif;udyk J
olwpfyg;ESifh qufpyfrI&dSwJh oabmvdkY qdkvdkw,fvdkY od&Sdyg/ 'guawmh r[m#Dumq&mawmf&JU &Sif;vif;csuf
jzpfygw,f/
{0H"r®wmenf; xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufxyf eHygwf (4)ckajrmufenf;uawmh {0H"r®wmenf; jzpfyg w,f/
ypö,awm ye O','óaee {0H"r®wmea,m ygua#m a[mwd ypö,mEk½laye zvó OyÜg'g0aAm"awm/
tx ok|Kw&H tud&d,'d| ð yZ[wd/ (0dok'd¨-2-268/)
ypö,awm = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh/ O','óaee = jzpfjcif; (= O',)ukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/
{0H " r® w mea,m = {0H "r® w menf ; onf / ygua#m = xif & S m ;vmonf / a[mwd = jzpf \ / uo® m =
tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ ypö,mEk½laye = taMumif; tm;avsmfojzifh = taMumif;ESifhavsmfnDpGm/ zvó =
tusKd;w&m;\/ OyÜg'g 0aAm"awm = jzpfjcif;udk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;í odjrif jcif;aMumifhwnf;/ tx =
'g0aAm"awm
xdkodkY xdk;xGif;odvwfaomf/ ok|Kw&H = jrJjrHpGm (tvGefYtvGefaumif;rGefpGm) omvQif/ tud&d,'d|ð = tud&d,
'd|dudk/ yZ[wd = y,fpGefYEkdif\/
taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif; (= taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&djS cif;) aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu Hk kd ypö,awm
O','óe-[k ac:qdk tyfwhJ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifvu kd wf t
hJ wGuf 'Dvo kd jd rifaewJh a,m*g 0p&yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ ÓPfrmS
{0H"r®wmenf;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ bmaMumifh vJ¿ taMumif;w&m;ESifh avsmfnDwJh tusKd;w&m;&JUjzpfrIudk
a,m*g0p& yk*Kd¾ vu
f 0dyóemor®m'd|Ó d Pfjzifh uk,
d w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifwt hJ wGuaf Mumifh jzpfw,f/
qdkvdkwmuawmh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif; w&m;awGaMumifh tusKd;w&m;awG
jzpfr,fqdkvQif 0dnmPf emrf½kyf oVm,we zó a0'emqkdwJh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; awGom
jzpfMuw,f/ tjcm;tusK;d wpfpwHk pf&m rjzpfb;l / Oyrm - EGm;EdYk ponfaMumifh 'decf pJ wJh tusK;d w&m;om jzpfMuovkd
rSwfyg/
'Dvjkd zpfrrI sK;d ukd taMumif;ESiahf vsmn
f w
D hJ tusK;d w&m;wd&Yk UJ jzpfrv
I Ykd qdv
k ykd gw,f/ 'Dvtdk aMumif;w&m;ESihf avsmn f w
D hJ
tusKd;w&m;&JU jzpfrIudk {0H"r®wmenf;vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ 'D {0H"r®wmenf;udk 0dyóem or®m 'd|dÓPfjzifh
ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifcJhr,fqdkvQif 'D 0dyóemÓPfu uH-uH\tusKd;udk ypfy,faewJhç ukokdvf
tukov kd u f dk jyKaomfvnf; jyKonfrrnfygbl;vdYk pGv J rf;,kMH unfwhJ tud&, d 'd|ud kd aumif;aumif;Bu;D y,fpeG EYf idk w
f ,f/
enf;enf;xyf&Sif;jyOD;r,f - b0udkjzpfapwwfwJh ukokdvfocFg&uH awG okdYr[kwf tukodkvfocFg&uHawGqdkwm
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY tay:rSm tajcpkdufNyD; jzpfay:vmMu&ygw,f/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef wkdY jcH&Hvsuf
jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;wJh ukodkvfocFg&uHawGu ukov0dyguf ac:wJh aumif;wJhtusKd;w&m; cE¨mig;yg;awGukdom
jzpf a y:apygw,f / tvm;wl y J t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef w k d Y jcH & H v suf jyKpk y sKd ; axmif x m;wJ h
tukodkvfocFg&uHawGuvnf; tusKd;ay;vQif tukov0dygufac:wJh raumif;wJh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;awGudkom
jzpfay:apygw,f/ ukov dk u f H u raumif;wJh tusK;d w&m;awGuçkd tukov kd uf u H vnf; aumif;wJh tusK;d w&m;awGukd
y&rf ; ywm ay;csif o vd k ay;MuwmrsKd ; r[k w f y gbl ; / taMumif ; uH E S i f h avsmf n D w J h tusKd ; w&m;awG o m
jzpfvmMu&ygw,f/ 'Dvt dk aMumif;w&m;ESihf avsmn f w
D hJ tusK;d w&m;jzpfruI kd 0dyóemor®m 'd|Ód Pfjzifh &Si;f &Si;f Bu;D
ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifvkdufwJh tcg ]]ukodkvf-tukodkvfuHawG[m jyKaomfvnf; jyKonfrrnf
tusK;d ray;}}vdYk 'Dvdk rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f vufc,H MHk unfaewJh tud&, d 'd|[
d m axmuf&mwnf&mukd r&Ekid f jzpfciG rhf &Edik f
jzpfoGm;w,f/
um&P (== taMumif;w&m;)qkdwm tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:vm atmif jyKvkyfay;wwfwJhtwGufaMumifhom

taMumif ; w&m;vk d Y ac:qd k jcif ; jzpf w ,f / 'gaMumif h taMumif ; w&m;awG r S m tusKd ; w&m;ud k jzpf a y:
vmatmifjyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tifowåd&Sdaewmukd odjrifvkdufwJh 'Dtod ÓPfu ]]ukokdvf tukokdvfawGudk
jyKaomfvnf; jyKonfrrnf tusKd; ray;}}qdkwJh t,lrSm; tud&d,'d|dudk y,fpGefYEkdifjcif; jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
'D0dyóemÓPfawG[m rdpäm'd|d t,lrSm; trsKd;rsKd;ukd wkdufzsuf&mrSm taumif;qkH; vufeufawGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/
vu©Pmig;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH
tedpövu©Pm 'ku©vu©Pm tewåvu©Pm obm0vu©Pm ocFwvu©PmqdkwJh vu©Pmig;yg;
xif&Sm;ykHtykdif;ukd qufvufNyD; emMum;Mu&atmif .../
tewåvu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykH
ypö , awm pó O','óaee tewå v u© P H ygu#H a[mwd "r® m eH
ed&D[uwåypö,y#dA'¨0kwådwm0aAm"awm/ (0dok'd¨-2-268/)
ypö,awm O','óaee = taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif; aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk dk ½Ijrifjcif;jzif/h
tó = xdka,m*g 0p&yk*¾dKvf\ todÓPfü/ tewåvu©PH = tewåvu©Pmonf/ ygu#H = xif&Sm;vmonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifh enf;[lrlum;/ "r®meH = y&rw¬"r®wkdY\/ ed&D[uwåypö,y#dA'¨-
0kwådwm0aAm"awm = tm;xkwfjcif; Asmyg& uif;onf\ tjzpfç taMumif;w&m;ESifh pyfíjzpfjcif; &Sdonf\
tjzpfukd xdk;xGif;í odjcif; aMumifhwnf;/
taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif; (= xif&mS ;&Sjd cif;)aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk dk ½Ijrifaeaom ypö,awm
O','óeÓPftjrif ESifhjynfhpkHaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefrSm tewåvu©Pm (= tewå ÓPftjrif)[m
xif&Sm;vmw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ ocFwy&rwfw&m; awGrSm tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwfjcif;
Asmyg& uif;wJh oabmukda&mç taMumif;w&m;ESifhpyfíom jzpfjcif;&SdwJhoabmudka&m a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU
0dyóemÓPfu (= ypö,awm O','óeÓPf u) xkd;xGif;odaewJhtwGufaMumifh jzpfw,f/
ocFwy&rwfw&m;awGrSm tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfay:vmatmif tm; xkwfjcif;Asmyg& uif;w,fqkdwmuawmh
'Dvdkyg -- 'Dae&mrSm taMumif; w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdw,fqdkwmu taMumif;w&m;awGrSm tusKd;ukd jzpfap EkdifwJh
obm0owådpGrf;tif xif&Sm;&Sdaewmukd qdkvdkygw,f/ txl;ojzifh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGrSm 0dnmPf emrf½kyf oVm,we zó a0'emqdkwJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk jzpfapEkdifwJh
obm0owådpGrf;tif wnf&SdaerIrsKd;ukd qdkvdkygw,f/ 'Dvdk taMumif; w&m;awGrSm tusKd;w&m;awGudk jzpfapEkdifwJh
obm0owådpGrf;tif xif &Sm; &Sd½kHrQjzifh taMumif;w&m;awGu tusKd;w&m;awGudk jzpfay:vm atmif
aus;Zl;jyKay;wwfMuygw,f/ taMumif;w&m;awGrSm tusKd; w&m;awGukd jzpfay:vmatmif ]]wkdY-jyKvkyfMur,f}}
qd k w J h aMumif h M u Asmyg& r&S d M uygbl ; / tusKd ; w&m;awG u d k jzpf a y:vmapEk d i f w J h obm0 owå d p G r f ; tif
xif&Sm;&Sdae½kHrQjzifhom tusKd;w&m;awGudk aus;Zl;jyKay; Mujcif;jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfcku - taMumif;w&m;
xif&Sm;r&SdjyefvQif vnf; tusKd;w&m;uvnf; xif&Sm;rjzpfvmjyefbl;/ 'gaMumifh tusKd; w&m;awG[m
taMumif;w&m;ESifhom tjrJwrf; qufpyfNyD; jzpfaeMu &ygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;awGrSm tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif tm; xkwfjcif;Asmyg& uif;aejcif;qdkwJh

taMumif;wpfckç tusKd;w&m;awG[m taMumif;w&m;ESifhom tjrJwrf; qufpyfí jzpfjcif;oabm&Sdjcif;qkdwJh
taMumif;wpfck - 'DtaMumif; ESpfckaMumifh ypö,awm O','óe ÓPfqdkwJh 0dyóemÓPfESifhjynfhpkHaewJh

a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU 0dyóem ÓPfu - taMumif;w&m;awGrSmvnf; tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfay:vm atmif
zefqif;jyKvyk af ewJt
h wårS qdwo
f Ok ;f aewJo
h abmç tusK;d w&m; awGrmS vnf; tzefqif;cH& tjyKvyk cf aH e&wJt
h wårS
qdwfokOf;aewJh oabmukd awGUjrifaewJhtwGuf odjrifaewJhtwGuf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf &JU todÓPfrSm
tewåvu©Pm[m xif&Sm;vmjcif;jzpfw,fvkdY qdkvdk ygw,f/
tedpövu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufwpfck tedpövu©PmtaMumif;ukd ajymMu&atmif .../
cPawm O',AÁ , 'óaee ted p ö v u© P H ygu#H a[mwd [k w G m tbm0g0aAm"awmç
ykAÁEÅmy&EÅ0da0um0aAm"awm p/ (0dok'd¨-2-268/)
cPawm = cPtm;jzifh/ O',AÁ,'óaee = taMumif;w&m; ESifhwuGaom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdY\
jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; (= O',- 0,)ukd 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ tedpövu©PH = tedpö vu©Pmonf/
ygu#H = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ [kwGm = a&S;ur&Sd
,ckrS½kwfjcnf;jzpfí/ tbm0g0aAm"awm = t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf ysufpD;csKyfaysmuf jcif; (= r&Sdjcif; =
tbm0)ukd xkd;xGif;í odjrifjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;/ ykAÁEÅmy&EÅ0da0um0aAm"awm p = a&S;tzkdY aemuftzkdYü
uif;qdwf onf\tjzpf (= r&dSonf\tjzpf)ukd xkd;xGif;í odjcif;aMumifhvnf; aumif;/ tedpövu©PH =
tedpövu©Pmonf/ ygu#H = xif&Sm;vm onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
ocFg&w&m;awG&UJ cPrpJ woJoJ jzpfaerI ysuaf erIudk cPawm O',AÁ,'óeÓPfqw dk hJ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f ½Ijrif vkud w
f t
hJ cg 'DocFg&w&m;awGrmS jzpfjcif;-ysujf cif;qkw d hJ oabmESprf sK;d jzifh ykid ;f jcm;xm;tyfwhJ
oabmudkvnf; 'D0dyóemÓPfu odNyD;jzpfae w,f/ 'gaMumifh - ocFg&w&m;awG&JU a&S;ur&Sd? ,ckrS½kwfjcnf;
jzpfay: vmí t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf ysufpD;csKyfaysmufjcif;udk 0dyóem or®m'd|d ÓPfynmjzifh
ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifwJh twGuf a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm tedpövu©Pm tedpöÓPf
tjrif[m xif&Sm;vmaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm; awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSm - jzpfNyD;wmESifh csKyfysufoGm;jcif;qdkwm jzpfNyD;&SdNyD;wJh aemuf r&Sdjcif;oabmyJ/ ocFg&w&m;awG[m
jzpf N yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m om r&d S w mvm;vd k Y a wmh ar;p&m &S d w ,f / jzpf N yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m om r&S d w m r[k w f b l ; ?
rjzpfcifa&S;rqGuvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ rjzpfcifu r&Sdjcif;ç jzpfNyD; wJhaemufvnf; r&Sdjcif; qkdwJh r&Sdjcif;ESpfrsKd;wkdY&JU
tv,frSmom Oyg'f-XD-bif (= jzpf-wnf-ysuf) obm0taetxm;ESifh cPacwå tckduf twefYuav;om
xif&Sm;jzpfvmwJh obm0w&m;awGom jzpfMuw,f/
'Dae&mrSm cPacwå tckduftwefYuav;qdkwmu - ½kyfw&m;awG [m vufzspfwpfwGuf (= wpfpuúefY)vkdY
ac:qdktyfwJh tcsdefumvudk tykHaygif; uka# 5000-ausmfavmufykHvQif wpfykHavmufom oufwrf; &SdMuw,f/
emrfw&m;awG[mvnf; vufzspw f pfwu G f wpfpuúeq
Yf w
dk hJ tcsed u
f mvukd uka# wpfoed ;f cefY ykv
H Qif wpfyaHk vmufom
oufwrf; &SdMuw,f/ ocFg&w&m;awG[m 'Davmufwdkawmif;wJh tcsdefumv oufwrf;twGif;rSmyJ Oyg'f-XD-
bifqdkwJh tcdkuftwefYuav; tae tm;jzifhom xif&Sm;vmwJh obm0w&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/
ocFg&w&m;awG[m rjzpfrD a&S;tzdkYuvnf; uif;qdwfjcif;ç jzpfNyD; aemuftzdkYvnf; uif;qdwfjcif;qdkwm
rjzpfrDa&S;tzkdYüvnf; r&dSjcif; jzpfNyD;aemuftzkdYüvnf; r&Sdjcif;ukdyJ qkdvdkygw,f/ a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU
O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfu - 'DocFg&w&m;awG&UJ rjzpfraD &S;tzd[ Yk l aom twdwçf csKyNf y;D aemuftzk[

Yd al om tem*wf
- 'D twdwf tem*wf tzdkYtpk ESpfrsKd;vkH;wdkYrSm uif;qdwfaewJhoabm-r&SdwJhoabm-okn jzpfaewJhoabmukd
jrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/
½IvkdYjrifcJhvQif 'DocFg&w&m;awGrSm Oyg'f-XD-bifqkdwJh cPokH;yg; taygif;&JU a&SUrSma&m aemufrSma&m r&Sdjcif;-
uif;qdwfjcif;-oknjzpfae jcif;qdkwJh obm0ukd xdk;xGif; odjrifaewJhtwGufaMumifh 'D ocFg&w&m; awG&JU tpESifh
tqkH;ukdvnf; xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm tedpövu©Pm[m
xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfw,f/
'ku©vu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykH
'ku©vu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykHtykdif;ukdvnf; qufvufNyD; emMum; MunfhMu&atmif .../
'ku©vu©PrÜd ygu#H a[mwd O',AÁa,[d y#dyDVem0aAm"awm/
(0dok'd¨-2-268/)
cPawm = cPtm;jzifh/ O',AÁ,'óaee = taMumif;w&m; ESifh wuGaom cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-
ysufjcif; O',AÁ,ukd 0dyóem ÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ 'ku©vu©PrÜd = 'ku©vu©Pmonfvnf;/ ygu#H =
xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifh enf;[lrlum;/ O',AÁa,[d = jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif;
O',AÁ,oabm wYkdonf/ y#dyDVem0aAm"awm = tzefwvJvJ EdSyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfudk xdk;xGif;í
odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
'DocFg&w&m;awG[m jzpfvmMuNyDqdkvQif jzpfNyD;wmESifh tkdjcif; Z&m w&m;u ESdyfpufjyefw,f/ ysufjcif; (=
aojcif; = r&P)w&m;uvnf; ESdyfpufjyefw,f/ ocFg&w&m;awG&JU jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; O',AÁ,ukd ½Iae wJh
0dyóemÓPfu 'Dvdk 'DocFg&w&m;awGrmS jzpfjcif;-ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tn§O;f yef; tESyd pf ufcaH e&wJh
y#dyDVe| 'ku© obm0ukd aumif;aumif;BuD; odaew,f jrifaew,f? xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;BuD;
odjrifaew,f/ 'Dvkd jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tn§Of;yef; tESdyfpufcHae&wJh 'ku©obm0udk
xdk;xGif;odjrif aewJhtwGuf 'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm 'ku©vu©Pm[m xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfygw,f/
obm0vu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufwpfckuawmh obm0vu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykHtykdif; jzpfyg w,f/ t|uxmu 'Dtykdif;ukd b,fvkd
zGifhqdkxm;ovJ¿ --
obm0vu©PrÜd ygu#H a[mwd O',AÁ,y&d pädEém0aAm"awm/
(0dok'd¨-2-268/)
cPawm O',AÁ,'óaee = cPtm;jzifh cE¨mig;yg;wkdY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; O',AÁ,udk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
½Ijrifjcif;jzifh/ obm0vu©PrdÜ = y&rw¬"r®wdkY\ udk,fykdif obm0vu©Pmonfvnf;/ ygu#H = xif&Sm;vmonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/ uo®m = tb,faMumifh enf;[lru l m;/ O',AÁ,y& y&dd päpEdä mé 0aAm"awm = ocFg&w&m;wküYd jzpfjcif;-
ysufjcif; (= O',AÁ,)jzifh ykdif;jcm;tyfonf\tjzpfudk 0dyóem or®m'd|dÓPfjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifjcif;aMumifh wnf;/
ocFg&w&m;awG&UJ cPtm;jzifh jzpfryI surf I O',-0,oabmudk 0dyóemor®m'd|Ó
d Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifvdkuf wJhtwGuf ocFg&w&m;awG&JU tedpövu©Pm 'ku©vu©Pmom a,m*D yk*¾dKvf&JU ÓPfxJrSm
xif&Sm;wm r[kwfao;bl;/ y&rw¬"r® toD;toD; &JU ukd,fykdifobm0vu©Pm[mvnf; xif&Sm;vmygw,f/

bmaMumifh vJ¿ ocFg&w&m;awGrSm jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; (= O',-0,)jzifh ykdif;jcm; xm;tyfwJhoabmudk
0dyóemÓPfu xGif;azmufodjrifaewJhtwGuf aMumifh jzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmfu - yg*bm00d'o H¨ mbm0g0päEd Hé -qdw
k hJ pum;vk;H ESihf &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ yg*bm0-
qdkwmu rjzpfcifu r&Sdjcif;ukd qkdvkdw,f/ 0d'¨Hombm0-u csKyfNyD;aemuf (= jzpfNyD;aemuf) r&Sdjcif;ukd qkdvkdw,f/
ocFg&w&m;awGrSm rjzpfrD a&S;rqGu r&Sdao;jcif;ç jzpfNyD;aemuf (= ysufjcif; bifumv\aemuf) ü r&Sdjcif;-qkdwJh
'Dr&Sdjcif; ESpfrsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;jcm;xm;tyfwJhtwGuf 'Da&SUaemufESpf&yfr&Sdjcif; ESpfrsKd; wkdY&JU tMum;rSmyJ Oyg'f-XD-
biftm;jzifh ,m,DacwåcPtm;jzifh xif&Sm; vmMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd xif&Sm;aewJh tckduftwefYuav;rSmyJ - ]]'gu
yx0D"mwfç 'gu tmayg"mwfç 'gu zóç 'gu a0'em}} ponfjzifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu cGJjcm;NyD; uGJuGJjym;jym;
odEidk w
f ,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J tJ'D r&Sjd cif;ESprf sK;d wk&Yd UJ tv,fqw dk hJ tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f rSmyJ ]]yx0D"mwf&UJ rmrIoabmç
tmayg"mwf&JU ,kdpD;rIoabmç zó&JU tm½kHukd awGUxdrI oabmç a0'em&JU tm½kH&JUt&omukd cHpm;rIoabm}}
pwJ h y&rw¬ " r® wk d Y & J U uk d , f y k d i f o bm0vu© P mu xif & S m ;aewJ h t wG u f a Mumif h jzpf w ,f / 'D v k d
ukd,fykdifobm0vu©PmawGu xif&Sm;aewJhtwGufaMumifhvnf; a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu - ]]'gu yx0D"mwfç 'gu
tmayg"mwfç 'gu zóç 'gu a0'em}} - ponfjzifh 'Dvkd uGJuGJjym;jym; od&SdcGifhukd &&Sdjcif; jzpfyg w,f/
ocFwvu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykH
aemufwpfckuawmh ocFwvu©Pm xif&Sm;vmykHtykdif;jzpfygw,f/
obm0vu©aP ocFwvu©Pó wm0umvduwårÜd ygu#H a[mwd O',u©aP 0,óç 0,u©aP p
O',ó tbm0g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-268/)
obm0vu©aP = ocFg&w&m;wk\ Yd uk, f bm0vu©Pm onf/ ygua# = a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\
d yf idk o f todÓPfü
xif&Sm;vmvwf aomf/ ocFwvu©Pó = ocFwvu©Pm\/ wm0umvduwårÜd = wm0umvdu (=
tcdkuftwefYrQ = wkdawmif;aomumv)&Sdonf\ tjzpfonfvnf;/ ygu#H = xif&Sm;vmonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
uo®m = tb,faMumifhenf; [lrlum;/ O',u©aP = jzpfqJ O',cPü/ 0,ó = ysufjcif; 0,\/ 0,u©aP
p = ysufjcif; 0,cPüvnf;/ O',ó = jzpfjcif; O',\/ tbm0g0aAm"awm = r&Sdonf\ tjzpfukd xkd;xGif;í
odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
y&rw¬"r®wkdY&JU toD;toD;aom ukd,fykdifobm0vu©Pm[m a,m *g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU 0dyóemÓPfrSm
xif&Sm;vmwJhtcg ocFwvu©Pm&JU Oyg'f-XD-bifqkdwJh tvGefwkdawmif;wJh umv&SdaewJh wm0umvdu
oabmuvnf; a,m*D&JU 0dyóemÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmw,f/ bm aMumifhvJ¿ jzpfqJ (= O', = Oyg'f)cPrSm
ysufjcif; (= 0,)qkdwJh bif oabmw&m;[mvnf; xif&Sm;r&Sdbl;? ysufqJ (= 0, = bif)cPrSm vnf; jzpfjcif;
(= O',)qdkwJh oabmw&m;[mvnf; xif&Sm;r&Sdbl;? 'Dvdk O',tcdkufü 0,r&SdrIoabmç 0,tcdkufüvnf;
O',r&SdrI oabmukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 0dyóemÓPfESifh xkd;xGif;odjrifaewJh twGufaMumifhyJ jzpfygw,f/
ocFww&m;wkdif;rSm Oyg'f-XD-bifqkdwJh cPi,fokH;yg;pD toD;toD; &Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Oyg'f-XD-bifqkdwJh
cPokH;yg;&SdwJh w&m;rSeforQ[m ocFww&m;csnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'D Oyg'f-XD-bifqkdwJh cPokH;yg;taygif; [m
ocFww&m;vkdY odavmufwJh trSwftom;vu©Pm jzpfygw,f/ ocFwvu©PmvkdYac:ygw,f/
'DocFww&m; (= ocFg&w&m;)wkYd&JU cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI-ysufrIukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU 0dyóemÓPfu
½Ijrifvu
dk w
f t
hJ cg Oyg'f-XD-bifqw
dk hJ ocFwvu©Pm&JUJ Oyg'fcP-XDcP-bifcPqkw
d hJ tvGew
f adk wmif;wJh umv&Sw
d hJ
oabm[m a,m*D&JU 0dyóemÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ Oyg'f-XD-bif - qkdwJh ocFww&m;wkdY&JU
trSwftom; vu©Pm (3)ck[m -- Oyg'fcPuvnf; XDcPoYkdwkdifatmifç XDcPu vnf; bifcPokdYwkdifatmifç
bifcPuvnf; topftopf jzpfvmwJh tjcm;ocFww&m;&JU Oyg'fcPokdYwkdifatmif - rwnfwHhjcif;aMumifhyJ
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh jzpfjcif; (= Oyg'f = O',)cPrSm ysufjcif; bifoabm (= 0,oabm)&JU r&SdrIoabmESifh ysufjcif;
(= bif = 0,)cPüvnf; jzpfjcif; (= Oyg'f = O',)cP&JU r&SdrIoabmwkdYukd a,m*D&JU 0dyóem ÓPfu
xk d ; xG i f ; od a ewJ h t wG u f a Mumif h tJ ' D a ,m*D & J U 0d y óemÓPf r S m ocF w w&m;wk d Y & J U ocF w vu© P m[m
tvGefwkdawmif;aom oufwrf; umv &SdwJhtaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdoGm;jcif; jzpfyg w,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh -- 'D O',AÁ,ÓPfykdif;rSm O',ESifh 0, (=jzpfrIESifh ysufrI)ukdom azmfjyxm;jcif;
zGiq
hf x
dk m;jcif;[m ]]ocFg&w&m; wkrYd mS XDcP r&Sv d v
Ydk m;}}vkYd - 'Dvdk ar;p&m &Sw
d ,f/ ocFww&m; = ocFg&w&m;awGrmS
XDcP r&Sv d aYdk wmh r[kwyf gbl;? XDcP &Syd gw,f/ 'gayrJh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v&f UJ O',AÁ,mEkyóemÓPfu ocFg&w&m;wk&Yd UJ
jzpfrIESifh ysufrIukdom tm½kHjyKaewJhtwGuf O',AÁ,ÓPf[mvnf; 'Da,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefrSm ocFww&m;wkdY&JU
jzpfrI-ysufrIukd ½IjrifwwfwJh ÓPftjzpfjzifhom jzpfay:vmwJhtwGufaMumifh XDumvukd rajymqkd jcif; jzpfygw,f/
Oyg'fcPESifh bifcPukdom ,lNyD; O',AÁ,ÓPf[k zGifhqkdxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
ckajymcJhwmawGuawmh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu O',AÁ,ÓPfykdif;okdY a&mufwJhtcgrSm --
1/ cPawm O',AÁ,'óe = cPtm;jzifh cE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU jzpfrI-ysufrIukd ½Ijcif;?
2/ ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óe = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh cE¨mig;yg; wkdY&JU jzpfrI-ysufrIukd ½Ijcif; --
qkdwJh ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU O',ESifh 0, (= jzpfrIESifh ysufrI) ukd ½IEkdifwJhtwGuf
'D O',AÁ,ÓPfykdif;rSm a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfrSm --
1/ opömav;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH
2/ y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmykH
3/ enf;av;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH
4/ vu©Pmig;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH --
qkdwJh taMumif;t&mawG jzpfygw,f/ ckajymcJhwJh opömav;yg;pwJh w&m;awG[m - or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜç
or®m0g,mrç or®mowdç or®m orm"d-qkdwJh or®m'd|dOD;aqmifwJh avmuDr*¾ifw&m;awGESifh xkd;xGif; odjrifvkdufwJh
avmuDopömw&m;awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ 'DO',AÁ, ÓPfudk w½kP0dyóemÓPfvYkd 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmu (0do'k -d¨
2-269/) ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;ygw,f/ 'Dw½kP0dyóemÓPfukd &&SdwJh olawmf aumif;ukdvnf; tm&'¨0y d óuyk*Kd¾ vf
(tm;xkwt f yfaom 0dyóem &Swd hJ yk*Kd¾ v)f vkdY ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;ygw,f/
'Dtykdif;rSm tewåvu©PokwåefrSm vm&SdwJh 0dyóem½IuGufukd xnfhoGif;NyD; ajymMum;vkdygw,f/
tewåvu©PokwåefrSmvm&SdwJh 0dyóem½IuGuf
yÍö0*¾D-&[ef;awmfwkdYukd bk&m;&Sifu "r®pMum a'oemawmfjzifh t&d,opömav;yg;ukd aomwmywådr*fÓPf
zkdvfÓPfwkdYjzifh xkd;xGif; odjrifwJh tqifhtxd acscRwfawmfrlNyD;wJhaemuf 0gqkdvjynfhausmf ig;&ufaeY ta&mufrSm

tewåvu©Pokwåef a'oemawmfukd a[m Mum;ay;awmfrlvsuf t&[wåzkdvfayguf acscRwfay;awmfrlygw,f/
tJ'Dtewåvu©Pokwåefukd emMum;aewJh yÍö0*¾D &[ef;awmfawG[m aomwmywådr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdYjzifh
opömav;yg;ukd xk;d xGi;f odjrif Ny;D MuNyq
D w
kd hJ tcsuu
f adk wmh txl;*½kjyKNy;D rSwo
f m;xm;yg/ enf;enf; xyf&iS ;f OD;r,f
--
1/ 'DyÍö0*¾&D [ef;awmfw[
Ykd m twdwf tem*wf ypöKyeÜ f tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du(tMurf;) okcrk (tEk) [De(t,kw)f
yPDw(tjrwf) 'l& (ta0;) oEÅu d (teD;) - qdw
k hJ (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;
'ku©opömw&m;udkvnf; 0dyóem ÓPf aomwmywådr*fÓPfwdkYjzifh xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
2/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - qkdwJh 'ku©opömw&m;pk\ taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh ork',opömw&m;udkvnf;
0dyóemÓPf aomwmywådr*fÓPfwkdYjzifh xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
3/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;
xif&Sm;jzpfykHqkdwJh tEkavmr y#dpö orkyÜg'fw&m;ukdvnf; 0dyóemÓPf aomwmywådr*fÓPfwdkYjzifh
xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
4/ t0d Z Æ m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH - qd k w J h taMumif ; w&m;awG [ m t&[wå r *f a Mumif h
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmvdkYac:wJh aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGuf tusKd; cE¨mig;yg;
'ku©opömw&m;wkdYvnf; y&dedAÁmepkwdukd aemufqkH;xm;NyD; tEkyÜg' eda&m"oabmvdkYac:wJh aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyf Nidrf;jcif;qkdwJh eda&m"opömw&m; (= y#davmr y#dpöorkyÜg'foabm w&m;)ukdvnf;
0dyóemÓPf aomwmywådr*fÓPfwkdYjzifh xkd;xGif; odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
5/ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefqkdwJh avmukwå&m eda&m"opöm w&m;ukdvnf; aomwmywådr*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPfwkdYjzifh xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
6/ or®m'd|d tp or®morm"d tqkH;&SdwJh avmuDr*¾if &Spfyg; usifhpOf w&m;udkvnf; avmuD0dyóemÓPfESifh
xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
7/ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefukd xdk;xGif;odaewJh or®m'd|d tp or®morm"d tqkH;&SdwJh r*¾if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udkvnf; aomwmywådr*fÓPf ypöa0u©PmÓPfwdkYjzifh xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfMuw,f/
'Dtcsuf (7)csufudkawmh txl;*½kjyKNyD; rSwfom;xm;yg/ 'Dae&mrSm aomwmywådr*fÓPfu opömav;yg;ukd
odw,fqdkwJhtcsufESifh ywf oufvdkY odykHudk xyfNyD; &Sif;jyOD;r,f/ --
aomwmywård *fÓPfu tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ ef qkw d hJ avmukw&å m eda&m"opöm w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk
tm&r®Py#da0"- oabmtm;jzifh wkduf½kduftm½kHrsufarSmufjyKNyD; xdk;xGif;odygw,f/ 'ku© opöm ork',opöm
r*¾ o pö m qd k w J h usef o pö m (3)yg;uk d a wmh toar® m [ y#d a 0" oabmtm;jzif h xk d ; xG i f ; od y gw,f /
toar® m [y#d a 0"qk d w m u -- tJ ' D o pö m ok H ; yg;ud k wpf e nf ; ajym&vQif a wmh opö m av;yg;vk H ; ud k
rodatmifzkH;vTrf;xm;wJh arm[udk aomwmywådr*fÓPfu tocFw "mwf edAÁmefudk tm½kHjyKwJhtcgrSm t<uif;rJh
y,fowfvu kd yf gw,f/ opöm av;yg;udk rodrI (= arm[)uif;aysmufomG ;wJt h wGuf odr[
I m tvdvk kd udpNö y;D oGm;w,f/
'Dvukd pd Nö y;D jcif;udk udpo
ö 'd t
d¨ m;jzifh opömav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odw,fvYkd qdyk gw,f/ 'gaMumifh aomwmywård *fÓPfu
'ku© opöm ork',opöm r*¾opömwkdYudk toar®m[y#da0" oabmtm;jzifh odw,f/ avmukwå&m eda&m"opöm

w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tm&r®Py#da0" oabmtm;jzifh wkduf½kdufrsufarSmuf tm½kHjyKNyD; odw,fvkdY rSwfyg/
yÍö0*¾D ig;OD;wkdYtaMumif;udk qufajymMu&atmif/ 0gqkdvjynfhausmf ig;&ufaeY a&mufwJhtcg t&[wåzdkvf
&Ekdifavmufatmif yg&rDrsKd;aph awGu &ifhusufvmNyDvkdY bk&m;&Sifu odawmfrlwJhtwGuf tewåvu©P
okwåefa'oemawmfudk a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'Dtewåvu©P okwåefrSmvm&SdwJh 0dyóem½IuGufudk
uGufNyD;awmh emMum;MunfhMu &atmif .../
bk&m;&Sifu yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfwdkYudk cE¨mig;yg;[m tewåjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyNyD;wJhtcg
bk&m;&Sifu qufvufNyD; ar;cGef; awGudk ar;jref;awmfrlygw,f/ yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfwkdYuvnf; tajzay;
awmfrlMuygw,f/
bk & m;&S i f u - ]]½k y f o nf ed p ö v m; ted p ö v m;}}vd k Y ar;awmf r l y gw,f / yÍö 0 *¾ D & [ef ; awmf w k d Y u vnf ;
]]tedpöjzpfaMumif;}}udk wifjyavQmufxm; Muw,f/
aemuf x yf bk & m;&S i f u ]]ted p ö j zpf w J h tJ ' D ½ k y f [ m 'k u © v m; ok c vm;}} vd k Y ar;awmf r l y gw,f /
yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfwdkYuvnf; ]]'ku©jzpfaMumif;}} ukd wifjyavQmufxm;Muw,f/
aemufxyf bk&m;&Sifu - ]]tedpöjzpfwJh 'ku©jzpfwJh azmufjyefysufpD; wwfwJh 0dy&dPmr"r®jzpfwJh tJ'D½kyfudk
]igyJ ç igh [ myJ ç ig&J U twå y J } vk d Y pJ G v rf ; xif j rif ½I q if j cif z k d Y oif h y gh r vm;}}vk d Y ar;awmf r l j yef w ,f / yÍö 0 *¾ D
&[ef ; awmf w k d Y u vnf ; ]] 'D v k d p J G v rf ; xif j rif ½I q if j cif z k d Y roif h y gaMumif ; }}ud k wif j yavQmuf x m;Muw,f /
usefemrfcE¨mav;yg;ukdvnf; wpfyg;pDcJGNyD; toD;toD; yHkpHwlyJ bk&m;&Sifu ar;awmfryl gw,f/ yÍö0*¾&D [ef;awmfwYkd
uvnf; ykpH w H yl J tajzay;awmfrMl uygw,f/ tJ'v D kd tar;-tajz jyKvyk f Ny;D wJt h cgrSm bk&m;&Siuf 0dyóem½Iuu G u f dk
'Dvkd oifay;awmfrlygw,f/
wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 ,H udÍöd ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g
yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g? oAÁH ½lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH
or®yÜnm, '|AÁH/ (oH-2-56/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ wo®m = xkdodkY cE¨mig;yg;wkdY\ tedpö 'ku© tewåom jzpfjcif;aMumifh/ £[
= þomoemawmfjrwf twGi;f ü/ wkarS = oifwo Ykd nf/ twDwmem*wypöKyEÜ Hé = twdwf tem*wf ypöKyeÜ jf zpfaom/
,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom½kyfonfvnf; aumif;/ tZÑwåH 0g = rdrd\ukd,fwGif; tZÑwårlvnf;jzpfaom/ A[d'¨g 0g
= jyify A[d'r¨ vl nf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍdö ½lyH = tvk;H pkaH om½kyo f nf vnf;aumif;/ MoVm&duH 0g = ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom
MoVm&d u rl v nf ; jzpf a om/ ok c k r H 0g = od r f a rG U El ; nH h a om ok c k r rl v nf ; jzpf a om/ ,H ud Í ö d ½l y H =
tvk;H pkaH om½kyof nfvnf;aumif;/ [DeH 0g = ,kwn f o l nf; jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g = rGejf rwfonfrv
hH nfrv l nf;jzpfaom/
,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom½kyfonfvnf;aumif;/ 'la& 0g = a0;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ oEÅdau 0g =
eD;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udÍöd ½lyH = tvkH;pkHaom½kyf onfvnf;aumif;/ tw¬d = &Sd\/ {wH oAÁH ½lyH =
þtvkH;pkHaom½kyf w&m;ukd --
1/ {wH = þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ e rr = ig\½kyfw&m; r[kwf/
2/ {aom = þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ e t[ro®d = ig r[kwf/
3/ {aom = þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ ar = ig\/ e twåm = twå r[kwf/

£wd {0H = þokdYvQif/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfh twkdif;/ or®yÜnm, = aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm
odaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh/ '|AÁH = ½IyGm;okH;oyftyf\/
emrfcE¨m (4)yg;ukdvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyg w,f/
'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&Sifu yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfwkdYukd --
1/ twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEÅdu - ac:wJh (11)rsKd;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh ½kyfw&m;tm;vkH;ukd
2/ (11)rsKd;aomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh a0'emw&m;tm;vkH;ukd
3/ tvm;wl onmw&m;tm;vkH;ukd
4/ apwodufocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;ukd
5/ todpdwf0dnmPfw&m;tm;vkH;ukd --
]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåm = igh[m r[kwfç ig r[kwfç ig&JUtwå r[kwfvkdY ½Iyg}}[k
0dyóem½IuGufukd oifay;awmf rlygw,f/
aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåmwd orEkyómrDwd tedpöH 'ku©H tewåmwd orEkyómrd/ (r-|-
4-232/)
]]igh[m r[kwf? ig r[kwf? ig&JUtwå r[kwf}}vkdY ½Iygqkdwm ]]tedpövkdY ½Iyg? 'ku©vkdY ½Iyg? tewåvkdY ½Iyg}} qkdwmESifh
twlwl jzpfaMumif;ukd qaEém0g'okwåeft|uxmu &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
emrfcE¨m (4)yg;ukdvnf; ykHpHwlyJ 0dyóem ½IyGm;&ef bk&m;&Sifu qufvufNyD; ñTefMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/
yÍö0*¾&D [ef;awmfwu Ydk vnf; bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f w&m;em,l&if;ESihf 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;ukd
pD;jzef;awmfrlEkdifMuwJhtwGuf tewåvu©Pokwåef a'oemawmfed*kH; NyD;qkH;vwfaomtcg t&[wåzkdvfü
wnfoGm;awmf rlMuygw,f/
okdYaomf 'Dae&mrSm w&m;emy&dowfawGbufu xifjrif ,lq aumif; xifjrif,lqEkdifwJh tcsufwpfckawmh
&Sdygw,f/ yÍö0*¾D&[ef; awmfwkdY[m aomwmyefjzpfawmfrlNyD;ygrS twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefpwJh (11)rsKd;aom
tjcif ; t&mtm;jzif h wnf a ewJ h Oyg'geu© E ¨ m ig;yg;wk d Y u k d vu© P ma&; ok H ; wef o k d Y wif u m 0d y óem
½IyGm;okH;oyfawmfrlMuw,f vkdY xifjrif ,lqaumif; ,lqayvdrfhr,f/ cyfapmapmu opömav;yg; taMumif;ukd
&Si;f jycJNh y;D ygNy/D yÍö0*¾iD g;OD;wk[
Yd m "r®pMuma'oemawmf enf;t& 'kuo
© pöm ork',opömw&m;wku Yd dk 0dyóem½IymG ;
okH;oyf awmfrlEkdifwJhtwGuf aomwmywådr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdYjzifh edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyKawmfrlEkdifMujcif;
opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif;odjrifawmfrlMu jcif; jzpfMuygw,f/
'ku©opömw&m;qkdwmuvnf; a&SUykdif;u &Sif;jycJhwJhtwkdif; twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du
okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEÅduqkdwJh (11)rsKd;aomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wkdYom
jzpfMuygw,f/ yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;wkdY[m 'D'ku©opöm t0iftyg jzpfwJh opömav;yg;vkH;ukd 0dyóemynm r*fynmwkdYjzifh
xkd;xGif;odjrif awmfrlMuNyD; jzpfygw,f/ okdYaomf t&[wåzkdvfokdY a&mufEkdifavmuf atmif todÓPfawGu
r&ifhusufao;wJhtwGuf t&[wåzkdvfokdY rqkdufa&mufMuao;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ olwkdY&JU 0dyóemÓPfawGu

okdYr[kwf o'¨g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm qkdwJh £aÈíg;yg;wkdYu t&[wåzkdvfukd &Ekdifavmufatmif
&if h u suf v mwJ h t cg bk & m;&S i f u tewå v u© P ok w å e f a 'oemawmf ½I u G u f w k d Y j zif h t&[wå z k d v f a yguf
acscRwfay;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'DtcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; oHo, ykdNyD; &Sif;oGm;atmif emrnfausmf
opöuy&dAkdZfBuD;ESifh bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU tar;-tajzrsm;ukd qufvufNyD; em,lMunfhyg/
wpfcsdefrSm emrnfausmf opöuy&dAkdZfBuD;u bk&m;&Siftm; ar;cGef; wpfckukd ar;jref;ygw,f/ olUar;cGef;uawmh
'Dvkdyg/ --
udwmå 0wm p Ek acg abmawm a*gwró om0aum omoeua&m a[mwd Mo0g'ywdua&m? wdP0Ö pd u
d ad päm
0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&ZÆyÜawåm ty&yÜpöa,m ow¬Komoae 0d[&wd/
tb,frQavmufaom twkdif;t&SnfyrmPtm;jzifh toQifa*gwr &JU wynfhom0u wpfOD;[m tqkH;trukd
vkud ef mol ñTeMf um;csuu
f kd vku
d ef mol jzpfygovJ¿ &wemok;H wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m; ponfwYdk ty:ü ,krH mS ;jcif;
0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufvsufç okdYavm okdYavm awG;awmjcif; uif;vsufç &J&ifhjcif;ÓPfokdY
a&mufvsufç opöm av;yg;udk odrIrSm olwpfyg;wkdYtm; ukd;pm;,kHMunf&ef rvkdawmhbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemawmfrSm aexkdifEkdifoljzpfygovJ¿ 'Dvkd olu ar;jref;avQmufxm;w,f/ b,fvkdodvkdY jrifvkdY
aomwmyefjzpfygovJvkdY ar;vkd&if;jzpfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd tajzay;awmfrlvkduf ygw,f/
£" t*¾da0óe rr om0aum ,H udÍöd ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH
0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g? oAÁH ½lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåm}}wd {0arwH
,xmblwH or®yÜnm, yówd/ (r-1-297/)
t*¾da0óetEG,füjzpfaom 'g,umawmfy&dAkdZf ...þomoem awmfü igbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u[m
tZÑwåyifjzpfap A[d'ÿif jzpfap MoVm&duyifjzpfap okckryifjzpfap [Deyifjzpfap yPDw yifjzpfap 'l&yifjzpfap
oEÅduyifjzpfap twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef jzpfwJh ½kyftm;vkH;ukd aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåm =
]]þ½kyfonf igh[m r[kwf? þ½kyfonf ig r[kwf? þ½kyfonf ig&JUtwå r[kwf}} = ]]tedpöyJ 'ku©yJ tewåyJ}}vkdY
'Dvkd [kwfrSefwJhtwkdif; aumif;rGef rSefuefpGm odwJh 0dyóemynm r*fynmESifh ½Iw,f/ a0'em onm ocFg&
0dnmPfwkdYukdvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvufa[mMum;xm;awmfrlyg w,f/
{wåm0wm acg t*¾da0óe rr om0aum omoeua&m a[mwd Mo0g'ywdua&m? wdPÖ0dpdudapäm
0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&ZÆyÜawåm ty&yÜpöa,m ow¬Komoae 0d[&wd/ (r-1-297/)
'g,umawmf t*¾ d a 0óe ...þrQavmuf a om twk d i f ; t&S n f yrmPjzif h igbk & m;&S i f & J U
wynfo h m0uwpfO;D [m tqk;H trukd vku d ef m ol ñTeMf um;csuu f dk vku
d ef molwpfO;D jzpfw,f? ,krH mS ;jcif; 0dpu
d pd mä ukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufvsufç okdYavmokdYavm awG;awm,kHrSm;jcif; uif; vsufç &J&ifhjcif;ÓPfokdY a&mufvsufç
opömav;yg;ukd odrIrSm olwpfyg; wkdYtm; ukd;pm;,kHMunf&ef rvkdawmhbJ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU omoem awmfrSm
aexkid Ef idk o
f jl zpfygw,f? 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f tajzay;awmfrv l udk f ygw,f/ wpfcg opöuy&dAZdk u f xyfNy;D ar;jyefw,f/
--
udwåm0wm ye abm a*gwr bdu©K t&[H a[mwd cDPmoa0g 0kodw0g uwu&PDa,m Mo[dwbma&m
tEkyÜwåo'aw¬m y&du©DPb0oHa,mZaem or®'nm 0drkawåm/ (r-1-297/)
toQiaf *gwr ...tb,frQavmufaom twkid ;f t&Snyf rmP jzifh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;[m tmoa0gukeNf y;D wJçh
r*ftusifhukd usifhokH; NyD;wJhç jyKzG,fr*fudpöukd jyKusifhNyD;wJhç udavom0efxkyf0efykd;ukd csxm; NyD;wJhç rdrd&JU
t&[wåzkdvftusKd;pD;yGm;okdY qkdufa&mufNyD;wJhç b0ukd aESmifzGJUwwfwJh oHa,mZOfukefcef;NyD;wJhç trSefw&m;ukd
aumif;pGmodí vGwfajrmufNyD;wJh &[EÅm jzpfygovJ¿ - 'Dvkd xyfNyD; ar;jyefw,f/ 'DtcgrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
ykHpHwlyJ tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/ --
£" t*¾da0óe bdu©K ,H udÍöd ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH
0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g? oAÁH ½lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro®d? e araom twåm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH
or®yÜnm, 'doGm tEkyg'g 0drkawåm a[mwd/
(r-1-297-298/)
t*¾ d a 0óetEG , f ü jzpf a om 'g,umawmf y &d A k d Z f ...þomoem awmf ü &[ef ; awmf w pf y g;[m
tZÑwåyifjzpfap A[d'ÿifjzpfap MoVm &duyifjzpfap okckryifjzpfap [Deyifjzpfap yPDwyifjzpfap 'l&yif jzpfap
oEÅduyifjzpfap twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefjzpfwJh ½kyftm;vkH;ukd ]]þ½kyfonf igh[m r[kwf? þ½kyfonf igr[kwf?
þ½kyfonf ig&JUtwå r[kwf}} = ]]tedpöyJ 'ku©yJ tewåyJ}}vkdY 'Dvkd 'D½kyfw&m;ukd razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwkdif;
aumif;rGefrSefuefpGmodwJh 0dyóemynm r*fynm ESifh ½IjrifwJhtwGuf Oyg'geftpGJtvrf;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;w,f/
/ a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwkdYudkvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvufNyD; a[m Mum;awmfrlygw,f/
{wåm0wm acg t*¾da0óe bdu©K t&[H a[mwd cDPmoa0g 0kodw0g uwu&PDa,m Mo[dwbma&m
tEkyÜwåo'aw¬m y&du©DPb0oHa,mZaem or®'nm 0drkawåm/ (r-1-298/)
t*¾ d a 0óetEG , f ü jzpf a om 'g,umawmf y &d A k d Z f ... þrQavmuf aom twk d i f ; t&S n f y rmPjzif h
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;[m tmoa0gukef NyD;wJhç r*ftusifhukd usifhokH;NyD;wJhç jyKzG,fr*fudpöukd jyKusifhNyD;wJhç udav om
0efxyk 0f efy;dk ukd csxm;Ny;D wJçh rdr&d UJ t&[wåzv
dk f tusK;d pD;yGm;okYd qku
d af &mufNy;D wJçh b0ukd aESmifzUJG wwfwhJ oHa,mZOf
ukefcef;NyD;wJhç trSefw&m;ukd aumif;pGmodvsuf vGwfajrmufNyD;wJh &[EÅm jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu
tajzay;awmfrlvkdufygw,f/
'Dtajzukd MunfhvQif aomwmyefjzpfatmif usifh&rnfh usifhpOfESifh &[EÅmjzpfatmif usifh&rnfh usifhpOfawG[m
wpfxyfwnf; wlnDae wmukd awGUEkdifygw,f/
'D a e&mrS m w&m;emy&d o wf a wG b uf u xyf N yD ; ar;csif a r;Muvd r f h r,f / ]] 'D o pö u y&d A k d Z f u k d
bk&m;&SifñTefMum;awmfrlwJhtykdif;rSm ork', opöm ryg0ifyghvm;}} - vkdY 'Dvkdawmh ar;csifar;Mur,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
aewådygVdawmfrSm vm&SdwJh vu©Pm[m& aewådenf;ukd em;vnfoabm aygufzkdY vkdygw,f/ 'ku©opömw&m;ESifh
ork',opömw&m;wkdY[m ocFw w&m; (= ocFg&w&m;)awGom jzpfMuwJhtwGuf ocFwvu©Pmcsif;
wlnDaewJhtwGuf 'ku©opömü ork',opömukdyg xnfhoGif;pkaygif;um a[mMum;oGm;awmfrlw,fvkYd rSwfyg/
ypöKyÜefcE¨mig;yg;wkdYukd jzpfapwwfwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awG[mvnf;
twdwfcE¨mig;yg;xJrSm tusKH; 0ifaewJh twdwfcE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU tpdwftykdif;wpfckomjzpfw,f/ twdwf
taMumif ; w&m;awG a Mumif h jzpf a y:vmwJ h ypö K yÜ e f t usKd ; cE¨ m ig;yg;ES i f h aemif t em*wf b 0wpf c k c k u k d
arQmfvifhawmifhwNyD; ypöKyÜefrSm xlaxmif xm;wJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
wkdY[mvnf; ypöKyÜefcE¨mig;yg;wkdY&JU tpdwftykdif;awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh tem*wftusK;d cE¨mig;yg;qkw d mvnf; tem*wfcE¨mig;yg;wk&Yd UJ tpdwt f ykid ;f awGom jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh twdwfcE¨mig;yg; ypöKyÜefcE¨mig;yg; tem*wf cE¨mig;yg;wkYdukd odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyóem½IyGm;EkdifvQifawmh
tJ'cD E¨m awGxrJ mS tusK;H 0ifaewJh taMumif;ork',opömw&m;awGuv dk nf; odr;f qnf;um 0dyóem½Ir,fqv kd Qif
vG,fulaernfom jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu ocFwvu©Pmcsif; wlnDaewJhtwGuf vu©Pm
wl&mw&m;rsm;ukd pkaygif;NyD; a[mMum;oGm;awmfrlw,fvkdYyJ rSwfom;yg/
txufykdif; 0dyóemÓPfrsm;
ckvkd - twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef tZÑwå A[d'¨ pwJh cE¨mig;yg;awGukd 0dyóem½IwJhtykdif;rSm --
aom umave tZÑwåH or®owd umave A[d'¨g/ (tbd-|-1-270/)
aom umave ½lyH or®owd umave t½lyH/ (tbd-|-1-271/)
aom = xk d a ,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf o nf / umave = &H c g/ tZÑwå H = tZÑwå cE¨ m ig;yg;uk d / or® o wd =
vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm; okH;oyfí aeay\/ umave = &Hcg/ A[d'¨g = A[d'¨ cE¨mig;yg;ukd/
or®owd = vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyfí ae ay\/
'Dvkd t|uxmBuD;rsm;u ñTefMum;xm;wJhtwGuf &Hcg tZÑwåcE¨m ig;yg;ukd &Hcg A[d'¨cE¨mig;yg;ukd
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfí ae&ygw,f/ 'DcE¨mig;yg;rSmvnf; --
aom = xkda,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf/ umave = &Hcg/ ½lyH = ½kyfw&m;ukd/ or®owd = vu©Pma&; okH;wef
wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm; okH;oyfí aeay\/ umave = &Hcg/ t½lyH = emrfw&m;ukd/ or®owd =
vu©Pma&; okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyfí aeay\/
'Dvtdk |uxmBu;D rsm;u ñTeMf um;xm;wJt
h wGuf &Hcg ½kyw
f &m;ukd &Hcg emrfw&m; (= emrfcE¨m) wku
Yd dk vu©Pma&;
okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyóem½IyGm; okH;oyf&ygw,f/ twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef umvokH;yg;vkH;rSm ykHpHwlyJ
½I&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜefqkdwJh umvokH;yg;ç tZÑwå A[d'¨ qkdwJh oEÅmefESpfyg;twGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh
cE¨mig;yg; ½kyef mrfw&m;awGudk vu©Pma&;ok;H wef wpfvn S phf w
D ifum 0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfvu dk vf Ydk ocFg&w&m;wk&Yd UJ
jzpfrI-ysufrIawGukd cPypöKyÜefodkYqkdufatmif cPwkdif; cPwkdif;rSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;BuD; jrifNyDqkdvQif tJ'DtcgrSm
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf u tjzpfukd ESvkH;roGif;awmhbJ tysufoufoufudkyJ wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;um vu©Pma&;
okH;wefwifum qufvufNyD; 0dyóem ½I&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd½IvkdufvkdY 0dyóemÓPfawGu xufvmNyDqkdvQif
ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JUtjzpfukd rjrifawmhbJ tysufoufoufukdom jrifvm ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm o0d*¾[-ac:wJh
oP²mefj'yfawG tukefaysmuf NyD; y&rwfoufoufukdom jrifaeygvdrfhr,f/ ½kyfuvmyfukdawmif rjrif awmhbJ
½kyfy&rwfoufoufukdom jrifvmygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm -
ÓwÍö ÓPÍö Oabmyd 0dyówd/ (0dok'd¨-2-278/)
qkdwJh t|uxmBuD;wdkY&JU ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; - Ówtrnf&wJh 0dyóemÓPfESifh xkd;xGif;odtyfwJh

'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m; awGudka&mç ½IaewJh 0dyóemÓPf jy"mef;wJh r[mukokdvf0dyóem
raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkawGudka&m Ów+ÓP ESpfrsKd;vkH;ukdyJ 0dyóem ½Iay;&ygw,f/

txufykdif; 0dyóemÓPf tm;vkH;uawmh ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tysufoufoufudkyJ tm½kHjyKaeMu ygw,f/ tJ'D
0dyóemÓPfawGu &ifu h suvf mwJt
h csed rf mS 0dyóem ÓPfw&Ykd UJ tqk;H rSm t&d,r*fÓPfzvdk Ó
f PfawG ay:vmNy;D
xkrd *fÓPf zdv
k Ó
f Pfwu
Ykd tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf (= edAmÁ ef) qkw d hJ avmukw&å m eda&m"opöm w&m;awmfBu;D ukd
rsufarSmufjyKaeMuygvdrfhr,f/
pdwåol<u,f&JU 0dyóem
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;&JU 0dyóemtaMumif;ukd jyefquf Mu&atmif .../
pdawåm *[ywd yk&drba0 r'´dwocFg&wm, epd&aó0 tem*grdzvH orÜmykPd/ (tH-|-1-297/)
pdawåm *[ywd = pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;onf/ yk&drba0 = a&S;a&S;b0ü/ r'´dwocFg&wm, =
0dyóemÓPfjzifh Budwf ajctyfNyD;wJh ocFg&w&m;&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh/ epd&aó0 = rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGif;rSmyifvQif ../ tem*grdzvH = tem*grdzkdvfokdY/ orÜmykPd = aumif;pGm qkdufa&mufcJhavNyD/
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u b,fvkd 0dyóemur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;wJhtwGuf tem*grdr*fzdkvfodkY
qdkufa&mufoGm;ygovJ¿ 'Dvkdawmh ar;p&m &Sdw,f/
a&S;OD;pGm olu - twdwf tem*wf ypöKyeÜ f tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du okcrk [De yPDw 'l& oEÅu d vkYd ac:qdt
k yfwhJ
(11)rsKd ; aom tjcif ; t&mtm;jzif h wnf a ewJ h cE¨ m ig;yg; ½k y f e mrf w &m;qk d w J h 'k u © o pö m w&m; ES i f h
,if;'ku©opömw&m;wdkY&JU taMumif;&if; ork',opömw&m;jzpfwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawGudk
umvok H ; yg;vk H ; rS m yJ od r f ; qnf ; ygw,f / 'D ' k u © o pö m ork ' ,opö m qd k w J h ocF g &w&m;awG u d k vu© P m
a&;okH;wefodkYwifum 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd 0dyóempD;jzef;wJhtykdif;rSm olu
tm,wea'oemawmfenf;twkdif; OD;pm;ay;um 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfygw,f/ tm,weqdkwmu --
pu© m ,weç aomwm,weç Cmem,weç Zd 0 S g ,weç um,m ,weç rem,weqd k w J h
twGif;tm,wew&m;u (6)yg;?
½lyg,weç o'´g,weç *E¨m,weç &om,weç azm|AÁm,weç "r®m,weqdkwJh tjyiftm,wew&m;u
(6)yg; --
aygif;vkdufawmh tm,we (12)yg;wdkY jzpfMuygw,f/
'D tm,we a'oemawmfenf;t& 0dyóem vufawGU½Iuu G u
f kd r[mowdy|meokweå f t|uxmponfwu
Ykd
t&dyft>ruf ykHpHwpfckudk 'Dvkd azmfjyxm;Muygw,f/ --
1/ pu©K pu©m,weH?
2/ ½lyH ½lyg,weH?
3/ 'óeH rem,weH?
4/ a0'em'a,m orÜ,kwå"r®m "r®m,weH/
{0arawoH pwkEéH tm,wemeH or0ga, tmavmue0davmueH ynm,wd/ ww¬ aum {aum
tmavmauwd? aum 0davmauwd/ ('D-|-1-175 - omrnzvokwå/ r-|-1-268 - r[mowdy|meokwå/ tbd-|-2-342 -

psme0dbif;/)
1/ pu©K = pu©Kyom'onf/ pu©m,weH = pu©m,wewnf;/

2/ ½lyH = ½lyg½kHonf/ ½lyg,weH = ½lyg,wewnf;/
3/ 'óeH = jrifwwfaom pu©K0dnmPfonf/ rem,weH = rem ,wewnf;/
4/ a0'em'a,m = a0'em tp&Su d ek af om/ orÜ,w
k "å r®m = orÜ ,kww Yk nf/ "r®m,weH = "r®m,wewnf;/
f &m;wdo
{0H = þokdYvQif/ {awoH pwkEéH tm,wemeH = þtm,we (4)yg;wkdY\/ or0ga, = aygif;qkHrdjcif;onf/
owd = &Sv
d wfaomf/ tmavmue0davmueH = wnfw h nfMh unfjh cif; apmif;iJMh unfjh cif;onf/ ynm,wd = xif&mS ;\/
ww¬ = xdo h nfMh unf&h m apmif;iJMh unfh &mü/ aum {aum = tb,frnfaom yk*Kd¾ vo
k Ykd wnfw f wå0g wpfpw
Hk pfa,muf
onf / tmavmauwd = wnf h w nf h M unf h o enf ; / aum {aum = tb,f r nf a om yk * ¾ d K vf o wå 0 g
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf/ 0davmauwd = apmif;iJhMunfhoenf;/
½lyg½kHudk wnfhwnfhMunfh&m apmif;iJhMunfh&m0,f pu©K'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfESifh raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfwkdY xdkufovdk jzpfoGm; Muygw,f/ tJ'D0Dxdpdwåu©Paygif;rsm;pGmxJu pu©K0dnmPfpdwåu©P tckdufudk
ykHpHxkwfNyD; xkdpu©K0dnmPfpdwåu©PtckdufrSm tm,we (4)yg; jzpfykHudk zGifhqdkjywJhpum;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/
1/ pu©K0dnmPfESifhwuGaom emrfw&m;pkwdkY&JU rSD&mtm,weu pu©m ,we?
2/ pu©K0dnmPfemrfw&m;pkwkdY&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh ½lyg½kHu ½lyg,we?
3/ ½lyg½kHudkjrifwwfwJh pu©K0dnmPfpdwfu rem,we?
4/ pu©K0dnmPfESifh pdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;rSm twl,SOfwGJ jzpfMuwJh zó a0'em onm apwem {u*¾wm
ZD0dw reodum& qdkwJh apwoduf (7)vkH;u "r®m,we --
aygif;vdu k af wmh pu©K0n
d mPfjzpfcu
dk rf mS tm,weav;yg;wdYk jzpf ay:vmMuygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ <uif;useaf ewJh
pdwåu©Pwkdif;rSmvnf; tm,we av;yg;pD jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd pdwåu©Pwdkif;rSm - tm,we (4)yg;pD cGJí 0dyóem
½IwJhenf;udk tm,wea'oemawmfenf;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ t|uxmBuD;rsm;u (tH-|-1-298/) oVm,we0dbwdå
a'oemenf;vkYd ac:a0:ok;H pJx G m;ygw,f/ 'Gg& (6)yg;rSm tm½kH (6)yg;wkYd xdcu
dk v
f mwdik ;f xifvmwdik ;f pu©K'gG &0Dxpd wJh
0Dxd (6)rsKd;wdkY jzpfvm Muw,f/ 0Dxdpdwåu©Pwdkif;rSm ykHpHwl ½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; [m y'k r k w å & bk & m;&S i f tp&d S w J h a&S ; a&S ; bk & m;&S i f w k d Y & J U
omoemawmftwGif;rSmvnf; 'DocFg&w&m; awGudk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh BudwfajccJhzl;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd jznfhusifhcJhwJh
yg&rDawGuvnf; tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyedó,ypö,owåjd zifh r*fzv kd f edAmÁ efoYkd a&muf&EdS idk af tmif aus;Zl;jyKay;vsuf
&SdMuygw,f/ 'Db0 rSmvnf; yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmf ig;OD;wdkYwGif wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfawmfrlwJh t&Sifr[memr
rax&fjrwfwdkYuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;rsm;udk qnf; uyfcGifh &&Sdjcif;ç r*faygufzkdvf0if edAÁmefudk jrifodapwwfwJh
w&m;"r® rsm;udk emMum;cGifh &&Sdjcif;ç w&m;ESifhavsmfpGm orx 0dyóem bm0em wkdYudk vufawGUusus pepfwus
enf;rSev f rf;rSef usio
hf ;Hk Ekid jf cif; pwJh yg&rD taMumif;w&m;wdaYk Mumifh txl;ojzifh tm,wea'oemawmf enf;t&
0dyóembm0emudk usifhokH;EkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyJ tem*grdr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfokdY
qdkufa&muf oGm;cJhygw,f/
"""
"
]]aMo
]]aMomm f . . . tvGeftHhMozG,faumif;wJh
'g,umwpfOD; jzpfw,f?
b,fae&mrsKd;rqdk a&mufa&mufcsif;
ylaZmfrI jrwfEdk;rIawGu jzpfaeygvm;/
'D ylaZmfrI jrwfEdk;rIawGonf . .
bk&m;udk vmzl;wJhtcsdeftcgrSomvQif
'Dvdk ylaZmfrI jrwfEdk;rIawG jzpfw,f?
wjcm;wjcm; ae&mudk oGm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif
'D pdwåol<u,f'g,umrSm
'Dvdk ylaZmfouúm&rIawG . .
(pmrsufESm-328/)
tcef; (5)
pdwåol<u,f bk&m;zl;xGufjcif;
rMumrD tcsd e f u mvtwG i f ; rS m pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; tem*grd r *f z d k v f qd k u f o G m ;NyD /
qdkufoGm;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh olu pOf;pm;NyD/ tem*grdr*fzdkvfqdkufNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm olpOf;pm;rdykHu ..
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;udv
k nf; igwpfcgrS rzl;&ao;bl;? igvnf; tem*grd r*fÓPf zdv
k Ó
f PfoYkd a&mufNy/D jrwfpmG bk&m;udk
igrzl;&vQifawmh ightwGuf roifhawmfbl;}}vdkY - 'Dvdk olu pOf;pm;w,f/ pOf;pm;wJh twGuf --
t[H 'oAvH t'doGm0 pd&H 0Dwdemaroð? ow¬K oEÅduH *päaEÅe ye t,kwåH wkpä[aw¬e *EÅH K/ (tH-|-1-298/
)
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;udk rzl;awGU&bJEiS hf igaecJw h m tvGeMf umoGm;NyD jzpfw,f? jrwfpmG bk&m;xH igoGm;r,fqv kd &Ykd &dS ifvnf;
vufxJrSm bmrQ rygbJESifhawmh oGm;vdkYrawmfbl;}} - 'Dvdk olu pOf;pm;w,f/ pOf;pm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh
bmvkyfovJ¿ --NrdKUxJrSm olUvSnf;awGtm;vHk;qif? vSnf;tpD;ig;&m tm;vHk; ypönf; awGwif? pdwåol<u,fESifh
bk&m;zl;vdu k cf siw
f yhJ *k Kd¾ vt
f m;vH;k vdu
k Ef ikd w
f ,f qdNk y;D a<u;aMumfvukd w
f ,f/ &[ef; ig;&mç bduK© erD ig;&mç Oygoum
ig;&mç Oygodumr ig;&mç olU&JUtvkyt f auR;'g,umu wpfaxmif? aygif;vdu k af wmh y&dowf oH;k axmif vSn;f tpD;
ig;&mjzifh bk&m;zl; xGufMuNyD/
'Dvdk bk&m;zl;xGufvdkufNyDqdkwmESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; ewfawGu qD;NyD; BudKMuw,f/
rpädumo@uaeNyD;awmh om0w¬dudk ,lZemoHk;q,f &Sdw,f/ tJ'D ,lZem oHk;q,f&SdwJh c&D;udk xGufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm wpf,lZemvQif wJausmif;wpfck ,m,DwJr@yfawG xdk;NyD;awmh ewfawGu qD;NyD; BudKMuw,f/
pm;zG,faomufzG,fawG vdkavao; r&Sdatmif tm;vHk; ewfawGu apmifhNyD;awmh jyKpkvkyfauR;Muw,f/
tJ'Denf;pepfjzifh om0w¬da&mufoGm;NyD/ vSnf;ay:rSmygvmwJh vSnf; tpD; ig;&m wifxm;wJh ypönf;awG wpfckrS

roH;k &bl;/ aZw0ef ausmif;wdu k f a&mufrnfah eYusawmh xdn
k aerSm jrwfpmG bk&m;u t&Sif tmeE´mud,
k af wmfjrwfukd
BudKwifNyD;awmh trdefY&Sdawmfrlw,f/
]]tmeE´m ... 'DaeY naecif;tcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,um uawmh igbk&m;xH a&muf&Sdvmvdrfhr,f}}vdkY
trdefY&Sdawmfrlw,f/
xl;uJaom wefcdk;jym#d[m
tJ'DtcgrSm xl;uJaom wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfygrvm; jrwfpGmbk&m;vdkY avQmufxm;awmh ...
]]jzpfvdrfhr,f tmeE´m ... b,fvdk wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm; jzpfrvJ qdkawmh -- pdwåol<u,fu igbk&m;&JU
ajcawmf&if;udk 0yfpif; &Sdcdk; OD;cs vdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; ig;rsKd;aomtqif;&SdwJh ewfyef;rdk;BuD; &GmoGef;NyD;
csvdrfhr,f}} - 'Dvdk jrwfpGmbk&m;u trdefY&Sdw,f/
'Dpum;u aZw0efausmif;wdkufuae om0w¬dNrdKUxJtxd jyefYESHU oGm;awmh om0w¬dNrdKUolNrdKUom;awGuvnf;
]]'Davmufbkef;uHBuD;rm;wJh 'g,umwpfOD;udk wdkYoGm;NyD;awmh awGUqHkMur,f}} qdkNyD;awmh vufaqmif yPÖmawG
yef;qDrD;awG ,laqmifNyD;awmh aZw0efausmif;wdkuf a&muf &SdvmMuw,f/
tJ'v
D kd a&muf&v
dS mwJth csed t f cgrSm pdwo
å <l u,f 'g,umuvnf; aZw0efausmif;wdu k f qdu
k af &mufvu
kd af wmh
-- jrwfpGmbk&m;udk zl;ajrmf zkdY&eftwGuf &[ef;oHCmawGudk a&S;OD;pGm <uawmfrl&ef avQmufxm; ygw,f/ xdkYaemuf
bdu©KeDawGudk avQmufxm;ygw,f/
tJ'aD emufrS OygoumawGukd ac:Ny;D awmh pdwo
å <l u,fu OD;aqmif Ny;D jrwfpmG bk&m;xHoYkd zl;ajrmf&ef 0ifMuw,f/
trsKd;orD;awGudkawmh csefvSyfxm;cJhygw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH 0ifvmNyD/ y&dowfawGuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a&SUrSm ckvdkaygh vrf;uav; csefNyD;awmh
xdkifaeMuw,f? pdwåol<u,f vmvdrfh r,fqdkNyD;awmh ajrmfaeMuw,f/ 0ifvnf;vma&m tm;vHk;0dkif;NyD;awmh
MunfhMuw,f ]]pdwåol<u,fqdkwm 'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfyJ? pdwåol<u,fqdkwm 'Dvdk yk*¾dKvfyJ}} qdkNyD; 0dkif;NyD; MunfhMuNyD/
Munfv
h u
kd w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si&f UJ ajcawmf&if; 0yfpif; csvu
kd o
f nfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; bmjzpfovJ¿
--
aom ow¬K oEÅduH *EÉm yÍöywd|dawe ow¬m&H 0E´d? wo® ð caP tmumom yÍö0PÖmeH ykyæmeH 0óH 0ód/
(tH-|-1-298/)
aom = xdkpdwåol<u,fonf/ ow¬K oEÅduH = bk&m;&Sif\ xHawmf arSmufodkY/ *EÉm = oGm;í/ yÍöywd|dawe =
ig;yg;aom xdjcif;jzifh/ ow¬m&H = jrwfpGmbk&m;udk/ 0E´d = &Sdcdk;avNyD/
wo®ð caP = xdkcPü/ tmumom = aumif;uifrS/ yÍö0PÖmeH ykyæmeH = ig;rsKd;aom tqif;&Sdaom yef;wdkY\/
0óH = yef;rdk;onf/ 0ód = &GmoGef;cJhavNyD/
jrwfpGmbk&m; ajcawmf&if;udk 0yfpif;NyD; &Sdcdk; OD;wdkufvdkufw,f/ ig;yg;aom xdjcif;jzifh &Sdcdk; OD;wdkufvdkufonfESifh
wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; ig;rsK;d aom tqif;&Sw
d hJ ewfyef;rd;k Bu;D onf &Sprf if;y,fcef&Y w
dS hJ t&yf a'owdik af tmif &GmoGe;f w,f/
ewfawG vlawG 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzifh tkwftkwfusufusuf tm;vHk; jzpfoGm;Muw,f/
tJ'Dvdk &Sdcdk;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; 'Dpdwåol<u,f udk b,fvdk qdfkqHk;ray;awmfrlovJ¿
tm,wea'oem
ow¬m wó tZÑmo,0aoe oVm,we0dbwådar0 uaxod/
(tH-|-1-298/)
tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf;ESifh 0dyóem½IuGufudk jrwfpGmbk&m; u 'Dpdwåol<u,fudk xyfqifhNyD;awmh

a[mMum;jyo qdqk ;kH ray;awmf rljyefw,fw/hJ pdw-f apwodu-f ½kyw
f &m;awGukd wpfq,fEh pS yf kH yHNk y;D awmh 0dyóem½IzYkd
jrwfpGmbk&m;u oifay;NyD/
aZw0efausmif;wdkufrSm&SdwJh &[ef;oHCmawGç aemufu ygvmwJh &[ef;oHCmawGESifh vly&dowfawG
tm;vHk;udkvnf; pdwåol<u,fuyJ 'dkifcHNyD;awmh auR;arG;jyKpk apmifha&Smufay;ygw,f/
pdwåol<u,f wpfvwdwd aZw0efausmif;wdkufrSmaeygw,f/ &[ef; oHCmawGESifhwuG aemufuygvmwJh
y&dowftm;vHk;udk auR;arG;NyD/ 'dkifcHauR;arG;aomfvnf; olUvSnf;ay:rSm ygvmwJh ypönf;awG wpfckrS rukefbl;/
vlawGewfawGu ydkYaqmifay;wJh vufaqmifyPÖmjzifhyifvQif jrwfpGmbk&m; trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfawGudkvnf;
jyKpkvkyfauR;w,f? aemufuygvmwJh y&dowfawGukdvnf; jyKpkvkyfauR;ygw,f/ wpfv wdwd MumoGm;w,f/
wpfvwdwdMumaomfvnf; ukefEdkifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;/ r&SdwJhtcsdef tcgusawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyf?
csOf;uyfNyD;awmh --
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...wynfhawmfrSmygvmwJh ypönf;awG[m wpfv wdwd Mumaomfvnf; vSL'gef;cGifh r&ygbl;/
aemufxyf wpfESpfwdkifwdkif wynfhawmf qufNyD; aeaomfvnf; 'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f jrwfpGmbk&m;/
'gaMumifh wynfhawmfrSm ygvmwJh ypönf;awGudk bk&m; trSL;&SdwJh oHCmtwGuf wynfhawmf vSL'gef;vdkygw,f/
ypön;f awG vSL'gef;zd&Yk eftwGuf ae&mudk ñTeMf um;jyoay;awmfryl g}} - qdNk y;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;udk avQmufxm;awmh
..
bk&m;&Sifu t&SiftmeE´mudktrdefY&SdvdkufwJhtwGuf oifhwifhavsmuf ywfwJh wpfae&mrSm 'Dypönf;awGudk
csMuw,f/ vSnf;ay:rSm&SdwJh ypönf; awG csefrxm;bl;? tukefvHk; vSLvdkufw,f/
tukefvSLNyD;awmh jyefr,fvkyfawmh NrdKUolNrdKUom;awGua&m ewf awGua&m --
]]pdwo
å <l u,f ...oif[m tcsn;f ES;D aom vSn;f awGjzifh vrf;c&D; jyefz&Ykd eftwGuf uHawGukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;wJh
yk*¾dKvf r[kwfygbl;}} qdkNyD;awmh ewfawGu olU&JUvSnf;ay:rSm &wemawGudk vSnf;tjynfh wifay;vdkufw,f/
wifay;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh &wemtjynfh wifaqmifNyD;awmh jyefMuw,f/ vrf;c&D;wpfavQmufrmS vnf;
rdrdaemufuygvmwJh y&dowf awGudk auR;arG;NyD;awmh oGm;ygw,f/ rpädumo@NrdKUudk qdkufa&muf oGm;wJt
h xd
auR;arG;oGm;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm t&SiftmeE´mudk,fawmfjrwfESifh y&dowfawGu- ]]aMomf...tvGeftHhMozG,faumif;wJh
'g,umwpfOD;jzpfw,f? b,fae &mrsKd;rqdk a&mufa&mufcsif; ylaZmfrI jrwfEdk;rIawGu jzpfaeygvm;/ 'D ylaZmfrI
jrwfEdk;rIawGonf bk&m;udk vmzl;wJhtcsdeftcgrSomvQif 'Dvdk ylaZmfrI jrwfEdk;rIawG jzpfw,f? wjcm;wjcm; ae&mudk
oGm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY &SdvQif 'Dpdwåol<u,f'g,umrSm 'DvdkylaZmfouúm&rIawG 'DvdkthHMozG,f&m wefcdk;jym#d[mawG
jzpfEikd rf vm; rjzpfEikd b

f ;l vm;}} qdw
k mudk - t&Sif tmeE´mu jrwfpmG bk&m;udk wifjyavQmufxm;awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u
*gxmuav;wpfckudk a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/
o'¨g-oDvjynfhpkHolqdkwm
oa'¨g oDave orÜaEém? ,aom abm*oryÜdawm/
,H ,H ya'oH bZwd? ww¬ waw¬0 ylZdawm/
(tH-|-1-298/ "r®y'-pmydk'f-303/)
tmeE´ = nDbGm; tmeE´m .../ oa'¨g = avmuD avmukwå&m o'¨gESpfykHjzifh ukHvkHjynfh0vsuf&Sdaom/ oDave
orÜaEém = vlwdkYusifh&m oDvodu©mESifh avmufiSukHvkH jynfhpkH<u,f0vsuf &Sdaom/ ,aom abm*oryÜdawm =
t&d,m om0u Oygoum ig;&m rsm;pGmaom tjcHt&HESifhwuG avmuDOpöm olawmfaumif;Opöm þESpfjzmwdkYESifh
vGefpGm jynfh0 pkHnDvsuf&Sdaom t&d,mom0uonf/ ,H ,H ya'oH = ta&SU taemuf awmif ajrmuf rnfwGif
trSwfrxif tMuiftMuifodkYaom t&yfodkY/ bZwd = oGm;a&mufay\/ aom = xdk bk&m;&Sif\ wynfh
t&d,mom0uud/k ww¬ waw¬0 = a&mufav&m&m xdx k t kd &yfüom vQi/f ylZad wm = arwåm o'¨g apwemvTr;f ywf
vlESifhewfwdkY av;jrwf aumfa&mf ylaZmftyfayownf;/ (om"k om"k om"k)
avmuD"eOpöm t&d,molawmfaumif;OpömqdkwJh OpömESpfjzmwdkYjzifh jynfh0pHknDvsuf&SdwJh 'D igbk&m;&Sif\wynfh
t&d,mom0ujzpfwJh pdwå ol<u,f 'g,umonf b,fae&mudkyJoGm;oGm; vlESifhewfwdkYu arwåm apwem
o'¨g"mwfawGEiS hf jynf0h pHn
k pD mG jzifh ylaZmfaeonfom jzpfyg w,f - qdNk y;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u trde&Yf adS wmfryl gw,f/
'Dtcsdeftcguae pNyD;awmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;onf b,fvdk tqifh a&mufoGm;ovJ¿
aom wawm y|m, t&d,om0umeHa,0 OygoumeH yÍö[d oaw[d y&d0kawm 0dp&wd/ (tH-|-1-298/)
aom = xdk pdwåol<u,f 'g,umonf/ wawm y|m, = xdktcsdef tcgrS pí/ t&d,om0umeHa,0
OygoumeH = t&d,molawmf aumif;omvQif jzpfMuwJh Oygoumwd\ Yk / yÍö[d oaw[d = ig;&m twdik ;f t&Snw
f jYkd zif/h
y&d0kawm = tjrJrjywf jcH&Hvsuf/ 0dp&wd = vSnfhvnfusufpm;í ae&ay\/
xdktcsdeftcgupNyD; pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;&JU oGm;av&m vmav &m b,fae&mrSmrqdk aomwmyef
t&d,molawmfaumif; Oygoum ig;&m jcH&HNyD;awmh tjrJwrf; vSnfhvnfusufpm; oGm;vmNyD; ae&w,f? tjcHt&H
rsm;w,f/
bmjzpfvdkY 'Dvdk tjcHt&HtausmftapmawG rsm;&ovJ¿ csrf;om pnf;pdrfawG <u,f0&ovJ¿ jyefajymif;NyD;
qef;ppfMunfhvdkufawmh ...
tjrwfqkH;w&m;ESifh jynfhpkHolqdkwm
(tH-1-344/)
t*¾"r®orm[dawm = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh avmuD avmukwå&m w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGESifh
jynfhpkHonfjzpfí/ t*¾ó = tom qkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh &wem okH;yg;tm;/ 'gwm = ay;vSLavh&SdwJh/ ar"m0D =
ynm&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a'0blawm 0g = ewfjzpfaomfvnf; aumif;/ rEkaóm 0g = rEkóblawm 0g =
vljzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ t*¾yawåm = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh tusKd;w&m; &&SdwJh b0okdY a&muf&Sd&onf jzpfí/
yarm'wd = ESpfouf&Tifys 0rf;ajrmuf&ay ownf;/ (om"k om"k om"k)
pdwo å <l u,f 'g,umBu;D ud, k wf ikd u
f tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ avmuD avmukw&å m w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGEiS hf
jynfhpHkw,f? tem*grd r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPftxd qdkufcJhw,f/ tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh &wem oHk;yg;udkvnf;
vSL'gef;ylaZmfavh&wdS ,f/ 'gembd&w "r®mbd&w - 'geESihf arGUavsmf aysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uw
f hJ olawmfaumif;Bu;D vnf;jzpfw,f?
w&m;ESifh arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaewJh olawmfaumif;BuD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'Dt*FgESpcf suf pHn
k w hJ wGuf tm,k = touf&n
D t f ,f/ 0PÖ = tqif;vSw,f/ ,o = t&d,molawmfaumif;vdYk
S w
ac:qdktyfwJh Oygoum ig;&m tjrJwrf; tjcHt&H &Sdw,f/ udwåd = emrnfowif; ausmf Mum;w,f/ okc = udk,f\
csrf;omjcif;ç pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;ESifhvnf; jynfhpHkw,f/ Av = um,Av ÓPAv pGrf;tm;awGESifhvnf; jynfhpHk
w,f/
udk,f\csrf;omjcif;&SdwJh ausmif;'g,umBuD; jzpfcJhw,f/ trÁm#um&mr trnf&wJh ausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfck
wnfaxmifNyD;awmh bk&m;trSL; &SdwJh oHCmawmfawGudk yifhzdwfNyD; vSL'gef; ylaZmfxm;w,f/ aeYpOf edpöbwf
taetm;jzifhvnf; oHCmawmfawGudk qGrf;jzifh jyKpkvkyfauR; ygw,f/
avmuD p nf ; pd r f O pö m buf u csrf ; om<u,f 0 w,f / a&muf a v&m b,f X merS m rqd k ewf a wG vl a wG u
vufaqmifyPÖmaygif; rsm;pGm qufoylaZmfMuw,f/
avmuDOpömwGifom csrf;omovm;vdkYar;awmh avmukwå&mOpöm bufu MunfhvQifvnf; tem*grdr*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPfwdkifatmif psmef csrf;om r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om 0dyóemcsrf;omqdkwJh tqifhtwef; tvGefjrifhaewJh
csrf;omokcBuD;awGESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaew,f/ um,Av ÓPAvqdkwJh pGrf;tm;awGESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaew,f/
tomqHk;tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh &wemoHk;yg;udk tomqHk;tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh ylaZmfjcif;jzifh ylaZmfcJhwJh 'g,umBuD;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tomqHk; tjrwf qHk;qdkwJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk &&Sdaejcif; jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DaeY w&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYuvnf; pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk twk,lNyD;
tomqHk;tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh w&m; xl; w&m;jrwfawGESifh jynfhpHkatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf EdkifMuygap?
pdwoå <l u,f 'g,umBu;D vdk tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ &wemoH;k yg;tm; tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH aom ylaZmfjcif;jzifv h nf;
ylaZmf EdkifMuygapvdkY 'Dvdk twk,lNyD; usifhMuH BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfEdkifyg apjcif;tvdkYiSm &nf&G,fNyD;awmh
'Dpdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;taMumif;udk a[mMum;aejcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
wpfcsdef - bk&m;&Sifu wynfh Oygoum 'g,umawGudk tpOf twdkif; {w'*fxm;wJhtcgrSm - 'D pdwåol<u,f
'g,umBuD;udkvnf; bk&m;&Sifu {w'*fbGJUxl;wpfckudk csD;jr§ifhawmfrlygw,f/
{w'*fbGJUxl; &&Sd jcif;

{w'*¾H bdu©a0 rr om0umeH OygoumeH "r®uxdumeH ,'d'H pdawåm *[ywd rpädumo@daum/ (tH-1-27/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ "r®uxdumeH = w&m;pum;udk a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;rwwfonfh "r®uxdu

jzpfMuukeaf om/ rr = igbk&m;&Si\f / om0umeH OygoumeH = wynfOh ygoum 'g,um wdw Yk iG /f rpäu
d mo@daum
= rpädumo@NrdKUom;jzpfaom/ ,'d'H pdawåm *[ywd = tMuif pdwåol<u,fonf/ tw¬d = &Sday\/ {wH =
þpdwåol<u,fonf/ t*¾H = tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; jzpfay\/
igbk&m;&Si\ f Oygoum wynf'h g,umawGxrJ mS "r®uxdu w&m; a[maumif;wJt h &mrSm tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH
{w'*f&wJhyk*¾dKvfuawmh pdwåol<u,fjzpfw,fqdkNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u pdwåol<u,f 'g,um BuD;udk {w'*f
xm;awmfrlygw,f/
bmudk taMumif;taxmuftyHh jyKNyD;awmh 'D pdwåol<u,f 'g,um BuD;udk {w'*f&mxl;jzifh bk&m;&Sifu
csD;jr§ifhawmfrl&ovJ¿
pdwo
å ,
H w
k u
f kd taMumif;cHNy;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f cs;D jri§ ahf wmfrw
l ,fvYkd 'Dvkd t|uxmrsm;u zGiq
hf x
kd m;Muygw,f/
(tH-|-1-299/)
pdwo
å <l u,f'g,umBu;D &JU w&m;tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;yHak wGuv
kd nf; xdpk w
d o
å ,
H w
k o
f w
k eå af wGrmS vm&Syd gw,f/
aemufwpfck - pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;&JU "r®mbd&w - w&m;ESifh arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufyHkawGvnf;
xdkokwåefrsm;rSm azmfjyxm; ygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DaeYn tJ'D pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;&JUtaMumif;t&mESifh qufpyfaewJh 'DokwåefawGudk
twdkcsKyfNyD;awmh bkef;BuD;a[mzdkY &nf&G,f xm;ygw,f/ pdwåoH,kwfrSm okwåefaygif; (10)okwf &Sdygw,f/
eHygwf (1) okwåefuawmh oHa,mZeokwåef (oH-2-474-475/) jzpfyg w,f/
"""
"
'Dvdk . .
wifjyavQmufxm;csufay; wmudk MunhfvQif
y;wmud
ol[m . .
w&m;üarGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufrI
b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdkwmudk odEdkifw,f/
w&m;üarGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufykHudk
azmfjywJh okwåefwpfck jzpfygw,faemf/
olu . .
Oyrmav;ESifh 'Dae&mrSm avQmufxm;w,f/
t&Sifbk&m;wdkY . . .
oHa,mZOfqdkwmuawmh
&m* a'go arm[ pwJh
udavomawGudk . .
oHa,mZOfvdkY ac:ygw,f/
oHa,mZed,"r® qdkwmu
oHa,mZOfjzpfp&mjzpfwJh
ouf&Sd oufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkawGudk . .
oHa,mZed,"r®vdkY ac:ygw,f/
(pmrsufESm-336/)
tcef; (6)
oHa,mZeokwåef
'Dokwåefu b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vm& ovJvdkY ar;awmh &[ef;awmfawG&JU
w&m;aqG;aEG;yGu
J kd taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh jzpfay:vm&ygw,fvyYkd J tajzay;&r,f/
pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; ud k ; uG , f q nf ; uyf a ewJ h trÁ m #um&mr ausmif ; wd k u f t wG i f ; rS m
&[ef;oHCmawmfawG awmfawmf cyfrsm;rsm; &Sad wmfrMl uygw,f? oDwif;oH;k aexdik af wmfrMl uw,f? &mESihf axmifEiS hf
csDNyD; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlwJh ausmif;wdkufBuD; jzpfygw,f/
xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;twGif;rSm qGrf;pm;NyD;wJhwpfaeY &[ef;oHCmawG pka0;rdwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;Muw,f/
aqG;aEG;wJhtxJrSm oHa,mZOfESifh oHa,mZed,"r® (= oHa,mZe "r®ESifh oHa,mZed,"r®) 'Dw&m;ESpfckonf
t"dyÜg,f wlnDrI &Sd-r&Sd? o'´gomuGJí teufwlw,f odkYr[kwf o'´gvnf;uGJNyD; teufvnf; xl;jcm;rI &Sdw,f/
'DtcsuEf iS hf qufpyfNyD; aqG;aEG;yGJawG usif;yMuw,f/
tJ'v
D kd tacstwif aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG usi;f ywJt
h aMumif;udk wpfaeY pdwo
å <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D u Mum;awmh
'g,umBuD;uvnf; rax&fBuD;awGxH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh ol&JUt,ltqudk wifjyNyD; avQmuf xm;ygw,f/
'D v d k wif j yavQmuf x m;csuf a y;wmud k Munh f v Qif ol [ m w&m;ü arG U avsmf aysmf y d k u f ES p f N cd K uf r I
b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdkwmudk odEikd w f ,f/ w&m;ü arGUavsmf aysmyf u kd f ESpNf cKd uyf u
Hk kd azmfjywJh okwåefwpfck jzpfyg
w,faemf/ olu Oyrmav;ESifh 'Dae&mrSm avQmufxm;w,f/
t&Sib
f &k m;wdYk ...oHa,mZOfqw
kd muawmh &m* a'go arm[ pwJh udavomawGukd oHa,mZOfvYkd ac:ygw,f/
oHa,mZed,"r® qdkwmu oHa,mZOfjzpfp&mjzpfwJh ouf&Sd oufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkawGudk oHa,mZed,"r®vdkY
ac:ygw,f/
y&rw¬ o pö m e,f u ajymawmh a&S U uajymcJ h w J h pd w f ç apwod u f ç ½k y f w&m;awG u d k 'D ' g,umBuD ; u
tm,weq,fhESpfyg;enf;jzifh olu uRwf wrf;0ifatmif 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;cJhwJh olawmfaumif;
BuD; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tm,wea'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifh 'DoHa,mZOf jzpfyHkawGudk olu &Sif;vif;wifjyNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;w,f/
ravQmufxm;rDrmS olu Oyrmpum;&yfEiS hf a&S;OD;pGm &Si;f vif; wifjyygw,f/
olU&JU Oyrm pum;enf;vrf;uawmh EGm;jzLwpfaumifESifh EGm;euf wpfaumif - ESpfaumif&Sdw,f qdkMupdkYwJhaemf/
tJ'DEGm;ESpfaumif&SdwJh teufu EGm;jzL[mvnf; EGm;euf&JU oHa,mZOf r[kwfygbl;? EGm;eufuvnf; EGm;jzL&JU
oHa,mZOf r[kwfygbl;/
EGm;jzLESifh EGm;euf - ESpfaumif cGJvdkYr&atmif xrf;ydk;wpfacsmif;ESifh jzpfap odkYr[kwf BudK;wpfacsmif;ESifhjzpfap
,SOw
f NJG y;D awmh zGUJ csnv
f u
kd w
f hJ tcg xd,
k OS w
f zJG UJG csnx
f m;wJh xrf;yd;k odrYk [kwf BuKd ;udo
k mvQif oHa,mZOf vdYk ac:w,f/
tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ pu©KtMunf"mwf &Sdw,f? ½lyg½Hk &Sdw,f/
pu©KtMunf"mwf[mvnf; ½lyg½Hk&JU oHa,mZOf r[kwfygbl;? ½lyg½Hk [mvnf; pu©KtMunf"mwf&JU oHa,mZOf
r[kwfygbl;/
pu©KtMunf"mwfESifh ½lyg½Hk ESpfckwkdY aygif;qHkrIudk tpGJjyKNyD;awmh ½lyg½Hkudk wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh qE´&m*wpfck
jzpfay:vmw,f/ tJ'D qE´&m*onfomvQif oHa,mZOf jzpfw,f/
pu©KtMunf"mwfuvnf; ½lyg½Hk&JUoHa,mZOf r[kwf? ½lyg½Hkonf vnf; pu©KtMunf"mwf&JUoHa,mZOf
r[kwfygbl;/ pu©KtMunf"mwfESifh ½lyg½Hk ESpfckaygif;qHkvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm ½lyg½Hktay:rSm vdkvm;wyfruf aewJh
qE´&m*"mwfudkomvQif oHa,mZOfvdkY ac:w,f/ 'Dvdk olu &Sif;w,f/
tvm;wlyJ - em;tMunf"mwfESifh toH? ESmacgif;tMunf"mwfESifh teHY? vQmtMunf"mwfESifh t&om?
udk,ftMunf"mwfESifh tawGUtxd? raemtMunf"mwfESifh "r®oabmawGudkvnf; yHkpHwlyJ &Sif;xm;w,f/
aygif;vdkufawmh - twGif;tm,weajcmufyg;ç tjyiftm,we ajcmufyg;/
twG i f ; tm,weajcmuf y g;uvnf ; tjyif tm,weajcmuf y g;&J U oH a ,mZOf r[k w f ? tjyif
tm,weajcmufyg;uvnf; twGif; tm,weajcmufyg;&JU oHa,mZOf r[kwf/
twGif;tm,we tjyiftm,we ajcmufyg; ajcmufpHkudk tpGJjyKNyD; awmh vdkvm;wyfrufaewJh qE´&m*wpfck
ay:vmw,f/ xdk vdkvm; wyfrufaewJh qE´&m*"mwfonfomvQif oHa,mZOfjzpfw,f qdkNyD; awmh olu

&Sif;vif;wifjyavQmufxm;w,f/
'gaMumif h oH a ,mZOf q d k w mES i f h oH a ,mZed , "r® [ m wjcm;pD j zpf w J h taMumif ; avQmuf x m;w,f /
twGif;tm,we tjyiftm,we ajcmufpHkudk tpGJjyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh vdkvm; wyfrufaewJh qE´&m* w&m;u
oHa,mZOf? twGif;tm,weajcmufyg; tjyiftm,we ajcmufyg;u oHa,mZed,"r® jzpfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk olu
avQmufxm;w,f/ 'gu y&rw¬opöme,faygh/
orkwo d pöme,fu ajymawmh tm,we ajcmufpHk qdw k muawmh pdw-f apwodu-f ½kyw
f &m;awG&UJ wnf&mjzpfwhJ
a,mufsm;ç rdef;rç yk*¾dKvfç owå0gç ouf&Sd oufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gu eHygwf (1) oHa,mZeokwåefyJ/
eHygwf (2) okwåefuawmh yxr£od'wåokwåef (oH-2-475-477/) jzpfygw,f/
"""
tcef; (7)
yxr£od'wåokwåef
tvm;wlyJ - wpfcsdefrSm rax&fBuD;awGudk pdwåol<u,f ausmif; 'g,umBuD;u qGrf;jzifh yifhzdwfNyD;
jyKpkvkyfauR;ygw,f/ jyKpkvkyfauR; wJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; wjcm;pum;awG rajymbJESifh w&m;pum;yJ
avQmufxm;w,f/
olU&JU0goemwpfcu
k rax&fBu;D awGukd olov
d w
kd hJ tcsuaf wGukd avQmufxm;vdYk rax&fBu;D awGu olUudk ususee
a[mMum;jyo qdk qHk;ray;vQif olu ½dkaopGm vdkufemw,f/ rax&fBuD;awGu w&m; ra[mcJhvQifvnf; olu
pGrf;EdkiforQ w&m;awG a[mMum;jyoay;w,f/ 'DtjyKtrluawmh olu w&m;ESifh arGUavsmfwJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfvdkYyg/
yxr£od'wåokwåef (oH-2-475/) qdkMupdkY .../
wpfcsdefrSm rax&fBuD;awGudk tdrfrSm qGrf;jzifh jyKpkvkyfauR;ygw,f/ jyKpkvkyfauR;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm
rax&fBuD;awGudk olu wifjyavQmuf xm;w,f/
t&Sifbk&m; ... ]]"mwkemewå "mwkemewå = "mwfwdkY&JUxl;axG uGJjym;rI "mwfwdkY&JUxl;axGuGJjym;rI}} qkdNyD;awmh
bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum; awmfrlygw,f/ ]]"mwfwdkY&JUxl;axGuGJjym;rI = "mwkemewå}}qdkwm bmvJ bk&m;vdkY
ar;jref;avQmufxm;w,f/
tJ't
D csed rf mS £od'wåtrnf&wJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;uae rax&f Bu;D xH cGiyhf efMum;Ny;D awmh ajzMum;ay;ygw,f/
"mwf (18)yg; &Sdygw,f/ pdwfç apwodufç ½kyfw&m;awGudk (18)yHk yHkNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IwJhenf;udk "mwf
(18)yg;enf;vdkY ac:ygw,f/
pu©KtMunf"mwfu tcH"mwf/ ½lyg½Hku twdkuf"mwf/ pu©KtMunf "mwfESifh ½lyg½Hk wdkufcdkufrdwJhtcg ½lyg½Hkudk

vSrf;NyD;odaewJh pu©K0dnmP "mwf ay:vmw,f? 'gu tyGifh"mwf/
tcH"mwf? twdkuf"mwf? tyGifh"mwfqdkwJh
pu©K"mwf? ½ly"mwf? pu©K0dnmP"mwf - oHk;ck/
tvm;wlyJ em;tMunf"mwf = aomw"mwf? toH = o'´"mwf? em;tMunf"mwfESifh o'´"mwf (= toH"mwf)wkdY
½dkufcwfvdkufwJh tcsdef tcgrSm toHudkodwJh aomw0dnmP"mwfwpfckay:vmw,f/ "mwf oHk;ckyJaemf/
tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ twGif;tm,we ajcmufckESifh tjyiftm,we ajcmufckwdkY wdkufcwfvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm
tyGifh"mwfvdkYac:qdktyfwJh 0dnmP"mwf (= odwJh"mwf) ajcmufrsKd; ay:vmw,f/
pu©m,we aomwm,we Cmem,we Zd0gS ,we um,m ,we rem,weqdw k hJ twGif;tm,we (=
twGi;f tZÑwu då )"mwfu ajcmufc?k ½lyg,we o'´g,we *E¨m,we &om,we azm|AÁm,we "r®m,weqdw k hJ
tjyiftm,we (= tjyifA[d'¨) "mwfu ajcmufck? pu©K0n d mP"mwf aomw0dnmP"mwf Cme0dnmP"mwf
Zd0gS 0dnmP"mwf um,0dnmP"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfqw kd hJ tyGifh"mwf tod"mwf 0dnmP"mwfu ajcmufck -
-
aygif;vdkufawmh "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg;/
tJ'D "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg; &SdwJhtaMumif;udk £od'wårax&fu &Sif;jyoGm;awmh ol odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f?
bmjzpfvdkY 0rf;omovJ¿ "r®mbd&w - w&m;ESifh arGUavsmfaysmfydkufESpfNcdKufaewJh olawmfaumif; jzpfjcif;aMumifh
olu, kd w
f ikd u
f 'D½u
I uG af wGukd pepfwus 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;Edik wf t
hJ wGuf olu;kd uG,qf nf;uyfaewJh
rax&f BuD;awGuvnf; (ol udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh &[ef;awG[mvnf;) 'D twGif;"mwfç tjyif"mwfç tyGifh"mwf
(tcH"mwfç twdu k "f mwfç tyGihf "mwf) vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ "mwfur®|mef; bm0emvkyif ef;udk pepfwus usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
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odyf0rf;om oGm;w,f/
'gu yxr£od'wåokwåef qdkMupdkYaemf/
eHygwf (3) okwåefuawmh 'kwd,£od'wåokwåef (oH-2-477-479/) jzpfygw,f/
"""
"
½k y f w H k ;½kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJvdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh twHk;tcJawGudk
ÓPfESifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;EdkifygrS . .
½kyfemrfy&rwfe,fajrudk qdkufr,f/
y&rwfudk
ÓPftjrifqdkufygrS . .
tewåÓPftjrif ay:r,f?
tewåa&mifjcnfawmf xGufay:vmrSm jzpfw,f/
tewåa&mifjcnfawmf
xGufay:vmrSomvQif . .
r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf edAÁmefudk &&SdEdkifr,f/
'gaMumifh . . .
tewåa&mifjcnfawmf
wifhw,fprÜ,fpGm uGefYjrL;NyD;
xGufay:vmEkdifa&;twGuf
ouúm,'d|di&JrD;BuD;udk
NzdKcGif;EdkifzdkYonf . .
tajccHtaMumif;&if; jzpfw,f/
tcef; (8)
'kwd,£od'wåokwåef
'kwd,£od'wåokwåef (oH-2-477/) usawmh tvm;wlyJ rax&fBuD; awGudk pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u
tdrfrSm qGrf;jzifh yifhzdwfNyD; jyKpkvkyfauR;ygw,f/ qGrf;pm;jcif;udpö NyD;wJhtcsdeftcg tvum;raebJ olu
w&m;pum;awGudk avQmufxm;ygw,f/
oóawm avmaum = avmuonf jrJw,f? twåu jrJw,f/
]]oóawm
toóawm avmaum = avmuonf rjrJbl;? twåonf rjrJbl;/
twåonf aoNyD;aemuf jzpfw,f? twåonf aoNyD;aemuf rjzpfbl;/
twåonf tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; &Sdw,f? twåonf tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdbl; ...}}
ponfjzifh 'DvdkrSm;,Gif;aewJh rdpäm'd|d0g'trsKd;rsKd; jzpfay:vmw,f/ xdkrdpäm'd|dt,l0g'trsKd;rsKd;onf

bmudktaMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vm& ygovJ¿ olu aqG;aEG;ar;jref;avQmufxm;w,f/
tJ ' D t csd e f t cgrS m vnf ; £od ' wå r ax&f j rwf u yJ rax&f B uD ; xH cG i f h y ef N yD ; awmh ouú m ,'d | d o nf
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ouúm,'d|dqdkwm bmvJ¿
oaEÅm uma,m ouúma,m = xif&Sm; &SdaewJh cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk ouúm,vdkY ac:w,f/
ouúma, 'd|d ouúm,'d|d = xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh cE¨mig;yg; ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awGtay:ü rSm;,Gi;f aewJh cH,cl suu
f kd
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cH,lcsufrSm;wm/ 'guawmh avmuornmtwåpGJvdkY ac:w,f/
tJ'Dxuf tqifhjrifhaewJh omoemyt,ltq&SdwJh rdpäm'd|dwdkY ,lq xm;wJh twåpGJuawmh 'DcE¨mtdrfxJrSm
raorysub f J tuswd t
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rodbJ cE¨mwpfyg;yg;udjk zpfapç trsm;pkujkd zpfapç cE¨mig;yg;vk;H udjk zpfap toufaumif vdyjf ymaumif 0dnmPfaumif
twåaumifvdkY pGJvrf; ,kMH unfaewJh cH,cl sujf zpfw,f/ tJ'v D kd pGvJ rf;,HkMunfaewJh 'DcH,lcsuf udk ouúm,'d|dvdkY
ac:w,f/
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vm&ygw,fqdkNyD;awmh olu &Sif;vif; wifjyxm;ygw,f/
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bmhaMumifhvJ¿ oludk,fwdkifu 'D tcsufawGudk uRrf;usifNyD;om; vdr®mNyD;om; jzpfw,f/
vdr®mNyD;om;jzpfygvsufESifh bmhaMumifh 'gawGudk xyfNyD; ar;jref; avQmufxm;ae&ovJvdkY ar;vQifvnf; -
]olawmfcsif;csif; owif; avGUavGU aygif;zufawGU} - qdkwJhtwdkif; "mwfwl&mwl&m yk*¾dKvfawG tcsif;csif;
aygif;azmfrdwJhtcsdeftcgrSm w&m;ESifhywfoufwJh pum;udk om olu ajymMum;vdkwJh tmomqE´ olUrSm &Sdw,f/
'gaMumifh - w&m;ESihf arGUavsmf aysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf ewJt
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dk m ar;aejcif;
jzpfygw,f/
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ouf&SdoufrJh t&m0w¬KrSeforQukd y&rw¬opöme,fu y&rw¬ opömrsufvHk;ESifh vSrf;MunfhvkdufvQif --
1/ ½kyfw&m;tpktyHkoufouf
2/ emrfw&m;tpktyHkoufouf
3/ ½kyfemrftpktyHkoufoufom &Sdw,f/
oHk;q,fhwpfbHkudk y&rw¬opöme,fbufu cJGwrf;csMunfhvdkufvQif
1/ tonowfwdkYvdk ½kyfw&m;tpktyHkoufouf&dSwJh bHkawGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/

2/ t½lyjA[®mhjynfwdkYvkd emrfw&m;tpktyHkoufoufom&SdwJh bHkawG vnf; &SdMuw,f/
3/ cE¨mig;yg; &SdMuwJh yÍöa0gum&bHkwkdYvkd ½kyfemrftpktyHkom &SdwJh bHkawGvnf; &dSMuw,f/
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wcsKUd u - cE¨m wpfcck u
k akd omfvnf;aumif;ç cE¨m tm;vH;k udak omf vnf;aumif; twåvYkd pGv
J rf;,HMk unfaeMuw,f/
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jzpfygw,fqdkNyD; &Sif;vif;wifjy awmh ol odyfNyD;0rf;omoGm;w,faemf/
'gu - olU&JU w&m;ESihf arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
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d kd NzKd ciG ;f Edik af &;twGuu
f
bmvdkovJ¿ --
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ocFg& 0dnmPf ac:wJh 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk pepfwus xGif;azmufodzdkY vdkygw,f/
½k y f w d k Y r nf o nf a&S U uajymcJ h w J h t wd k i f ; uvmyf v d k Y a c:wJ h trI e f a v; awG t aeES i f h jzpf a wmh
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wpfyHkavmufom&SdwJh ,m,D/ bmaMumifh 'Dvdkajym&ovJ ..¿
{upä&u©aP aum#dowo[óocFg OyÜZÆdwGm ed½kZÑwd/
(oH-|-2-295/)
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'gavmuftxd emrfavmuu vsifjrefw,f/
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jzpf N yD ; ysuf w mES i f h nD r Q w,f ? tcsd e f u mvwl w ,f v d k Y owf r S w f x m;w,f / tJ ' D owf r S w f c suf t&
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wpfpuúefYvdkYac:qdktyfwJh tcsdefumv udk uka#ig;axmifausmfcefYavmufyHkvQif wpfyHkcefYavmufom oufwrf;
&SdwJh ,m,D jzpfygw,f/
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xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ/
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qdkufa&;twGuf 'D½kyfawG emrfawGudk y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifqdkufatmif ½IyGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u --
emem"mwka,m 0dedAÇ KZdwGm Ce0dedaAÇma* uaw tewåvu©PH ,mxm0o&oawm Oy|mwd/ (tbd-|-2-
47/) --
'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
emem"mwka,m = toD;toD;aom ½kyf"mwfemrf"mwfwdkYudk/ 0dedAÇ KZd KZdwGm = wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD ÓPfjzifh
cGJjcm;pdwfjzmí/ Ce0dedaAÇma* = ½kyfwkH;½kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJudk NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif;udk/ uaw = jyKvyk Ef ikd f cJo
h nf&adS omf/
tewåvu©PH = tewåvu©Pmonf/ ,mxm0o&oawm = [kwfrSefwdkif;aom rdrd&JU oabmvu©Pmtm;jzifh/
Oy|mwd = a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfü xifvm\/
½kywf ;kH ½kycf J emrfw;kH emrfcv
J Ykd ac:qdt
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f ;D Edik yf grS ½kyef mrfy&rwfe,fajrudk
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emrfawGudk y&rwfodkY ÓPf tjrifqdkufatmif ½IyGm;oHk;oyf&r,f/ 'gonf tajzyJ/
uJ 'kwd,£od'wåokwåefNyD;awmh aemufwpfck eHygwf (4) okwåef jzpfwJh r[uyg#d[m&d,okwåefwpfck (oH-2-
480-481/) vm&Sdygw,f/
"""
"
rax&fBuD;awG . .
csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
ausmif;jyef<u&w,f/
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&GmoGef;aeawmh
tvGefusKdufusKdufqlNyD;aewJh
tyl'PfawG tm;vHk; Nidrf;oGm;w,f/
Nidrf;oGm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm
pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD; odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f/
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jynfh0pHkvifaewJh oHCmawmfawGudk
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rdrd&JU tcGifhtvrf;BuD;udkvnf;
odyfNyD;awmh 0rf;omoGm;w,f/
(pmrsufESm -353-354/)
tcef; (9)
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bkOf;ay;jcif;udpö NyD;vdkY jyef<u&awmhr,f/
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xdak eYxt
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avQmufxm;w,f/
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olavQmufxm;yHkav;u ...
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zkoma,,sm}}wd/
(oH-2-480/)
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wdu
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qdkNyD;awmh csOf;uyfNyD; olu avQmufxm;w,f/
'Dvdk avQmufxm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rax&fBuD;uvnf; aumif; wJhtaMumif; jyefNyD;awmh rdefYMum;ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk trdefY&SdvdkufwJhtcsdef tcg - 'D r[u trnf&wJh rax&fav;u bmvkyfovJ¿ --
wxm½lyH £'¨gbdocFg&H tbdocF&d ,xm oDwaum p 0gawm 0g,d? tAÇorÜdvmayg p tó? a'a0g p
{uaruH zkod/
(oH-2-480/)
xdkuJhodkY oabm&SdwJh wefcdk;udk t"d|mefzefqif;awmfrlw,f/ xdkuJhokdY oabm&SdwJhwefcdk;qdkwmu bmajymwmvJ¿
--
avjynf a vnif ; uav; jznf ; jznf ; av; wd k u f c wf z d k Y & ef ç rd k ; om; wd r f w d k u f w d k Y j zif h vT r f ; jcH K xm;zd k Y & ef ç
rdk;aygufuav;awGuvnf; wpfayguf csif; wpfaygufcsif; &GmoGef;cszdkY&eftwGuf tbdnmPf&JUtajccHjzpfwJh
pwkw¬psmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;awmh t"d|mefawmfrlvdkufygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk t"d|mefwJh wefcdk;rsKd;udkawmh t|uxmu t"d|med'¨d-vdkY 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;vnf; &[ef;awmfawGudk wefcdk;rjy&vdkY wm;jrpfxm; aomfvnf; 'Dt"d|med'¨dudkawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
cGifhjyKxm;awmfrlyg w,f/
tJ'DcGifhjyKcsuft& 0gti,fqHk;jzpfaewJh 'D r[u trnf&aewJh rax&fjrwfav;wpfyg;u 'Dvdkwefcdk;rsKd;udk
zefqif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
rax&fBu;D awG csr;f csr;f omomjzifh ausmif;jyef<u&w,f/ aevnf; rylb;l ? avjynfavnif;av;uvnf; wokeo
f ek f
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tvGefusKdufusKdufqlNyD;aewJh tyl'PfawGtm;vHk; Nidrf;oGm;w,f/
Nidrf;oGm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD; odyf0rf;omoGm; w,f/ 'Davmuf wefcdk;BuD;aewJh
pdwf&JUpGrf;tm;awGESifh jynfh0pHkvifaewJh oHCmawmfawGudk qGrf;jzifh jyKpkvkyfauR;cGifh udk;uG,f qnf;uyfcGifh &aewJh
rdrd&JU tcGifhtvrf;BuD;udkvnf; odyfNyD;awmh 0rf;omoGm;w,f/
'Dvdkwefcdk;rsKd;ESifh ywfoufvdkY enf;enf;pyfrdawmh A[kokwuav; wpfckawmh xyfajymr,f/
bkef;BuD;wdkY AdrÁdom&rif;&JU q&mjzpfwJh t&SifydvdE´0pä rax&fBuD; vnf; 'Dvdkwefcdk;rsKd;udk zefqif;cJhzl;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Sifvnf; cGifhjyKxm; awmfrlygw,f/
qG r f ; cH & G m wpf & G m qd k M uygpk d Y / rax&f B uD ; u ol U &J U tJ ' D q G r f ; cH & G m av; wpf & G m od k Y <uoG m ;&if ; ES i f h --
qGrf;jzifhjyKpkvkyfauR;aewJh qGrf;'g,dumr BuD;&JU orD;i,fuav;wpfOD;u awmifxdyfyGJ oGm;csifvdkY awmifxdyf yGJESifh
xdkufwefaewJh 0wfpm;wefqmawG 0wfcsifwJhtwGuf rdcifudk ylqmaewmudk -- Mum;vdkufrdw,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm rax&fjrwfBuD;u u&GwfacGav;wpfck aumuf udkifNyD;awmh t"d|mefvdkufw,f/ tifrwef
vSywJh &wemyef;uHk;BuD; wpfck jzpfoGm;w,f/
'D&wemyef;uHk; qifjref;NyD;awmh 'Duav;rav;uvnf; 'DawmifxdyfyGJoGm;awmh rif;rIxrf;awGuaeNyD;awmh
]]'Davmufawmif qif;&J EGrf;yg;aewJh 'Duav;oli,fru 'DavmufawmifvSwJh &wemyef;uHk; BuD;udk qifjref;wm[m
{uEÅ 'D&wemyef;uH;k onf eef;awmfwiG ;f awmif r&Sw
d t
hJ wGuf olwYkd cd;k vd&Yk wm jzpfr,f? olwyYkd ikd yf pön;f awmh rjzpfEikd b
f ;l }}
qdkNyD;awmh zrf;ygava&m/
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;vnf; tzrf;cH&awmh aemufwpfaeY rax&fBuD; qGrf;cH<uwJhtcg tdrf&Sifruae tusKd;taMumif;
wifjyavQmufxm; awmh t&SifydvdE´0pärax&fBuD;vnf; eef;awmfodkY <uoGm;awmfryl gw,f/

eef;awmfodkY vdkufoGm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh AdrÁdom&rif;udk tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref;w,f/ ar;jref;wJh
tcsdeftcgusawmh --
]]t&S i f b k & m; ...'D v d k &wemyef ; uH k ; qd k w mu wynf h a wmf w d k Y & J U eef ; wG i f ; awmif r&S d y gbl ; /
'Davmufqif;&JErG ;f yg;aewJt h rd rf mS 'Dvkd &wem yef;uH;k Bu;D &Sw
d ,fqw
kd m {uEÅ rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh cd;k ,lvo Ykd m
&&Sw
d yhJ pön;f jzpfEikd yf gw,f}} - qdNk y;D Adro
dÁ m&rif;u wifjyavQmufxm; awmh tJ't D csed rf mS rax&fBu;D u bmvkyo
f vJ¿
--
]]Ad r Á d o m&rif ; BuD ; &J U eef ; awmf w pf c k v H k ; a&T t wd NyD ; ap}} - qd k N yD ; awmh tbd n mPf & J U tajccH j zpf w J h
pwkw¬psmeformywfudk 0ifpm;NyD; t"d|mef awmfrlvdkufygw,f/
]]uJ 'g,umawmf ...'g,umawmf&JU eef;awmfBuD;wpfckvHk;udk Munfhvdkufprf;? bmawGjzpfaeovJ}} vdkY
ar;vdkufawmh tJ'DrSm tm;vHk; a&Teef;awmfBuD; jzpfoGm;w,f/
tJ't D cgusawmhrS Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D u OD;csuefawmhNy;D awmh ckeu zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifxm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGukd jyefNy;D awmh
vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;vdkufw,f/
'Dvdkwefcdk;rsKd;udk t"d|med'¨dwefcdk;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk t"d|med'¨d wefcdk;vdkYac:wJh wefcdk;rsKd;udkawmh
bk&m;&Sifvnf; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; twGuf cGifhjyKxm;NyD; jzpfygw,f/
]]wpfa,mufwnf;jzpfvsuf trsm;jzpfjcif;? trsm;jzpfvsuf wpf a,mufwnf; jzpfjcif;}} pwJh 'Dvdk thHzG,fo&J
jzpfapwJh wefc;kd £'d̈yg'f rsm;udak wmh rjyzd&Yk eftwGuf &[ef;awGukd bk&m;&Siu
f odum© yk'Ef iS hf ynwfNy;D xm;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmvnf; r[u trnf&SdwJh rax&fav;u tifrwef yljyif; aewJh usKdufusKdufqlaewJh aeylxJrSm
oGm;ae&wJh &[ef;oHCmawGukd csr;f omokc&&Syd gapjcif;tusK;d iSm &nf&,
G Nf y;D awmh 'Dt"d|med'w
d¨ efc;kd vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ
wefcdk;udk zefqif;awmfrljcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ... raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyf aumif;w,f/ 'g bmaMumifh&ovJ¿ pdwf&JU
pGrf;tifyJ/
'DvdkusifhpOfawG usifhvdkY&Edkifw,fqkdvQif bk&m;&Sif&JUomoemawmf onf tvGeftm;&zdkY raumif;bl;vm;¿
odyfaumif;w,f/
'g pdwfudktoHk;cswm/ pdwfrSm&SdaewJhwefcdk;tmedoifawGudk xkwfNyD; toHk;csawmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;
0rf;omvGef;vdkY - r[utrnf &SdwJh rax&fav; ausmif;a&mufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm - ratmifhEdkifwJh twGuf
xdkrax&fav;&JUtxHudk oGm;NyD;awmh ...
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmfudk wefcdk;wpfckavmuf xyfjyawmf rlyg}} --
vdkY xyfNyD; avQmufxm;awmif;yefw,f/
]]uJ 'g,umBuD; ...'DvdkqkdvdkY&SdvQifawmh 'g,umBuD;&JU tay:½Hk pkvsm;wbufuav;udk acG;uwufvdkY
ac:qktd yfwhJ ausmif;zdeyfcRwf wJh ae&mav;rSm 'g,umBu;D cif;vdu
k af yawmh/ cif;Ny;D awmh tJ'D tay:rSm jrufawGukd
MuJjzefYvdkufyg}}qdkNyD;awmh ajymvdkufw,f/
r[urax&fu wHcg;ydwfNyD;awmh ausmif;wGif;udk 0ifoGm;vdkuf w,f/ awaZmuodkPf;udk 0ifpm;NyD;awmh
t"d|mefawmfrlvdkufygw,f/
ausmif;wHcg;Mum;xJua&m oHaumufaygufuav;ua&m rD;awG wpfpwpfp xGufvmw,f? rD;cdk;awG
xGufvmw,f? rD;ñGefYawG xGuf vmw,f/
tJ ' D r D ; awG u wH c g;ud k ravmif b l ; ? wH c g;Mum;uae xG u f v mw,f ? wH c g;ud k aomh c yf w J h
oHaumufaygufuav;uae xGufvmw,f/ xGuf vmNyD;awmh 'DrD;awGu pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD; jzefYcif;xm;wJh
tay:½Hk pkvsm;wbufay:rSm wnf&SdaewJh jrufawGudk avmifoGm;w,f? wbuf udk enf;enf;av;rS ravmifbl;/
tJ'Dvdkwefcdk;uvnf; t"d|med'¨dwefcdk;ygyJ? pdwf&JU pGrf;tm;yJ/ wbuf ay:rSm&SdaewJh jrufawGudk wpfprusef
avmifuRrf;Edkifw,fqdkvQif 'D wbufuav; avmifuRrf;oGm;zdkY raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif;w,f/ 'gayrJh
enf;enf;av;rS ravmifbl;aemf/
£'¨d0dygaum tpdEÅda,m = wefcdk;t&monf rMuHpnfoifh rMuHpnf xdkufbl;wJh/
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0rf;omoGm;w,f/
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h wGuf ckeu w&m;a[mwJh t&Si£
f od'wårax&fç ck t&Sirf [urax&f tJ'rD ax&f ESpyf g;vH;k udk
olbmavQmufxm;ovJ¿
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tvGeaf rGUavsmzf , G af umif;wJh ausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D wpfcjk zpfygw,f/ 'Dausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D rSm t&Sib
f &k m;wdYk toufxufq;kH
oDwif;oH;k awmfryl g/ t&Sib f &k m;wdt
Yk wGuf vdt k yfwhJ ypön;f av;yg;udk wynfah wmf aMumifMh updu k yf ghr,f}} qdNk y;D awmh
½dkaopGm avQmufxm; awmif;yefw,f/
tJ'Dvdk awmif;yefwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rax&fjrwfBuD;awGu olU&JU ukodkvfapwemudk 0rf;omwJhtaeESifh
om"ktEkarm'emawmh ac:yg w,f/ odaYk omf ESpyf g;vH;k aygh trÁm#um&mrausmif;wdu
k rf S ]]aemuf wpfzef rjyefaom
xGufcGmjcif;jzifh}} xGufcGm<uoGm;awmfrlMuw,f/ bmhaMumifhvJ ..¿
'D v d k w&m;a[mvd k Y & wJ h y pö n f ; wef c d k ; jyvd k Y & wJ h y pö n f ; rsKd ; ud k a&S ; a&S ; rax&f B uD ; awG u
tvGefpufqkyf&GH&SmawmfrlMuygw,f? &wem oHk;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;udk ,HkMunfwJh rSefuefwJh o'¨gw&m;jzifh
vSL'gef; aewJh ypönf;av;yg;udkom tvdk&SdawmfrlMuw,f/
'gaMumifh w&m;a[mvkdY&wJhypönf; wefcdk;jyvdkY&wJhypönf;awGawmh aemufaemifwpfcsdefrSm jzpfawmhr,fqdkwm
oabmaygufNyD;awmh xdk trÁm#um&mr ausmif;wdkufBuD;rS xGufoGm;awmfrlMujcif;jzpfw,f/
'gu r[uyg#d[m&d,okwåef jzpfygw,f/ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD; w&m;ESifh arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufyHkESifh
ywfoufNyD; azmfjyxm;wJh okwåefwpfckyJ/
aemufokwåefwpfckuawmh pdwåoH,kwf&JU eHygwf (5) okwåef jzpfwJh yxrumrblokwåef (oH-2-481-483/)
jzpfygw,f/
"""
tcef; (10)
yxrumrblokwåef
'Dow k eå u
f awmh pdwo
å <l u,f ausmif;'g,umBu;D yd#uwfo;kH yHrk mS b,favmufuRr;f usiw
f ,fqw
kd mudk azmfjywJh
okwåef jzpfw,f/
wpfcsdefrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u ausmif;udk oGm;w,f/ ol udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh trÁm#um&mr

ausmif;oGm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifumrbl rax&fxH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh ½dkaopGm &Sdcdk;NyD; oifhwifh avsmufywfwJh
wpfae&mrSm xdkifvdkufw,f/
tJ'Dvdk xdkifvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifumrbl rax&fjrwfuae NyD;awmh olUudk ar;cGef;av;wpfck ar;w,f/
tJ'Dar;cGef;u jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;wJh *gxm av; wpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'D*gxmonf

acwftajymESifh ajymvQifawmh pum;xm0SufwJh *gxmav; wpfck toGifawmh aqmifaew,f/ 'D *gxmav;u
bmajymovJ¿ --
aeva*Fg aowypäma'g? {uma&m 0wåwD &axm/
teDCH yó tm,EÅH? qdEéaomwH tAEëH/ (oH-2-482/)
aeva*Fg = tjypfuif;pifaom t*Fgtpdwftydkif;&Sdaom/ aowypäma'g = tjzLa&mifjzifh vTrf;jcHKvsuf&Sdaom/
{uma&m = wpfckwnf; aom axmifhtuefY&Sdaom/ &axm = &xm;BuD; wpfpif;onf/ 0wåwd = vmíaeyg\/
teD C H = qif ; &J j cif ; uif ; onf j zpf í / qd E é a omwH = a&t,Of u d k jzwf a wmuf í NyD ; aom/ tAE¨ e H =
taESmiftzGJUuif;vsuf &Sdaom/ tm,EÅH = <uvmawmfrlwJhyk*¾dKvfudk/ yó = zl;ajrmfvdkufprf;yg/
'gu pum;xm0S u f w J h *gxmav;yJ / ]]tJ ' D * gxmav;&J U t"d y Ü g ,f u bmud k a [movJ
bmudkqdkvdkygovJ'g,umBuD;}}qkdNyD;awmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk ar;Munfhw,f/
pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk tJ'Dvdk ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u - ]]t&Sifbk&m;
... acwåcPavmuf qdkif;ygOD;bk&m;}}qdkNyD; olu avQmufxm;w,f/
acwåcPavmuf tqdkif;cdkif;NyD;wJhtcg olu acwåcPavmuf qdwfqdwfaeNyD;awmh ol bmvkyfovJ ..¿
rk[kwåH wkPSD [kwGmwd wó tw¬ayu©ew¬H wDPd yd#umed uaPÖ uk@vH 0d, oÍömavaEÅm ]]t,H
£ró taw¬m? t,H £ró taw¬m}}wd Oyy&du©Pw¬H rk[kwåH wkPSD [kwGm/ (oH-|-3-131/)
cPavmuf qdwq f wd af ew,fqw kd mu bmoabmvJvaYkd r;awmh 'D*gxmav;&JU qdv
k &kd if; teuft"dygÜ ,fawGukd
ÓPfESifh pl;prf;qifjcif zdkY&eftwGuf ...
wDPd yd#umed = yd#uwfokH;ykHwdkYudk/ uaPÖ = em;ü/ uk@vH 0d, = yefqifxm;tyfwJhem;awmif;uJhodkY/
oÍömavaEÅm = aumif;pGm vIyfacsmufcsm;vsuf ...
yd#uwfokH;ykHudk em;rSm yefqifxm;wJh em;wefqmav;udk vSrf;NyD; vIyfvdkufovdkyJ/ yd#uwfokH;ykHudk tukefvkH;
vIyfacsmufcsm;NyD; bmvkyf ovJ¿ --
]]t,H £ró taw¬m? t,H £ró taw¬m}}wd Oyy&du©Pw¬H-

]]'D p um;vH k ; u 'D v d k t euf t "d y Ü g ,f & S d w ,f ? 'D p um;vH k ; usawmh 'D v d k teuf t "d y Ü g ,f & S d w ,f } }vd k Y
pl;prf;qifjcifzdkY&eftwGuf acwåcP qdkif;ihH NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh olu jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;ygw,f/
tajzay;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bmajymovJ¿ --
aev*F - tjypf u if ; pif w J h t *F g &S d w ,f qd k w muawmh ud k , f u sif h o D v jynf h p H k w mud k jrwf p G m bk & m;
qdkvdk&if;jzpfygw,fqdkNyD; olu 'Dvdk &Sif;jy w,f/ tJ'D&Sif;vif;csufudk b,fvdk&Sif;jyovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh --
wDPd yd#umed uaPÖ uk@vH 0d, --
yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk ÓPfapvTwfvdkufw,f/ apvTwfNyD;wJhtcgusawmh em;rSmyefxm;wJh em;awmif;av;wpfckudk
qGJvIyfvdkufovdkyJ yd#uwf awGxJudk ÓPfapvTwfNyD;awmh vIyfMunfhvdkufw,f/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkrSm vmaewJh
bk&m;a[ma'oemawGudk ÓPfESifhpl;prf;NyD;awmhrS 'Dtajzudk olu ay;wm/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...tjypfr&SdwJh t*Fgqdkwmu oDvudk ac:qdkygw,f/
aowypäm' - tjzLa&mifjzifh vTrf;jcHKxm;w,f qdkwmuawmh udavomuif;pifaewJh t&[wåzdkvf
0drkwådormywfudk qdkvdkw,f? t&[wåzdkvfpdwfudk qdkvdkygw,f}}vdkY olu &Sif;jyxm;w,f/
{um& - wpfckwnf;aom axmifhtuefY &Sdw,f qdkwmuawmh owdudk qdkvdkygw,f t&Sifbk&m;wJh/
0wåwd - oGm;aew,f oGm;aew,fqdkwmuawmh a&SUodkY oGm;wmudk ajymwmygwJh/
&axm - &xm;BuD; qdkwmuawmh pwkr[mblwdu - r[mbkwf "mwfBuD;av;yg; &SdaewJh 'D ½lyum,BuD;udk
ajymaewm jzpfygw,f t&Sifbk&m;/
aemufwpfck - teDCm - qif;&Jjcif; uif;w,f qdkwmuawmh udavomtmoa0g uif;uGmaewJh
&[EÅmt&SifjrwfawG[m avmurSm qif;&Jjcif; tuif;qHk; yk*¾dKvfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh udavom tmoa0g
uif;uGmaewJh &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfudk teDCmvdkY ac:ygw,f/
qdEéaomw - wPSma&,OfaMumudk jzwfNyD;w,f qdkwmuawmh &[EÅm t&Sifjrwfonf (31)bHk twGif;&Sd
ouf&dS oufrhJ umr0w¬K tpkpk b0xdx
k u
kd kd wG,w
f mwyfrufaewJh wPSma&,OfaMumudk jzwfawmufNy;D edAmÁ efqw
kd hJ
[dkrSmbufurf;odkY a&mufatmif ul;cwfNyD;wJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh qdEéaomw - a&,Ofudk jzwfawmufNyD;w,f qdkwmu wPSma&,OfaMumudk jzwfawmufNyD;rIudk
qdkvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/
tAEë - taESmiftzGJUuif;w,f qdkwmuawmh &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf awGrSm &m*qdkwJhtaESmiftzGJU r&Sdbl;?
a'goqdkwJhtaESmiftzGJUvnf; r&Sdbl;? arm[qdkwJhtaESmiftzGJUvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'DaESmifzGJUrIawGudk qdkvdk ygw,fqdkNyD;
olu t"dyÜg,fudk jyefNyD;awmh &Sif;vif;w,f/
tJ'Dt"dyÜg,fawG &Sif;vif;xm;csuft& 'D*gxmav;&JU teuf t"dyÜg,fudk bmomjyefr,fqdkvkdY&SdvQif b,fvdk
bmomjyefrvJ¿ --
aeva*Fg aowypäma'g? {uma&m 0wåwD &axm/
teDCH yó tm,EÅH? qdEéaomwH tAEëH/

aeva*F g = tjypf u if ; aom uk d , f u sif h o D v ES i f h jynf h p k H a om/ aowypä m a'g = ud a vomwd k Y r S
vGwfajrmufvsuf&Sdaom jzLpifaompdwfxm; jzifh zkH;vTrf;í xm;tyfaom/ {uma&m = owdwnf;[laom wpfck
wnf;aom axmifhtuefY&Sdawmfrlaom/ &axm = av;jzm"mwfaqmif þudk,faumif[laom &xm;BuD;onf/
0wåwd = a&SUodkYoGm;í aeay \/
teDCH = qif;&Jjcif;uif;aom/ 0g? teDCH = &m* a'go arm[ wnf;[laom tjypf uif;pifvsuf&Sdaom/
qdEéaomwH = jzwfawmuf NyD;aom wPSma&t,Of &Sdawmfrlaom/ tAEëH = &m* a'go arm[ wnf;[laom
taESmiftzGJU &Sdawmfrrlaom/ tm,EÅH = <uvmawmf rlaom &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfudk/ yó = arwåmvTrf;ywf
Munfvifaom o'¨g"mwfjzifh zl;ajrmfuefawmhvdkufprf;yg/ --
'Dvdk olu qdkvdkygw,f/
'DvdkqdkvdkwJhtaMumif; olu &Sif;jyvdkufawmh t&Sifumrbl rax&f jrwfBuD;u odyfNyD;awmh 0rf;omoGm;w,f/
0rf;omoGm;vdkufawmh bmajymovJ¿ --
vmbm aw *[ywd? okv'¨H aw *[ywd? ,ó aw *rÇDa& Ak'¨0pae ynmpu©K urwd/
]]'g,umBuD; ...odyft&awmfw,f? 'g,umBuD;&JU vlUb0udk &&Sdjcif;onf aumif;aom&jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
tvGef eufecJ ufcaJ ewJh bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awGü 'g,umBu;D &JU ynmpu©Kac:wJh ÓPfynm rsupf o
d nf ouf0ifNy;D
wnfaeygw,f}}qdkNyD;awmh om"kac:ygw,f/
£rH ye yO§H uaxaEÅm Oygoaum 'kuú&H tumod/
(oH-|-3-131/)
£rH ye yO§H = þjyóemudk/ uaxaEÅm = ajzqdkaewJh/ Oygoaum = pdwåol<u,fOygoum 'g,umonf/
'kuú&H = tvGefcJ,Of; wJhtrIudk/ tumod = jyKcJhavNyD/
þ*gxmav;&JUteuft"dyÜg,fudk ajzqdkaewmu tvGefcufcJwJh vkyfief;wpfckudk pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;
jyKvkyfvdkufwmyJ/
'Dtcsufudk bkef;BuD;ajymwm &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdw,f/ vl0wfaMumif Oygoum 'g,umwpfOD; jzpfayrJhvdkY
yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk em;rSm yefqif xm;wJh em;awmif;uJhodkY qGJvIyfvkdY &EdkifwJhpGrf;tm;awG wnf&Sdvmatmif
avhusifhxm;w,f/ raumif;bl;vm; 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD; awG¿ odyfaumif;w,f/
yd#uwfawmfrSm vm&SdwJh w&m;awmfwG[m edAÁmefudk b,fvrf;u oGm;&r,fvdkY edAÁmefudk oGm;wJhvrf;udk
ñTeMf um;jyoay;aewJh a&;qGJ xm;wJh tñTe;f odu
k pf majrykaH wG jzpfMuygw,f/
edAÁmefudk vdkcsifvQif rdrdwdkYoGm;&rnfhvrf;av;udk rSefrSefuefuef od xm;zdkYawmh raumif;bl;vm;¿
odyfaumif;w,f/ ydkNyD; oabmayguf atmif a&SUua[mcJhwJh &weokwåef*gxmuav;udk jyefemMunfhygvm;/
0eyÜ*karÁ ,x zkódwa*¾?
*drSmermao yXro® ð *darS/
wxlyrH "r®0&H ta'o,d?
edAÁme*grð y&rH [dwm,/

£'rÜd Aka'¨ &weH yPDwH?
{awe oapöe ok0w¬d a[mwk/
*drSmeH = aEGvwkdY\/
yXro® ð *darS = a&S;OD;tp aEGvjzpfaom/
rmao = pdMwrmo wefcl;vü/
zkódwa*¾ = yifvkH;uRwfyGifhaom cufzsm;pkH&Sdaom/
0eyÜ*karÁ = awmtkyfonf/
ood&Daum ,xm = toa& &SdvSbdouJhokdY/
wxlyrH = teufo'´g yef;pkHpGmjzifh a0qmjyefYajym xkdawm tkyfvQif ykHyrm&Sdaom/
edAÁme*grð = tNidrf;"mwfrSef jrwfedAÁmefokdY {uefxkwfacsmuf a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom/
"r®0&H = okH;ykHyd#uwf w&m;jrwfa'oemawmfukd/
y&rH [dwm, = vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwk\ Yd edAmÁ e"mwfwnf; [laom tjrwfq;Hk tusK;d pD;yGm;csr;f omtvkiYd mS /
ta'o,d = u½kPm a&SUoGm; arwåmxm;í a[mMum;awmf rltyfcJhavNyD/
Aka'¨ = okH;avmuxG#fxm; &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ü/
£'rÜd &weH = þ jrwfEkd;zG,f&m &wemtjzpf odomzG,ft- aMumif; ESpfoufzG,f *kPfawmftaygif;onf
vnf;/
yPDwH = xl;jrwfawmfrlvSygay\/
{awe oapöe = 0pDr*Fvm þopömpum;aMumifh/
wkrSmuH = oif w&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif; wkdYtm;/ 0g?
ygPDeH = taygif;rsm;pGm owå0gwdkYtm;/
ok0w¬d = ab;&efukefuif; csrf;omat;jrjcif;onf/
a[mwk = rkcsraoG jzpfygapownf;/ / (om"k om"k om"k)
a[m .. opömt"d|mef jyKwm/ bk&m;&Sio
f nf yd#uwf oH;k yHu
k kd a[mwm bmOD;wnfcsuEf iS hf a[mawmfro
l vJ¿
--
vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwdkY\ edAÁme"mwfwnf;[laom tjrwfqHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;omawG &&Sdygapjcif;tusKd;iSm
OD;wnfcsufESifh bk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/
]]'D rSefuefwJhopömpum;aMumifh a0omvDjynfoljynfom; trSL; &SdaewJh owå0gtaygif; ab;&efukefuif;
csrf;omat;jrjcif; jzpfygap ownf;}} qdkNyD; opömt"d|mefjyKwJh *gxmyJ/
xd k o pö m t"d | mef c suf o nf rS m ;ovm; rS e f o vm;vd k Y a r;vQif 'g,um BuD ; awG 'g,d u mrBuD ; awG
b,fvdkajzMurvJ¿ rSefaew,f/ rSefaewJh twGuf a0omvDjynfoljynfom; owå0gtrsm;wdkY csrf;omokc jzpf
roGm;Mubl;vm;¿ jzpfoGm;Muw,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrlwJhw&m;awGu edAÁmefudk tm;vHk;wmplxm;wJh w&m;awGom jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

yd#uwfo;kH yHu
k kd tukevf ;kH tm*Hk raqmifEikd af wmif edAmÁ efukd b,fvrf;u oGm;&r,fqw
kd hJ yd#uwf usr;f *efrmS vmwJh
usiphf OfawGuakd wmh pepfwus avhvmxm;MuzdYk raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaf umif;w,f/ 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D
awG twk,lzdkYyJaemf/
aemufokwåefwpfckuawmh - eHygwf (6) okwåefjzpfwJh 'kwd, umrblokwåef (oH-2-483-485/) jzpfygw,f/
"""
tcef; (11)
'kwd,umrblokwåef
'kwd,umrblokwåefuawmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u t&Sif umrbl rax&fudk jyefNyD;awmhar;wJh
okwåefwpfckyJ/
'kwd,tBudrf t&Sifumrbl rax&fESifh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;wdkY 'DtrÁm#um&mrausmif;wdkufrSm wpfcg
jyefNy;D awmh qHMk ujyefw,f/ qHw
k hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh pdwo
å <l u,f 'g,umBu;D u ]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...ocFg& b,fEpS rf sK;d
&SdygovJbk&m;}}vdkY ar;w,f/ bm&nf&G,fcsufESifh olu ar;ovJ¿ --
t,H ud& *[ywd eda&m"H 0vaÍÆwd? wo®m ]]eda&m"yg'au ocFga& ykpädómrD}}wd pdaEÅwGm {0rm[/ (oH-
|-3-132/)
t,H *[ywd = þ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;onfum;/ eda&m"H = eda&m"ormywfudk/ 0vaÍÆwd =

okH;aqmifcHpm;EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfBuD; jzpfay\/
oludk,fwdkifu eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;Edkifw,f/ eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;w,fqdkwmu a&SUuajymcJhovdk
avmuDpsmeformywf &Spyf g;udk vnf; &&r,f? tem*grfy*k Kd¾ vaf omfvnf; jzpf&r,f odrYk [kwf &[EÅm yk*Kd¾ vaf omfvnf;
jzpf&r,f/ tJ'D tem*grf &[EÅm yk*¾dKvfESpfOD;u avmuDpsmeformywf &Spfyg;udk &&SdcJhr,fqdkvQif eda&m"ormywfudk
0ifpm;vdkY&w,f/
pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkY&wJhtqifh rSm &Sdaew,fqdkawmh oludk,fwdkifu
tem*grfoal wmfaumif;Bu;D vnf; jzpfw,f? avmuDpsmeformywf &Spyf g;udv
k nf; &&Sx
d m;Ny;D jzpfw,fvYkd odEikd yf gw,f/
'gaMumif h ol u d k ; uG , f q nf ; uyf a ewJ h trÁ m #um&mr ausmif ; wd k u f r S m oD w if ; oH k ; awmf r l w J h
t&Sifumrblrax&fjrwfBuD;[m vnf; 'Deda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;oHk;aqmifrI &Sd-r&Sd odcsifwJhpdwfxm; jzifh olu
'Dvdkar;wm jzpfw,f/
t,H *[ywd = þ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;onfum;/ eda&m"H = eda&m"ormywfudk/ 0vaÍÆwd =
okH;aqmifcHpm;EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfBuD; jzpfay\/ wo®m = xdkaMumifh/ ]]ed
eda&m"yg'au = eda&m"ormywf\
tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfMuukefaom/ ocFga& = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk/ ykpädómrd = igar;jref;avQmufxm;aythH/}}
£wd = þodkY/ pdaEÅwGm = MuHpnfpdwful;í/ {0H = þodkY/ tm[ = ar;jref;avQmufxm;jcif; jzpfay\/
eda&m"ormywf\ tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfaewJh ocFg&w&m; awGudk ig ar;jref;avQmufxm;r,fqdkwJh

&nf&G,fcsufjzifh olu ...
]]uwd Ek acg baEÅ ocFg&m}}
]]ocFg&w&m;awG[m b,favmuf&ydS govJb&k m;}} qdNk y;D awmh olu 'Dvkd ar;wm/ 'Dvakd r;wJt
h csed t
f cgrSmvnf;
t&Sifumrbl rax&fu 'Dpdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;&JU pdwftpOfudk ÓPfESifhvSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh jrifaeNyD/
bm&nf&G,fcsufESifh olu ar;aew,fqdkwm odw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;u eda&m"ormywfESifh qufpyf NyD; bmukd ar;csifaewmvJ¿ 'Dtcsufukd
t|uxmu (oH-|-3-132/) 'Dvkd &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ --
um,ocFg& 0pDocFg& pdwåocFg&qkdwJh 'DocFg&awG[m tcsif;csif; a&maxG;aeMuw,f? vIyfacsmufcsm;vkdY
&EkdifwJhw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f? ruRrf;usifwJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU ÓPfrSm rxif&Sm;wJh w&m;rsKd;awG jzpfMu w,f/
em;vnfatmif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ajymjyzkdY&ef cufcJwJhw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdvQif t&m0w¬Kwpfckukd
vSrf;qGJ,lvkdufwJh tcgç t&m0w¬Kwpfckukd vTihfypfvkdufwJhtcgç t&m0w¬Kwpfckukd vIyf &Sm;atmif a&GUvsm;atmif
jyKvyk v
f udk w
f t
hJ cg um,'Gg&rSm umrm0p& ukov kd af pwem (8)rsK;d ç tukov
dk af pwem (12)rsK;d - aygif; (20)aom
ukodkvfapwem tukodkvfapwemawG xdkufovdk jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'D ukokdvf-tukokdvf apwemawGukdvnf;
um,ocFg&vkdY ac:w,f/ 0ifav-xGufavqkdwhJ tómo-yómoukdvnf; um,ocFg&vkdYyJ ac:qkdMuw,f/
ar;ukd vIyf&Sm;atmif jyKvkyfwJhtcgç toHukdxGufay:vmatmif jyKvkyfwhJtcg 0pD'Gg&rSm jzpfay:vmwJh
ajymcJhNyD;wJh ukokdvfapwem tukokdvfapwem (20)ukdvnf; 0pDocFg&vkdY ac:qkdMuw,f/ pum;oH jzpfatmif
MuHpnfrI (= 0dwuf)ç qifjcifrI (= 0dpm&)ukdvnf; 0pDocFg&vYkd ac:qkdMuw,f/
wpfzef um,'Gg& 0pD'Gg&awGrSm vIyf&Sm;rI r&SdbJ qdwfuG,f&m wpfae&mrSm xkdifNyD; pOf;pm;cef;0ifaewJhtcg
raem'G g &rS m jzpf a y:vmwJ h tuk o k d v f a pwem (12)ç umrm0p&uk o k d v f a pwem (8)ç ½l y g0p&+
t½lyg0p&ukokdvfapwem (9) - aygif; (29)rsKd;aom ukokdvfapwem awGukdvnf; pdwåocFg&vkdY ac:qkdMuw,f/
onmESifh a0'em w&m;ESpfrsKd; ukdvnf; pdwåocFg&vkdY ac:qkdMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dum,ocFg& 0pD ocFg&
pd w å o cF g &awG [ m tcsif ; csif ; a&maxG ; aeMuw,f ? vI y f a csmuf csm;vk d Y &Ek d i f w J h w &m;awG jzpf M uw,f ?
ruGßrf;usifwJhyk*¾dKvfawG&JU ÓPfrSm rxif&Sm;wJh w&m;rsKd;awG jzpfMuw,f? em;vnfatmif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jyzkdY&ef
cufcJwJhw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/ 'Dw&m;awGukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; od&Sdvmatmif tajzawGukd olu em,lcsifw,f?
'gaMumifh olu 'Dar;cGef;ukd ar;wm jzpfw,f/ t&Sifumrbl rax&fjrwfuvnf; olU&JU&nf&G,fcsuf OD;wnfcsufukd
odaeygw,f/
'DocFg&toHk;tEIef;u bkef;BuD;wdkYpmaye,frSm Ak'¨tbd"r®me,fy,f rSm toHk;tEIef;awG awmfawmfrsm;w,f/
yknmbdocFga&m tyknmbdocFga&m tmeÍömbdocFga&m - qdNk y;D awmh [dk ..t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m - rSmvnf;
ocFg&wpfrsKd; vmw,f/
]]oaAÁ ocFg&m tedpöm}}wd? ,'g ynm, yówd ...ponfjzifh tJ'DrSmvnf; 'ku©opöm trnf&aewJh
wpfq,fw h pfrsK;d aom tjcif; t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;ç ork',opöm trnf&wJh aMumif;usK;d quf
y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;awGudkvnf; ocFg&qdkNyD; a[mxm;awmfrlwmawG &Sdw,f/
½lyu©E¨m a0'emu©E¨m onmu©E¨m ocFg&u©E¨m 0dnmPu©E¨mqdkNyD; tJ'D cE¨mig;yg;rSmvnf; a0'em onmrS
vGv
J Qif useaf pwoduf tvk;H (50)wdu
Yk kd ocFg&u©E¨mqdkNyD; a[mxm;awmfrlwmvnf; &Sdw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ocFg&trsKd;rsKd;awG&SdaewJhtxJu pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;u eda&m"ormywfudk &nf&G,fNyD;awmh
ar;aew,fqdkwm odwJhtwGuf ]]'g,umBuD; ...um,ocFg& 0pDocFg& pdwåocFg&qdkNyD; ocFg&oHk;rsKd; &Sdw,f}}vdkY
jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;vdkufw,f/
um,ocFg&
tJ'DtcsdefrSm - t&Sifbk&m; ...um,ocFg&qdkwm bmvJ¿ a[m olu xyfqifhvmNyD/ 0pDocFg&qdkwm
bmvJ¿ pdwåocFg&qdkwm bmudk ac:ygovJ¿ xyfNyD;awmh ar;jref;jyefw,f/
w&m;rSm arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaewJh yk*¾dKvfrsm; wpfenf; tm;jzifhajymvQifawmh eda&m"ormywfudk
0ifpm;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; &SdaewJh t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;awG tcsif;csif; acgif;csif;½dkufNyD;awmh aqG; aEG;aewJh
w&m;yGJav;wpfckyJaemf/
tJ'Dvdk ar;vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh t&Sifumrbl rax&fjrwf BuD;u bmjyefNyD;awmh tajzay;ovJ¿ --
tómoyómom acg *[ywd um,ocFga&m? 0dwuú0pd m&m 0pDocFga&m? onm p a0'em p pdwo
å cFga&m/
]]tómo-yómo 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk um,ocFg& vdkY ac:w,f/
0dwufESifh 0dpm& w&m;ESpfyg;udk 0pDocFg&vdkY ac:w,f/
onmESifh a0'em - 'Dw&m; ESpfyg;usawmh pdwåocFg&vdkY ac:w,f 'g,umBuD;}} --
qkdNyD;awmh jyefajzw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ajzvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;bufu vnf; ]]t&Sifbk&m; ... b,fvdk
taMumif;aMumifh 0ifoufav- xGufoufav tómo-yómoudk um,ocFg&vdkY ac:ygovJ¿ 0dwufESifh
0dpm& w&m;ESpfyg;udk 0pDocFg&vdkY ac:ygovJ¿ onmESifh a0'em w&m;ESpfyg;udk pdwåocFg&vdkY ac:ygovJ}}vdkY -
jyefNyD;awmh ar;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jyefar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS ...
tómoyómom acg *[ywd um,d u m {aw "r® m um,yÜ # d A '¨ g ? wo® m tómoyómom
um,ocFga&m/
*[ywd = 'g,umBuD ; .../ tómoyómom = 0if a v-xG u f av[k ac:qd k t yf w J h tómo-
yómow&m;wdkYonfum;/ um,dum = um&Zum,udk rSDí jzpfaeMuukef\/ {aw "r®m = xdk tómo-
yómow&m;wdkYonfum;/ um,yÜ#dA'¨g = um&Zum,ESifh qufpyf í jzpfaeMuukef\/ wo®m = xdkaMumifh/
tómoyómom = tómo-yómowdkYonf/ um,ocFga&m = um,ocFg& rnf\/
'g,umBuD; ... 0ifav-xGufavqdkwm um&Zum,ESifh qufpyf aew,f/ um&Zum,qdkwmuawmh

'DcE¨mtdrrf mS wnf&adS ewJh uH pdwf Owk tm[m& taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfaewJh ½kyw
f &m;taygif;udk
um&Zum,vdkY ac:w,f/
tJ'Dum&Zum,ESifh 'Dtómo-yómo ac:wJh 0ifav-xGufav awG[m qufpyfNyD;awmh jzpfaew,f?

'Dum&Zum,udk rSND y;D jzpfae w,f/ 'gaMumifh 0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufav (= tómo-yómo)udk um,ocFg&vdYk
ac:ygw,f/
enf;enf; em;vnfvG,fatmif xyfajymr,faemf/ 'DcE¨mtdrfBuD; r&Sdawmhbl;qdkvQif touf½SLwm &SdOD;rvm;¿

r&Sad wmhb;l / cE¨mtdru
f kd "mwfcv
JG u
kd af wmh ur®Z½kyf pdwZå ½kyf OwkZ½kyf tm[m&Z½kyf qkNd y;D ½kyaf v;rsK;d xGuv
f mw,f/
'gaMumifh tJ'D½kyfav;rsKd;udk um&Zum,vdkY ac:w,f/ 'Dvdk &Sif;jyvdkufw,f/
0pDocFg&
ykaAÁ acg *[ywd 0dwauúwGm 0dpma&wGm ypäm 0gpH bdE´wd? wo®m 0dwuú0dpm&m 0pDocFga&m/
ykaAÁ acg *[ywd 0dwauúwGm 0dpma&wGm = 'g,umBuD; ... a&S;OD;pGm MuHpnfpdwful; pOf;pm;qifjcifNyD;rS/
ypäm 0gpH bdE´wd = aemufumvusrS pum;ajymw,f/
'gaMumifh 0dwufESifh 0dpm& ESpfyg;udk 0pDocFg&vdkYac:qkdtyfwJh 0pD pum;oHuav; jzpfay:vmatmif
jyKjyifay;aewJh w&m;awGvdkY 'Dvdk ac:w,f/
pOf;pm;Munfph rf;µ ]u} vdYk ajymcsiaf ewJh MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l rI oH;k oyf qifjcifrI 0dwuf 0dpm& &Sw
d ,f? tJ'v
D &kd v
dS mwJt
h cg
]u} qdkwJh toHav; wpfck ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vmw,f/
]c} vdkY ajymcsifaewJh MuHpnfpdwful;rI oHk;oyfqifjcifrI 0dwuf 0dpm& &Sdw,f/ &SdvmvdkY&SdvQif ]c} vdkYajymaewJh
toHwpfck ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vmw,f/
]u c} ponfjzifh 'DvdktoHav;awGudk jyKjyifay;wm? rajymcifrSm BudKwifNyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿ ]]ig ]u} vdkY
ajymr,f? ig ]c} vdkY ajymr,f}} qdkwJh BudKwifpdwful;rI MuHpnfawG;awmrI MuHpnfpOf;pm;qifjcifrI r&Sdbl;vm;¿
&Sdw,f/ &SdaewJhtwGufaMumifh 'D0dwuf 0dpm& w&m;ESpfyg; udk 0pDocFg& = 0pDpum;oH jzpfay:vmatmif
jyKjyifay;aewJhw&m;vdkY 'Dvdkac:w,f qdkNyD; t&Sifumrblrax&fjrwfu &Sif;jyvdkufw,f/
pdwåocFg&
onm p a0'em p apwodum {aw "r®m pdwåyÜ#dA'¨g? wo®m onm p a0'em p pdwåocFga&m/
rSwfom;wwfwJh oabmuav;u onm? tjzL teD t0gponf jzifh tm½kHudk rSwfom;wwfwJhoabmyJ/
[kww f mvnf; rSww
f ,f? r[kww
f mvnf; rSww
f ,f/ om; orD; ZeD; ajr; jrpf 'Dvv
kd nf; rrSwf bl;vm;¿ rSww
f ,f/
a&T aiG v,f ,m 'Dvdkvnf; rSwfrxm;bl;vm;¿ rSwfxm;w,f/ ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;vdkYvnf; rrSwfbl;vm;¿
rSwfw,f/ zó a0'em onm ponfjzifh rrSwfbl;vm;¿ rSwfw,f/ rSefwmawG vnf; rSwfw,f? rSm;wmawGvnf;
rSwfw,f/
a0'emu cHpm;rI? csrf;omwJh cHpm;rIç qif;&JwJh cHpm;rIç tv,f tvwf cHpm;rI - tm;vHk;yJ/
tJ'D onm a0'em w&m;ESpfyg;u pdwåyÜ#dA'¨ = pdwfESifhqufpyfNyD; jzpfaew,f/ apwodu = pdwfrSm rSDNyD;
jzpfaew,f/
'gaMumifh olwdkYudk pdwåocFg& = pdwfudkjzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyif ay;aewJh w&m;awGvdkY 'Dvdk qkdvdkygw,f/
om;ESiyhf wfoufvYkd pdwu

f ;l MupH nfraI wG ay:vmw,f? om;qdw
k hJ rSwo
f m;rIukd tajccHw,f? om;ESiyhf wfoufwhJ
cHpm;csufuav;awGudk tajccHw,f/
orD;ESifhywfoufwJh MuHpnfpdwful;rIawG pdwfawG ay:vmw,f? orD;qdkwJh rSwfom;rIESifh orD;ESifhywfoufwJh
cHpm;csufuav;awGudk tajccHw,f/
'gaMumifh 'D onm a0'em w&m;ESpfyg;u pdwfESifhqufpyfNyD;awmh pdwfudk rSDjzpfaewJhtwGuf pdwåocFg& =
pdwfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;aew,fvdkY 'Dvdk qdkvdkygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk &Sif;jyvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh aemufxyfwpfqifh olu wpfcgxyfNyD; ar;w,faemf/ --
onma0',dweda&m"ormywf
uxH ye baEÅ onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd a[mwd/
t&Sifbk&m; ...onma0',dweda&m"ormywfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh
eda&m"ormywfudk b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh 0ifpm;&ygovJ¿ 0ifpm;vQif b,fvdk0ifpm;ovJ
b,fvdkjzpfay:vmovJvdkY 'Dvdkar;w,f/
bm&nf&G,fcsufESifh olu ar;ovJvdkYqdkawmh ]]t&Sifumrblrax&f onf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;ovm;
r0ifpm;bl;vm;}} olu odcsif aew,f/
odcsifaewJh 'D&nf&G,fcsufESifh olu 'Deda&m"ormywfudk b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
0ifpm;&ygovJvdkY 'Dar;cGef;udk olu ar;wm/ tJ'Dvdkar;vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifumrblrax&fjrwfu b,fvdk
jyefajzovJ¿ --
e acg *[ywd onma0',dweda&m"H ormyZÆEÅó bdu©Kaem {0H a[mwd ]]t[H onma0',dweda&m"H
ormyZÆdó}}EÅd 0g? ]]t[H onma0',dweda&m"H ormyZÆmrD}}wd 0g? ]]t[H onma0',dweda&m"H ormyaEém}}wd
0g/ tx cGó ykaAÁ0 wxm pdwåH bm0dwH a[mwd? ,H wH wxwåm, Oyaewd/
*[ywd = ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; .../ onma0',d w ed a &m"H = onma0',d w ed a &m" trnf & wJ h
eda&m"ormywfudk/ ormyZÆEÅó = 0ifpm;aewJh/ bdu©Kaem = &[ef;awmftzdkY/ {0H = þodkYaom pdwf
tMuHtpnfonf/ e acg a[mwd = rjzpfonfomwnf;/
onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&m..qdkwmuawmh onmESifh a0'emudk OD;wnfajzwmygyJ/ pdwf-apwoduftm;vHk;
csKyfwJh ormywfyg/
onm a0'emqdkwmu oAÁpdwåom"m&PapwodufawG jzpfawmh pdwftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaew,f/ onm
a0'em rygwJh pdwq f w
kd m r&Sad umif;bl;/ r&Sad umif;wJt h wGuf onm a0'em csKyvf Qif onm a0'emESihf ,SOw f aJG ewJh
pdw-f apwoduaf wGvnf; tukev f ;kH csKyw
f ,fvYkd qdv
k ykd gw,f/ pdw-f apwoduaf wG csKyo
f mG ;wJt
h wGuf pdw-f apwoduf
awGaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfawGvnf; csKyfoGm;Muygw,f/
tJ ' D pd w f - apwod u f a wG tm;vH k ; csKyf a ewJ h ormywf u d k ed a &m" ormywf v d k Y a c:w,f /
xdkeda&m"ormywfudk0ifpm;aewJh &[ef;awmf&JU oEÅmefrSm 'Dvdk pdwftMuHtpnf rjzpfbl;/ b,fvdk rjzpfovJ¿
t[H = igonf/ onma0',dweda&m"H = onma0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfudk/ ormyZÆdóEÅd
0g = 0ifpm;thH[lí vnf;aumif;/ t[H = igonf/ onma0',dweda&m"H = onma0'em wdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh

eda&m"ormywfudk/ ormyZÆmrDwd 0g = 0ifpm;í ae\[lívnf;aumif;/ t[H = igonf/ onma0',dweda&m"H
= onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfudk/ ormyaEémwd 0g = 0ifpm;NyD;NyD[lívnf;aumif;/ {0H =
þodkYaom pdwftMuHtpnf onf/ e acg a[mwd = rjzpfonfomwnf;/
onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;rnfh yk*¾dKvfonf ]]igonf onm a0'emwdkY&JU
csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywf udk 0ifpm;awmhr,f}} 'Dvdkpdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;/
]]igonf onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;aer,f}} 'Dvdk pdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfygbl;/
b,f t cd k u f ajymaeovJ q d k a wmh igonf onm a0'emwd k Y & J U csKyf & m jzpf w J h ed a &m"ormywf u d k
0ifpm;awmhr,fqw kd t
hJ ydik ;f ç igonf onm a0'emwd&Yk UJ csKy&f mjzpfwhJ eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;aew,fqw
kd t
hJ ydik ;f ?
'Dtydkif;awGudk ajymaew,f/
tJ'Dpdwfxm;av;awG r&Sdbl; qdkwmuawmh ae0onmemonm ,wepsmeformywfudk 0ifpm;aewJh
tcsdeftcgudk &nfñTef;xm;w,f qdkNyD; t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (oH-|-3-133/)
]]igonf onm a0'emwd&Yk UJ csKy&f mjzpfwhJ eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm; Ny;D Ny}D }qdw
k t
hJ ydik ;f uawmh eda&m"ormywfukd
qdkufaewJhtydkif;av;udk &nfñTef;xm;w,f/ (oH-|-3-133/)
]]0ifpm;awmhr,f}}? ]]0ifpm;aeNyD}} - 'Dvdkpdwfxm;rsKd; rjzpfbl;qdkwm uawmh pdwf&Sdaeao;wJh opdwåu-umvvdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh ae0onm emonm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;aewJh tcsdefumvav;udk &nf&G,fw,f/]]0ifpm;NyD;NyDqdkwJh
pdwx
f m; r&Sb
d ;l }}qdw
k muawmh eda&m"ormywf qdu k of mG ;wJh tpdwu å -umv pdwrf &Sw
d t
hJ csed t
f cgumvudk &nfñeT ;f
xm;w,fqdkNyD; t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;w,f/ (oH-|-3-133/)
'Dpum;udk jAKef;ueJ em;vnfcsifrS em;vnfr,faemf/ em;vnfEdkif atmif bkef;BuD; xyfNyD;awmh BudK;pm;NyD;
ajymygr,f/ a&SUuajymcJhwJh ormywf&Spfyg;u 'Dar;cGef;awGudk enf;enf;av; tajccHxm;w,f/
bke;f Bu;D &JU &nf&,
G cf suu
f awmh 'D y&dowfxrJ mS aygh .. 'Dvkd ormywfawGukd 0ifpm;Edik w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ yk*Kd¾ vx
f ;l
yk*¾dKvfrGefawG omoemawmfrSm ay:vmr,fqdkvQifaygh .. bkef;BuD; odyf0rf;omr,f? 'g,umBuD;awG
'g,dumrBuD;awGvnf; 0rf;rombl;vm;¿ 0rf;om Mur,f/ udk,fhomoemawmfBuD;[m 'Dvdk tm;udk;&m
axmufwnf&m &EdkifwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawG tqifhjrifhjrifh &Sdaew,fqdkwmav;udk odapcsifvdkYygaemf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm zvormywfESifh eda&m"ormywf&JU jcm;em;csuf uav;udkawmh enf;enf;ajymcsifw,f/
zvormywfqdkwmu bmvJ¿
zvormywf
ww¬ um zvormywåDwd ,m t&d,zvó eda&ma" tyÜem/
'g 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (341) rSm zGifhqdkxm;wJh tzGifhyJ/ zvormywfqdkwmu
bmvJvdkYar;awmh --
t&d,zvó eda&ma" tyÜem = t&d,zdkvfpdwfawGu eda&m" trnf&aewJh edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfü
tyÜempsmef&JUpGrf;tm;jzifh jzpfay: aerI/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; xyfNyD;awmh enf;enf;em;vnfatmif xyfajym &vQif
topfwpfcg edAÁmefudk tm½Hk,lNyD; t&d,zdkvfpdwfawG qufwdkuf jzpfaerIudk zvormywfvdkY ac:w,f/
zdkvfpdwfqdkwm &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/ edAÁmefqdkwmvnf; &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/ xdkedAÁmefu

tocFw"mwfedAÁmef? ½kyfawG emrfawG xdkedAÁmefrSm vHk;vHk; r&Sdbl;/
t½IcHtm½HkjzpfwJh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefrSm ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; vHk;vHk; r&Sdbl;/ ½kyfemrfwdkY&JU
csKyfqHk;&mjzpfwJh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefudk vSrf;NyD; tm½Hk,laewJh zdkvfpdwfawGuawmh &Sdae ygw,f/
tJ'D zdkvfpdwfawGrSm pdwf-apwoduf b,fESpfvHk; &Sdw,fqdkwmu a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfawG wu,f zvormywf
0ifpm;EdkifwJhtcg zvormywf rS tx ypöa0u©PmaZm0DxdpdwftpOfjzifh wpfenf;ajymvQif 0dyóem ÓPfESifh
½IMunfhvQif a&wGufMunfhvQif [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odEdkifw,f/
tu,fí yxrpsmeform"dudk tajccHNyD;awmh 'Dyxrpsmef emrf w&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
oHk;wefwifNyD; 0dyóem ½IvdkY t&d,r*fqdkufcJhvQifawmh tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU zvormywfrSm pdwf-apwoduf (37)vHk;
&Sdygw,f/
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu rdrdvnf; 0ifpm;EdkifwJhpGrf;&nf &SdvQifawmh zvorm ywfrS tx 0dyóemÓPfESifh jyefNyD;
a&wGuMf unf?h odEikd w
f ,f/ tJ'D pdw-f apwoduf (37)vH;k udk odcsiv
f Qiaf wmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ vufawGUyJ usiahf yawmh/
'Dawmh ajymvkd&if;uawmh bmvJ¿ zdkvf0ifpm;aew,fqdkwJhvkyfief; [m pdwf-apwodufcsKyfwJh ormywf
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/
t½Ict H m½Hjk zpfwhJ tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efbufrmS pdw-f apwoduf ½kyw
f &m;awG r&Sb
d ;l ? ½kyef mrf r&Sw
d m
rSefw,f/ ½kyfemrfwdkY&JU csKyfqHk;&mjzpfwJh xdktocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefudk vSrf;NyD; tm½Hk ,laewJh
zdkvfpdwfawGuawmh xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm jzpfo vm; rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfaew,f/
t½IcHtm½HkbufrSm ½kyfemrf r&Sdbl;/ ½kyfemrfr&Sd&mjzpfwJh tocFw "mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefudk vSrf;NyD;odaewJh
r*fpw
d f zdv
k pf w
d f qdw
k mawmh r&Sb
d ;l vm;¿ &Sad ew,f/ pdw-f apwoducf sKyw
f hJ ormywf [kwo
f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l aemf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm ...
t&d,zvó eda&ma" tyÜemwd t&d,ó zvpsmeó edAÁmae tm&r®Pblaw tyÜemuma&e y0wåd/
qd k N yD ; awmh .. r[m#D u mq&mawmf u vnf ; 0d o k ' ¨ d r *¾ r [m#D u m 'k w d , wG J pmrsuf E S m (515) rS m
zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmef tm½kHrSm tyÜempsmefpGrf;tm; tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh t&d,zdkvfpdwfawG
tqufrjywfjzpfaerIudkyJ zv ormywfvdkY ac:qdkw,f/
'gaMumifh zvormywf[lonf pdwf-apwodufcsKyfaewJh ormywf [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ 'gudkawmh
uGJuGJjym;jym; rSwfxm;aemf/
aemufwpfck - 'Dzvormywfudk bmhaMumifh 0ifpm;MuovJvdkY ar;vQif 'd|"r®okc0d[m& - rsufarSmufb0rSm
ed A Á m eok c csrf ; omBuD ; ud k (oEÅ d o k c tNid r f ; "mwf c srf ; omt&omud k ) oH k ; aqmif c H p m;csif w J h t wG u f aMumif h
t&d,molawmfaumif;rsm;onf 'Dzvormywfudk 0ifpm;Mu w,f/
aomwmyefy*k Kd¾ vu
f aomwmywåzd vormywfukd 0ifpm;Edik w
f ,f/ ou'g*grfy*k K¾d vu
f ou'g*grdzvormywf?
tem*grfy*k Kd¾ vu
f tem *grdzvormywf? &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vu
f t&[wåzvormywfukd toD; toD; 0ifpm;vd&Yk ygw,f/
eda&m"ormywfusawmh b,fvdkvJ¿
eda&m"ormywf
um eda&m"ormywåDwd ,m tEkykAÁeda&m"0aoe pdwåapwodumeH "r®meH tyÜ0wåd/ (0dok'¨d-2-344/)
eda&m"ormywfqdkwm tpOftwdkif; csKyfonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh pdwf-apwodufwdkY&JU rjzpfjcif;oabmudk
eda&m"ormywfvdkY ac:w,f/
'Dawmh eda&m"ormywfqdkwmuawmh pdwf-apwodufawG csKyfwJh ormywf/ tJ'Dormywfudk b,fvdkyk*¾dKvfu
0ifpm;EdkifovJvdkYar;vQif avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;udk&wJh tem*grf odkYr[kwf &[EÅm wpfOD;OD; aomfvnf;
jzpf&r,f/
avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;udk &&Sdjcif;ç tem*grfyk*¾dKvf jzpfjcif; odkYr[kwf &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfjzpfjcif; - qdkwJh
'Dt*FgESpfcsufpHknDrSomvQif 'D eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkY&w,f/ tJ'D eda&m"ormywfuawmh pdwf-apwoduf
vHk;vHk; csKyfaew,f/
bmaMumifh 'D tem*grf &[EÅm t&d,molawmfaumif;Bu;D awGu 'Dead &m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;MuovJvaYkd r;vQif
--
uo®m ormyZÆ EÅDwd ocFg&meH y0wådaba' OuúPd²wGm 'da|0 "ar® tpdwåum [kwGm ]]eda&m"H edAÁmeH ywGm
okcH 0d[&dómrm}}wd ormyZÆEÅd/ (0dok'¨d-2-347/)
uo®m ormyZÆEÅDwd = tb,faMumifh 0ifpm;Muoenf;[lrlum;/ ocFg&meH = ½kyfemrf"r® ocFg&w&m;wdkY\/
y0wåad ba' = jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; txl;ü/ OuúPw ²d mG = Ni;D aiGUawmfrMl uukeo
f nfjzpfí/ 'da|0 "ar® = rsuaf rSmufaom
udk,f\tjzpfüyifvQif/ tpdwåum [kwGm = pdwfr&SdMuukefonf jzpfí/ ]]ededa&m"H edAÁmeH = pdwf-apwodufwdkY&JU
k yfwhJ tEkyg'daooedAmÁ e"mwfo/Ykd ywGm = a&muf &Sí
csKyNf ird ;f rIvaYkd c:qdt d aeMuukeo f uJoh /Ykd okcH = csr;f csr;f omom/
0d[&dómr = aexdkif MuygukeftHh/}} £wd = þodkY ESvkH;ydkufí/ ormyZÆEÅd = 0ifpm;awmfrl Muavukef\/
ocFg&awG&JU jzpfrI ysufrI txl;udk vSrf;NyD;Munfhae&awmh odyfNyD; NiD;aiGUoGm;w,faemf/ txl;ojzifh
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;&JU oww0d[m&- tjrJrjywf aexdkif&m e,fajr qdkwmuawmh - cE¨mig;yg;ç tm,we
(12)yg;ç "mwf (18)yg;ç aMumif;-usK;d quf y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m; qdw
k hJ 'De,frmS &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfawGu tjrw
J rf;
aexdkifygw,f/
cE¨mig;yg;wd&Yk UJ jzpfrI ysurf ?I tm,we (12)yg;ç "mwf (18)yg;ç aMumif;-usK;d quf y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awG&UJ
jzpfrI ysufrI - tJ'D e,frSm &[EÅmt&SifjrwfawG tjrJwrf; aexdkifMuw,f/ oww0d[m& vdkY ac:w,f/ (oH-2-53-
54 ç oH-|-2-255 - owå|meukovokwåef/)
tJ'Dvdk tjrJwrf; aexdkifvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh tdyfwJhtcsdef pm;wJhtcsdef usifBuD;pGefYcsdef usifi,fpGefYcsdef

pwJ h tcsKd U tcsd e f a wG u d k Ek w f v d k u f v Qif usef w J h tcsd e f a wG r S m 'D pd w f - apwod u f - ½k y f w &m;wk d Y & J U
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;oabmawGudkom tjrJwrf; jrifae&w,f/
jrifae&wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh jzpfae ysufaewJh w&m;awGudkom tjrJrjywf w&pyf jrifawGU&wJhtwGuf
NiD;aiGUvmw,f &GHrkef;vmw,f pufqkyfvmw,f? rjrifcsifawmhbl;/
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'daoo edAÁme"mwfvdkY ac:ygw,f/
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'D ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY&JU jzpfNyD; ysufaewJh oabmw&m;awGudk Munfhae&wmudku NiD;aiGUvmw,f
&GHrkef;vmw,f pufqkyfvmw,f? rMunfhcsifjzpfaew,f/ rMunfhcsifwJhtwGuf 'DtysufawG jzpfysufaewJh
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tEkyg'daooedAÁme"mwfodkY 0ifpHae ouJhodkY csrf;csrf;omom aexdkifcsifwJh &nf&G,fcsuf OD;wnfcsufjzifh
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'Dawmh 'Deda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;aewJhtcsdeftcgudk enf;enf; av; oabmaygufatmif xyfNyD; ajymr,f/
bkef;BuD;wdkYi,fpOftcgu atmufpzdkY (Oxford) zwfpmtkyfuav; xJrSm yHkjyifuav;wpfyk'f zwfzl;w,f/
ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f wpfwiG ;f xJrmS tvkyo
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tvkyform; wpfOD;yJ/
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rsufESmay;NyD; rsufESmcsif;qdkifNyD; awmh wGef;Muw,f/
tvkyform;wpfOD;usawmh olu vSnf;xJudk ausmufrD;aoG; xnfh NyD;awmh rsufESmcsif;qdkif rwGef;bJ
aemufjyefqGJw,f/ ab;u &yfMunfh aewJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u 'Dtvkyform;udk oGm;NyD;awmh ar;w,f --
]]rdwaf qG ... ausmufr;D aoG;vSn;f udk rsuEf mS rlNy;D wGe;f &wJh vkyif ef;u ydNk y;D awmh yifyef;vdv
Yk m;¿ aemufjyefqw
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vkyfief;u ydkNyD; oufomvdkY 'Dvdk aemufjyefqGJwmvm;}}vdkY ar;Munfhvdkufawmh ...
r[kwfygbl;wJh/ ol[m 'DausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rSm tvkyfvkyfaewm (15)ESpf &SdoGm;NyD/ (15)ESpfvHk;vHk; aeYpOfvdkvdk
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ausmufrD;aoG;awGudk rjrifcsifvdkY aemufjyefqGJaewm jzpfw,fvdkY jyeftajzay;w,f/
tJ'yD pkH t
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½kyf Munfhvnf; jzpfNyD; ysufaew,f/ emrf Munfhvnf; jzpfNyD; ysufaew,f/ b,focFg&w&m;udkrqdk Munfhvdkufwdkif;
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Ni;D aiGU&GrH ek ;f wJt
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wpfvSnfhpDwifum ½IyGm; okH;oyfwJh 0dyóemu wpfrsKd;/
ocFg&w&m;qkdwmu 'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awGyJ/
twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEÅdu = twdwf cE¨mig;yg;ç ypöKyÜef
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cE¨mig;yg;ç 'l& ac:wJh a0;aewJh cE¨mig;yg;ç oEÅu
d ac:wJh eD;aewJh cE¨mig;yg; - tJ'D (11) rsK;d aomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaewJh cE¨mig;yg;awGu 'ku©opöm w&m;/ aMumif;-usKd;-quf y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;awGu ork',
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xdkocFg&w&m;awGudk ÓPfESifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD;awmh tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;oHk;wef wifNyD; wGifwGifBuD;
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tJ'DocFg&w&m;awG&JU jzpfNyD; ysufaewmudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmif MunfhNyD; tedpövdkY½Iw,f? jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh
tESdyfpufcHae&wJhoabm awGudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmifMunfhNyD; 'ku©vdkY ½Iw,f? rysufpD;bJ tusdwf tcJ tcdkiftrm
tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twår[kwfwJh oabm awGudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmifMunfhNyD; tewåvdkY ½Iw,f/
tJ'Dvdk½IaewJh 0dyóemudk ocFg&y&d*PSeu0dyóemvdkY ac:ygw,f/
ww¬ ocFg&y&d*PSeu0dyóem rE´m 0g a[mwk wdu©m 0g? r*¾ó y'|meH a[mwda,0/ (0dok'¨d-2-347/)
tJ'D0dyóemu xufjrufwJh0dyóemvnf; &Sdw,f? EHkYwJh0dyóem vnf; &Sdw,f/ xufjrufcsifvnf;
xufjrufygapç EHkYcsifvnf; EHkYygap r*f zdkvf edAÁmefuawmh &Edkifw,f/ tJ'D 0dyóemu wpfrsKd;/
aemufwpfck zvormywåd0dyóem - zvormywfudk0ifpm;csifwJh t&d,molawmfaumif;awGuvnf;
'DocFg&w&m;awGukdyJ odrf;qnf;NyD; awmh tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;oHk;wef wifNyD; 0dyóem ½I&yg w,f/
tJ'½D wI hJ 0dyóempdwu
f xufjrufrS zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vdYk &w,f? EHaYk evd&Yk v
dS Qif zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vdYk
r&Edkifbl;/ tJ'D 0dyóemu wpfrsKd;/ (0dok'¨d-2-348/)
aemuf0yd óemuawmh - eda&m"ormywå0d yd óem - eda&m" ormywfukd 0ifpm;vdw
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k Nf y;D awmh
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wpfcg 0dyóemoufoufESifh oGm;r,fqdkvdkY&SdvQifvnf; zvormywfudk oGm;NyD;qdkufoGm;vdrfhr,f?
tem*grf y k * ¾ d K vf u tem*grd zvormywf ç &[EÅ m yk * ¾ d K vf u t&[wå z vormywf u d k oG m ;qd k u f r ,f ?
eda&m"ormywfudk rul;Edkifbl;/ ,k*e'¨ - orxESifh 0dyóemudk 'Dae&mrSm pHkwGJNyD;awmh ½I&ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-347/
)
'Dawmh tjzLuodkPf;yJ qdkMuygpdkY/ tjzLuodkPf;udk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;vdkuf? yxrpsmefrS

xum yxrpsmefemrfw&m;awG udk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifNyD;awmh
0dyóem½I&w,f/
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vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½I&w,f/
wwd,psmefukd 0ifpm;vdu
k ?f wwd,psmefrx
S um wwd,psmefemrf w&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½I&w,f/
pwkw¬psmefudk 0ifpm;vdkuf? pwkw¬psmefrSxum pwkw¬psmefemrf w&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½I&jyefw,f/
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;vdu
k ?f tmumomeÍöm,we psmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D wJt
h csed t
f cgrSm psmefrx
S vsuf
tmumomeÍöm,we psmefemrfw&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oH;k wef wifNy;D awmh 0dyóem½I&w,f/
NyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;? 0dnmPÍöm ,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;awmh psmefrSxum
0d n mPÍö m ,wepsmef e mrf w&m;awG u d k v nf ; ted p ö 'k u © tewå vu© P ma&;oH k ; wef wif N yD ; awmh y J
0dyóem½I&ygw,f/
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tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh psmefrSxNyD; 0dyóem rul;eJYawmh/
tJ'Dtydkif;rSmawmh tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcg rSm t"d|mefav;csuf jyKvkyf&ygw,f/
tmudÍönm,wepsmefemrfw&m; awGudk 0dyóem r½Iawmhbl;/
ykAÁudpö (4) yg;

eHygwf (1) t"d|mefuawmh ememA'¨t0daumye - rdrdoHk;aewJh y&du©&mawG ausmif;awGESifh ywfoufvdkY
rysufpD;atmif t"d|mef&w,f/
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rysufpD;ygapownf; ...}}ponfjzifh t"d|mef&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkt"d|mefzdkY rjzpfcJhzl;qdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh bmjzpfovJ¿ rdrdudk,f t*FgESifh qufpyfaewJh y&du©&mrsm;uawmh
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ysufpD;wwfwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
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r[mem* rax&fBuD;u rdcifOygodumrBuD;&SdwJh &GmxJudk qGrf;cH<u ygw,f/ rdcifjzpfwJh 'g,dumrBuD;uvnf;
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h wGuf
qGrf;pm;Z&yfxJrSm 0ifNyD;awmh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmfrlygw,f/
a&S;acwf tcsdeftcgwkef;uawmh - &GmwGif; qGrf;pm;Z&yfawGrSm [ckacwfvnf; oD[kdVfuRef;rSmawmh
'DvdkZ&yfrsKd;awG &Sdaeao;w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/] w&m;xdkifNyD; ESvHk;oGif;zdkY&eftwGuf tcef;uav;awG &SdMuygw,f/
tJ'Dtcef;uav;awGtwGif;rSm wpfyg; wpfcef;pDaygh/ tcef;uav; awGxJ 0ifNyD;awmh tcsdef&wJh
&[ef;awmfrsm;u rdrdwdkY qdkif&mqdkif&m orx 0dyóem bm0emawGudk ½IyGm;Muw,f? ormywfawGudk 0ifpm;
Muw,f/
tJ'DxHk;wrf;tpOftvmtwdkif; r[mem* rax&fBuD;u 'DqGrf;pm; Z&yfxJ 0ifNyD;awmh eda&m"ormywfudk
0ifpm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gayrJh eda&m"ormywfudk0ifpm;wJhtcsdefrSm ckeu ememA'¨t0daumye ac:wJh
rdrEd iS q
hf ufpyfaewJh ausmif;awG y&du&© mawGukd rD;ravmifapzdYk pwJh t"d|mefcsuaf wGukd rjyKbEJ iS hf eda&m"ormywfukd
0ifpm;vdkufw,f/
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k af wmh eda&m"ormywfvnf;qdu k af &m bmjzpfvmovJ¿ tJ'qD rG ;f pm;Z&yfuav; rD;avmifygava&m/
rD;avmifwhJ tcsed t
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,lNyD;awmh ajy;Muw,f/
tJ ' D r[mem* rax&f B uD ; uawmh ed a &m"ormywf 0 if p m;aewJ h twG u f xNyD ; rajy;bl ; /
rajy;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh &Gmol&Gmom;awGu 0dkif;vmNyD/ 0dkif;vmNyD;wJhtcsdeftcg Munfhvdkufawmh qGrf;pm;Z&yfu
rD;avmifwm awmfawmfav; ukefoGm;NyD/ rax&f BuD;wpfyg;wnf; 'DxJrSm ikwfwkwfBuD; xdkifaewmawGUawmh
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k w
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d hJ vlawGu uJ&h UJ Muw,f/
tJ'v D kd uJ&h UJ aewke;f 0dik ;f Ny;D a&td;k awGEiS hf rD;awG Nird§ ;f vdu
k Mf uw,f/ rax&f Bu;D udk enf;enf;av;rS rD;ravmifb;l ?
0wf½Hk qifjref;xm;wJh ouFef;udkvnf; tarG;trQifuav; wpfyifawmifrS rD;avmifwm r&Sdbl;/ a&awGESifh
0dkif;Ni§drf;Muw,f/
ydkif;jcm;xm;wJhtcsdef aphwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh rax&f BuD;u eda&m" ormywfrS xw,f/ 'g,um

'g,dumrawGuvnf; rax&fBuD;udk rD;enf;enf;av;rS ravmifwmudk MunfhNyD;awmh tvGeftHhMooGm;NyD;
odyfMunfndKMuw,f/ MunfndKwJhtwGuf yef;awGESifh 0dkif;NyD;awmh ylaZmf Muw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ylaZmfaewJh tjcif;t&mawGudk eda&m"ormywfrStx r[m em* rax&fBuD;u jrifvdkufawmh
bmvkyfovJ¿ wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh tbdnmPfawG 0ifpm;NyD;wJhtcg yd,*Fk'Dy qdkwJh vdkPf*lwpfckxJudk jyefNyD;
<uoGm;awmfrlw,fwJh/ (0dok'¨d-2-348/)
tJ'DrSmu ememA'¨t0daumye - rdrdESifh qufpyfaewJh y&du©&mawG udk rysufpD;zdkY&eftwGuf olu
t"d|mefawmfrrlwJhtwGuf taMumif; tm;avsmfpGm rD;avmifvmwJhtcg rdrdudk,fudk rD;ravmifaomfvnf; rdrd
eda&m"ormywfudk xdkifNyD; 0ifpm;&m ae&mjzpfwJh qGrf;pm;Z&yf uav;udkawmh rD;u ul;pufNyD; avmifoGm;jcif;
jzpfw,f/
tu,fírsm; t"d|mefawmfrlcJhr,fqdkvQif tJ'DqGrf;pm;Z&yfudk 'D eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aewJhtcsdeftcgrSm
b,fawmhrS rD;ravmifb;l / pdw&f UJ pGr;f tifawGyaJ emf/ 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D awG ... b,favmuf tm;uszYkd
aumif;ovJ? Munfhprf;? tm;uszdkY odyfaumif; w,f/
aemufwpfck t&SifoÍÆD0 rax&f&JU xHk;udk axmufjyxm;ygw,f/
'D oÍÆD0 rax&f&JUxHk;uawmh b,frSmvmovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh - t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;u
rm&fewfBuD;udk a[mjywJh rm&wZÆeD,okwåefrSm vm&Sdygw,f/
t&Sio
f ÍÆ0D rax&fqw
kd muawmh - 'DurÇmrSm acgifq;kH yGix
hf eG ;f awmf rlwhJ uukoE¨jrwfpmG bk&m;qdw
k m &Scd yhJ gw,f?
tJ'D uukoE¨jrwfpGm bk&m;&JU vuf0J&H t*¾om0u wynfhBuD;wpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f/
'D vuf0J&H t*¾om0u wynfhBuD;wpfOD;jzpfwJh t&SifoÍÆD0 rax&f u eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;wJhae&mrSm
olu tvGeu f Rr;f usiv
f rd m® awmfrw
l ,f/ tcsed &f wdik ;f &wdik ;f vnf; eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;awmf rlavh &Syd gw,f/
wpfaeYrSm - opfyif wpfyifatmuf opfyif&if;rSm eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmfrlygw,f/
tJ'vD kd eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aewJt h csed t
f cgrSm rod em;rvnfMu wJh EGm;ausmif;om;awG qdwaf usmif;om;awG
v,fxeG o
f rm;awG pwJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu jrifawmh - ]]aMomf ..'Du,kd af wmfBu;D wpfyg; xdik v
f suEf iS hf ysv
H eG af wmfral ew,f?
tifrweftMhH ozdYk aumif;ygvm;}} tJ'v
D kd oabm aygufNy;D awmh awmxJrmS xif;awG jrufawG pk½;kH Ny;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm
rax&fBuD;tay:rSm tHkxm;Muw,f/ tHkNyD;wJhtcgrSm rD;½dIUMuw,f/ rD;½dIUNyD; olwdkY jyefoGm;Muw,f/
jyefoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm eda&m"ormywf tcsdefaphawmh t&Sif oÍÆD0 rax&fu eda&m"ormywfrS xw,f/
xvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm ab;ywf0ef;usifudk Munfhvdkufawmh aygufyef;yGifhtqif;vdk tifrwef &J&JnD;aewJh
rD;usD;rD;cJawGudk awGUw,f/
tJ'D rD;usD;rD;cJawGtay:rSm t&SifoÍÆD0 rax&f vrf;avQmufNyD; <uoGm;vdkufwm enf;enf;av;rS ylavmifwJh
tjcif;t&m r&Sdbl;? t&Sif oÍÆD0 rax&f&JU cE¨mudk,frSm 0wf½Hk qifjref;xm;wJh ouFef;udkvnf; tarG;trQifuav;
wpfyifavmufawmifrS rD;avmifuRrf;rI r&Sdbl;/ tHhMozdkY raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/ (r-1-409/ 0dok'¨d-2-8/
)
tJ'DtHhMozG,f&mawGu bmudktajccHNyD; jzpfovJvdkYar;vQif pdwf&JU pGrf;tifowådawGyJ .. aemf/ tJ'D pdwf&JU
pGrf;tifowådudk wefcdk; xufjrufatmif 'DaeY w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawG avhusifhr,fqdkvdkY &SdvQif avhusifhvdkY
r&bl;vm;¿ &EdkifwJhpGrf;tm;awG &Sdygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfu odyftm;&zdkYaumif;w,f/

tJ'oD ÍÆ0D rax&fBu;D uvnf; r[mem* rax&fBu;D vdyk J r"d|mefb;l ? ememA'¨t0daumye - rdrw
d EYkd iS q
hf ufpyfaewJh
y&du©&mawGudk rD; avmifuRrf;rI r&Sdatmif t"d|mefawmfrrlwJhtwGuf 'Dvdkjzpf&w,f/
od k Y a omf r"d | mef a yrJ h v d k Y rd r d E S i f h quf p yf a ewJ h 0wf ½ H k oH k ; aqmif x m;wJ h 'D y &d u © & mawG u d k a wmh
rD;avmifEikd w f phJ rG ;f tm;rsK;d &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / 'gudk ormywf&UJ pGr;f tm; orm"d0yd mæ &vdYk 'Dvakd c:xm;ygw,f/ orm"d&UJ
pGrf;tif wpfckyJ/
'g ememA'¨t0daumye? 'gudk t"d|mefxm;&w,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (2) uawmh oHCy#drmee -
]]oHCmawmfu ac:cJhvQif eda&m" ormywfrS xygap}}vdkY t"d|mefxm;&w,f/
eHygwf (3) uawmh ow¬Kyauúmoe - ]]bk&m;&Sifac:awmfrlvdkY&SdvQif eda&m"ormywfrS xygap}} 'Dvdk
t"d|mef&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk r"d|mefcJhbl;qdkvdkY&SdvQif bmjzpfovJ¿ oHCmawGu udpö wpfck&SdvdkYç odrfxJrSm uHBuD;uHi,fwpfck
&Gufaqmifp&m&SdvdkY oHCm pkvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'Dudk,fawmfwpfyg; aysmufaeNyD? aysmufaer,f qdkvdkY&SdvQif -
uJ oHCmawmfu ac:awmfrlr,f ['Dudk,fawmf eda&m" ormywf0ifpm;aeNyDqdkwJh owif;udk Mum;awmh oHCmu
ac:w,f ] oG m ;ac:acsvd k Y cd k i f ; vk d u f v Qif - xd k o G m ;wJ h r ax&f u (12)awmif Oypm twG i f ; avmuf
a&muf w J h t csd e f t cgusvQif 'D o rmywf (= ed a &m" ormywf ) rS tvd k v d k x w,f / bmjzpf v d k Y v J ¿
oHCm&JUtrdefYtmPmawmf qdkwm tifrwef jyif;xefw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-349/)
tvm;wlyJ ]]bk&m;&Sifu ac:awmfrlNyD }}qdkvdkY&SdvQifvnf; bk&m;&Sifu ac:awmfrlvdkufvdkY cdkif;apvdkufwJh
&[ef;wpfyg;u (12)awmif Oypm twGif; a&mufwmESifh eda&m"ormywfrS xw,f/
tu,fí 'Dvdk t"d|mefxm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQifawmh oHCm odkYr[kwf bk&m;&Sifu tvdk&Sdw,f qdkwmeJY vmNyD;
ac:aezdkY rvdkbl;? eda&m" ormywfrS xvdkY&w,f/ 'gaMumifh t"d|mefay;&w,f/
aemufwpfck eHygwf (4)? t'¨gey&dapä' - tcsed u
f mvudk ydik ;f jcm; Ny;D awmh t"d|mefNy;D 'Dormywfukd 0ifpm;&w,f/
txl;ojzifu h awmh rdr&d UJ tm,kocFg& b,ftcsed t f cgrSm oufwrf; ukeq f ;kH rvJ¿ 'gudk vSr;f awmh Munf&h w,f/
ouf w rf ; uk e f q H k ; rnf h t csd e f tcgumvud k rS e f ; arQmf N yD ; awmh &uf u d k yd k i f ; jcm;NyD ; awmh t"d | mef & ygw,f /
(7)&ufxufawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh rydMk uygbl;/ tpmtm[m&awG&UJ pGr;f tifowåu d (7)&ufavmufyJ wnfwahH tmif
apmifhxdef;xm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdvdkY (7)&ufxuf rsm;aomtm;jzifh rydkbl;vdkY 'Dvdk owfrSwf csufawmh &Sdw,f/
wpfrdepfç ESpfrdESpfç wpfem&Dç ESpfem&Dç wpf&ufç ESpf&uf ponfjzifh rdrdBudKufESpfoufovdk umvudk ydkif;jcm;NyD;awmh
t"d|mef &ygw,f/
tJ'D t"d|mefcsuf av;ckudk tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;vdkY xdkpsmefrS xwJhtcsdeftcgrS t"d|mef&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk t"d|mefNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh tmudÍönm,wepsmefudk jyefNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IzdkY rvdkawmhbl;/
t"d|mefNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf wnf; ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk qufNyD;0ifpm;vdkufvQif psmef aZmav;
wpfBudrf ESpfBudrfavmuf (= wpfBudrfavmuf odkYr[kwf ESpfBudrf avmuf) usvdkufwmeJY eda&m"ormywfudk
qdkufoGm;w,f? pdwf-apwodufawG csKyfoGm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmfuawmh (r[m#D-2-528/)
]]q&mjrwfwdkYu ESpfBudrfyJ ae0onmemonm,wepsmef aZm jzpfaMumif; zGifhqdkMuw,f}}vdkY tmp&d,0g'udk
wifjyxm;ygw,f/
pdw-f apwoduf csKyv
f u
kd w
f t
hJ wGuf pdw-f apwodu&f rdS S xif&mS ; jzpfEikd w
f hJ pdwZå ½kyaf wGvnf; jzpfciG rhf &Sad wmhb;l ?
csKyfoGm;w,f/ bmusef ovJ¿ uHaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfawG usefw,f? OwkaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfawG usefw,f?
tm[m&aMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfawG usefw,f/
'gaMumifh - 'DomoemawmfrmS tqift h jrifq
h ;kH jzpfaewJh 'Dead &m" ormywfonfyif pdwf apwoduf ½kyw
f &m;awG
tm;vHk; csKyfovm;¿ rcsKyfygbl;? ½kyfawG emrfawG tukefvHk; csKyfovm;¿ rcsKyfygbl;/ 'g tqifhtjrifhqHk;
ormywfwpfckyJaemf/
'gaMumifh - zvormywfonf ½kyaf wG emrfawG tukev
f ;kH csKyw
f hJ ormywfvYkd vmajymaeNyq
D v
kd Qif rSeyf ghrvm;¿
rrSefbl;/
zvormywf&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefrSm awmh ½kyfemrfr&Sdwm rSefw,f/ ½kyfemrfr&SdwJh
'DtocFw"mwf tNidrf; "mwfedAÁmefudk vSrf;odaewJh r*fpdwf zdkvfpdwfqdkwmuawmh r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/
'DormywfawGukd enf;enf;av; ajymjyzdkY vdkaew,f/ 'kwd, umrblokwåefudk jyefqufMu&atmif .../
tJ'Deda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmhrnfh tcsdeftcgrSm yk*¾dKvfu bmjzpfovJ¿ ckeu ajymcJhNyD;NyD/ 'D
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;awmhr,f qdkwJh pdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;? 0ifpm;aeNyDqdkwJhpdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;?
0ifpm;NyD;NyDqdkwJhpdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;/ 'gayrJh eda&m"ormywfudk b,fvdkqdkufoGm;ovJvdkY ar;awmh ...
tx cGó ykaAÁ0 wxm pdwåH bm0dwH a[mwd ,H wH wxwåm, Oyaewd/
tJ'D ckeu t"d|mefwhJ av;csuyf /J rdru
d tcsed u
f mvudfk ydik ;f jcm; t"d|mefxm;vQif tJ't
D "d|mefwhJ pdwu
f av;u
eda&m"ormywfudk qdkufoGm;atmif pGrf;aqmifay;w,f/
(7)&uft"d|mefxm;vQif (7)&ufvkH;vkH; eda&m"ormywfudk qdkuf aer,f/
(1)em&Dt"d|mefxm;vQif (1)em&DvkH;vkH; qdkufaer,f/
(2)em&Dt"d|mefxm;vQif (2)em&DvkH;vkH; qdkufaer,f/
(1)&uft"d|mefvQifvnf; (1)&uf? (1)rdepft"d|mefvQifvnf; (1)rdepfayghaemf/
tJ'tD "d|mefvu
kd w
f phJ w
d u
f av;uyJ eda&m"ormywfukd qdu
k o
f mG ; atmif pGr;f aqmifay;w,fw/hJ uJ aemufwpfck
pdwåol<u,f 'g,um BuD;u qufNyD;awmh ar;jyefw,f/ --
,if;ocFg&wdkY&JUcsKyfpOf
onma0',dweda&m"H ormyZÆEÅó ye baEÅ bdu©Kaem uwar "r®m yXrH ed½kZÑEÅd? ,'d 0g um,ocFga&m
,'d 0g 0pDocFga&m ,'d 0g pdwåocFga&m/
onm a0'emwkdY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh 'D eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmf rlwJh &[ef;awmftzdkY b,fw&m;awGu
acgif q H k ; pcsKyf o vJ ¿ um, ocF g &u t&if c sKyf o vm;? 0pD o cF g &u t&if c sKyf o vm;? pd w å o cF g &u
t&ifcsKyfovm;wJh - 'Dvdk ar;jref;avQmufxm;w,f/
um,ocFg&qdkwmu bmvJ ..¿ 0ifoufav xGufoufavyJ/ touf½SLwmuyJ t&ifcsKyfovm;?
0pDocFg&ac:wJh 0dwuf 0dpm&uyJ t&ifcsKyfovm;? odkYr[kwf pdwåocFg&ac:wJh onma0'emawGuyJ
t&ifcsKyfovm;vdkY 'Dvdkar;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk ar;vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm umrbl rax&fjrwfu b,fvdkjyefNyD;awmh

tajzay;ovJ¿ --
onma0',dweda&m"H ormyZÆEó
Å acg *[ywd bduK© aem 0pDocFga&m yXrH ed½Zk Ñw?d wawm um,ocFga&m?
wawm pdwåocFga&m/
onm a0'emwdkY&JU csKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;wJh yk*¾dKvf &JUoEÅmefrSm acgifqHk; 0pDocFg&u
t&ifcsKyfw,f/ 'kwd, - um,ocFg& csKyfw,f/ wwd, - pdwåocFg& csKyfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk tajzay;w,f/
tJ'Dtajzuawmh ckeu ormywf&Spfyg;udk tawmftoifh 0ifpm; wwfwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;? odkYr[kwf em;vnfwJh
yk*¾dKvfrsm; oabm ydkayguf ygvdrfhr,f/
ckeu ajymcJNh y;D Ny/D eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;csiw
f ,f qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qif acgifq;kH uodP
k ;f wpfcck ak yghaemf? tjzLqdv
k nf;
tjzLaygh/ 'DuodkPf; yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;&w,f/ yxrpsmef0ifpm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DyxrpsmefrS xNyD;
'Dyxrpsmefemrfw&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½I&ygw,f/
wpfcg 'kwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;&w,f/ 'kwd,psmefrS xNyD;wJhtcg 'D 'kwd,psmefemrfw&m;awGudkvnf; tedpö
'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½I&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tpOftwdkif; ckeu ajymcJhNyD;NyD
b,ftxd ½I&ovJ¿ 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefwdkifatmif 0dyóem ½I&ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ½IvmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'kwd,psmefudk ul;NyDqdkwmESifh 0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwfNyD;awmh usroGm;bl;vm;¿
usoGm;NyD? 0dwuf0dpm& csKyfw,f? 'g pwkuúenf;aygh? pwkuúenf;rSm 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfoGm;wJhtcsdeftcg
jyKwfoGm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'kwd,psmefudk ul;w,f/ 'kwd,psmefrSm yDwd okc {u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*Fg oHk;yg;yJ
&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh 0dwufESifh 0dpm&udk 0pDocFg&vdkY ac:awmh 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfoGm;NyDqdkvdkY&SdvQif 'D0pDocFg&aum
&SdOD;rvm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/
MuH p nf p d w f u l ; rI u t&if j zpf & w,f ? pum;vH k ; toH a v;u aemuf r S ay:w,f / MuH p nf p d w f u l ; rI a wG
r&Sdawmhbl;qdkvQif pum;vHk;toHaum jzpfOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;/
'gaMumifh 'kwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcguwnf;u 'D 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfoGm;wJhtwGuf
0pDocFg&[mvnf; 'kwd,psmef tcdkufrSm csKyfoGm;NyD? eda&m"ormywfudk a&mufNyDvm;¿ ra&mufao; bl;/ 'g
0pDocFg&u acgifqHk; csKyfw,f/ 'kwd, - bmcsKyfovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh um,ocFg& csKyfw,f/
b,ftcsdeftcgrSm um,ocFg&-vdkY ac:wJh tómo-yómo (= 0ifoufav-xGufoufav) u csKyfovJ¿
pwkwp¬ smefqu kd Nf yq
D w
kd m ESihf touf r½SLawmhb;l / 'gaMumifh pwkwp¬ smeftcdu
k rf mS um,ocFg& awG rcsKyb
f ;l vm;¿
csKyfoGm;NyD/
pdwo
å cFg&u b,ftcsed t f cgrSm csKyo
f vJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh ae0onmemonm,wepsmefaZm wpfBurd f ESpBf urd f
usNyD;wmESifh pdwå ocFg&vdkY ac:wJh pdwf-apwodufawGvnf; tukefcsKyfw,f/ 'gaMumifh wwd, - pdwåocFg&
csKyfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk jyefNyD;tajzay;w,f/
aool ESifh eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;olwdkY xl;jcm;csuf

,Gm,H baEÅ rawm umvuFawm? a,m pm,H bdu©K onma0',dweda&m"H ormyaEém? £aroH u ð
ememu&PH/
t&Sifbk&m; ...aowJhyk*¾dKvfESifh eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;wJh &[ef; awmf[m b,fvdkuGmjcm;csuf&SdovJvdkY

'Dar;cGef;wpfck ar;jyefw,f/
,Gm,H *[ywd rawm umvuFawm? wó um,ocFga&m ed½ak '¨g y#dyó Ü a'¨g? 0pDocFga&m ed½ak '¨g y#dyó
Ü a'¨g?
pdwåocFga&m ed½ka'¨g y#dyÜóa'¨g? tm,k y&du©DaPm? Oo®m 0lyoEÅm? £È´d,med 0dy&dbdEémed/
'g,umBuD; ... aowJhyk*¾dKvfu --
eHygwf (1) -- um,ocFg& ac:wJh 0ifoufav xGufoufav csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (2) -- 0pDocFg& - 0dwufESihf 0dpm&vnf; csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (3) -- pdwåocFg& - pdwf-apwodufawGvnf; csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (4) -- tm,k y&du©DP - ½kyfZD0dwvdkYac:qdktyfwJh ZD0dwdaÈ´ csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (5) -- Oo®mvdkY ac:wJh udk,faiGU"mwfcsKyfw,f/
eHygwf (6) -- £È,
d´ med 0dy&dbEd mé ed - rsupf t
d Munf em;tMunf ESmacgif;tMunf vQmtMunf ud,
k t
f MunfpwJh
tMunf"mwf awGvnf; ysufpD;oGm;w,f? csKyfoGm;w,f/
'gu aowJhyk*¾dKvfyJ/
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;wJh yk*¾dKvfusawmh b,fvdk&SdovJ¿ --
a,m p cGg,H *[ywd bdu©K onma0',dweda&m"H ormyaEém? wóyd um,ocFga&m ed½ka'¨g y#dyÜóa'¨g?
0pDocFga&m ed½ka'¨g y#dyÜóa'¨g? pdwåocFga&m ed½ka'¨g y#dyÜóa'¨g? tm,k ty&du©DaPm? Oo®m t0lyoEÅm?
£È,d´ med 0dyo
Ü Eémed/ ,Gm,H *[ywd rawm umvuFawm? a,m pm,H bduK© onma0',dweda&m"H ormyaEém?
£'H aeoH ememu&PH/
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;wJh &[ef;awmf&JU oEÅmefrSmvnf; --
eHygwf (1) -- touf r½SLwJhtwGuf um,ocFg& csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (2) -- 0dwuf 0dpm& r&SdwJhtwGuf 0pDocFg&vnf; csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (3) -- pdwåocFg& - pdwf-apwodufawG r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf pdwåocFg&vnf; csKyfw,f/
eHygwf (4) -- tm,k ty&du©DP - ½kyfZD0dwvdkYac:qdktyfwJh ZD0dwdaÈ´ rcsKyfbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ ur®Z½kyfawG
qufvufNyD;awmh wnf&Sdae w,f/ aemufwpfck --
eHygwf (5) -- Oo®mvdkY ac:wJh udk,faiGU rcsKyfbl; &Sdaew,f/
eHygwf (6) -- £È´d,med 0dyÜoEémed - £aÈáwG tvGefMunfvif oefY&Sif;aew,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿
£aÈ´ q d k w mu rsuf p d t Munf em;tMunf ES m acgif ; tMunf vQm tMunf ud k , f t Munf y J a emf /
tJ't
D Munf"mwfawGrmS qdik &f mqkid &f m tm½Hak wGuvmNy;D ½du
k cf wfvu
kd w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'DtMunf"mwfawG rSmudu
k
bmjzpfvmovJ¿ &m* a'go arm[ pwJh tnpftaMu; awGu vmNyD; vl;vJayusHoGm;w,f/
eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aewJh yk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefrSm 'Dqdkif&mtm½HkawGu tMunf"mwfawGudk vmNyD;awmh
½dkufcwfrI&Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/
½dkufcwfrI r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf 'Dtm½HkawGudk taMumif;cHNyD;awmh odkYr[kwf 'DtMunf"mwfawGESifh tm½HkawG&JU

½dkufcwfrIudk tajccHNyD; awmh pdwf-apwodufawG jzpfrIvnf; &Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/ r&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh
eda&m"ormywftwGif;rSm pdwf-apwodufawG csKyfNidrf;aewJhtwGuf tm½HkawG&JU½dkufcwfrIawGu r&SdwJhtwGuf
'D£aÈ´ ac:wJh 'DtMunf"mwfawGonf tvGefMunfvifoefY&Sif;aew,f/
bmES i f h O yrmwl o vJ v d k Y ar;awmh aeyl w J h t csd e f t cg zk e f x aewJ h tcsd e f t cg vrf ; qH k v rf ; cG r S m
rSefwpfcsyfaxmifxm;vQif 'DrSefrSm tnpf taMu;awG trsKd;rsKd; vdrf;uyfaew,f/
tJ ' D y H k p H E S i f h ed a &m"ormywf r0if p m;wJ h tcsd e f t cgrS m tm½H k t rsKd ; rsKd ; wd k u f c wf w J h t wG u f
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odkrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;r,fqdkvQif 'DrSefonf tvGefMunfvifNyD;awmh raebl;vm;¿ Munfvifaew,f/
tJ ' D y H k p H t wd k i f ; yJ ed a &m"ormywf t cd k u f r S m qd k i f & mtm½H k a wG j zpf w J h tnpf t aMu;awG & J U ½d k u f c wf r I
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Oo®mac:wJh udk,faiGU &Sdw,f? oGm;prf;Munfh? tylaiGU &Sdw,f/
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rcsKyfygbl;vdkYajymvQif vufrcHbl;? t&Sifbk&m; ...wu,fcsKyfw,f? wu,fcsKyfw,fqdk wmudk wcsKdUu
b,fvdkajymovJvdkYar;awmh ]]olrS vufawGU rusifhao; wmudk}}vdkY olwdkYu ajymw,f? vufawGUESifh olwdkYu
udkifaygufw,f/
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yk*¾dKvfu MunfhvQif jrifovm; rjrifbl;vm;}}vdkYar;awmh jrifaew,fvkdYajymw,f/
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,SOfzufapwodufawGyJ/
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--
eda&m"ormywfrS xykH
uxH ye baEÅ onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|meH a[mwd/
onm-a0'emwdkY&JUcsKyf&mjzpfwJh 'Deda&m"ormywfrS b,fyHkb,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh xygovJvdkY
xyHkpepfudk ar;Munfhw,f/
e acg *[ywd onma0',d w ed a &m"ormywå d , m 0k | [EÅ ó bd u © K aem {0H a[mwd ]]t[H
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]]t[H onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|dawm}} wd 0g/
'g,umBuD; ... eda&m"ormywfrS xrnfhyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm ]]igonf eda&m"ormywfrS xawmhr,f}}qdkwJh
pdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;/ ]]igonf eda&m"ormywfrS xaeNyD}}qdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;/ ]]igonf
eda&m"ormywfrS xNyD;NyD}}qdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;vnf; rjzpfbl;/ wu,fpifppftm;jzifh bmjzpfovJ¿
tx cGó ykaAÁ0 wxm pdwåH bm0dwH a[mwd? ,H wH wxwåm, Oyaewd/
tx acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ tó = xdk&[ef; awmf&JUoEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ0 = a&S;rqGuyifvQif/
wxm = xdkuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ pdwåH = pdwfudk/ bm0dwH = yGm;rsm;xm;tyfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ,H
wH wxwåm, = xdkyGm;rsm;csufonf xdkeda&m" ormywfrS xzdkY&eftvdkYiSm/ Oyaewd = a&S;½Iuyfí aqmifay;\/
xdkeda&m"ormywfudk r0ifpm;rD a&S;rqGuwnf;u t"d|mefxm; w,f/ b,fvdkvJ¿ --
ykaAÁ0 wxm pdwåH bm0dwH a[mwd ...
ckeu ajymcJNh y;D Ny?D tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefrt S x 'DaeYuae aemuf (7)&uf odrYk [kwf (1)&uf (2)&uf ponfjzifh
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tJ'D t"d|mefxm;wJhpdwfuav;uyJ t"d|mefxm;wJhtcsdef aphwJh tcgrSm eda&m"ormywfrS xatmif
pGrf;aqmifay;ygw,f/
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rjzpfygbl;vdkY 'DvdkjyefNyD; tajzay;ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u a&SUqufNyD; ar;jyefw,f/
eda&m"ormywfrStx a&S;OD;pGmjzpfaomocFg&
onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|[EÅó ye baEÅ bdu©Kaem uwar "r®m yXrH OyÜZÆEÅd? ,'d 0g
um,ocFga&m ,'d 0g 0pDocFga&m ,'d 0g pdwåocFga&m/
ckewkef;u ajymcJhwJh um,ocFg& 0pDocFg& pdwåocFg&awG[m eda&m"ormywftcdkufrSm csKyfoGm;awmh

eda&m"ormywfrS xwJhtcsdef tcgrSm um,ocFg&u t&ifpNyD; jzpfovm;¿ 0pDocFg&u pNyD; jzpf ovm;¿
pdwåocFg&u t&ifpNyD; jzpfovm;¿ 'Dvdk ar;jyefw,f/
onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|[EÅó *[ywd bdu©Kaem pdwåocFga&m yXrH OyÜZÆwd? wawm
um,ocFga&m? wawm 0pDocFga&m/
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pdwoå cFg&w&m; pjzpfw,f/ 'kw,
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jyefajzw,f/
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eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;wJh yk*¾dKvfu tem*grfjzpfcJhvQif tem*grdzdkvfpdwfwpfBudrf acgifqHk; pjzpf &w,f?
&[EÅmjzpfcJhvQifvnf; t&[wåzdkvfpdwf acgifqHk; pNyD;jzpfw,f/
tJ'D acgifqHk; pjzpfwJh 'D tem*grdzdkvfpdwf odkYr[kwf t&[wåzdkvf pdwfwdkY&JUoabmu pdwfwpfvHk;wnf;
jzpfEdkifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;? ,SOfzuf apwodufawGESifh wGJrSom jzpfcGifh&SdwJhtwGuf ,SOfzufapwodufawG ESifh
,SOwf NJG y;D awmh 'D tem*grdzv
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acgifqHk; pdwåocFg&w&m; pNyD;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh pdwåocFg&w&m; acgifqHk; pNyD;jzpfNyD;awmh 'kwd, - bmjzpf ovJvdkY ar;awmh tJ'D tem*grdzdkvfpdwf
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f cg umvrSm um,ocFg&
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ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ [ckeu tem*grdzdkvfpdwf odkYr[kwf t&[wåzdkvfpdwf wpfBudrf jzpfjcif;udkvnf; zvormywf
0ifpm;w,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/]
tJ'D zvormywfjzpfaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm toufr½SLvdkYvm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ pdwåu©Pu wpfBudrfyJ
jzpfygw,f? wpfBurd q
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aemuftaMumif;jycsufwpfckuawmh 'Deda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;wm u pwkw¬psmeformywfudk tajccHw,f/
pwkw¬psmeformywfqdkwmu ckeu ½lyg0p& pwkw¬psmefuaeNyD;awmh txufydkif; t½lypsmefawG tm;vHk;udkvnf;
Oayu©m {u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg; &SdaewJh twGufaMumifh psmeft*Fgcsif; wlvdkY pwkw¬psmefvdkY 'Dvdk
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jzpf jcif;aMumifh oEÅormywf trnf&w
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ckeu oÍÆ0D rax&f&UJ xH;k udk axmufjyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd touf r½SLjcif;onf orm"d0yd mæ & (0do'k -d¨ 2-8/) ç ormywåAd v
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'g orm"d&JU pGrf;tm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh wefcdk;tmedoif wpfckyJvdkY qdkw,f/
tJ'Dtwdkif;yJ ckvnf; 'Dae&mrSm orm"d&JUpGrf;tifaMumifh jzpfay: vmwJh wefcdk;tmedoif jzpfaejcif;aMumifh
zdkvfpdwfuav;wpfBudrf jzpfwJh tcsdeftcgav;rSm touf½SLwm r½SLwm[m ajymyavmufwJh tajc taersKd;
r[kwfygbl;qdkNyD; azmfjyxm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ ormywfu tvGefNidrfoufat;csrf;wJhormywf jzpfaew,f/
'gaMumifh zdkvfpdwf wpfBudrf usNyD;wJhaemufusawmhrS b0ifpdwf ay:vmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm acgifqHk; pNyD;awmh
touf½SLw,f? um, ocFg& jzpfw,fvdkY rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfw,f/ (oH-|-3-134-135/)
uJ aemufwpfck --
zób,fESpfrsKd;u awGUxdygovJ¿
onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|dwH ye baEÅ bdu©KH uwd zóm zkoEÅd/
onm a0'emwd&Yk UJ csKy&f mjzpfwhJ 'Dead &m"ormywfrx
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awGUxdygovJ¿
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tedrdawåm zaóm tyÜPd[dawm zaóm/
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zóqdkwmu apw odufw&m;yg/ ckeuajymcJhwJh tem*grdzdkvfpdwf odkYr[kwf t&[wåzdkvf pdwfESifh ,SOfwJh
apwodufyJ/
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t&[wåzdkvfpdwfjzpfcdkufudk &nf&G,f xm;w,f/ uJ aemufwpfck --
pdwf"mwfu b,fbufudk ñGwfudkif;½dIif;aeygovJ¿

onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|dwó ye baEÅ bdu©Kaem uð edEéH pdwåH a[mwd uð aygPH u ð yAÇm&H/
onm a0'emwdkY&JUcsKyf&m jzpfwJh 'Deda&m"ormywfrS xwJhyk*¾dKvf oEÅmefrSm pdwfawGu b,fbufudk
ñGwfudkif;½dIif;aeygovJ¿
'Dar;cGef;wpfckudk xyfNyD; ar;jyefw,f/ w&m;ESifh b,favmuf arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufovJqdkwm
Munfhayawmh/ ar;cGef;awG uvnf; b,favmuf tuGufaphw,fqdkwm Munfhayawmh/ pdwfu b,fbufudk
ñGwfudkif;½dIif;aeovJvdkY ar;wJhtcg --
onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m 0k|dwó acg *[ywd bdu©Kaem 0da0uedEéH pdwåH a[mwd 0da0uaygPH
0da0uyAÇm&H/
onm a0'emwdkY&JUcsKyf&m jzpfwJh eda&m"ormywfrS xwJh &[ef; awmf&JUoEÅmefrSm 0da0uvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
edAÁmefbufodkY pdwfawG ñGwfae udkif;ae ½dIif;aeygw,f/
tem*grfjzpfvQif acgifq;kH tem*grdzv kd pf w
d f pjzpfygw,f/ &[EÅm jzpfvQif t&[wåzv kd pf w
d f acgifq;kH pjzpfygw,f/
tJ'D zdkvfpdwfwdkY&JU oabmu edAÁmefudkom {ueftm½HkjyKwJhtwGuf edAÁmefudk acgifqHk; pNyD; awmh ñGwfudkif;½dIif;aewhJ
pdwf"mwfawG ay:w,fvkdY 'DvdkjyefNyD;awmh tajzay;xm;w,f/
A[lyum&w&m;
onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m ye baEÅ uwd "r®m A[lyum&m/
ar;cGe;f wpfcu
k kd xyfNy;D ar;jyefw,f/ onm a0'emwd&Yk UJ csKy&f m jzpfwhJ eda&m"ormywftwGuf aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJh
w&m;awGu b,f avmuf &SdygovJvdkY jyefNyD;ar;w,f/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh t&Sifumrbl rax&fjrwfu bmjyefNyD;
ajzovJ¿
t'¨g acg wGH *[ywd ,H yXrH ykpädwAÁH wH ykpäod? tyd p wsm[H Asmu&dómrd/
'g,umBuD; ...wu,fpifppfajymr,fqdkvQifawmh 'Dar;cGef;u 'g,umBuD; acgifqHk; pNyD;awmh ar;oifhwJh
ar;cGef;yJ/ acgifqHk; par; oifhwJh ar;cGef;udk acgifqHk; prar;bJ 'g,umBuD;u aemufqHk;usrS vmNyD; ar;aew,f/
wu,fawmh 'g,umBuD;udk bkef;BuD; tajzay; ygr,f qdkNyD;awmh tajzjyefay;w,f/
]]onma0',dweda&m"ormywåd,m acg *[ywd a'G "r®m A[lyum&m oraxm p 0dyóem pm}}wd/
'g,umBuD; ...onm a0'emwdkY&JUcsKyf&mjzpfwJh eda&m"ormywf udk aus;Zl;jyKaewJhw&m; ESpfck&Sdygw,f/
bmawGvJ¿
oraxm p 0dyóem p = orxESifh 0dyóemyJ/
'DvdkqdkvQif orxawGudk ajcaxmufESifh uefypfzdkY aumif;rvm;¿ raumif;bl;/ omoemawmfrSm tvGef
tqifhtjrifhqHk;jzpfwJh ormywf wpfckudk aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJhw&m;onf orxESifh 0dyóemyJ/
orxqdkwm ckeu ajymcJhwJh yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;w,f? 'gu orx/ yxrpsmefemrfw&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&; oH;k wef wifNy;D awmh 0dyóem½Iw,f? 'gu 0dyóem/ tJ'v
D kd orxESihf 0dyóem pHw
k NJG y;D oGm;ygrS
eda&m"ormywfu 0ifpm;vdkY &ygw,f/
'gaMumifh orxESifh 0dyóemw&m;onf eda&m"ormywf jzpfay: vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJhw&m;awG
jzpfygw,fqdkNyD;awmh jyefNyD; tajzay;w,f/
uJ 'guawmh t&Sifumrbl rax&fESifh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;wdkY t&d,molawmfaumif;tcsif;csif;
acgif;csif;½dkufNyD; aqG;aEG;wJhyGJwpfck yJ/
eHygwf (7) okweå f jzpfwhJ a*g'wåow
k eå f (oH-2-485-487/) rSmvnf; aemufxyf aqG;aEG;yGu
J av;wpfck vmjyefw,f/
"""
tcef; (12)
a*g'wåokwåef
a*g'wåow
k eå u
f t&Siaf *g'wå rax&fEiS hf pdwo
å <l u,f 'g,umBu;D wdYk w&m;aqG;aEG;wJh okweå w
f pfck jzpfygw,f/
wpf a eY 'g,umBuD ; u ausmif ; oG m ;NyD ; awmh t&S i f a *g'wå rax&f x H csOf ; uyf y gw,f / csOf ; uyf w J h
tcsdeftcgusawmh t&Sifa*g'wå rax&f u pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk ar;jyefw,f/
'g,umBuD; ...tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådç tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådç oknwm apawm0drkwådç tedrdwåm
apawm0d r k w å d q d k N yD ; awmh apawm0d r k w å d w &m; av;yg;wd k Y u d k bk & m;&S i f a[mMum;xm;awmf r l w ,f /
tJ'aD pawm0drwk w då &m; av;yg;wd[ Yk m wpfcEk iS whf pfck o'´gvnf; uGNJ y;D teufvnf; uGyJ govm;¿ odrYk [kwf o'´gom
uGJNyD;awmh teufu wlnDygovm;¿ qdkNyD;awmh 'Dar;cGef;udk ar;w,f/
b,fhES,fwkef; 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ... b,fvdk ajzMurvJ¿ tJ'gyJ? 'g,umBuD;awG
'g,dumrBu;D awG[m omoem awmfEiS hf ywfoufNy;D awmh avhvmvdu k pf m;rI pGr;f tifav;awG avsmh enf;aew,f/
avsmeh nf;vduk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh olrsm;ajymwm ]][kw\ f -r[kw\ f }} ud,
k rhf mS qef;ppfEikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm; &So
d vm;¿
r&SdMu awmhbl;/ r&Sdawmh olrsm;ajymwm 0dkif;NyD;,HkcJhawmh ajymwJhpum;u rSefaevQifawmh rdrdtwGuf tusK;d &Srd ,f?
trSm;BuD;udk oGm;NyD;pGJvmcJh vQif rdrdrSm omoemESifh awGU&wm udk,fusKd;enf;NyD; roGm;Edkifbl;vm;¿ oGm;Edkifw,f/
'gaMumifh omoemawmfBu;D &JU tESpo f m&av;awGukd 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D awG avhvmzdYk odyaf umif;w,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmjyefNyD;awmh ajzovJ¿
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...teufvnf; uGJw,f o'´gvnf; uGJw,f? 'Dvdk taMumif;vnf;&Sdygw,f/ teufuawmh
wlw,f o'´gawmh uGJw,f? 'DvdktaMumif;jycsufvnf; &Sdygw,f}}qdkNyD; olu jyefNyD;awmh ajzygw,f/
teufvnf;uGw
J ,f (qdv
k &kd if;&JUteufoabmawGvnf; uGw
J ,f) o'´gvnf; uGw
J ,fqw
kd mu b,fvkd uGo
J vJ¿
--
'Dawmh tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådrSm tyÜrmPqdkwmuawmh ...
twdkif;twm yrmP r&SdwJh owå0gawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh arwåm psmefawGudk 0ifpm;w,f/
twdkif;twm yrmP r&SdwJh owå0gawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh u½kPm psmefawGudk 0ifpm;w,f/
twdkif;twm yrmP r&SdwJh owå0gawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh rk'dwm psmefawGudk 0ifpm;w,f/
twdkif;twm yrmP r&SdwJh owå0gawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh Oayu©m psmefawGudk 0ifpm;w,f/
arwåm u½kPm rk'w d m Oayu©m ac:wJh jA[®p&kd wf &m;av;yg;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ew,f/ twdik ;f twmyrmP
r&Sdbl;qdkwmu bm ajymwmvJ¿ 'Dyk*¾dKvfu igcspfcifav;pm;wJhyk*¾dKvfç 'Dyk*¾dKvfusawmh ig rkef;wJhyk*¾dKvf ponfjzifh
'Dvckd jJG cm;rI&v
dS Qif twdik ;f twm yrmP &Sad e ao;w,f/ rke;f wJyh *k Kd¾ vf cspw
f yhJ *k Kd¾ vrf [l owå0gtm;vH;k udk wef;wlxm;
Ny;D awmh arwåmpsmefawGukd 0ifpm;vd&Yk w,f? u½kPmpsmefawG rk'w d m psmefawG Oayu©mpsmefawGukd 0ifpm;vd&Yk w,f?
tJ'v D kd 0ifpm;vd&Yk vQif 'Dv0kd ifpm;aewJh apawm0drw k wdå &m;wpfcu k akd wmh tyÜrmPm apawm 0drw k v då Ykd ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D arwåmpsmefawGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf çkH u½kPmpsmef rk'w

d mpsmef Oayu©mpsmefawGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf akH wGukd
a[mzdkYawmh odyfaumif; w,f? odkYaomf tcsdefr&awmhbl;/ tJ'Denf;t& ajym&vQifawmh jA[®0d[m&psmefawGudk
tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/
'gu wpfenf;/ aemufwpfck - tmudÍönm apawm0drkwåd/
a&SUu ajymcJhNyD;NyD? yxrm½kyÜ0dnmPfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tmumom eÍöm,we0dnmPf&JU r&SdrIoabmudk
tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh psmefudk 0ifpm; w,f/ tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf&JU r&SdrIoabmtay:ü bm0em pdwfu
Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaew,f/ tJ'D wnfaewJh apawm0drkwåd udkawmh tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/
ckeu tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådqdkwJh jA[®pdk&fw&m; av;yg;uvnf; qefYusifzuf udavomawGrS
vGwfajrmufwJhpdwfawG jzpfjcif;aMumifh tJ'D jA[®pdk&fw&m;awGudk apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/
arwåmu a'gorS vGwfaew,f/ u½kPmusawmh 0d[ ðorS vGwf oGm;w,f? owå0gawGudk n§Of;yef;vdkwJhpdwfrS
vGwfoGm;w,f/ rk'dwm usawmh olwpfyg;wdkY&JUpnf;pdrfü rarGUavsmf raysmfydkufjcif;qdkwJh t&wd w&m;rS
vGwfajrmufoGm;w,f/ Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&uawmh pdwf"mwf Murf;MuKwfcufxefjcif; y#dCw&m;rS vGwfw,f/
(r-2-87-88/)
tJ'Dvdk qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomawGrS vGwfajrmufoGm;wJhtwGuf twdkif;twm yrmP r&SdwhJ owå0gawGudk

tm½kH,laewJhtwGuf 'D jA[®pdk&fw&m; (4)yg;udkawmh tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/
ck - 'D tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådusawmh tmumomeÍöm,we 0dnmPf&JU r&SdrIoabmtay:rSm
tm½Hk,laewJhtwGuf tmumomeÍöm ,we0dnmPfuae vGwfajrmufNyD; roGm;bl;vm;¿ vGwfajrmufoGm; w,f?
olUudk tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/
aemufwpfck - oknwm apawm0drkwådyJ? tJ'D oknwm apawm 0drkwådqdkwmuawmh oknmrd'H tawåe 0g
twåeda,e 0g ... pwJh 0dyóem½IuGufyJ/
ckeu 'ku©opöm ork',opöm trnf&wJh ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk tedpö
'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oHk;wef wifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½IvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm aemufqHk; 'D
½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;awG&JU rysufpD;bJ tusdwf tcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh
twåoabmudk &SmvdYk rawGUbl;/ rawGUwJt
h csed t
f cgrSm twåqw
kd hJ tpGt
J vrf;uae vGwf ajrmufNy;D awmh tewåqw
kd hJ
ÓPfa&mifjcnf ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay: vmNyD/
tJ'D tewåÓPfa&mifjcnf ay:vmwJhtwGuf ocFg&w&m;wdkYü yk*¾dKvf owå0g ZD0 twårS qdwfokOf;aewJh
xdk0dyóemÓPftjrifudk oknwm apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'g teufvnf; uGJw,f o'´g vnf; uGJw,f/
aemufwpfcku - tedrdwåm apawm0drkwådyJ? tedrdwåm apawm 0drkwådqdkwmu --
tedrdwåm blrEÅ&awm avmukwå&m? tm&r®Pawm edAÁmem&r®Pm/ (oH-|-3-136/)
bHktaeESifh ajymvQifawmh avmukwå&m r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfawGudk tedrdwåm apawm0drkwådvdkY ajym&w,f/

tm½kHtaeESifh ajymvQifawmh - tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefudk tedrdwåm apawm0drkwådvdkY ajym&w,f/
'D a wmh ed a &m"opö m trnf & wJ h tocF w "mwf tNid r f ; "mwf e d A Á m ef r S m ½k y f a wG emrf a wG r&S d b l ; /
½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&awGr&Swd t hJ wGuf ½kyef mrfqwkd hJ trSwef rd w
d af wG r&Sw
d t
hJ wGuf tedrw
d v
å aYkd c:w,f/ 'Dtedrw
d t
å rnf
&aewJh ½kyfemrfwdkY&JU csKyfNidrf;&mjzpfwJh 'DtNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefudk vSrf; tm½Hk,laewJh r*fpdwf zdkvfpdwfawGudkvnf;
tedrdwåm apawm0drkwådvdkYyJ ac:&ygw,f/ 'gu teufvnf; uGJw,f o'´gvnf; uGJw,f/
aemufwpfenf;tm;jzifh - o'´gom uGJw,f teufu wlygw,f/ b,fvdk wlovJ ...¿
&m* a'go arm[qdkwmu owå0gawGudk wdkif;wmvdkY&wJhw&m; awG/ yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufudk omreftm;jzifh
Munfhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif 'Dyk*¾dKvf u ykxkZefvm;¿ 'Dyk*¾dKvfu t&d,mvm;¿ cGJjcm;NyD; rodEdkifbl;/
tu,fí 'Dyk*¾dKvfonf &m* a'go arm[awG odyfNyD; jyif;xefvm NyD; a'goawG xGufaewm jrif&w,f?
avmbawG odyftm;aumif; aewm jrif&NyDqdkvQifawmh aMomf ..'Dyk*¾dKvf[m ykxkZefyJ &Sdaeao;w,f?
t&d,molawmfaumif; r[kwfao;bl;vdkY cGJjcm;vdkY r&Edkifbl;vm;¿ &Edkifw,f/
&m* a'go arm[awG[m 'Dyk*¾dKvfonf t&d,myJ 'Dyk*¾dKvfonf ykxkZefyJvdkY rSwfom;aMumif; ydkif;jcm;aMumif;
wdkif;wmaMumif;awG jzpfwJh twGuf olUudk yrmPvdkY ac:&w,f/
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefrSm tJ'Dvdk wdkif;wmaMumif;jzpfwJh &m* a'go arm[awG &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;?
t<uif;rJyh ,fxm;Ny;D jzpfwt
hJ wGuf &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vw
f &Ykd UJ tukygÜ vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ t&[wåzv
kd o
f rmywfukd tyÜrmPm
apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:w,f/ &m* a'go arm[wdkYjzifh wdkif;wmvdkY r&EdkifwJh apawm0drkwådyJ/
'Dawmh ckeuajymcJwh hJ jA[®0[ d m&w&m;av;yg;udv k nf; tyÜrmPm apawm0drw k v då Ykd ac:w,f? zdv
k pf w
d af v;yg;
r*fpdwfav;yg;udkvnf; tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådvdkYyJ ac:ygw,f? ac:ayrJhvdkY tJ'D tm;vHk; xJrSm tomqHk;
tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ apawm0drw k o
då nf bmvJvYkd ar;vdu
k f awmh t&[wåzvkd af pawm0drw
k ydå J jzpfw,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J
--
t&[wåzdkvfapawm0drkwådonf &m* a'go arm[ qdkwJh wdkif;wm aMumif;jzpfwJh w&m;awGjzifh wdkif;wmvdkY
r&wJhw&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ]]tyÜrmPm = twdkif;twm r&SdwJhç apawm0drkwåd = qefYusifzuf udavomwdkYrS
vGwfajrmufaewJhpdwf}}vdkY ac:ygw,f/
aemufwpfck tmudÍönm apawm0drkwåd .../
owå0gawGudk BudwfajcNyD; wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;atmif jyKvkyfaewm u bmvJ¿ &m* a'go arm[awGyJ/
pyg;udk EGm;awGEiS hf e,fMuNyD qdMk upd/Yk wvif;xJrmS pyg;e,fNyq
D v
kd Ykd &Sv
d Qif EGm;awG&UJ ajcaxmufawGu pyg;awGukd
BudwfajcNyD; raebl; vm;¿ Budwfajcw,f/ tJ'DykHpHtwdkif;yJ owå0gawGudk oHo&mc&D;cJrS rvGwfajrmufatmif
BudwfajcaewJh w&m;awGqdkwmu bmawGvJ¿ &m* a'go arm[awGyJ/
'D &m* a'go arm[awGu owå0gawGudk oHo&mc&D;cJrS rvGwf ajrmufatmif BudwfajcaewJh w&m;awG
jzpfjcif;aMumifh olwkdYudk udÍöevdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'D udÍöe trnf&SdwJhw&m;awGonf &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY&JU oEÅmefrSm
&Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf wdkY&JU t&[wåzdkvformywfudk tudÍöe vdkYac:w,f/
tJ'D ormywfudk tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådvdkYyJ ac:ygw,f/
aemufwpfck - tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwåd tmudÍönm apawm 0drkwåd trnf&wJh 'Dt&[wåzdkvfrSm &m*
a'go arm[awGrS qdwfokOf; NyD;awmh raebl;vm;¿ qdwfokOf;aew,f? qdwfokOf;aejcif;aMumifh olUudk oknwm

apawm0drkwådvdkY ac:r,fqdkvQif ac:vdkY&w,f/
'Dtqdkt& qdkawmh tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwåd&,f tmudÍönm apawm0drkwåd&,f oknwm apawm0drkwåd&,f
- 'Dapawm0drkwåd (3)ck onf bmudkom ajymaeovJ¿ t&[wåzdkvfwpfckwnf;udkyJ ajymae w,f/
aemufwpfck - tedrdwåm apawm0drkwåd .../
tedrdwåm apawm0drkwådqdkwmuawmh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufudk ckeu rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfwJh w&m;av;awGyJ/
'gu yk x k Z ef y J ç 'gu t&d , m ol a wmf a umif ; yJ v d k Y rS w f o m;wmu b,f t csuf a wG u d k Munf h N yD ; rS w f
om;&ovJvdkYar;vQif &m* a'go arm[awGudk MunfhNyD; rSwfom;& w,f/
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufrSm &m*awGu odyftm;aumif;vmNyD? a'goawG u odyftm;aumif;vmNyD? arm[awGu
odyftm;aumif;vmNyDqdkvdkY &SdvQif 'Dyk*¾dKvfudk ykxkZefyJvdkY owfrSwfvdkY&w,f/ 'Dyk*¾dKvfrSm &m* a'go arm[qdkwJh
edrdwfawG vHk;vHk; r&Sdawmhbl;qdkvQif 'Dyk*¾dKvfudk &[EÅmvdkY owfrSwf&ygw,f/
'gaMumifh EGm;wpfaumif&wdS ,f qdMk upd/Yk EGm;awGrmS wHqyd cf wfNy;D NyD qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qif 'DEmG ;u b,foUl EGm;vdYk owfrw
S v
f Ykd
r&bl;vm;¿ &w,f/ wHqdyfrcwfao;bl;qdkvQif yHkpHwlaevdkY&SdvQifawmh 'DEGm;u b,folUEGm; qdkwmudk
cGJvdkY&ao;vm;¿ r&Edkifbl;/
tJ'D yHkpHtwdkif;yJ owå0gawGrSm &m* a'go arm[awGuaeNyD; awmh ]]'Dyk*¾dKvfu ykxkZefyJ? 'Dyk*¾dKvfu
t&d,molawmfaumif;yJ}}vdkY cGJjcm;aMumif;jzpfwJh trSwfedrdwfawG&SdvdkY olwdkYudk edrdwåvdkY ac:&w,f/
tJ'D &m* a'go arm[ trSwfedrdwfawGonf &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY&JU oEÅmefrSm &Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;?
r&Sw
d t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh &[EÅm t&Sijf rwfawG&UJ t&[wåzv
kd o
f rmywfukd tedrw
d må apawm0drw
k v
då Ykd 'Dvkd ac:Edik w
f ,f/
tJ'Dtac:t& Munfhr,fqdkvQif ... tyÜrmPm apawm0drkwådç tmudÍönm apawm0drkwådç oknwm
apawm0drkwådç tedrdwåm apawm 0drkwådqdkwJh 'D apawm0drkwådw&m; av;yg;onf t&[wåzdkvf wpfck wnf;udkom
ac:a0:oHk;pGJaewJh tac:ta0: jzpfw,f/
tJ'DtoHk;tEIef;t&qdkvQif o'´gom uGJw,f teuft"dyÜg,fqdkvdk &if;u twlwlyJ rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfygw,f
qdkNyD;awmh jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;ygw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS t&Sifa*g'wå rax&fu pdwå ol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk
bmajymovJ¿ --
vmbm aw *[ywd? okv'¨H aw *[ywd? ,ó aw *rÇDa& Ak'¨0pae ynmpu©K urwd/
]]'g,umBuD; ...odyft&awmfw,f? 'g,umBuD;&JU vlUb0udk &&Sdjcif;onf aumif;aom&jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
tvGef eufecJ ufcaJ ewJh bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awGü 'gum,Bu;D &JU ynmpu©Kac:wJh ÓPfynm rsupf o
d nf ouf0ifNy;D
wnfaeygw,f}} qdkNyD;awmh om"kac:ygw,f/
'DaeY w&m;emaewJh 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D awGvnf; tvGef eufeJ cufcaJ ewJh bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfrmS
ouf0ifNyD; wnfaewJh 'Dvdk ynmpu©K ÓPftjrifawG &Sd Mur,fqdkvQif raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;r,f?
&atmifBudK;pm;MuygvdkY bkef;BuD;u wdkufwGef;ygw,f/
pd w å o H , k w f & J U eH y gwf (8) ok w å e f jzpf w J h .. ed * P² e m#yk w å o k w å e f (oH - 2-487-489/) ud k v nf ;

qufvufemMum;Mu&atmif .../
"""
" olrsm;tajymESifh vGrf;aewm r[kwfygbl;/

udk,fwdkifodaeygw,fvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
w&m;emy&dwfowfjzpfwJh
'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awGvnf;
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;wdkYvdk . .
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGESifh ywfoufvmvQif
'Dvdk raMumufr&GHU &J&J0Hh0Hh
udk,fwdkifod&Sdxm;wJh todÓPfawGudk wifjyEdkifwJh
trsKd;aumif;om;awG trsKd;aumif;orD;awG . . jzpfatmif
vufawGUusifhxm;Muapcsifygw,f/
&wemoHk;yg;udk . .
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaeolwpfOD; jzpfygvsuf
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGESifh ywfoufvdkY
bk&m;&Sif&JU bufawmfuaeNyD;
'Dvdk . . &J&J0Hh0Hh rwifjyEdkifbl;qdkvQif . . .
! bk&m;&Sif&JUw&m;awmfawGESifh ywfoufvdkY
jzefYjzL;wJhae&mrSm rsm;pGm [muGufawG &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f/
! omoemawmfESifh MuHKBudKufygvsuf
omoemawmfudk trSDjyKNyD; BudK;pm;u &&SdEdkifrnfh
psmef-r*f-zdkvf-edAÁmefqdkwJh
tjrwfqHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;awGrSvnf;
qkwf,kwfoGm;wwfygw,f/
(pmrsufESm-425/)
tcef; (13)
ed*P²em#ykwåokwåef
ed*P²em#ykwoå w k eå u
f ed*P²em#ykwBå u;D ESihf pdwo
å <l u,fwYkd awGU qHw
k hJ yGu
J av;yJ/ ed*P²em#ykwå qdw
k muawmh
emrnfausmf jzpfwJh *sdef; (Jain) *dkPf;udk pwifxlaxmifwJh yk*¾dKvfBuD; jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm .. tJ'Dyk*¾dKvfBuD;u pdwåol<u,fwdkY aexdkif&mjzpfwJh rpädumo@NrdKUudk qdkufa&mufvmNyD/
qdkufa&mufvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;uvnf; oGm;NyD;awmh awGUqHkygw,f/
bmaMumifh 'Dvkd t0wfr0wfwhJ ed*P²awGEiS hf pdwo
å <l u,f tem*grf olawmfaumif;Bu;D u oGm;Ny;D awGUqH&k ovJ¿
olwdkY&JU pGyfpGJwJhab;awGu vGwfajrmufcsifwmu taMumif;wpfckç 0g'wifcsifwmu taMumif; wpfck
'DtaMumif;ESpfckjzifh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u ed*P²em#ykwå BuD;ESifh oGm;NyD;awGUqHkjcif; jzpfw,f/
b,fvdk pGyfpGJcsufawGrS vGwfcsifovJvdkY ar;awmh ed*P²awGu &[ef;a*gwr&JUwynfhom0uawG[m
tvGefcufxefwif;rmNyD; rmef rmeBuD;wJhyk*¾dKvfawG jzpfw,fvdkY 'DvdkpGyfpGJMuw,f/ wdkYudkawmif vmNyD; csOf;uyfazmf
EIwfqufazmf r&bl;vdkY qdkNyD; 'Dvdk pGyfpGJwwfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dvdk pGyfpGJwJhab;&efu vGwfajrmufcsifwmuvnf;
taMumif;wpfck? ed*P²em#ykwåBuD;ESifh 0g'NydKifyGJwpfck jyKvkyfcsifawmh 0g'wifcsifwmu vnf; taMumif;wpfck -
'DtaMumif;ESpfckaMumifh ed*P²em#ykwåxH csOf;uyfNyD; tv’myov’mypum;awG ajymqdkNyD;awmh EIwfqufw,f/
EIwfqufvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ... ed*P²em#ykwåBuD;bufu bmar;cGef;wpfck ar;ovJ¿ --
]]o'´[od wGH *[ywd ]orPó a*gwró tw¬d t0dwauúm t0dpma&m orm"d? tw¬d 0dwuú0dpm&meH
eda&ma"m}wd}}/
]]uJ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD; ...oifhudk ar;cGef;wpfck ar;r,f/ ]&[ef;a*gwrtay:rSm oif[m t0dwuú
t0dpm& (= 0dwuf 0dpm& r&SdwJh) orm"dwpfrsKd;&Sdw,f? 0dwuf 0dpm&wdkY csKyfNidrf;wJh orm"dwpfrsKd; &Sdw,f}vdkY
,HkMunfcsufrsKd; &Sdygovm;}} 'Dvdk ar;cGef;wpfck ar;w,f/
tJ'Dvdk ar;vdkufwJhtcsdefrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmjyef ajzovJ¿ --
e cGg[H {w¬ baEÅ b*0awm o'¨g, *pämrd ]]tw¬d t0dwauúm t0dpma&m orm"d? tw¬d 0dwuú0dpm&meH
eda&ma"m}}wd/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmf[m jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü (&[ef; a*gwrtay:ü) ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;jzifh
ud;k uG,qf nf;uyfaewJh yk*Kd¾ vw f pfa,muf r[kwyf gbl;}}wJ/h b,fv, kd MkH unfcsuv
f v
J aYkd r;awmh ]]0dwuf 0dpm& r&Sw
d hJ
orm"dç 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyNf ird ;f aewJh orm"dwpfck &Syd gw,fqwkd hJ 'D,MkH unfcsuf OD;wnfcsujf zifh bk&m;&Siu f kd wynfah wmf
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh yk*¾dKvfpm; r[kwfygbl;}} qdkNyD;awmh jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;w,f/
tJ'v
D t
kd ajzay;vdu
k w
f t
hJ csed rf mS ed*P²em#ykwBå u;D u rpOf;pm;bJ bmjyefNy;D awmh ajymovJ/ ]]aMomf pdwo
å <l u,f
'g,um ...'g,um [m tvGefajzmifhrwf½dk;om;wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufjzpfw,f? vSnfhywfwJh rm,m
aumufuspfpOf;vJwJh omaX,sawG uif;pifaewJh olawmf aumif;BuD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f}}qdkNyD; csD;rGrf;w,f/
tJ'Dvdk csD;rGrf;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmjyefNyD;awmh ar;ovJ¿ --

wH u ð rnod baEÅ? uwrH Ek acg yPDww&H ÓPH 0g o'¨g 0g/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...ÓPfESifh o'¨g b,f'if;u ydkNyD;awmh omvGefjrifh jrwfygovJ}}vdkY ar;w,f/
o'¨g, acg *[ywd ÓPHa,0 yPDww
w&&H/
]]'g,umBuD; ... o'¨gxuf ÓPfu ydkNyD;awmh BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfyg w,f omvGefjrifhjrwfygw,f}}vdkY 'Dvdk
tajzay;w,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm --
t[H acg baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? 0d0dapö0 umar[d 0d0dpö tukoav[d "ar®[d o0dwuúH o0dpm&H
0da0uZH yDwdokcH yXrH psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/
baEÅ = t&S i f b k & m; .../ t[H acg = wynfhawmfonfum;/ ,m0a'0 = tMuifrQavmufaom
umvywfv;kH yifvQi/f tmucFgrd = tvd&k \
dS / wm0a'0 = xdt dS rQ umvywfv;kH yifvQi/f umar[d = 0w¬Kumr
k vd&k o
udavomumrwdkYrS/ 0d0dapö0 = uif;qdwfonfjzpfí omvQif/ tukoav[d "ar®[d = tukodkvfw&m;wdkYrS/ 0d0dpö
= uif; qdwof nfjzpfíomvQi/f o0dwuúH = 0dwufEiS v hf nf; wuGjzpfaom/ o0dpm&H = 0dpm&ESiv hf nf; wuGjzpfaom/
0da0uZH = eD0&Pw&m; uif;qdwjf cif;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:ívm&aom/ yDwo d ck H = ESpo
f uf jcif; yDwçd csr;f omjcif;
okc&Sdaom/ yXrH psmeH = yxrpsmefudk/ OyorÜZÆ = jynfhpHkapí/ 0d[&mrd = aexdkifEdkifyg\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmf[mav b,favmufrsm; tvdk&Sd ovJ? tvdk&SdorQ umvywfvHk; 0dwuf 0dpm&
yDwd okc {u*¾wm ac:wJh psmeft*Fg ig;yg;&SdaewJhç 0w¬Kumr udavomumrwdkYrS uif; qdwfaewJh 'Dyxrpsmefudk
wynfhawmf 0ifpm;NyD; aexdkifEdkifygw,f/}}
rNyD;ao;bl;? aemufxyf olu qufNyD; avQmufxm;ao;w,f/
t[H acg baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? 0dwuú0dpm&meH 0lyorm tZÑwåH orÜom'eH apwaom {aum'dbm0H
t0dwuúH t0dpm&H orm"dZH yDwdokcH 'kwd,H psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/
umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ tmucFgrd = tvdk&Sd\/ wm0a'0 = xdkrQavmufaom umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ 0dwuú 0dpm&meH
= 0dwuf0dpm&wdkY\/ 0lyorm = Nidrf;jcif;aMumifh/ tZÑwåH = rdrd&JU udk,fwGif;tZÑwåoEÅmefü/ apwaom = pdwfudfk/
orÜom'eH = Munfvifapwwfaom/ {aum'dbm0H = jrwfaom wnfMunfrI orm"d udk jzpfapwwfaom/ t0dwuúH
= 0dwufvnf; r&Sdaom/ t0dpm&H = 0dpm&vnf; r&Sdaom/ orm"dZH = yxrpsmeform"daMumifh jzpfaom (0g)
orÜ,w f rm"daMumifh jzpfaom/ yDwo
k o d ck H = ESpo
f ufjcif; yDwçd csr;f omjcif; okc &Sad om/ 'kw,
d ZÑmeH = 'kw,
d psmefu/kd
OyorÜZÆ = jynfhpHkapí/ 0d[&mrd = aexdkifEdkifyg\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmf[m b,favmufyJ tvdk&dS&Sd? tvdk &SdorQ umvywfvHk; pdwftpOfudk
vIyfacsmufcsm;wwfwJh 0dwuf 0dpm& wdkY&JU csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh rdrd&JUudk,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefrSm pdwfudk
MunfvifapwwfwçhJ jrwfaom wnfMunfrI orm"dukd jzpfapwwfwçhJ ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;vdYk usK;d yJyh supf ;D vG,w
f o
hJ abm
&SdwJh 0dwufvnf; r&Sd 0dpm&vnf; r&SdwJhç yxrpsmeform"dudk tajccHvsuf jzpfay:vmwJh odkYr[kwf
'kwd,psmeform"dvdkY ac:qdkwJh orÜ,kwf (= ,SOfzuf) orm"d aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh ESpfoufjcif; yDwd csrf;omjcif;
okc&SdwJh 'kwd, psmefudk jynfhpHkapvsuf aexdkifEdkifygw,f/}} --
'Dvdk 0dwuf 0dpm& r&SdwJh t0dwuút0dpm&orm"drSm aumif;aumif; BuD; oludk,fwdkif tvdk&Sdoavmuf

aeEdik af Mumif; (= 'kw,
d psmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D aeEdik af Mumif;) udk &J&0J 0hH Hh wifjyavQmufxm;vdu
k w
f ,f/ olrsm; tajymESihf
vGrf;aewm r[kwfygbl;/ udk,fwdkifodaeygw,fvdkY qdkvdk ygw,f/
w&m;emy&dwfowfjzpfwJh 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awGvnf; pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;wdkYvdk
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGESifh ywfoufvmvQif 'Dvdk raMumufr&GHU &J&J0Hh0Hh udk,fwdkifod&Sdxm;wJh tod ÓPfawGudk
wifjyEdkifwJh trsKd;aumif;om;awG trsKd;aumif;orD;awG jzpfatmif vufawGUusifhxm;Muapcsifygw,f/
&wemoH;k yg;udk ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfaeolwpfO;D jzpfygvsuf bk&m;&Sif &JU w&m;awmfawGEiS hf ywfoufvYkd bk&m;&Si&f UJ
bufawmfuaeNyD; 'Dvdk &J&J0Hh0Hh rwifjyEdkifbl;qdkvQif bk&m;&Sif&JUw&m;awmfawGESifh ywfoufvdkY jzefYjzL;wJhae&mrSm
rsm;pGm [muGufawG &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f/ omoemawmf ESifh MuHKBudKufygvsuf omoemawmfudk trSDjyKNyD; BudK;pm;u
&&SdEdkifrnfh psmef-r*f-zdkvf-edAÁmefqdkwJh tjrwfqHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;awGrSvnf; qkwf,kwf oGm;wwfygw,f/
aemufxyf olu qufNyD; avQmufxm;jyefao;w,f/ --
t[H acg baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? yDwd,m p 0d&m*g Oayu©aum p 0d[&mrd oawm p orÜZmaem? okcÍö
uma,e y#doHa0a'rd? ,H wH t&d,m tmpdu©EÅd - ]Oayu©aum owdrm okc0d[m&D}wd wwd,H psmeH OyorÜZÆ
0d[&mrd/
umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ tmucFgrd = tvdk&Sd\/ wm0a'0 = xdkrQavmufaom umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ yDwd,m =
yDwdudk/ 0d&m*g p = pufqkyfjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;/ Oayu©aum p = wwd,psmef csrf;omudkyif vspfvsL ½Ionf
jzpfívnf;aumif;/ oawm p = wwd,psmef\ tm½ku d nfjzpfí vnf;aumif;/ orÜZmaem
H kd trSw&f jcif; owd &So
p = wwd,psmef\ tm½kHudk aumif;pGm uGJuJGjym;jym;odwwfaom orÜZOfÓPf &Sdonfjzpfívnf;aumif;/ 0d[-
&mrd = aexdkifEdkifyg\/ okcÍö = um,duokc+apwoduokc[k ac:qdk tyfwJh ESpfrsKd;aom okca0'emudkvnf;/
uma,e = emrum,jzifh/ y#doHa0a'rd = cHpm;\/ ,H = tMuifwwd,psmef[laom taMumif; aMumifh/ wH =
xdkwwd,psmefESifh jynfhpHkaom yk*¾dKvfudk/ t&d,m = bk&m;tp&Sdukefaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
Oayu©aum = wwd,psmefcsrf;omudkyif vspfvsL ½IEdkifayol[lí/ owdrm = owd ESifh jynfhpHkol[lí/ okc0d[m&D
]]Oayu©
= csrf;ompGmaeavh&Sdol[lí/}} tmpdu©EÅd = csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;awmfrlMuukef\/ wH wwd,H psmeH = xdk
wwd,psmefudk/ OyorÜZÆ = jynfhpHkapí/ 0d[&mrd = aexdkifEdkifyg\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmf[m tvdk&Sdoavmuf umvywfvHk; 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwdqdkwJh psmeft*FgawG r&SdwJh
wwd,psmefcsr;f omudyk if aMumifMh urI awmifw h rI r&Sb
d J pdwuf kd tnDtrQ tv,ftvwf vspv f sL ½Ixm;Edik yf gw,f/
wwd,psmef&JUtm½kHrSm cdkifjrJaewJh trSwf&jcif; owdç uGJuJGjym;jym; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odwwfwJh orÜZOfÓPfESifh
jynfhpHkNyD; aexdkifEdkifygw,f/ 'Dwwd,psmefcsrf;omudkvnf; wynfhawmf&JU emr um, (= emrfw&m;taygif;)u
aumif;aumif;BuD; cHpm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkwwd,psmefudk &&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;udk bk&m;tp&SdwJh
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdu Yk - ]wwd,psmefcsr;f omudyk if vspvf sL ½IEikd o
f çl owdEiS hf jynfph o
kH çl csr;f ompGm aeavh&o dS }l
- qdkNyD; csD;rGrf; pum; ajr§mufpm;awmfrlMuygw,f/ 'Dwwd,psmefudk wynfhawmf[m jynfhjynfhpHkpHk uyfa&mufNyD;
aexdkifEdkifygw,f}} - vdkY olu qufvufNyD; avQmufxm;w,f/
'Dae&mrSm A[kokwtenf;i,fudk ajymMu&atmif .../
yxrpsmeftcduk rf mS 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*¾wmqdw

k hJ psmef t*Fg ig;yg; &Syd gw,f/ Oyrm - a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk avhusifhxm;w,fqdkvQif 'Dpsmeft*FgawGu tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm* edrdwfudkyJ
tm½kHjyKMuygw,f/
'gayrJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 0dwuf-0dpm&qdkwJh ½kefY&if;wJhpsmeft*FgawGudk y,f&Sm;EkdifvdkY 'kwd,psmefodkY
qdkufoGm;NyDqdkvQif 'kwd,psmeftcdkufrSm yDwd-okc-{u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgoHk;yg;yJ &Sdygawmhw,f/
wpfcg - a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu yDwdudkvnf; &GH&SmpufqkyfwJh pdwfxm;ESifh tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwfwdkYvdk
orxedrdwfudkyJ qufvuf tm½kH,lNyD;awmh orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifvdkufvQif yDwd jyKwfoGm; NyD;awmh okc-
{u*¾wm qdkwJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;yJ &SdwJh wwd,psmefudk qdkufoGm;r,f/
'Dwwd,psmefrSm pdwfudkvIyfacsmufcsm;apwJh 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDwdwdkY r&SdwJhtwGuf xdkxdktm½kHawGrSm pdwfudk
tnDtrQ aumif;pGmxm;EdkifwJh wMwrZÑwåwmapwodufvdkY ac:wJh Oayu©mu tvGeftm;aumif;ae w,f/ 'Dvdk
tm;aumif;wJt h wGuf avmuDcsr;f om[lorQww Ykd iG f tom qH;k tjrwfq;kH csr;f omjzpfwhJ 'Dwwd,psmefcsr;f omudyk if
aMumifhMurI awmifhwrI r&SdawmhbJ pdwfudk orxtm½kHrSm tnDtrQ aumif;pGm tv,ftvwfü wnfaeatmif
xm;Edkifw,f/
'Dvdkxm;EdkifwJhtwGuf bk&m;tp&SdwJh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYu 'Dvdk wwd,psmefESifh jynfhpHkaewJh
olawmfaumif;udk - ]]wwd,psmef csrf;omudkyif vspfvsL ½IEdkifol owdESifh jynfhpHkol csrf;ompGmaeavh&dSol}} vdkY
'Dvdk csD;rGrf;pum; ajr§mufpm;awmfrlMuw,f/ 'Dwwd,psmefcsrf;om udkvnf; pdwåol<u,fu aumif;aumif;BuD;
cHpm;vdkY &aew,f/ odyf tm;&zdkYaumif;wJh ausmif;'g,umBuD;yJ/
'Dwwd,psmefcsrf;omudk wwd,psmefudk &aewJh olawmfaumif; awGu emrum,jzifh cHpm;w,fqdkwJhtydkif;rSm
t|uxmrsm;u okc (= csrf;om)udk um,duokc+apwoduokcqdkNyD; ESpfrsKd; zGifhqdkxm;Mu ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-1-
158/)
wwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;qJcPrSm apwoduokc ac:wJh psmefcsrf;om udkom a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu cHpm;aeygw,f/

'gayrJh tJ'Dwwd,psmefpdwfu rGefjrwfwJh yPDwpdwfwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ 'D rGefjrwfwJh wwd,psmefpdwf aMumifh
rGefjrwfwJh pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGu wpfudk,fvHk; tESHYtjym; jzpfaeMuygw,f/
tJ'D pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh yx0D-awaZm-0ga,m qdkwJh azm|AÁ"mwfawGu a,m*D&JU wpfudk,fvHk;
tESHYtjym;rSm &SdaewJh um, yom' (= um,tMunf"mwf)awGudk xdcdkufaewJhtwGuf a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf &JUoEÅmefrSm
psmefrS xvQifxcsif; um,duokca0'emudkvnf; a,m*D yk*¾dKvfu cHpm;ae&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk psmefrS xvQifxcsif;
cHpm;ae&wJh um,duokca0'emESifh psmef0ifpm;qJ cHpm;ae&wJh apwoduokc a0'emawGudk pkaygif;NyD;awmh
okcÍö uma,e y#doaH 0a'wd = um,duokc apwoduokcudk emrum,jzifh cHpm;aeaMumif;}} - udk bk&m;&Siu
]]ok f
a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,fvdkY t|uxmrsm;u &Sif;jy xm;Muygw,f/
aemufxyf pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmudk qufNyD; avQmufxm; ao;ovJ¿ emMunfhMu&atmif .../
t[H acg baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? okcó p y[mem 'ku©ó p y[mem ykaAÁ0 aomreóa'greómeH
tw¬*Frm t'ku©rokcH Oayu©mowdyg&dok'¨ð pwkw¬H psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/
umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ tmucFgrd = tvdk&Sd\/ wm0a'0 = xdkrQavmufaom umvywfvHk;yifvQif/ okcó p =

um,duokcudkvnf;/ y[mem = y,fjcif;aMumifh/ 'ku©ó p = um,du'ku©udkvnf;/ y[mem = y,fjcif;aMumifh/
yk a AÁ 0 = pwk w ¬ psmef o d k Y rqd k u f a &muf r D Oypm&orm"d t cd k u f ü yif v Qif / aomreó a'greómeH =
aomreóa0'em[laom apwoduokcç a'greó a0'em[laom apwodu'ku©wdkY\/ tw¬*Frm =
csKyfjcif;aMumifh/ t'ku©rokcH = t'ku©rokc trnf&wJh Oayu©ma0'emESifh,SOfaom/ Oayu©mowdyg&dok'¨ð =
wMwrZÑwåKayu©m[laom Oayu©monf jzpfaptyfaom owd\ xuf0ef;usifpifMu,fjcif;&Sdaom/ pwkw¬H psmeH
= pwkw¬psmefudk/ OyorÜZÆ = jynfhpHkapí/ 0d[&mrd = aexdkifEdkifyg\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmf[m b,favmuf tvdk&SdovJ? tvdk &dSoavmuf wpfcsdefvHk; pwkw¬psmefudk
0ifpm;NyD; aeEdkifygw,f}}- vdkY olu qufvufNyD; avQmufxm;w,f/
1/ um,du-'ku©a0'emu yxrpsmef&JU Oypm&orm"d tcdkufrSm csKyfw,f/
2/ a'greó-a0'emu 'kwd,psmef&JU Oypm&orm"d tcdkufrSm csKyfw,f/
3/ um,du-okca0'emu wwd,psmef&JU Oypm&orm"d tcdkufrSm csKyfw,f/
4/ aomreó-a0'emu pwkw¬psmef&JU Oypm&orm"d tcdkufrSm csKyfw,f/ (0dok'¨d-1-160/)
odkYaomf oH,kwfygVdawmf OyÜ#dyg#duokwåef (oH-3-188-190/) rSmawmh 'Da0'emav;rsKd;wdkY[m psmefav;yg;wdkYü
tpOftwdkif;csKyfyHkudk a[m Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'Da[mMum;awmfrlcsufuawmh vGefvGefuJuJ csKyfNidrf;rIudk
&nf&G,fawmfrlNyD; a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
ckeu ajymcJhwJh psmefav;yg;wdkY&JU Oypm&orm"dtcdkufrSm a0'em av;rsKd;wdkY&JU tpOftwdkif; csKyfNidrf;yHkuawmh
vGefvGefuJuJ csKyfNidrf;rI rsKd;awmh r[kwfbl;/
'Dae&mrSm w&m;emy&dowfawG enf;enf;av; pOf;pm;MunfhMuprf;µ udk,fqif;&JrI pdwfqif;&JrI udk,fcsrf;omrI
pdwfcsrf;omrIawG r&dSMuawmh tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwfwdkYvdk orxtm½kHedrdwfwpfckwnf; ay:rSm
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaer,f aMumifhMurI awmifhwrIawG bmrQr&SdawmhbJ pdwfawG
at;csrf;aer,f qdkvQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ¿ pOf;pm;Munfhprf;? omoemawmfudk trDSjyKNyD; &&SdwJh
csrf;omxl;BuD;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
odkYaomf 'gu avmuDpsmefcsrf;omrQom &Sdygao;w,f/ psmefcsrf;om xuf 0dyóemcsrf;omu ydkNyD;
tqifhjrifhygw,f/ 0dyóemcsrf;omxuf r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om edAÁmefcsrf;omawGuawmh ydkí ydkí tqifhjrifhwJh
csrf;omxl;BuD;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu --
edAÁmeH y&rH okcH/ ("r®y')
]]edAÁmefonf tomqHk;tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh csrf;om}}vdkY 'Dvdk a[mMum; awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u 'Dvdk psmefcsrf;om 0dyóem csrf;om r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om
edAmÁ efcsr;f omqdw
k hJ csr;f omxl; csr;f omjrwfBu;D awGukd jynfjh ynf0h 0 cHpm;Edik w
f hJ olawmfaumif;Bu;D wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/
ckajymaewJh ed*P²em#ykwo
å w
k eå rf mS okc 'ku© aomreó a'greówdrYk S uif;a0;aewJh t'kur© okc trnf&wJh
Oayu©ma0'em ESifh ,SOfaewJhç wMwrZÑwåKayu©mqdkwJh orxtm½kHedrdwfay:rSm bm0em pdwfudk aMumifhMurI

awmifhwrI r&SdbJ tnDtrQ aumif;pGm xm;EdkifwJh Oayu©maMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tbufbufrSpifMu,faewJh
owd &Sdae wJh pwkw¬psmefudk ol[m tvdk&Sdoavmuf aumif;aumif; 0ifpm;NyD; aeEdkifaMumif;udk wifjyvdkufw,f/
'Dvdk psmefawGudk tvdk&Sdoavmuf tcsdefumvywfvHk; 0ifpm;EdkifwJh twGufaMumifh olu &J&J0Hh0HhESifh
ed*P²em#ykwåBuD;udk qufNyD; avQmuf xm;w,f/
e aom cGg[H baEÅ {0H ZmeaEÅm {0H yóaEÅm uó tnó orPó 0g jAm[®Pó 0g o'¨g,
*rdómrd ]]tw¬d t0dwauúm t0dpma&m orm"d? tw¬d 0dwuú0dpm&meH eda&ma"m}}wd/
tJ'Dvdk yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬psmefawGudk tvdk &Sdovdk 0ifpm;EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf
jzpfaewJhtwGufaMumifh wynfh awmf[m ]]0dwuf 0dpm& r&SdwJh orm"dwpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f? 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyfaewJh
orm"dwpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f}}qdkwJh 'Dvdk ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;jzifh b,fvdk orP jAm[®PawGudk wynfhawmf oGm;NyD;
csOf;uyfaezdkY vdkao;ovJ¿ --
rdrdudk,fwdkifu 0dwuf 0dpm& csKyf&mjzpfwJh 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬psmefqdkwJh 'DpsmefawGudk tcsdefra&G;
0ifpm;vdkY &Edkifw,f/ tJ'Dvdk 0ifpm;vdkY&EdkifwJh todxl; ÓPfxl;&SdaewJh wynfhawmfu 0dwuf 0dpm& r&SdwJh 0dwuf
0dpm& csKyfwJh psmeform"dwpfrsKd;&Sdygw,fqdkwJh ,HkMunf csufav;wpfckudk OD;wnfNyD;awmh b,fvdk orP
jAm[®PawGudk oGm; NyD;awmh udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaezdkY vdkao;ovJ ...
tJ'v
D kd jyefNy;D ajzwm/ 'Dawmh ud,
k u
f ,
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f ad ewJt
h wGuf 'Dvkd ,HMk unfcsuEf iS hf qnf;uyfaewm r[kwyf gbl;vdYk
olu jyefNyD;awmh ajz vdkufw,f/ tJ'Dvdk ajzvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS ed*P²BuD;u bm jyefajymovJ¿ --
£'H b0aEÅm yóE
yóEÅÅ K? ,m0 tEkZkaum pm,H pdawåm *[ywd? ,m0 oaXm pm,H pdawåm *[ywd? ,m0
rm,m0D pm,H pdawåm *[ywd/
]]tcsif;wdkY ...'Dpdwåol<u,fudk MunfhMuprf;µ 'Dpdwåol<u,fBuD;[m w,frajzmifhrwfwJh taumifBuD;yJµ
w,faumufuspfpOf;vJwJh taumifBuD;yJµ w,fvSnfhywfwwfwJh taumifBuD;yJµ }} --
'Dvdk ajymjyefNyD/ 'Dvdk ajymawmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;uvnf; rnHhygbl;/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ... ckeuyJ wynfhawmfudk t&Sifbk&m;u tvGef ajzmifhrwfw,f ½dk;om;w,fvdkY ajymw,f/
ckwpfcg aumufuspfw,f pOf;vJw,fvdkY jyefajymjyefw,f/ t&Sifbk&m;&JU a&SUpum;onf rSefvQif aemufpum;u
rSm;&r,f? aemufpum;u rSefvQifvnf; a&SUpum;u rSm;&r,f? 'gayrJh t&Sifbk&m;udk jyóemawG ar;cJhr,f/
{aum yaO§m? {aum Oa'áom? {uH a0,smu&PH ...
...}}
ponfjzifh q,fcktxd ar;ygw,f/
jyóemu wpfck? tusOf;csKyf ñTefMum;csufu wpfck? tajzu wpfck/ tJ'gu bmvJ¿ ar;Munfhw,f/
ESpfck oHk;ck av;ck ig;ck ajcmufck ckepfck &Spfck udk;ck q,fck ponfjzifh tukefvHk; tpOftwdkif; ar;vdkufw,f/
ed*P²BuD; wpfckrS ajzqdkEdkifwJh pGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;/
w&m;ESifh ywfoufvmvdkY&SdvQif olu wjcm;wjcm; 0g'orm;awG ESifh ,SOfNydKifr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif ,SOfNydKifEdkifwJh
pGrf;tm;awG olUrSm &Sdaew,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿

olu,kd w
f ikd u
f yd#uwfo;kH yHu
k kd wkev
f yI af csmufcsm;Edik w
f hJ pGr;f tm; awG &Sw
d ,f? 'gu oifob
d ufu/ usio
hf b
d ufu
MunfhvdkY&SdvQifvnf; tem*grdr*fÓPf-zdkvfÓPf qdkufonfhwdkifatmif 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;awGudk
pD;jzef;xm;Edkifw,f? eda&m"ormywfqdkufonfhwdkif atmif 0ifpm;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; ÓPftjrifawG &Sdaew,f/
aemufwpfck - (9)ckajrmuf okwåefav;wpfck (oH-2-489-490/) ..
tapvuóyokwåefvdkY ac:ygw,f/
"""
" wynfhawmfESifh bk&m;&Sif ESpfOD; &Sdw,f/

wynfhawmfu t&if uG,fvGefoGm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif
bk&m;&Sifuae wynfhawmftaMumif;udk
ajymawmfrlvdrfhr,f . .
]pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;&JUoEÅmefrSm
'DumrbHkodkY aemufwpfzef jyefvmapwwfwJh
oHa,mZOfBudK;awG r&Sdawmhbl;} . . .
qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvdk ajymawmfrlvdrfhr,f/
tJ'D ajymMum;awmfrlcsufonf
tHhMoavmufwJh taMumif;t&mrsKd;
r[kwfygbl;/
bmud k qdkvdkwmvJ . . .¿
bk&m;&Sif&JU 'Dvdk ajymMum;awmfrlcsufu
rtHhMoavmufygbl;/
wynfhawmfu . .
tem*grdr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf &onfhwdkifatmif
umrbHkodkY vmaMumif;jzpfwJh oHa,mZOfawGudk
ukefcef;atmifusifhwJh usifhpOfuomvQif
omvGefNyD;awmh tHhMoavmufygw,f/
tcef; (14)
tapvuóyokwåef
tapv uóyqdkwmuawmh t0wfr0wfwJh wuúwGef;BuD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f/ tJ'D tapv uóyBuD;uawmh
[dk .. vlUb0 vljzpfpOf tcsdeftcgwkef;u pdwåol<u,f&JU i,faygif;awG jzpfMuw,f? rdwfaqG a[mif;awGyJ/
tJ'D rdwfaqGa[mif; jzpfwJh tapv uóyBuD;u rpädumo@NrdKU udk wpfcsdefrSm jyefNyD; qdkufa&mufvmw,f/
qdkufa&mufvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm olUrdwfaqGa[mif;BuD; vmNyDqdk wmESifh 'DwuúwGef;BuD;ESifh oGm;awGUqHkNyD;
ajymqdkEIwfqufNyD;wJhtcgrSm pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u bmar;ovJ¿ --
]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...'DwuúweG ;f t0wfjzifh omoemawmfrmS 0ifa&muf Ny;D usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewm
ESpfaygif; b,favmuf MumNyDvJ}}vdkY ar;vdkufawmh - ]]ESpfaygif; oHk;q,f&SdNyDuGJU}}vdkY jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;w,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm pdwåol<u,fu xyfNyD; ar;jyefw,f/ --
£ar[d ye aw baEÅ wo ð rawå[d 0aó[d tw¬d aumpd Owå&d rEkó"r®m tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom

t"d*awm zmok0d[ma&m/ (oH-2-489/)
]]t&S i f b k & m; ... ES p f a ygif ; oH k ; q,f t wG i f ; rS m Owå & d r Ek ó "r® v d k Y ac:qd k t yf w J h vl w d k Y & J U omref
ukodkvfur®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf vGefuJjrifhjrwfaewJh t&d,mtjzpfudk jyKvkyfay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh
ÓPftjrifxl;awG &&SdNyD; csrf;csrf;omom aexdkif&ygovm;}} qdkNyD; awmh 'Dar;cGef;udk ar;Munfhw,f/
ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh ckeu tapv uóyBuD;u bmjyefajzovJ¿ --
£ar[d acg ar *[ywd w ð o rawå [ d 0aó[d yAÁ Z d w ó ew¬ d aumpd Owå & d rEk ó "r® m
tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom t"d*awm zmok0d[ma&m?
*[ywd = 'g,umBuD; .../ £ar[d acg w ðorawå[d 0aó[d = þ tESpfokH;q,fwdkY umvywfvkH;/
]]*[ywd
yAÁZdwó = &Sif&[ef; jyKvsuf &Sdaom/ ar = ightm;/ aumpd = wpfpkHwpfckaom/ Owå&d rEkó"r®m = vlwdkY&JU
ukodkvfur®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGefjrifhjrwfaom/ tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom = t&d,myk*¾dKvfwdkY&JU
ÓPf t jrif x l ; ud k / t"d * awm = &&S d o nf j zpf í / zmok 0 d [ ma&m = csrf ; csrf ; omom aexd k i f & jcif ;
oabmw&m;rnfonf/ ew¬d = r&SdcJhyg/}} --
tnMw ea*¾,sm p rka@,sm p yg0Vedayæg#em, p/
t0wf r0wfjcif;ç acgif;wHk; wHk;jcif;ç xdkifvdkufwJhtcgrSm rwfwyf xvdkY&SdvQif zifrSm uyfaewJh zkefav;udk
cgzdkY&eftwGuf a'gif;NrD;av;udk udkifaqmif&jcif;qdkwJh tJ'Dvdk &&SdwJh tusKd;oHk;cku vGJNyD; ESpfaygif; oHk;q,ftwGif;
usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f u
kd w
f m vlw&Ykd UJ ukov
kd u
f r®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGejf rifjh rwfaewJh t&d,m
tjzpfudk jyKvkyfay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh ÓPftjrifxl;awG wpfckrS r&&SdcJhygbl;? csrf;omaMumif; csrf;ompGm
aexdkif&jcif;&JU taMumif;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudkvnf; wpfckrS r&&SdcJhygbl; qdkNyD;awmh jyeftajz ay;w,f/
'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG ... pOf;pm;Munfhprf;aemf/ t0wf r0wfbJESifh tjyif;txef ESpfaygif;

oHk;q,favmuf usifhwm/ tJ'DusifhvdkufwmrSm ol&wJh tusKd;w&m;uav;u t0wfr0wfwm wpfck? acgif;wHk;
wHk;aewm wpfck? xvdkufwJhtcgrSm zifrSmuyfaewJh zkefav;udk okwfzdkY&ef cgzdkY&eftwGuf a'gif;NrD;uav;wpfckudk
udkifwG,f &jcif;u wpfck - 'DoHk;ckqdkwJh tusKd;avmufyJ &w,f/
'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awG 'DtxJ &Sdcsifvnf;&Sdr,f? tESpf oHk;q,favmuf w&m;tm;xkwfvdkY
tJ'DtusKd;oHk;ckyJ &r,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif awmh wGufyHkudkufyghrvm;¿ rudkufbl;/
'Dawmh zifrmS ayaewJh zkeaf v;ukd cgxkwv
f &Ykd ½Hak vmuf tusK;d yJ &Sw
d ,f qdv
k &Ykd v
dS Qiaf wmh 'DtusK;d rsK;d 'Dvyk if ef;rsK;d udk
qufNyD; vkyfzdkY aumif;yghrvm;¿ raumif;awmhbl;aemf/
uJ 'g,umBuD;udkvnf; jyefar;OD;r,f? 'g,umBuD;vnf; bk&m; &Sif a*gwr&JUomoemawmfrSm 0ifa&mufNyD;
w&m;"r®awG usifhMuH BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfwm ESpfaygif; b,favmufMumNyDvJvdkY ar;awmh oluvnf;
tESpfoHk;q,f&SdNyD jzpfaMumif;udk tajzay;w,f/ uJ tJ'DtESpfoHk;q,f twGif;rSmaemf ..? olu qufNyD;awmh
ar;w,f/
£ar[d ye aw *[ywd w ð o rawå [ d 0aó[d tw¬ d aumpd Owå & d rEk ó "r® m
tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom t"d*awm zmok0d[ma&m/
'DtESpfoHk;q,f omoemawmfrSm 0ifa&mufNyD; w&m;"r®awG usifh vdkufvdkY usifhvdkufwJhtwGufaMumifh vlwdkY&JU
omref ukodkvfur®yx w&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGef jrifhjrwfaewJh t&d,mwdkY&JU ÓPftjrif wdkYudk &&SdNyD;wJhtcg
csrf;csrf;omom aexdkifEdkifjcif;&JU taMumif;w&m; uav;awGudk &&Sdygovm;? csrf;csrf;omom aexdkifEdkif&JUvm;vdkY
ar; Munfhw,f/ ar;MunfhvdkufwJh tcgusawmhrS bmjyefajzovJ/ --
*d[daemyd od,m baEÅ? t[O§d baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? 0d0dapö0 umar[d 0d0dpö tukoav[d "ar®[d
o0dwuúH o0dpm&H 0da0uZH yDwo
d ck H yXrH psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/ t[O§d baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? 0dwuú0pd m&meH
0lyorm/ y / 'kwd,H psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/ t[O§d baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? yDwd,m p 0d&m*g/ y / wwd,H
psmeH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&mrd/ t[O§d baEÅ ,m0a'0 tmucFgrd? okcó p y[mem/ y / pwkw¬H psmeH OyorÜZÆ
0d[&mrd/
]]wynfah wmf[m vlomref 'g,umwpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ wynfah wmf b,favmuf tvd&k o dS vJ? tvd&k o
dS avmuf
yxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D aexdik Ef ikd w
f ,f? tvd&k o
dS avmuf 'kw,
d psmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D aexdik Ef ikd f w,f? tvd&k o dS avmuf
wwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;NyD; aexdkifEdkifw,f? tvdk &Sdoavmuf pwkw¬psmefudk 0ifpm;NyD; aexdkifEdkifygw,f}}wJh/ aemuf
wpfck olu bmqufavQmufxm;ovJ¿
oap acg yem[H baEÅ b*0awm yXrw&H umvH ua&,sH? tepä&d,H acg yaewH ,H rH b*0g {0H
Asmua&,s - ew¬d wH oHa,mZeH a,e oHa,mZaee oH,kawåm pdawåm *[ywd yke £rH avmuH tm*apä,s/
baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m; .../ t[H = wynfhawmfonf/ b*0awm = bk&m;&Sifxuf/ yXrw&H = a&S;OD;pGm/ oap
= tu,fí/ umvH ua&,sH = uG,fvGefcJhonfjzpftHh/ --
[bk&m;&SifESifh wynfhawmf ESpfOD;? wynfhawmfu bk&m;&Sifxuf apmNyD;awmh b0wpfck tqkH;owfNyD; t&if
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY &SdvQifaemf/]
a,e oHa,mZaee = tMuif oHa,mZOfaMumifh/ oH,kawåm = ,SOfwGJí aeonfjzpfí/ pdawåm *[ywd =

pdwåol<u,fonf/ yke = aemufxyfwpfzef/ £rH avmuH = þ umr (11)bkH[k ac:qdktyfaom avmuodkY/
tm*apä,s = jyefvmav&m\/ wH oHa,mZeH = xdu k ohJ Ykd umrbko
H Ykd jyefvmaMumif;jzpfwhJ oHa,mZOfw&m;rsK;d onf/
ew¬d = r&Sd onfomvQifwnf;/ {0H = þodkYvQif/ ,H rH = tMuif pum;udk/b*0g = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ Asmua&,s
= ajymqdkav&m\/ {wH = þuJhodkY ajymqdkwJh pum;rsKd;onf/ tepä&d,H = rtHhMoavmufonf omvQif jzpfay\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmfESifh bk&m;&Sif ESpfOD; &Sdw,f/ wynfhawmf u t&if uG,fvGefoGm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY&SdvQif
bk&m;&Sifuae wynfhawmf taMumif;udk ajymawmfrlvdrfhr,f - ]pdwåol<u,f'g,umBuD;&JU oEÅmefrSm 'DumrbHkodkY
aemufwpfzef jyefvmapwwfwJh oHa,mZOf BudK;awG r&Sdawmhbl;} - qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvdk ajymawmfrlvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D
ajymMum;awmfrlcsufonf tHhMoavmufwJh taMumif;t&mrsKd; r[kwf ygbl;/}} bmudk qdkvdkwmvJ¿ --
bk&m;&Sif&JU 'Dvdk ajymMum;awmfrlcsufu rtHhMoavmufygbl;/ wynfhawmfu tem*grdr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf
&onfhwdkifatmif umrbHk odkY vmaMumif;jzpfwJh oHa,mZOfawGudk ukefcef;atmifusifhwJh usifhpOf uomvQif
omvGefNyD;awmh tHhMoavmufygw,fvdkY 'Dvdk jyefNyD;awmh ajzw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS ...
tpä&d,H 0w abm? tA
tAÇÇ KwH 0w abm? "r®ó oGmu©mwwm? ,Mw [d emr *d[D Mo'gw0oaem {0½lyH
Owå&d rEkó"r®m tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daooH t"d*rdówd zmok0d[m&H/
]]aMomf .. odyftHhMozdkY aumif;ygvm;? tifrwef tHhMozG,f aumif; w,f? rjzpfpzl; tOD;topf jzpfygayw,f/
vlomref 'g,umwpfOD; jzpfayrJhvdkY 'Davmufawmif udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mjzpfwJh vlwdkY&JU ukodkvf ur®yxw&m;
q,fyg;xuf omvGef jrifjh rwfaewJh t&d,mjzpfz&Ykd ef ÓPftjrifx;l awGukd &&Sad pEdik w f hJ csr;f csr;f omom aexdik jf cif;&JU
taMumif ; jzpf w J h w&m;xl ; w&m;jrwf a wG u d k &&S d E d k i f y gayw,f / 'D v d k &&S d E d k i f j cif ; [m tvG e f Y t vG e f
tHhMozG,faumif;ygayw,f}} qdkNyD;awmh tapv uóyBuD;u csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;w,f/ ajymMum;NyD;awmh
bmvkyfovJ¿ --
vab,sm[H *[ywd £ro®ð "r®0dea, yAÁZÆH? vab,sH OyorÜ'H/
]]'g,umBu;D ... þbk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmftwGi;f rSm uREykf f &Si&f [ef; jyKcsiw
f ,f? &Sit
f jzpf &[ef;tjzpfukd
&vdkygw,f}} qdkNyD;awmh awmif;yefw,f/
tJ'DtcgusawmhrS olU&JUrdwfaqG jzpfwJh 'D tapv uóyBuD;udk trÁm#um&mr ausmif;wdkufudk ac:aqmif?
ac:aqmif N yD ; wJ h tcsd e f tcgusawmh r S rax&f B uD ; awG x H tyf E S H N yD ; awmh &S i f & [ef ; jyKay;yg&ef
avQmufxm;awmif;yefw,f/ rax&fBuD;awGuvnf; &Sif&[ef; jyKay; awmfrlMuygw,f/
&Sif&[ef;jyKí rMumrD wpfyg;wnf; qdyfNidrf&mt&yf csOf;uyfNyD;awmh edAÁmefudk apvTwfwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf vdkufwm t&Sif (tapv) uóy rax&fBuD;onf &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkYwGif
wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfoGm;w,f/ tm;&p&m raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyf aumif;ygw,f/
'gu pdwo å <l u,f'g,umBu;D "r®uxdut&mrSm {w'*f &zd&Yk ef taMumif;ç "r®mbd&w - w&m;awmfü arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKuf aewJh olawmfaumif;jzpfzdkY&ef taMumif;jzpfwJh okwåefuav;awG jzpf Muygw,f/
uJ pdwåoH,kwf&JU (10)ckajrmuf okwåef (oH-2-491-492/) jzpfwJh acgifqHk; jynfwnfcJhwJh okwåefudk jyefNyD;
qufpyfMunfh&atmif ../ *dvme'óeokwåefaemf .../
"""
" bk&m;&Siftay:rSm wkefvIyfrI r&SdwJh ,kHMunfcsufyJ/

b,ftcgrSm . .
'Dvdk wkefvIyfrI r&SdwJh ,HkMunfcsuf ay:vmrvJ¿
rdrdudk,fwdkifu . .
twdwf cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½I vd vdkY &w,f?
tem*wf cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½I vd vdkY &w,f?
ypöKyÜef cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½I vd v dk Y &NyD ;
'ku©opömw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyD?
udk,fudk,fwdkif odNyD qdkvdkY&SdvQif . .
ckeu pdwåol<u,fBuD;vdkayghç
,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;oufoufjzifh
bk&m;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh tqifh
[kwfao;vm;¿ r[kwfawmhbl;/
todÓPfESifh udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwJh tqifhudk
ul;roGm;bl;vm;¿ ul;oGm;NyD/
,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;ESifh todÓPf
b,f'if;u . . ydkNyD; jrifhjrwfovJ¿
todÓPfu . . ydkjrifhjrwfw,faemf/
(pmrsufESm-452/)
tcef; (15)
*dvme'óeokwåefaemufykdif;
a&SUrSm a[mMum;cJhNyD;wmawGuawmh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;rSm udk,fusifhoDvvnf; jynfhpHkyHkç uvsmP"r®
ac:wJh aumif;aom w&m; "r®awGESifhvnf; jynfhpHkyHkawGyJ/ tJ'Dvdk jynfhpHkaewJhtwGuf ...ç
wpfaeY ... 'D pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD; ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;puf&NyD/ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif; pufwhJ tcsed tf cgrSm tJ'v D kd jynfph akH ewmudk awGUwJt
h wGuf ewfawGu pkaygif;Ny;D awmh
]]aemiftem*wfumvrSm pMu0aw;rif; jzpf&ygvdk\ qdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;av;wpfck awmifhwprf;yg}} qdkNyD;awmh
0dkif;wdkufwGef; Muw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY b,ftusKd;xl;udk jrifvdkY awmifhwcdkif;ovJ¿ --
t,H acg pdawåm *[ywd oDv0g uvsmP"ar®m? oap yPd'[dówd ]tem*wr'¨geH &mZm tóH puú0wåD}
wd? wó acg t,H £ZÑdówd oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm/ "r®daum "r®duH zvH tEkyówd/
t,H acg pdawåm *[ywd = þpdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,um BuD;onfum;/ oDv0g = ukd,fusifhoDvESifh
jynfhpkH\/ uvsmP"ar®m = aumif;aom w&m;"r®ESifh jynfhpkH\/
b,favmufawmif aumif;wJh w&m;"r®awGESifh olUrSm jynfhpkHae ovJ¿ 'gudk emMum;MuNyD;NyD/
t[H = igonf/ tem*wr'¨geH = aemiftem*wfumvü/ &mZm puú0wåd = pMu0aw;rif;BuD;onf/ tóH
]]t[H
= jzpf&vdk\/}} £wd = þokdYvQif/ oap yPd'[dówd = tu,fí awmifhwcJhonf jzpftHh/ oDv0awm =
oDv&Sdíaeaom/ wó = xdkpdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;\/ t,H apawmyPd"d = þ pdwf&JU awmifhwcsufonf/
0dok'¨wåm = oDvpifMu,faeonfh twGufaMumifh/ £ZÑdówd = rcRwf{uef jynfhpkHayvdrfhrnf/
pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;u udk,fusifhoDvjynfhpHkwJh olawmfaumif; BuD;vnf;jzpfw,f/ uvsmP"r® ac:wJh
tem*grd r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf wdkifatmif aumif;aom w&m;"r®awGESifh jynfhpHkaewJh olawmfaumif; BuD;vnf;
jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh aemiftem*wfumvü tu,fí pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpf csifw,fqdkwJh 'Dpdwfuav;udkom
wpfcsufavmuf awmifhwvdkufyg/
awmifhwvdkY&SdvQif oDvpifMu,faewJh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;tzdkY oDvpifMu,faewJh twGufaMumifh pdwf&JU
awmifhwcsuf [lorQonf rcRwf{uef jynfhpHkygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdk ewfawGu jrifwJhtwGuf 'DtusKd; xl;udk jrifNyD;awmh
ewfawGu vmwdkufwGef;aew,f/
"r®daum = w&m;&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfonf/ "r®duH zvH = w&m;ESifh avsmfnD aewJh tusKd;w&m;udk/ tEkyówd = tzefzef
txyfxyf awGUjrif& wwfay\/
w&m;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvf w&m;apmifhwJh yk*¾dKvfqdkwm w&m;ESifh avsmfnD aewJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm
xyfumxyfum awGU&r,f/
'Doabmw&m;awGudk jrifwJhtwGuf ewfawGu 0dkif;NyD;awmh wdkuf wGef;Muwm/ pMu0aw;rif; jzpfzdkY&eftwGuf

olUtwGuf &if;ESD;&rnfh Opömu bmvJ¿ pMu0aw;rif; jzpfcsifw,fqdkwJh pdwfuav;wpfckom jzpfw,f/
awmifhwvdkuf½kHESifh udpöNyD;Edkifw,fvdkY ewfawGu ,lqMu w,f/
ckacwfrSmawmh q&mrav;jzpfzdkYawmif odyfrvG,fbl;? awmfawmf BudK;pm;&w,f awmfawmfBudK;pm;&w,f?
rlvwef;uae bGJU&onftxd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rBudK;pm;&bl;vm;¿ BudK;pm;&w,f/
ck 'DrSm pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpfzdkY&eftwGuf ol &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&rnfh vkyf ief;&yfawGu bmvJ¿ pdwfuav; wpfckyJ/
pdwfuom pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpfcsifw,fqdkvQif usdef;ao{uef jzpfudkjzpfawmhr,f/ bmhaMumifhvJ¿
oDv0g = udk,fusifhoDv &Sdw,f/ uvsmP"r® = aumif;aom w&m;"r®awGESifh jynfhpHkaew,f/
'gaMumifh - 'DaeY w&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkY wpfawGvnf;yJ udk,fusifhoDvawGESifh
jynfhpHkr,fqdkvQif uvsmP"r® ac:wJh aumif;aom w&m;"r®awGESifhom jynfhpHkMur,fqdkvQif pdwf&JU awmifhwcsuf
[lorQonf rcRwf{uef rjynfhpHkEdkifbl;vm;¿ jynfhpHk Edkifygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ckvkd vmwdu k w
f eG ;f wJh ewfawGu pdwo
å <l u,f 'g,um Bu;D [m oDv&Swd ,f? aumif;wJh w&m;"r®awGEiS hf
jynfhpHkw,fqdkwm avmufudkawmh odMuygw,f/ pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;[m tem*grf olawmfaumif;BuD;
jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuuf akd wmh 'DewfawGu oabm aygufyakH wmh r&bl;/ pdwo å <l u,f 'g,umBu;D uom olUuk, d o
f l
od aejcif; jzpfw,f/
'Dvkd tem*grf jzpfaerSe;f rodMuvdo
Yk m pMu0aw;rif;Bu;D jzpfz&Ykd ef pdwu
f kd aqmufwnfcikd ;f aeMujcif; jzpfw,f/
aemufwpfcku tem*grfyk*¾dKvfawG[m uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf umr bkHudk aemufxyf y#doaE¨tm;jzifh jyefvmrI
vljyefjzpfrI vlUjynfrSm pMu0aw;rif;qdkwJh vlom;jzpfrIawG[m b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwm udkvnf; 'DewfawGu
oabmaygufMuyHk ray:bl;/
'gaMumifh 'Dvdk pMu0aw;rif;BuD;jzpfzdkY&ef pdwfudk aqmufwnf cdkif;Mujcif; jzpfw,f/
'Dvdk ewfawGu wdkufwGef;aewJh pum;oHudk ab;rSm jyKpkaeMuwJh aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGu rMum;Mu&bl;/
pdwoå <l u,fBu;D wpfO;D uom Mum;ae&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pdwoå <l u,fukd ab;rSm jyKpak eMuwJh aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGu
a&S;uajymcJhwJh ar;cGef;awGudk ar;aeMujcif; jzpfw,f? pdwåol<u,fuvnf; tajzawG ay;aejcif; jzpfygw,f/
ol&JU aemufqHk; tajzuawmh ...
]]'D pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;[m udk,fusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkwJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfw,f/ w&m;"r®udk
vufawGU usifhoHk;aeNyD; aumif;aom w&m;"r®ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfw,f/ tu,fíom
'D p d w å o l < u,f [ m ]aemif t em*wf u mvü pMu0aw; rif ; BuD ; jzpf & ygvd k \ } vd k Y 'D v d k o m pd w f u
awmifhwvdkufr,fqdkvQif olU&JU awmifhwcsuf[lorQ[m rcRwf{uef NyD;pD; jynfhpHkayvdrfhr,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ --
oDvawG pifMu,faewJh twGuaf Mumifh oDv&Sw d hJ yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ pdw&f UJ awmifw
h csu[
f o
l rQ[m rcRw{f uef Ny;D pD; jynfph v
kH rd hf
r,f/ w&m;&SdwJhyk*¾dKvf w&m;usifhwJhyk*¾dKvfqdkwm w&m;ESifh avsmfnD aewJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk tzefzef
awGUjrifae&wwfygw,f}} - vdkY
'Dvkd odaewJth wGuf ewfawGu pMu0aw;rif;Bu;D jzpfz&Ykd ef pdw"f mwfudk aqmufwnfvu kd zf Ykd wdu
k w
f eG ;f aeMujcif;
jzpfwthJ aMumif; udk ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaewJh pdwo å <l u,f ausmif;'g,um Bu;D u aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGudk
&Sif;jyvdkufygw,f/
tJ'DtcgusawmhrS aocgeD; ab;0dkif;xdkifaewJh aqGrsKd;om;csif; awGu bmvkyfovJ¿ uJ 'DvdkqdkvdkY&SdvQif
uRefawmfwdkYudkvnf; tqHk; tr Mo0g' ay;oGm;ygOD;qdkNyD;awmh 0dkif;NyD;awmif;yefMuw,f/ tJ'D tcgusawmhrS
...
wo®m [d a0g {0H odu©dwAÁH --
wo®m = xdkaMumifh/ a0g = oifaqGrsKd;om;csif;taygif;wdkYonf/ {0H = þodkY/ odu©dwAÁH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg/
]]'Dvdk usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuprf;yg}} - qdkNyD;awmh aemufqHk; olu w&m;a[moGm;w,f/ --
Aka'¨ ta0pöyÜoma'e orEém*wm b0dómr ]£wdyd aom b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g 0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém
ok*awm avmu0d'l tEkwåa&m yk&do'r®om&xd ow¬m a'0rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}wd/
Aka'¨ = bk&m;&Siftay:ü/ ta0pöyÜoma'e = rwkefrvIyf ouf0if ,kHMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m;ESifh/ orEém*wm =
jynfhpkHMuukefonf/ b0dómr = jzpfMuygukeftHh/ £wd = þodkYvQif/ a0g = oifaqGrsKd;om;csif; taygif;wdkYonf/
odu©dwAÁH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg/
]]bk&m;&Siftay:ü rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m; wdkYoEÅmefü jzpfap&rnf}}qdkNyD;awmh
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf Muyg/ b,fvdk ,HkMunf&rvJ¿ --
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY vl ewf jA[®m
owå0gwdkY\ jrwfaom tvSL ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmfrlxdkufjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif; aMumifhvnf;/ t&[H =
t&[H rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY ocFg& 0dum&
vu©P edAÁmef ynwf wnf;[laom odoifhodxdkufonfh aÚ,s"rfw&m;ig;yg;wdkYudk q&mrul o,rÇ L ÓPfjzifh
udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifawmfrlwwfjcif; wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ or®morÁKa'¨g
= or®morÁK'¨ rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY 0dZÆm (3)yg; 0dZÆm
(8)yg;ç p&Pw&m; (15)yg;ESifh jynfhpkHawmfrljcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ 0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém =
0dZÆmp&PorÜEé rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY aumif;aom
pum;ud k qd k a wmf r l w wf jcif ; wnf ; [l a om þtaMumif ; aMumif h v nf ; yJ (0g) aumif ; aom ed A Á m ef od k Y
<uoGm;awmfrlwwfjcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ ok*awm = ok*w rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY owåavmu
ocF g &avmu Moumo avmuwnf ; [l a om avmuok H ; yg;ud k ud k , f w d k i f r suf a rS m uf xG i f ;
azmufodjrifawmfrljcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ avmu0d'l = avmu0d'l rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY r,Ofaus;onfh
vl a ,muf s m; ewf a,muf s m; wd & pä m ef a ,muf s m;wd k Y u d k ,Of a us;atmif qk H ; rwwf o nf h twk r J h y k * ¾ d K vf
h nf;yJ/ tEkwaå &m yk&o

jzpfawmfrjl cif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifv d 'r®om&xd = tEkwaå &m yk&o
d 'r®om&xd
rnfawmf rlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY vl ewf jA[®m
owå0gwdkY\ q&mwpfql jzpfawmfrljcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ ow¬m a'0rEkómeH = ow¬m
a'0rEkóme rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY rdrdudk,fwdkif
opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;jzpfí owå0gwdkYudkvnf;yJ opömav;&yf w&m;jrwf udk
xGif;azmufodjrifapwwfaom þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ Aka'¨g = Ak'¨ rnfawmfrlygay\/
aom b*0g = xdkbkef;awmf (6)yg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ £wdyd £rdem p um&aPe = þodkY £ó&d, "r®
,o od&D umr y,wårnf bkef;ajcmufvDESifh jynfhpkHawmfrljcif;wnf;[laom þ taMumif;aMumifhvnf;yJ/ b*0g
= b*0g rnfawmfrlygay\/
£wd = þodv Yk Qi/f Aka'¨ = bk&m;&Sit f ay:ü/ ta0pöyo Ü ma'e = rwkerf vIyf ouf0if,MHk unfaewJh o'¨gw&m;ESi/hf
orEém*wm = jynfhpkHMuukefonf/ b0dómr = jzpfMuygukeftHh/ £wd = þodkYvQif/ a0g = oifwdkYonf/ odu©dwAÁH
= usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf Muyg/
bk & m;&S i f & J U *k P f a wmf u d k ; yg;ud k ,H k M unf & rvm; r,H k M unf & bl ; vm;¿ ,H k M unf & r,f / b,f v d k
,HMk unf&rvJvaYkd r;awmh ta0pöyo Ü ma'e - olwpfyg;wdYk qGv J yI v
f &Ykd v
dS Qif qGv
J yI v
f rYkd &wJh ,HMk unfcsuEf iS hf ,HMk unfyg/
tJ'DtxJrSm bkef;BuD; Ak'¨*kPfawmfav;wpfckudk enf;enf; xyfajym r,f/
rdrdudk,fwdkif opömav;yg;udkvnf; odw,f? uRwfxdkufwJh owå0g awGudkvnf;yJ opömav;&yfw&m;jrwfudk
xGif;azmufodapwwfw,f/þtaMumif;aMumifh Ak'¨rnfw,fvdkY ,HkMunf&r,f/
opömav;yg;u bmvJ¿ 'ku©opöm ork',opöm eda&m"opöm r*¾ opöm/ bmu 'ku©opömvJ¿ 'g,umBuD;awG
'g,dumrBuD;awG teD;pyf qHk;jzpfwJh "r®pMumokwf Munfhaygh/
oHcad wåe yÍöKyg'geu©Em¨ 'kum© - tusO;f tcsKyt
f m;jzifh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;onf bmopömvJ¿ 'kuo
© pömw&m;/
'DOyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;u bmawGvJ¿ ½lykyg'geu©E¨m a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m onKyg'geu©E¨m ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨m
0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m - aygif;vdkuf awmh b,fESpfyg;vJ¿ (5)yg;/
pdw-f apwodu-f ½kyw f &m;awGukd b,fEpS yf kH yHx k m;ovJ¿ ig;yHk ykx H m; w,f? cE¨mig;yg;yJ/ bmudk ½lyyk g'geu©Em¨ vdYk
ac:w,f q d k w m bk & m;&S i f ud k , f a wmf w d k i f u cE¨ ¨ 0 *¾ o H , k w f y gVd a wmf r S m cE¨ o k w å e f qd k w J h trnf E S i f h
,H udÍöd bdu©a0 ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H
'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/ (oH-2-39/)
twdwf½kyfw&m;ç ypöKyÜef½kyfw&m;ç tem*wf½kyfw&m;ç tZÑwå½kyf w&m;ç A[d'¨½kyfw&m;ç MoVm&duac:wJh
½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJ½h yk w
f &m;ç okcrk ac:wJh odraf rGUEl;nHw
h hJ ½kyw
f &m;ç [Deac:wJh ,kwn
f w
hH ½hJ yk w
f &m;ç yPDwac:wJh
rGefjrwfwJh½kyfw&m;ç 'l&ac:wJh a0;wJh ½kyfw&m;ç oEÅdu ac:wJh eD;wJh ½kyfw&m; --
tJ'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh ½kyfw&m;onf omo0 = tmoa0gw&m;wdkY&JU tm½Hk,l&m
(31)bHke,fajrtwGif;rSm wnf&Sdaer,fqdkvQifç Oyg'ged, = wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh ]ig igh[m}vdkY vSrf;NyD; pGJ,l&mjzpfwJh

(31)bHktwGif;rSm wnf&SdcJhr,fqdkvQif - tJ'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh ½kyfw&m;tpktyHkudk
bmcE¨mvdkY ac: ovJ¿ ½lykyg'geu©E¨mvdkY ac:w,f/
tJ'D ½lykyg'geu©E¨monf opöma'oemawmfenf;t& bmopömvJ¿ 'ku©opömw&m;/ usef emrfcE¨mav;yg;wdkYudk
enf;wloabmaygufyg/ tJ'D'ku©opömudk rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; xGif;azmuf odw,f? owå0gawG udkvnf; xGif;azmuf
odapw,f/ tJ'Dvdk odapwwfwJh *kPfawmfudk bm*kPfawmfvdkY ac:ovJ¿ Ak'¨*kPfawmf/
tJ'D Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk ,HkMunf&rvm; r,HkMunf&bl;vm;¿ ,HkMunf yg/ enf;enf;av; jyefpOf;pm;Munfhprf;µ
tJ'D 'kuo
© pömw&m;xJrmS twdwcf E¨mig;yg;[m ygovm; rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f? tem*wfcE¨m ig;yg;aum ygovm;
rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/
tJ ' D twd w f c E¨ m ig;yg; tem*wf c E¨ m ig;yg;ud k rd r d u d k , f w d k i f v nf ; od w ,f ? uRwf x d k u f w J h
a0ae,sowå0gawGuv kd nf; odapw,fqw
kd hJ 'Dtcsuuf kd ,HMk unf&r,f/ w&m;emy&dowfawG ,Hv k m; r,Hb
k ;l vm;¿
,kHw,f? [kwf&JUvm;¿ bkef;BuD;uawmh odyfrxifygbl;? 'gaMumifh - bkef;BuD;wdkY 'DZmpfjrpfuav;udkawmh
enf;enf;em;vnfzdkY vdkw,f/
bk&m;&Sit f ay:rSm wkev
f yI rf I r&Sw
d hJ ,kMH unfcsuyf /J b,ftcgrSm 'Dvkd wkev
f yI rf I r&Sw
d hJ ,HMk unfcsuf ay:vmrvJ¿
rdrdudk,fwdkifu twdwf cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½IvdkY&w,f? tem*wf cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½IvdkY &w,f? ypöKyÜef
cE¨mig;yg;udk vufawGU ½IvdkY &NyD; 'ku©opömw&m; awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyD? udk,fudk,fwdkif odNyD qdkvdkY&SdvQif
ckeu pdwåol<u,fBuD;vdkaygh - ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;oufoufjzifh bk&m;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJhtqifh
[kwfao;vm;¿ r[kwfawmhbl;/ tod ÓPfESifh udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwJhtqifhudk ul;roGm;bl;vm;¿ ul;oGm;NyD/
,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;ESifh todÓPf b,f'if;u ydkNyD; jrifhjrwf ovJ¿ todÓPfu ydkjrifhjrwfw,faemf/
todÓPfu omvGejf rifjh rwfw,fqv kd Qif (ckeu aqG;aEG;xm; w,f/ 'gaMumifh -) opömav;yg;udk rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd u
f
xGif;azmufodNyD; awmhrS bk&m;&Sifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfr,f ,HkMunfr,fqdkvQif xdk ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m;onf
ta0pöyÜom' - olwpfyg;wdkY vIyfacsmuf csm;vnf; vIyfacsmufvdkY &ao;vm;¿ vIyfacsmufvdkY r&awmhbl;/
tJ't
D qifx
h d a&mufatmif oifaqGrsK;d om;csi;f rdwaf qGtaygif;wdYk usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf uygqdNk y;D
wdkufwGef;w,f/ ork', opöm eda&m"opöm r*¾opömwdkYudkvnf; enf;wlyJ oabmaygufyg/
"ar® ta0pöyÜoma'e orEém*wm b0dómr ]oGmu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvdaum
{[dyódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[D}wd/
oGmu©mw tp ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[d tqkH;&SdwJh w&m;*kPf awmf ajcmufyg;üvnf; rwkefrvIyfwJh o'¨gjzifh
,HkMunfaewJh o'¨g w&m;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg/
oHaC ta0pöyo Ü ma'e orEém*wm b0dómr ]oky#Ü yd aEém b*0awm om0uoHaCm OZky#Ü yd aEém b*0awm
om0uoHaCm Ó,yÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCm omrDpdyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCm ,'d'H
pwåm&d yk&o
d ,k*ged t| yk&o
d yk*v
¾ m {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm tm[kaea,sm yg[kaea,sm 'u©ad Pa,sm
tÍÆvdu&PDa,m tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuóm}wd/
okyÜ#dyEé tp tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuó tqkH;&SdwJh oHCmh *kPfawmf udk;yg;tay:üvnf; rwkefrvIyf

ouf0if,MkH unfaewJh o'¨g w&m;ESihf jynfph akH tmif usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf uygvdYk - 'Dvkd wdu
k w
f eG ;f w,f/
b,fESpfcsuf&SdNyDvJ oHk;csuf/ aemufqHk; av;csuf ajrmuf olu wdkufwGef;w,f/ --
,H acg ye udÍöd ukav a',s"r®H? oAÁH wH tyÜ#d0dbwåH b0dówd oDv0aEÅ[d uvsmP"ar®[Dwd/ {0H [d
a0g odu©dwAÁH/
udÍöd = wpfpkHwpfckaom/ ukav = tdrfü/ ,H acg ye a',s"r®H = tMuifvSLzG,f0w¬Konf/ tw¬d = &Sd\/ oAÁH wH
= xdv
k LS zG,0f w¬Ktm;vk;H ud/k oDv0aEÅ[d = oDv&Sad wmfrMl uukeaf om/ uvsmP"ar®[d = aumif;aom w&m;"r®ESifh
jynfph aHk wmfrMl uukeaf om t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfwEYkd iS /hf tyÜ#0d b
d wåH = cGjJ cm;a0zefrI r&So
d nf/ b0dówd = jzpfvwåUH /
{0H = þodkYvQif/ a0g = oifwdkYwpfawGonf/ odu©dwAÁH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwftyf\/
tdrfrSm&SdaewJh vSLzG,f0w¬K ypönf;pkawG &Sdw,f/ tJ'D vSLzG,f0w¬K ypönf;pkawGudkvnf;yJ oDv&SdwJh t&Sifaumif;
t&SifjrwfawGESifh cGJjcm; a0zefrI rjyKbJESifh oHk;pGJr,fvdkY 'Dvdk usifh0wfudk aqmufwnfyg/
cGJjcm;a0zefw,fqdkwm 'Dypönf;uawmh vSLr,f? 'Dypönf;uawmh rvSLbl; csefxm;r,f? 'g cGJjcm;a0zefrI &Sdwm/
'Dypönf;u om;twGuf? 'Dypönf;u orD;twGuf? 'Dypönf;uawmh vSLr,f? 'DvdkqdkvQif cGJjcm; a0zefrI &Sdw,f/
]]tJ'Dvdk cGJjcm;a0zefrI rvkyfbJESifh tdrfrSm &SdaewJh ypönf;awGudk oHCduypönf;vdkY oabmxm;NyD; oDv&SdaewJh
t&Sifaumif; t&Sifjrwf awGESifh nDwlnDrQ oHk;pGJr,fqdkwJh pdwfxm;udk arG;jrLyg}} qdkNyD;awmh wdkufwGef;xm;w,f/
tx acg pdawåm *[ywd rdwåmrapö Ówdomavm[daw Aka'¨ p "ar® p oHaC p pma* p orm'aywGm
umvrumod/
tx acg = xd k t cgü/ pd a wå m *[ywd = pd w å o l < u,f ausmif ; 'g,umBuD ; onf / rd w å m rapö =
rd w f a qG w d k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / Ówd o mavm[d a w = aqG r sKd ; om;csif ; wd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / Ak a '¨ p =
bk&m;&Sit f ay:üvnf;aumif;/ "ar® p = w&m;awmfjrwfüvnf; aumif;/ oHaC p = oHCmawmfjrwfüvnf;aumif;/
pma* p = ay;urf; pGefYMuJjcif; pm*w&m;üvnf;aumif;/ orm'aywGm = aqmufwnfapNyD;í/ umvrumod =
uG,fvGefcJhavNyD/
bk&m;rSm rwkerf vIyf ouf0if ,HMk unfjcif;ç w&m;awmfü rwkerf vIyf ouf0if ,HMk unfjcif;ç oHCmrSm rwkerf vIyf
ouf0if ,HkMunfjcif;ç ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif; pm*w&m; - tJ'Dav;csufrSm aqmufwnfapNyD;wJh tcsdeftcg ..
w&m;vnf;a[mNyD;a&m pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;vnf; uG,fvGefoGm;NyD/
uG,vf eG af wmh b,fbb
kH 0 a&mufovJ¿ jA[®mjh ynf a&mufw,f/ b,fjA[®mjh ynf a&mufw,fqw kd m twdtus
r&S d a omf v nf ; a,bk , s owf r S w f c suf t & bk & m;&S i f o moemawmf r S m uG , f v G e f o G m ;wJ h tem*grf
yk*¾dKvftrsm;pkuawmh ok'¨g0gojA[®mhjynfyJ a&muf&SdMuygw,f/
bmhaMumifh pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;onf 'Dvdk tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; jzpfwJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk &&Sd&ovJ¿ -
-
(tH-1-344/)
t*¾"r®orm[dawm = tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ w&m;xl; w&m; jrwfEiS hf jynfph o Hk nfjzpfí/ t*¾ó = tomqk;H
tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh &wem okH;yg;tm;/ 'gwm = ay;vSLavh&Sdaom/ ar"m0D = ynm&SdwJh olawmf aumif;onf/
a'0gblawm 0g = ewfjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ rEkaóm 0g = rEkóblawm 0g = vljzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ t*¾yawåm
= tomqk H ; tjrwf q k H ; jzpf w J h tusKd ; w&m;ok d Y a&muf & S d & onf jzpf í / yarm'wd = ES p f o uf & T i f y s
0rf;ajrmuf&ayownf;/ (om"k-om"k-om"k)
tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGESifhvnf; jynfhpHk w,f/ tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh
&wemoHk;yg;rSmvnf; vSL'gef;avh&SdwJh ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; jzpfw,f/ 'DtaMumif; ESpfcsufaMumifh vljzpfcsif
vnf; jzpfygapç ewfjzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; tusKd; w&m;awGudk &Edkifw,f? &NyD;awmh
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om aexdkif&w,f/
'DaeY w&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYvnf; ...
pdwåol<u,f 'g,umBuD;udk twk,lNyD;awmh tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; jzpfwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGudk
or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifonfhwdkifatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xk w f E d k i f M uygap...? tomqH k ; tjrwf q H k ; jzpf w J h &wemoH k ; yg; tm;vnf ; ay;urf ; vS L 'gef ;
pGefYMuJEdkifMuygap...vdkY wdkufwGef;&if;jzifh uJ w&m;ed*Hk; csKyfMupdkY/
w&m;a'oemawmfed*Hk;
[dwGm umar yAÁZðok? oaEÅm *rÇD&pdEÅum/
aw wkarSysEkodu©ma0Sg? yAÁZdwm okayovm/
oaEÅm = bk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk.. wdkYa&U Suolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/

*rÇD&pdEÅum = eufeJonfh "mwfoabmawGudk eufeJpGm MuHqif tMuH aumif; 0ifawmfrlMuukefonfjzpfí/
umar = a&S;ujyKzef ukodkvfuHwdkY pDrHaxmufr vufa&muf &om; rsm;vSZeD;onf BuD;BuD;i,fESifh
ESD;EG,fa&m,l udk,fawmfwdkY ydkifoonfh umr0w¬KtpkpkwdkYudk/
[dwGm = igwdkYydkifjim; þumrw&m;wdkYonf trsm;ESifh qufqH ab;awGu 0ef;&H &efawGu ajrmufjrm;
wu,fudk aMumufvefYzG,fawGygwum;[k aMumuftm;awmf ÓPf<u,f vGwfvGwfBuD;
pGefYy,fawmfrlMuukefonf jzpfí/
yAÁZ ðok = C&m0go orÁm"[k udprö sm;ajrmif vlwaYkd bmif 0#f aESmifukd vGwaf tmifMuKH ;vsuf ½ke;f uefxu
G í
f
ESpf ouf&Tifvef; &Sif&[ef; jyKí awmxGufawmfrlMu avukefNyD/
wkarSyd = jrwfaeu©r® "mwftmo,[k qEúdef;atmif; oif olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/
yAÁZdwm = 0w¬Kumr [lorQrS r&t& MuHK;vsuf ½kef;uef xGuf Muukefonfjzpfí/
okayovm = pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif ykHtoGifodkY cspfcifav;jrwf ESpfouftyfaom oDv udk,fpDudk,fi
&SdMuukefonf jzpfí/
aw = xdkbk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk wdkYa&U Su olawmfaumif;wdkYudk/
tEkodu©ma0Sg = twkvdkufum usifhwwf&mudk usifhumraoG .. tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapukefownf; .../
om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; . . .


Pa Auk Sayadaw Cittasamyutta

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Pa Auk Sayadaw Cittasamyutta

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf pdwåoH,kwfw&m;a'oemawmf

]] 'D rSefuefwJh opömpum;aMumifh (owå0gtaygif;wdkYonf ...) a0omvDjynfoljynfom; trSL;&SdaewJh

"r® ESifh t"r®

3/ ork',opömaMumifh 'ku©opömjzpfyHkukd odatmif usifh&r,f/

Oypm&psmefudkyJjzpfjzpfç tyÜem orm"dvkdYac:qkdwJh tyÜempsmefudkyJjzpfjzpf 'DpsmefESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd; rsKd;aom

ac:qkdtyfwJh tEkyÜg' eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtwGuf taMumif;w&m;&SdwJh tusKd;w&m;awG&JU

tu,fí tem*grdr*fÓPfqdkwJh r*¾or®m'd|d jzpfcJhr,fqdkvQif 'D tem*grdr*¾or®m'd|dESifh jynfhpHkaewJh

tukodkvf 'kp½kdufawGudk oGufoGufvufvufESifh usL;vGefaew,fqkdvQif olUoEÅmefrSm tukodkvf 'kp½dkufawGu

aool ESifh raool

'Dyk*¾dKvfawG udk bk&m;&Sifu --

t,lrSm;rI (= 'd|d0dyv’mo)u (4)rsKd;? aygif; - 0dyv’mo (12)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/

[kda&S;acwfuawmh &[ef;awmfrsm;ukd t&nf;vkdY ac:qkdMuygw,f/ txl;ojzifhawmh t&nf;qdkwm

]]pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD; ... aemiftem*wfumvü pMu0aw;rif;BuD; jzpf&vkd\vkdY 'Dvkd pdwfxJu

pk½kH;NyD;awmh ighukd vmajymaeMuw,f/

oD v awG pif M u,f a ewJ h t wG u f a Mumif h oD v pif M u,f aewJ h yk * ¾ d K vf u pd w f u ae awmif h w vk d u f w J h

" "r®uxdu Oygoum tausmftarmf jzpfwJh

'u©daPa,s = uHESifhtusKd; &nfudk;ajrmfoef tvSLaumif; tvSLrSef [lorQudk pdk;,lydkifo cH,lawmfrljcif;iSm

tjrwfqkH;jzpfwJh &wemokH;yg;ukd ay;vSLavh&SdwJh yk*¾dKvf[m vljzpfcsifjzpfygap? ewfjzpfcsifvnf;jzpfygap? tomqHk;

edAÁwåutaMumif;ç odapwwfaom ÓyutaMumif;ç aumif;pGma&mufapwwfaom orÜmyutaMumif;[lonfh

ÓPf[mvnf; tw¬y#dorÇd'gÓPf jzpfygw,f/

tusOf;tm;jzifh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;onf 'ku©opömrnfw,fvdkY bk&m; &Sifu "r®pMum a'oemawmfç

'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/ (oH-2-39/)

]]&[ef;wdkY ...tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kHjzpfaom wPSm'd|dwdkYjzifh ]ig igh[m}[k pJG,l&mjzpfaom twdwf-

a&mufapaMumif;jzpfvkdY "r®vdkYyJ ac:ygw,f/ xdk"r®ig;rsKd;ü xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfonf "r®y#dorÇd'gÓPf

jzpfcsifjzpfygap - rdrd&JU tusKd;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdaewJh ememu©Pduur®ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;udk

'Dae&mrSm vdk&if;udk rSwfom;&rSmu --

tJ'D yxr 0dyóemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkudk 'kwd, 0dyóemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd

ykAÁa,ma*g emr ykAÁAk'¨geH omoae *wypöm*wdubma0e ,m0 tEkavmrH a*gMwbkorDyH? wm0

vGefcJhwJh urÇmwpfodef;xufu yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhwJh y'krkwå&bk&m; &Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh

y&rw¬opöme,fbufu Munfhvkdufawmh cE¨mtdrfrSm ½kyfw&m;tpk tykH &Sdw,f? emrfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f/

qGrf;vSLNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dpdwåol<u,ftavmif;jzpfwJh 'g,umuav;ukd w&m;a[may;ygw,f/ tJ'D

Oyedó, taMumif; xl;ukd/ 'doGm = ÓPfjzifh awGUjrifonfjzpfí/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfukd/ a'aoaEÅm =

a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemü BudwfajccJhzl;aom ocFg&w&m;&Sdjcif;

'DzGifhqkdcsufawG usrf;*eftqkdtrdefYawG Munfhr,fqdkvkdY&SdvQif pdwå ol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;onf

pdwåol<u,f ausmif;'g,umBuD;u eda&m"ormywfukd rMumcP 0ifpm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f qkdNyD;awmh

tJ'Denf;udk tm,we a'oemenf; (= oVm,we0dbwådenf;)vdkY ac:ygw,f/ tm,we (12)yg;enf;ESifh

'Dtydkif;u@udk aemufrS ajymr,f/ aemufwpfck - emrfw&m;taMumif; ajymMu&atmif .../

b,fvdkpNyD; jynfwnf ½IrvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh ESpfenf;&Sdw,f/

yx0D"mwf (6) rsKd;

tmayg"mwf (2) rsKd;

awaZm"mwf (2) rsKd;

0ga,m"mwf (2) rsKd;

rdrd&JUcE¨mtdrfxJrSm jrifatmifMunfh&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu --

pwif ½IMunfhyg/ Oyrm - Murf;ESifhwifyg; xdwJhae&mupNyD; rmrIxif&Sm;vQif tJ'DrmrIudk ½IMunfhyg/ 'grSr[kwf

xyfumxyfum ½Iyg/ tm;vkH;aygif; vkdufygu oabmw&m; (10)rsKd; jzpfw,f/ wGef;-rm-Murf;-av;-axmuf-

jrifatmif ½IzdkYvdkygw,f/ bm aMumifhvJ¿ --

ponfjzifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwdkif; rdrd&JU ½lyum,wpfckvHk;udk jcHKikHí rm-Murf;-

reodum&aumov’ (10) yg;

1/ tEkykAÁawm = tpOftwdkif; ½Iyg/

jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/ þodkYponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/

aAmZÑ*F (7) yg;

pu©Kyom' aomwyom' Cmeyom' Zd0Sgyom' um,yom' qdkwJh yom'½kyf (= tMunf½kyf)ig;rsKd;wdkY[m

ponfjzifh t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;xm;wJhtwdkif; ½lyg½kHpwJh qdkif&mtm½kHawGu pu©KtMunfpwJh

"mwfBuD;av;yg; (= blw½kyf)wdkYudk Munfvifapjcif; oabm w&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ qdkvdkwmuawmh ...

'Dvdk t|uxmu zGifhxm;wJhtwGuf 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPftvdkYiSm yGm;rsm;xm;tyfwJh awaZmuodkPf;ç

yGm;vdkufwJhtcg tJ'Dpwkw¬ psmeform"daMumifhjzpfwJh tvif;a&mifudkvnf; y&dur®mavmu vdkY ac:qkdygw,f/

orxbm0empdwfudkvnf; yHkpHwlyJ oabmaygufyg/ qdkvdkwmu awmh ESvHk;tdrftwGif;rSmwnf&SdwJh

'Dta&miftvif;[m orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwf wdkYESifh ,SOfwJGaewJh ÓPf&JUtmEkabmfu

orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ig;yg;

]]cspfom; &[ef;wkdY ...orm"dxlaxmifMu? orm"d&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym;

ok'¨0dyóem,medaum ye t,ar0 0g orx,medaum pwk"mwk00w¬mae 0kwåmeH awoH awoH

&SdorQtvHk;pHk tukefvHk; vSrf;NyD; jrifjcif; odjcif;qdkwJh tbdnmPf - ponfjzifh 'DtbdnmPf trsKd;rsKd;udk

5/ onf;ajcç ovdyfç jynfç aoG;ç acR;ç tqDcJç

t|uxmu xyfzGifhxm;jyefao; w,f --

tu,fí temgrdrfÓPfqdkwJh r¾or®m'd|d jzpfcJhr,fqdkvQif 'D temgrdr*¾or®m'd|dESifh jynfhpHkaewJh

ykAÁa,mag emr ykAÁAk'¨geH omoae wypömwdubma0e ,m0 tEkavmrH agMwbkorDyH? wm0

rdrd&JUcE¨mtdrfxJrSm jrifatmifMunfh&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,mDyk¾dKvfu --

'gaMumifh 'DpsmefpdwfESifh ,SOfwJGaewJh psmeftFgawGudk odrf;qnf; csifwJh a,mDyk*d¾Kvf[m --

4/ Mo'gwuokdPf;y&durfudk pD;jzef;vdkwJh a,mDyk¾dKvf[m --

avmuDr¾if (8) yg; = avmuDr¾opöm