== jynfolvlxku ynmr&Sd&if? jynfolvlxkudk ynmrJhatmif vkyfxm;&if?

tmPm&Sifrsm;wufzdkYvG,fr,f/
ynm&ifhusufwJh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tmPm&Sifrsm;pdk;rdk;zdkY rvG,fbl;/
'gaMumifhrdkY jynfolvlxkudk ynmay;zdkY tifrwef ta&;MuD;w,f ++
a':atmifqef;pkMunf
5-8-99

== ,HkMunfcsuf eufeJjcif;um; pdk;aMumufrIYtm; uif;yap&m ++
== DEEP FAITH ELIMINATE FEAR ++

== trdkufarSmiftm;MuD;av w&m;aoem;yif;udk;um;edkifav ++
== THE GREATER THE IGNORANCE,
THE GREATER THE DOGMATISM. ++

1
 == a& eJY Mum ++

&dk;om;olrsm;
BudK;pm;olrsm;
Edk;Mum;olrsm;
olwdkYMum;rSm ig&Sdw,f/

ESvHk;vSol
tNyHK;vSol
rrkef;Muol
olwdkYMum;rSm ig&Sdw,f/

0dkif;0ef;olrsm;
&dkif;yif;olrsm;
pdkif;jyif;olrsm;
olwdkYMum;rSm ig&Sdw,f/

tarQmftjrif&Sdol
ay:yifrMunfhol
awmf0ifrnfhol
olwdkYMum;rSm ig&Sdw,f/

olwdkYqdkwmu
tvkyform;
v,form;
jynfoltrsm;av/
ig
ig
ig qdkwm
edKifiHa&;orm;/

eDarmif
2


] toHk;csedKifiHa&; tydkif; « 1 » rSm-


] tcsKyftcsmtmPm

] udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh

] jynfolY tcGifhta&;

] zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'

] 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf
wdkY aygif;pnf;yHk? qufEG,fyHk? wpfxyfwnf;usyHk? wdkYudkwifjy&Sif;vif;xm;onf/

3
 zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkwm edKifiHol? edKifiHom;awGeJY tJ'DOya't&
zGJUpnf;xm;wJh tpdk;&wdkYtMum;rSm jynfolYqE´eJYtnD jynfolawGu a&;qGJxm;wJh
y#dÍmOf jzpfw,f/
tJ'D y#dÍmOfxJrSm edKifiHom;wdkif;vdkufem&rnfhwm0ef? edKifiHom;wdkif;&SdcHpm;&
rnfhtcGifhta&;? 'DOya't& ay:aygufvmwJh tpdk;&wdkif;vdkufem&rnfhwm0ef? &&Sd
cHpm;&rnfhtcGifhta&;awGudk jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD jynfolawGu tjyeftvSefowfrSwf
jyXmef;xm;w,f/ 'gudk oifem;vnfxm;oifhw,f/
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk wpfenf;t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkr,fqdk&if-
] edKifiHudk b,fvdkzGJYpnf;rvJ/
] edKifiHudk b,fvdkpDrHcefYcGJtkyfcsKyfrvJ/
] b,fedKifiHa&;pepfudk usifhoHk;rvJ/
] b,fvdkpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;udk csrSwfrvJ/
] tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;awG? 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;awG? edKifiHom;tcGifhta&;
awGudk b,ftwdkif;twmtxd tmrcHrvJ/
pwmawGudk jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD jynfolawGua&;qGJjyXmef;xm;wJhOya' jzpf
w,fqdkwm oifem;vnfxm;oifhw,f/
tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;qdkwm vlom;tjzpfarG;zGm;vmonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlom;
wdkY\ Zmwd*kPfodu©mESifhtnD vlwdkif;tnDtrQ &&SdcHpm;xdkufaom tajccHusonfh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ac:onf/
Oyrm- vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfudk;uG,fcGifh/
vGwv f yfpmG ,HMk unfu;kd uG,cf iG Ehf iS yhf gwfoufí vlrUI tcGit
hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m urÇmh
t"dXmefjyKaMuNimpmwrf; tydk'f «18» wGif == vlwdkif;wGifvGwfvyfpGm awG;awmBuHq
cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm ouf0ifudk;uG,fEdkifcGifh? &Sdonf/ tqdkygtcGifhta&;rsm;üf rdrdudk;uG,f
onfh bmomudk odkYwnf;r[kwf ouf0if,HkMunfcsufudk vGwfvyfpGm ajymif;vJEdkifcGifh
ygonfhtjyif rdrdwpfa,mufcsif;jzpfap? tjcm;olrsm;ESifhpkaygif;íjzpfap? jynfolvlxk
trsm;\a&SharSmufwGifr[kwfbJaomf4if;? rdrdudk;uG,faombmomudk (odkY) ouf0if,Hk
Munfcsufudk vGwfvyfpGm wifjyEdkifcGifh? bk&m;ausmif;uef oGm;vm0wfjyKEdkifcGifh ESifh
aqmufwnfEdkifcGifh wdkYyg0ifonf ++ [lí yg0ifjyXmef; xm;onf/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m rdrdwdkY&JU tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk od&Sdxm;oifhonf/ od
atmifvkyfoifhonf/ uGsefKyfwdkYedKifiHvGwfvyfa&;r&rD 24-&ufcefYapmí urÇmhukvo
r*¾tzGJYnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;MuD;u þvlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf;MuD;udk twnfjyK
jyXmef;cJh&m tydk'f «30» yg&SdcJhonf/
4
 þaMuNimpmwrf;udk jrefrmedKifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;
&jyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 50 ausmfonfhwdkifatmif edKifiHom;trsm;pkonf þtydk'f(30)
omyg&Sdonfh rdrdwdkY\tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tb,fhaMumifh rodem;rvnf cJhMuyg
oenf;/ tajz&Smí qifjcifoifhonf/
tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udkodjcif;onf wpfyg;ol&JUtcGifhta&;udk xdcdkufepfem
apjcif;rS a&SmifusOfapEdkif&efESifh rdrd&JUtcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,f&efjzpfw,f/ 'g[m
EdkifiHa&;tajccH jzpfw,f/
tcGifhta&;ydkr,lrdzdkYeJY?wpfyg;ol&JUtcGifhta&;udk av;pm;zdkU[mvnf; edKifiHa&;
orm;aumif;&JU t&nftcsif; jzpfw,f/ 'gqdk&ifvlwdkif;vlwdkif; edKifiHa&;orm;aumif;
jzpfzdkYtwGuf tajccHvltcGifhta&;awGudk odzdkYeJY? vdkufemzdkYu t"du tcsufyg/
vlwpfOD;&JU tajccHtcGifhta&;awGudk tjcm;olwpfOD;u xdcdkufapw,f? epfem
apw,f? ydwfyifw,fqdk&if 'g[mvlvlcsif; rav;pm;&m wefzdk;rxm;&ma&mufw,f/
vludk vlvdkrjrifwwfoljzpfw,f/ 'g[m tmPm&Sifjzpfjcif;&JUtpbJ/
vlwdkif;[m rw&m;ojzifh qHk;&IH;aewJhtcGifhta&;awGudk owd&Sd&SdeJYawmif;qdk
wdkufyGJ0ifMujyDqdk&if tJ'g edKifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIUbJ/ w&m;rQwwJh ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJvdkY qdk
&r,f/
tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf;udk twnfjyKvufrSwfa&;xdk;wJh edKifiHawG
xJrSm jrefrmedKifiH[mwpfedKifiH jzpfygw,f/ þaMuNimpmwrf;udkedKifiHtwGif;rSm enf;rsdK;
pHkeJY jzefYcsda0iSzdkY ukvor*¾tzJGYMuD;u qifhqdkxm;jyD;jzpfw,f/ wzef tajccHvlYtcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk tjyeftvSefav;pm;vdkufem&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomf vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;csdK;azmufygu ukvor*¾tzGJYMuD;rS ta&;,l&r,fvdkY jyXmef;
xm;wmrsdK; r&Sdyg/ rdrd&JUajymxm;wJhpum;eJYtnD vkyfzdkYqdkwmrdrd&JU *kPfodu©mudk xdef;
odrf;csifwJh edKifiHawGu vkyf&r,fhudpöom jzpfw,f/ qdkvdkwmu vlYtcGifhta&;udk vlY
*kPfodu©mjzifh aqmif&GufMu&rSm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dawmh tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf;yg tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;awGudk
jynfolvlxku zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rsm xnfhoGif;tmrcHapjcif;jzifh tmPm
ouf0ifapEdkifygw,f/ tJ'gudk jynfwGif;u twnfjyKjyXmef;jcif;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'gudk
awmh yg;eyfpGm oabmaygufapcsifygw,f/
== zGHUNzdK;a&;eJY vlYtcGifhta&;udk cGJjcm;r&Edkif ++
a'gufwm trmoD,mqef;
oD&dvuFmpD;yGm;a&;ynmEdkb,fvfqk&Sif a'gufwmtrmoD,mqef;u azmfxkwf
vdkufwJh t,ltqjzpfygw,f/ edKifiHrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGHUjzdK;vQif ynma&;«todynm» zGHUjzdK;jyD;
5
todynmzGHUjzdK;ygrS vlYtcGifhta&; av;pm;vdkufemrI &SdEdkifrnf/ t"durSm ynma&;zGHU
jzdK;rI jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;toifhtwifh zGHUjzdK;vQifyif ynma&;vnf;zGHUjzdK;Edkifonf/ þ
zGHUjzdK;rIrsm;r&SdvQif vlYtcGifhta&;qdkwm r&SdEdkif[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkEdkifygonf/
'Dru kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;qdw
k m wm0efEiS w hf zJG ufcpH m;cGi&hf adS om tcGithf a&;udak c:
onf/ Oyrm-
] vGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqmifydkifcGifh «um,uH»
] vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkydkufcGifh « 0pDuH »
] vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ydkifcGifh «raemuH»
ponfwdkYrSm tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/
tJ'D tcGifhta&;rsm; &,lvdkygu rnfolUudkrS rxdcdkuf? repfemap& [laom
wm0efudk ausyGef&ygrnf/
xdkYaMumifh rnfolUudkrS rxdcdkuf? repfemapbJ vkyfaqmifydkifcGifh/
rnfolUudkrS rxdcdkuf? repfemapbJ ajymqdkydkifcGifh/
rnfolUudkrS rxdcdkuf? repfemapbJ awG;awmMuHqydkifcGifh/
wdkY jzpfygonf/
tcGifhta&;wpfckxJudkom &,lvdkvQif rjzpfEdkifay/ wm0efausyGefzdkY vdkonf/
'Drdkua&pDwm0efausyGefolonf 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudkusifhoHk;jyD; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;
rsm;udk &,lcHpm;Muygu xdcdkufepfemrnfhol r&SdEdkifaMumif; ay:vGifvSayonf/ xddcdkuf
epfemrI r&Sdaom vlYtodkif;t0dkif;onf om,mayrnf/ xdktcsufrSm &Sif;vSayonf/
'Drukd a&pDonf awmif;,l&aomt&mr[kw?f rnfou l rS 'Dru kd a&pDurkd ay;Edik yf g
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk vlwdkif;usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD vlYabmiftzGJUtpnf; jzpfay:
vmjyD; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; toD;oD;&&SdcHpm;Mu&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD[m
usifhpOfwpf&yfom jzpfygw,f/
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk tpOfwpdkuf usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufvmrSmjzpfovdk 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk tpOfwpdkuf usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh um
uG,fae&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf usifhoHk;rI ysufuGufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;
tmPm&Sifpepf\ p&dkufvu©Pmrsm; Mum;0ifvmayawmhrnf/ rdrdudk,fwdkifyif rod
rom tmPm&SifjzpfvmEdkifaMumif; tpOftjrJ EdkifiHa&;owd &Sdaeoifhonf/
txl;ojzifh 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUtpnf;0if pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk av;av;pm;pm; tpOfwpdkuf usifhoHk;um jynfoludkpHerlem jyoifh
onf/ 'Drdkua&pD? 'Drdkua&pD[k EIwfrSajymae&kHrQESifh rvHkavmufyg/ jynfolYtMum;rSm
'Drdkua&pDtkwfjrpfcs EdkifrSom atmifjrifrI yef;wdkifudk vSrf;Edkifygrnf/
6
 ,aeY jrefrmedKifiHwGif vrf;ñTef'Drdkua&pD? 'Drdkua&pDopf? pnf;urf;jynfh0aom
'Drdkua&pD ponfjzifh ajymqdkoHk;ESHK;rIrsm;udk awGUae&ygonf/
'Drdkua&pDwGif wm0efESifhtcGifhta&; [laom yifudk,ftm;jzifh pnf;urf;abmif
jzifh jynfhpHkjyD; jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDudk xyfjyD;pnf;urf;oyfjcif;? vrf;ñTefjcif;? topf
jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYonf 'Drdkua&pD\ yifudk,ftESpfom&udk ysufpD;aponf/ xdktcg 'Drdku
a&pDwpf;jcrf;yJhyif r[kwfawmhbJ 'Drdkua&pDtwkta,mif tqifhodkY a&mufoGm;ay
awmhonf/ 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh pum;vHk;ygtwdkif; em;ra,mifoifhyg/ ysm;&nfvl;aom
tqdyf jzpfonf/
edKifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkwm edKifiHom;jzpfjcif;Oya't& edKifiHom;tjzpf owf
rSwfcH&onfESifhwjydKifwnf; edKifiHawmfujyXmef;xm;onfh Oya't&cGifhjyKaom tcGifh
ta&;udk ac:onf/ Oyrm-
] vGwfvyfpGm rJay;ydkifcGifh?
] vGwfvyfpGm edKifiHtwGif;oGm;vmEdkifcGifh? aexdkifEdkifcGifh/
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkwJhtcgwdkif; jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD
jynfolawGudk,fwdkif a&;qGJjyXmef;onf qdkwJh a&;om;csuf[m jynfolawGom t"du
jzpfw,fvdkY ñTefjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 'gaMumifh == zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ay:ayguf
a&;onf edKifiHom;tm;vHk;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf ++ vdkYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ tom;vGwfaxmuf
cH&ef ajymjcif;r[kwfyg/
'Dtqdkt& zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wpfck ay:aygufa&;rSm edKifiHom;wdkif;
yg0ifcGifh&Sd&rSm jzpfovdk edKifiHom;wdkif;&JUqE´eJYtnD jzpfzdkY vdkygw,f/ tajzuawmhtJ
'gvGwfvyfwJh edKifiHom;wpfOD;csif;&JU udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhaMumifh jzpfygw,f/
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhqdkwm edKifiHom;wdkif;[m rdrdqE´tavQmuf rdrdMudKufESpfouf
wJh edKifiHa&;pepf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfawGudk a&G;cs,fowfrSwfydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;? axmufcHydkifcGifh
&Sdjcif;? yg0ifaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;wdkYudk ac:wm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'v D bkd J rdrq
d E´EiS rhf udu
k n
f v
D Qi?f rdrrd MuKd uEf pS o
f ufvQi?f uefu
Y u
G yf ikd cf iG ?hf a0zef
ydkifcGifh? ryg0ifbJaeEdkifcGifhwdkY &&Sdaejcif;udk ac:wm jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm-
tpdk;&rS jyXmef;aomOya'ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;xm;onfh edKifiHa&;ygwD wpfckck\
edKifiHa&;rl0g'rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;udk oifoabmus ESpfjcdKufonfqdkygu oif\
oabmxm;qE´tavQmuf 4if;ygwDtm; a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ axmufcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf
ygwD0iftjzpf yg0ifEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ xdkygwD\ zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&Guf
EdkifcGifh &Sdonf/ oif\ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhaMumifh oifhtm; rnfonfhOya'urQ ta&;
,lEdkifcGifh r&Sd/
7
 tJ'DvdkbJ tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;wpfck tpdk;&udk,fwdkifuzGJUpnf;xm;vifhupm; oif
\ oabmqE´ESifh rudkufnDygu? r0ifvdkygu r0ifbJaeEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/oif\udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifhaMumifh oifhtm;rnfolurQ twif;tMuyfrjyKEdkif/
tJ'gaMumifh vm'fvmb? &mxl;? vkyfydkifcGifh ay;umjrLqG,fzsm;a,mif;jcif;? oG,f
0dkufum&ef&Smjcif;? jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;? EdSyfuGyfjcif;rsm;udk uGsefKyfwdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGUMuHK
Mu&jcif; jzpfayonf/
oifhtm; owday;vdkonfrSm ajrSmufvdkYajrmufjcif;onf ajcmufvdkYaMumufjcif;
xuf oif\ordkif;aMumif;udk ydkvdkYqdk;&Gm;apvdrfhrnf/
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[m vGwfvyfa&;&wmESifhwjydKifwnf; tcsKyftcsmtmPmydkif
jcif;ESifhtwl arG;zGm;vmwJh t<uif;rJhvGwfvyfjcif;&JU t"dutcGifhta&;wpfckjzpfw,f/
'gudk oiftav;teuf rSwfom;apcsifygw,f/
tcsKyt f jcmtmPmydik jf cif;qdw k m vGwv f yfwehJ Kd iif o
H m;rsm;taejzifh Oya'jyKa&;
tmPm? w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm? tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmwnf;[laom tmPmoHk;&yfudk
wjydKifwnf;ydkifqdkifjcif;udkac:onf/ 'gaMumifh 'DtmPmoHk;&yf&JUrlvydkif&Sif[m jynfol
om jzpfonf/ oifh&JUtmPmyg/
t<uif;rJhvGwfvyfjcif;qdkwm vGwfvyfwJhedKifiHom;rsm;taejzifh-
1/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifjcif;ESifh
2/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdjcif; wdkYjzpfonf/
txufyg az:jycsufrsm;udk oifem;vnfoabmaygufonfESifhtrQ t<uif;rJh
vGwfvyfa&;udkom r&t& toufudkpaw;um awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuwJh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhwuG tmZmenfMuD;rsm;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk arhEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/
edKiif o
H m;wdik ;f edKiif o
H m;wdik ;f rSm tcsKyt
f jcmtmPmydik cf iG Ehf iS hf ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf
wdkY[m 1948-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4)&uf aeYupjyD; udk,fpDudk,fiS &SdcJhMuw,fqdkwm
odapcsifygonf/ bmaMumifh rodMu&wmygvJ/
'gayr,fh 'DaeY'DtcsdeftcgrSm jynfoltrsm;pk[m tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdifcGifhudk
om tenf;tusOf;odMujyD; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudkrl vHk;0rodMuaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
vli,fawG? rsdK;qufopfawGqdk&if bmqdkbmrS rodMuyg/ 'g[m tvGef0rf;enf;p&m
aumif;ovdk tem*wftwGuf &ifav;p&m jzpfygonf/ vGwfvyfa&;\ tESpfom&udk
vufqifhurf;jzefYa0zdkY vlMuD;awGysufuGufcJhMuonf/ 'gaMumifh-
rdrdudk,fwdkifjyXmef;cGifhudk av;av;pm;pm; toHk;rcswwfol (odkY) tvGJoHk;pm;vkyf
ol[m tmPm&Sifpepfudk vuf,yfac:ol jzpfonf/ rdrd&JUtcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifcGifhudk
vnf; vufvGwfqHk;&IH;atmifvkyfolom jzpfonf/
8
 rdrd&JUudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk udk,dydkifOmPfjzifh4if;? avhvmoHk;oyfí4if;? owåd&Sd&Sd
toHk;cswwfol[m tmPm&Sifpepfudk MudKwifwm;qD;ol? tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifcGifhudk
umuG,fapmifha&Smufol jzpfonf[k qdk&if oifapm'u wufEdkifygovm;/
edKifiHwpfedKifiHrSm tmPm&Sifpepf ay:aygufvmjcif;[m tmPm&Sifjzpfvdkol
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qdkifae&w,fqdkwm jiif;zG,f&m r[kwfygbl;/
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trQ enf;rsdK;pHkeJY aqmif&GufMu&rSmyg/
9
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owday; a[majymcJhygw,f/ 'gudk usefwJhacgif;aqmifawGeJY tzGJU0ifawGu ayghaygh
wefwefraeoifh? tajymif;tvJjzpfwJhtcsdefrSm jynfoludk tawmftwef&ifhusufrI &Sdae
atmif BudKwif&nfrSef;NyD; aqmif&Gufoifhonf/ odkYr[kwfygu tajymif;tvJjzpfNyD;csdef
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== vGwfvyfa&;udkcspfjrwfEdk;yg? xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufyg
vGwfvyfa&;udkcspfjcif;u wpfjcm;oludk rQa0cspfwwfjcif;yg ++
== tmPmudkcspfjcif;u udk,fhtwåtcGHoufoufudk cspfjcif;rQom ++
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udk rxdef;odrf;EdkifvdkY tmPm&Sifpepf oufqdk;&SnfNyD;&if;&Snfr,fh taetxm;udk az:
jyaeygonf/
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tajccHOya'wpf&yfa&;qGJEdkifbdkY wzufowfBudK;pm;aeMu&mrSm jynfolawG[m t
a,mifa,miftrSm;rSm;eJY yg0ifvdkufrdNyDqdk&if aemifvmaemufom;rsdK;qufopfawGt
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a':atmifqef;pkMunf uawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymcJhygw,f/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyf
10
yHkay:aygufvma&;[m uRefrwdkYedKifiHom;tm;vHk;eJY qdkifw,fqdkwJhaqmifyk'fudk owif;
pmawGxJrSm xnfhxm;ayr,fhvnf; wu,fawmh uRefrwdkYedKifiHoledKifiHom;awG[m
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'eJY ygwfoufvdkY0ifNyD;awmh vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdbl;qdkwm 'gt
rsm;odNy;D om;yg/ uRerf wdu Yk awmhajyNy;D om;yg uRerf wdt
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tzGJUcsKyftaeeJYa&m jynfolvlxkuvufcHEdkifwJh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wpfckudk
jynfolvlxkuaeNyD; a&G;aumufwifajrSmufxm;wJh vTwfawmfuaeNyD; twnfjyKrSom
uRefrwdkYajymxm;NyD;om;yg/ 'gayr,fhvdkY tckolru aetdrfrSm tus,fcsKyfeJY txdef;
todrf;cHxm;&w,f/
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ausmif;om;vli,fwpfcsdKU&JU ar;jref;csufudk-
==edKifiHwpfedKifiH[moleJY xdkufwefwJhtpdk;&udk &ygw,f++ vdkYajzMum;oGm;cJhonf/
urÇmay:rSm tvGefnHhzsif;wJh tmPm&Siftpdk;&&JU tkyfcsKyfrIudkcHaeMuwJh jynfol
awG[mvnf; urÇmay:rSm tnHhqHk;jynfolawGygbJvdkY ajzvdkufwm jzpfygw,f/ [kwf
r[kwf rdrdudk,fudk rñSmrwm a0zefMunfhygav/
,©KqdkvQif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk-
= jynfolawG&JUtcsKyftcsmtmPmudk Oya'eJYtnD b,fvdkcGJa0toHk;csrvJ
jynfolawG&JUudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk vufawGU b,fvdktmrcHrvJ qdkwmawGudk
jynfolYqE´eJYtnD jynfolawGu a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;wJh Oya'jzpfw,fqdk&if &Sif;vif;
vG,fulwJh t"dyÜg,fygbJ +
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wpfck ay:aygufvmzdkYvdkovdk qufvufwnfwHhcdkifNrJaeatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
zdkYuvnf; jynfolawGrSmbJ wm0ef&Sdw,fvdkY ajym&rSmbJ/
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qGJMuzdkY vdkygonf/ 'grSvnf; ajymif;vJoG;wJh acwfeJYtnD jyifqifEdkifrSm jzpfygonf/
tJ'Dvdk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqif&mrSmaomfvnf;aumif;? y,fzsuf&m
rSmaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfolYqE´t&om jzpf&ygrnf/ jynfolrSvGJí rnfolrSmrS zGJU
pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifEdkifwJh tcGifhtmPmr&ygbl;/
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kH ajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csuaf wGu kd jynfoal wGu ud, k w
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jy? tpdk;&rSm;vQif jynfolujyKjyif qufvufazmufzsufoltm; Oya't& ta&;,l/
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11
wpf&yfudk tmPmouf0if&Sifoefapjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY tmPmouf0if&Sifoefae
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zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wpf&yf tpOftNrJtmPmouf0if&Sifoefaeaom
edKifiHonf wnfNidrfrI&SdNyD; wdk;wufízGHUNzdK;aomedKifiH jzpfvmonf/
edKifiHwpfedKifiHrSm zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' vHk;0r&Sd (odkY) &SdwJhzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt
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csKyfudkifvmrIudk cH&zdkY tvGefeD;uyfvmonfrSm tvGefpdk;&drfzG,f&myif jzpfygawmhonf/
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&rnf? jywfom;&rnf? t"dyÜg,fESpfcGrxGufap&? t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkyHkuGJvGJrIenf;EdkiforQ
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Edkifatmif BudKMuHpnf&? a&;qGJ&rnf/ tu,fí tNiif;yGm;zG,f&mrsm; ay:aygufvm
vQif ñSdEIdif;ajz&Sif;,lEdkifwJh enf;Oya'wpfckudk xnfhoGif;jyXmef;oifhonf/
vlrsdK;pkrsm; yg0ifaexdkifwJhedKifiHjzpfygu vlrsdK;BuD;0g'rxGef;um;a&;? vlenf;pk
tcGifhta&;umuG,fay;? wef;wlnDrQa&;wdkY[m tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ 'g[m vpfb
&,f'Drdkua&pD&JU oabmw&m;ygbJ/ tpdk;&wdkif;[m vlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf;yg t
ajccHvlYtcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fr,f? xdef;odrf;r,fqdk&if vlenf;pkawG bmrSxdcdkuf
p&m taMumif;r&Sdovdk vlrsm;pkawGu tEdkifusifhrIqdkwm rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/
tckacwfrSm 'Drdkua&pDeJYvlYtcGifhta&;qdkwm cGJjcm;vdkYr&Edkifyg/ 'Drdkua&pDt
aMumif; em;vnfcsif&if tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;awG[m bmawGvJqdkwmudk em;vnfzdkY
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tajccHícspfcif&if;ESD;pGm wdkifyifa&;qGJMu&rnf/ taMumif;tcsufrsm;[m &Sifvif;NyD;
rQwzdkY vdkygonf/ tJ'Dvdka&;qGJxm;wJh tajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csufawGudk rSefrSefuefuef
av;av;eufeufusio hf ;kH jcif;jzifh vlrsKd ;pkawGet
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bJNydKuGJjcif;qdkwJhtawG;tajccHNyD; &GHUwGefYwGefYjzpfaeMuw,f? 'gvHk;0 r[kwfygbl;/ rrSef
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edKifiHBuD;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ Oyrm-
12
 ] tar&duef? qGpfZmvef? Mopaw;vs? b&mZD;? uae'g? *smreD? tdEd´,/
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hJ momuGjJ ym;rI? e,fajrydik ef uf
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zuf'&,fpepfvdkY ac:ygonf/ wu,fawmh zuf'&,f[m aygif;pnf;jcif; jzpfygonf/
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jzpfNyD; zuf'&,fpepfuawmh tmPm&SifvkyfvdkolawG aMumufwJhpepf jzpfygonf/
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acwfrSDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaewJhedKifiH wpfedKifiH[mbmaMumifh tJ'DvdkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&
wmvJ tajz&SmMunfh&if tJ'DedKifiH&JUwnfwHhcdkifNrJaewJh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
eJY tJ'DtajccHOya'tay:rSm edKifiHom;awG&JUwav;wpm;&SdyHk? olwdkY&JUzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'ordkif;aMumif;udk *kPf,lwwfyHk ponfwdkYudk txift&Sm;awGU&ygrnf/
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wdkif uRefKyfwdkYonf ra&r&m&SdaeqJygvm;[k awG;rdwdkif; pdwfroufrom jzpfrdonf/
tJ'DzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaewJh edKifiHawG&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm Oya'jyK
r@dKif? w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKif? tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKifqdkwJh r@dKifBuD; oHk;ckcGJxm;NyD; wpfck
13
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aumif;wmawGU&onf/ 'gaMumifh twk,loifhonf/
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atmifjrifrIawG &aeMuonf/
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b,folurS rvTrf;rdk;&? 0ifa&mufrpGufzufrSom jzpfrSmyg/ odkYrSom Oya'a&SharSmufrSm
= edKifiHom;awG tm;vHk;wajy;nD &Sd&rnf + qdkwJh w&m;a&;aqmifyk'f = Oya'txuf
rSm b,folrS r&Sdap& + qdkwJh w&m;a&;aqmifyk'fawGudk tajymoufouf r[kwfbJ
vufawGYtaumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufMu&rSm jzpfygonf/
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&SdzdkYqdkwm[m w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKif[m tkyfcsKyfwJhol&JUvufatmufrSm r&Sdap&bl;/
rdrdwdkYbmom rdrdwdkY r@dKifwpfcktaeeJY &yfwnfcGifh&Sd&r,f + [lí4if;/
= tpdk;&vkyfwJholrsm;? tkyfcsKyfwJholrsm;[m w&m;Oya'udkvTrf;rdk;Edkifw,f qdk&if
'g Oya'pdk;rdk;rIr[kwfawmhbl;/ tmPm&Sifrsm;&JUpdk;rdk;rIom jzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh
tmPm&SifedKifiHawGrSmMunfhvdkuf&if Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;r&Sdbl; qdkwm awGY&vdrfhr,f/ Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;r[kwfbl;? vlom;rsm;&JUpdk;rdk;a&;jzpfw,f/ edKifiH&JUtmPmrsm;udk ,lxm;wJhol
rsm;&JUpdk;rdk;a&;jzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh vlawGuOya'txufudk a&mufoGm;NyDqdk&if Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;[m ysufoGm;NyDbJ + [lí4if; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
'Drdkua&pDedKifiHawGrSm = Oya'txufrSm b,folrS r&Sdbl; + qdkwJh om"uawG
trsm;BuD; &Sdygw,f/ Oyrm- NAdwdefedKifiHrSm bk&ifrBuD;u tkyfcsKyfygw,f 'gayr,fh
bk&ifrBuD;[m Oya'udk vdkufem&ygw,f/ Oya'txufrSm r&Sdygbl;/ *syefedKifiHrSm
{u&mZfbk&ifu tkyfcsKyfaeaomfvnf; wu,fawmh Oya'u {u&mZf&JUtxufrSmbJ
&Sdygw,f/ xdkif;edKifiHrSmvnf; tkyfcsKyfwJh bk&if[m Oya'txufrSm &Sdraeygbl;/
tJ'DvdkvufawGUaz:aqmifEdkifrSom Oya'pdk;rdk;rI&SdvmNyD; edKifiHat;csrf;om,m
rI &SdvmrSmyg/ jynfolYb0vHkNcHKrI &SdvmrSmyg/ jynfolYb0vHkNcHKrIqdkwm aESmuf,Sufzsuf
qD;vdkolawG&JUtEÅ&m,frS uif;a0;jcif;wpfckwnf;udk qdkvdkwmr[kwf? ppfrSefaom jynf
olYb0vHkNcHKa&;&zdkY&mtwGuf t"dutcsufrSm tjypfr&Sdaomjynfoludk rSm;,Gif;zrf;qD;
jcif;? rSm;,Gif;pGmaxmifcsjcif;wdkYrS umuG,fay;&ef jzpfayonf/ odkYrSom Oya'pdk;rdk;rI
[k ac:Edkifonf/
Oya'qdkwm jynfolYvTwfawmf (odkY) ygvDrefrSjyXmef;twnfjyKvdkufaom vdkuf

14
em&ef (odkY) a&SmifusOf&ef? owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ac:onf/ jynfolYvTwfawmf (odkY) ygvD
refqdkwm jynfolwdkYua&G;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufaom jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm; (odkY)
trwfrsm;pka0;í Oya'jyXmef;&mae&mXme jzpfonf/ vTwfawmfuom Oya'jyKEdkif
onf/ vTwfawmfonf jynfolYudk,fpm;jyKtjrifhqHk;r@dKif jzpfonf/ jynfoludk udk,fpm;
rjyKaom olrsm;twGuf ae&mr[kwf/
vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;&yfem;pOf tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU «tpdk;&»tm; vdktyfygu t
rdefYESifh xkwfjyefcGifhjyKonf/ odkYaomf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh qefYusifuGJvGJí
xkwfjyefcGifh r&Sd/ 4if;xkwfjyefcsufwdkYudk tcsdefteD;uyfqHk; vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
wifjy twnfjyKcsuf &,l&onf/ odkYrSom = Oya'uJhodkY tmPmwnfaom trdefY +[k
qdkEdkifrnf/ odkYaomf = trdefYESifh aMuNimcsufwdkYonf Oya'udk rvTrf;rdk;Edkif + 'gawGudk
aoaocsmcsm od&SdrSwfom;oifhonf/
rnfonfhtmPm&Sifrqdk 4if;wdkYtkyfcsKyfcsifwdkif; tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf trdefYESifh
aMuNimcsurf sm;xkwjf yefavh &So d nf/ þodjYk zifh rw&m;aom trdet Yf mPmrsm;ay:ayguf
vmcJhonf/ = rw&m;aom trdefYtmPm [lorQ wm0eft& zDqefMu +[laom aqmif
yk'fwGif þodkYaomvTwfawmfr&SdbJ xkwfcsifovdkxkwfonfhtrdefYrsm;udk qdkvdkNyD; xdkodkY
zDqef&eftwGuf vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkif;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkjcif; jzpfonf/
rnfonfhtmPm&Sifrqdk 4if;wdkYtmPmwnfNrJa&;twGuf 4if;wdkYtm;qefYusif
&Jonfh jynfolwdkYudk wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;vHkNcHKa&;[k taMumif;jyum Oya'ESifhw&m;&Hk;
rsm;udk rrSefrueftoHk;csNyD; w&m;vufvTwfEdSyfuGyfavh &Sdonf/ tmPm&SifwdkYvuf
atmufwGif w&m;&Hk;rsm;onf rw&m;&Hk;rsm;tjzpfodkY4if;? w&m;Oya'onfvnf; rw
&m;Oya'tjzpfodkY4if;? ajymif;vJoGm;avh&Sdonf/ xdktjzpfrsm;onf tmPm&Siftpdk;&
wdkif;\usifhpOfESifh tjzpftysufrsm;yif jzpfonf/ xdktjzpftysufrsm;udk jynfolwdkif;u
aoaocsmcsm em;vnfoabmaygufatmif Munfh&Iqifjcifoifhonf/
= w&m;&Hk; + qdkwm = trSefw&m;ESifh w&m;rQwjcif; + udkaz:aqmif&ef ae&mXme
jzpfonf/ = jynfolYa&SharSmufrSm Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pD&ifa&; +qdkwmESifh ywfoufvdkY
jynfolawGrSmom wm0ef &Sdygonf/ jynfolawG[m rdrduwm0efay;xm;wJh tpdk;&?
0efxrf; rnfolYudkrqdk ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm vTJtyfxm;vdkY rjzpfEdkifyg/ 'gaMumifh zGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm = jynfolYa&SharSmufw&m;pD&ifjcif;ESifh *sL&Dpepfjzifhw&m;pD&if
jcif; wdkYudk jynfolYw&m;pD&ifa&;tjzpf xnfhoGif;jyXmef; xm;jcif;jzpfonf + w&m;pD
&ifa&;r@dKifudk ,drf;,dkifroGm;atmif jynfolutpOfapmifhMunfh axmufjya0zefae
&rSm jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;twGuf trSefoufaoxGufqdkzdkY edKifiHom;
wdkif;rSm wm0ef&Sdygonf/ rrSefruefoufaoxGufqdkjcif;? trIrSvGwfajrmuf&ef (odkY)
15
avsmhaygh&ef&nf&G,fum vmbfay;jcif;onf4if;? rw&m;MoZmoHk;jcif;onf4if;? jynfol
udk,fwdkifu jynfolYw&m;pD&ifa&;udk bHk;bHk;vJusatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/ 'g
awGudk jynfolawGtaeeJY txl;yif a&SmifusOf&rSm jzpfonf/
Oya'jyK&mrSm aemufaMumif;jyeftmPm oufa&mufrI r&Sdap&/ jypf'Pfxif
&Sm;jcif; r&Sdao;bJ rnfolYudkrQw&m;cHtjzpf rrSwf,l&/ rnfolrqdkw&m;&Hk;wGif a&Shae
iSg;&rf;íaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdudk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;? xkacsckcHydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf/
vl\*kPfodu©mudk xdcdkufapaom rnfonfhjypf'PfudkrQ csrSwfjcif; rjyK&/ ponfwdkYudk
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif xnfhíjyXmef;jcif;rSm Oya'jzifhjynfoludk tEdkifht
xuf jyKusifhjcif;rS umuG,f&ef jzpfayonf/
twdk;wufqHk;? tzGHUNzdK;qHk;qdkwJh edKifiHawG&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm
txufuaz:jycJhwJh r@dKifoHk;cktjyif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkwifjycGifh[m pwkwÄr@dKif
jzpfaeNyD; vGwfvyfpGmynmoifMum;cGifh[mvnf; yOör@dKiftjzpf ajymif;vJvmaewm
awGU&w,f/ vlYtcGifha&;aMuNimpmwrf; tydk'f-19 wGifvGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkwifjycGifhudk
atmufygtwdkif;jyXmef;xm;ygonf/
= vlwdkif;wGif vGwfvyfpGm xifjrif,lqcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;az:jycGifh&Sd
onf/ tqdkyg tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh taESmuft,Sufr&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm xifjrifEdkifcGifh
ygonfhtjyif edKifiHe,ferdwfrsm;udk taxmufxm;&efrvdkbJ owif;taMumif;t&mESifh
oabmw&m;rsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh vGwfvyfpGm &SmazGqnf;yl;EdkifcGifh? vufcHEdkifcGifh
ESifh ydkrdkjzefYcsDEdkifcGifh + wdkYvnf; yg0ifonf/
txufyg vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkwifjycGifhaMumifh edKifiHacgif;aqmifawG? ygwDacgif;
aqmifawGutp atmufajc0efxrf;awGtxd rdrdwdkY&JU udk,fusifhodu©mudk twwfEdkif
qHk; xdef;odrf;NyD; wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;udk cspfjrwfEdk;MuaMumif; jyoMuwmudk tvGeftm;
&p&m awGU&ygonf/ 'g[m jynfoluaeNyD; tpdk;& ,EÅ&m;tm;vHk;udk wdkuf&dkufxdef;
csKyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkwifjycGifh toHk;csoludkvnf; wnfqJOya'u tjyeftvSef
xdef;csKyfxm;wm awGU&ygonf/ rrSefruefa0zefvQif Oyaa'aMumif;jzifh jyefvnf w
&m;pGJqdkEdkifonf/ þodkY rrSefruefa0zefcH&ojzifh ay:aygufvmaom epfemrIrsm;udk
vnf; Oya'aMumif;t& awmif;qdkydkifcGifhrsm; &Sdayonf/ rrSefruefbJvnf; ra0zef
0efYMuay/ rSefuefyguvnf; ra0zefbJ raeMuay/ þodkYjzifh a0zefola&m? ta0zef
cH&olyg pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmaeMuwm awGU&ygonf/
,aeYurÇmrSmynmacwfvdkY owfrSwfaeMuygNyD/ edKifiHwdkif; edKifiHwdkif;[mynm
tNydKif&SmMu? okawoetNydKifvkyfMu? wDxGifrIawGtNydKifBuJMueJY wpfurÇmvHk;a,muf
16
,ufcwfaeMuygonf/ qef;opfwDxGifrIawGuvnf; aps;uGufrSm w[kefxdk;ay:xGuf
vmaeygonf/ =ynmacwf+aMumifh wdkif;jynf&JUpD;yGm;a&;? umuG,fa&;? qufoG,fa&;
usef;rma&;eJY vlrIa&;pwJh tcef;u@awGtm;vHk;[m r,HkMunfEdkifp&m wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;
oGm;wmawGU&onf/ olwdkYedKifiHawGrSmawmh wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;NyD;&if; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;&if;vdkY
ajym&rSmyif jzpfonf/
,aeY wdkif;jynfrSm = vlt&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; + qdkwJh ynma&;vIyf&Sm;
aqmif&GufrI[m aumif;rGefoifhjrwfygonf/ 'gayr,fh olrsm;awGvkyfvdkYvdkufvkyfwm
rsdK; rjzpfoifhbl;/ xda&mufrIb,favmuf&SdvJ? vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifwJh tajctaeub,f
avmuftxd&SdvJ? EdkifEdkifeif;eif;&Sd&JUvm; ponfjzifh rdrdedKifiH&JUtajctaeudk t&Sdt&Sd
twdkif;? trSeftrSeftwdkif;? &IjrifoHk;oyfzdkY vdkaeygonf/ ,aeY ynmt&mrSm aemuf
us usef&if ta&Shawmiftm&SrSm &Sdaeayr,fh tmz&duawmBuD;rsufrnf;xJu ypf*rD
wdkY&JU &Gmuav;wpf&GmeJY xl;rjcm;em; jzpfaevdrfhr,fqdkwm txl;owday;csifygonf/
vlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf; tydk'f-26 wGif = vGwfvyfpGmynmoifMum;cGifhESifh
ygwfoufí atmufygtwdkif; jyXmef;xm;onf +
1/ vlwdkif;wGif ynmoif,lEdkifcGifh &Sdonf/ tenf;qHk; rlvwef;ESifh tajccHynm
tqifhtwef;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;a&;onf tcrJh jzpf&rnf/ rlvwef;ynm roif
rae&ynm jzpf&rnf/ vufrI? pufrIynmESifh toufarG;rIynmrsm;udk a,bl,stm;
jzifh oifMum;&,lEdkifap&rnf/ xdkYtjyif txufwef;ynmtwGuf t&nftcsif;udk t
ajcjyKí wlnDaom tcGifhta&;&Sdap&rnf/
2/ ynmoifMum;a&;udk Avig;wefwdk;wufrItjyif vlrItcGifhta&;ESifh tajccH
vGwfvyfa&; &dkaoav;pm;rIudk &ifhoefzGHUNzdK;vmap&ef &nfñGef;í oifMum;ap&rnf/
ynmoifMum;a&;onf edKifiHtm;vHk;wdkYwGif4if;? vlrsdK;pkrsm;wGif4if;? udk;uG,fonfhbm
omqdkif&mtpkrsm;wGif4if;? tcsif;csif;em;vnfrI? onf;cHrIESifh cifrif&ifESD;rIwdkYudk tm;
ay;&rnf/ xdkYjyif Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfwHhatmif aqmif&Guf&eftvdkYiSg ukvor*¾\aqmif
&GufrIrsm;udkvnf; jzpfajrmufatmif tm;ay;&rnf/
3/ rdbwdkYwGif rdrdwdkY\uav;rsm; oif,l&rnfhynmtrsdK;tpm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkif
aom vufOD;tcGifhta&; &Sdonf/
,aeY vÇuf&nfqdkifawG? pm;aomufqdkifawGrSm pm;yGJxdk;vkyfaeMuwJh q,fausmf
ouf t&G,fav;awGudk oifjrifawGUrSmyg/ NrdKUwdkif;vdkvdkrSm awGU&wJh'Dt&G,f 'Doli,f
av;awG&JU ta&twGuf[m Mumavwdk;avygbJ/
ynmoif&r,fht&G,f ynmoif&r,fhtcsdefrSm pmoifcef;xJudkra&mufEdkifMubJ
w0rf;wcg;twGufpm;yGJxdk;b0eJY rwfwyf&yf&if;idkufaeMuwJh ñId;i,fodrfvSDao;auG;
17
vSwJh 'Doli,fav;awGudk b,fvdkpmemMurvJ? tem*gwfaysmufqHk;aewJh vli,fawG
'keJYa';&Sdygonf/ 'g[mwdkif;jynfa&Sha&;twGuf tvGef&ifav;p&myg/ wdkif;jynfrSm vl
i,fawG&JU tem*gwfvSyaocsmrS wdkif;jynf&JU tem*gwfvSyaocsmrSm jzpfygonf/ 'D
wdkif;jynf&JU epfemrI[m wdkif;wmvdkYr&Edkifygbl;/ tcsdefMumav qdk;&Gm;av? tcsdefMum
av ukpm;&cufavygbJ/
'geJYygwfoufvdkY 29-&uf? 1-v? 1999-ckESpf aeYrSm a':atmifqef;pkMunf u
= wwd,trsm;pku rdbawGbmrS rwwfEdkifwJhtcgusawmh vrf;ay:rSmaewJhuav;
awG&w dS ,f/ 'grSr[kwf rdbudu k n l w
D t
hJ aeeJY tvky0f ifvyk &f wJh uav;awG&w dS ,f/ quf
NyD;awmh ynmoifzdkYqdkNyD; arQmfvifhcsufudkvHk;vHk;pGefYvdkuf&wJh uav;awG&Sdw,f/ tJ'D
trsm;qHk;tkyfpk 'Duav;awGtwGuf b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdkwm uRefrwdkYedKifiHtwGuf
ao;wJhjyóem r[kwfbl;? tifrwefBuD;wJhjyóem + [lí4if;/
= uRefrwdkYrsdK;qufopfawG[m qufNyD;awmhrzGHUNzdK;Edkifbl; jzpfaew,f/ tJ'D&JUtusdK;
qufawG[m uRefrwdkYedKifiH&JU tem*gwfudkb,favmuf xdcdkufovJqdkwm pOf;pm;zdkY
aumif;w,f + [lí4if; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
vlYtcGifhta&;aMuNimpmwrf; tydk'f-27 wGif = vGwfvyfpGmynmoifMum;cGifhESifh
ygwfoufí atmufygtwdkif; qufvufjyXmef;xm;ygonf +
1/ vlwikd ;f wGif oufqikd &f m,Ofaus;rIavmuü vGwv f yfpmG yg0ifaqmif&uG Ef ikd f
cGifh? okckrynm&yfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmarGUavsmfEdkifcGifh? odyÜHynmxGef;um;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhESifh xdkynm\ tusdK;tmedoifrsm;udk vGwf
vyfpGm cHpm;oHk;pGJEdkifcGifh &Sdonf/
2/ vlwdkif;wGif rdrd\ udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh BuHpnfzefwD;Edkifaom odyÜHynmrSjzpfap?
pmayrSjzpfap? okckrynmrSjzpfap? jzpfxGef;vmonfh*kPfESifh aiGaMu;tusdK;tjrwfrsm;
udk cHpm;&,lEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;twGif;umuG,fjcif;udk &&Sd&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/
'gaMumifh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm ynma&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk acwf
ESifhavsmfnDatmif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY csrSwfMu&ygonf/ roifrae&ynma&;pepfrsm;?
tcrJhynma&;pepfrsm;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynma&;pepfrsm;? tqifhjrifhenf;ynm
qdkif&m ynma&;pepfrsm;? wuúodkvfynma&;pepfrsm;? yk*¾vduynmoifausmif;ynm
a&;pepfrsm;? ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif; jynfyedKifiHrsm;rS q&m^q&mrrsm;iSg;&rf;jcif;?
zdwfac:jcif;? ynmoifaxmufulypönf;rsm;wifoGif;jcif;? acwfrDS"gwfcGJcef;rsm;wnf
aqmufjcif;? okawoeXmersm;tvHktavmufzGifhvSpfjcif;? ponfjzifh t&nftcsif;rSD
ynmwwfrsm; ay:xGef;a&;&nf&G,fí pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJxnfhoGif;jyXmef;&ayonf/
wdkif;jynftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[m tvGefta&;BuD;w,fqdkwm
18
oifoabmaygufavmufygNyD/ oifhtaejzifh uRefKyfwdkYedKifiHwGif&SdcJhbl;aom 1947- ckESpf
ESifh 1974-ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' ESpfckudk EIdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;jzifh tajccH
oabmw&m;rsm;udk od&SdvmEdkifaMumif; tBuHjyKtyfygonf/
tJ'Dtjyif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaewJh edKifiHawG? tdrfeD;csif;edKifiHawG? rdwfaqGedKifiHawG?
&efoledKifiHawG&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'awGudkvnf;wwfEdkif oavmufavhvm
oifhonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf edKifiHwdkif;edKifiHwdkif;rSm zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
&SdMuNyD; tJ'DedKifiH&JUtajctaeawG[m tJ'DedKifiH&JUzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'awGrSm
a&mifjyef[yf aeygonf/
tayG;jriftyifod qdkwJh pum;OyrmvdkygbJ/ edKifiHwpfedKifiH&JUzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udak vhvmvdu k &f if tJ'eD Kd iif &H UJ tajctaerlvZpfjrpfawGukd odomygw,f/
vludk,fwdkifoGm;NyD; avhvmaep&mrvdkygbl;/ 'Dtcsuf[m tjynfjynfqdkif&mqufqH
a&;rSm tvGefbJta&;BuD;wJh tcsufjzpfygonf/
,cktcsed u f pNy;D awmh zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'eJY 'Dru
kd a&pDtaMumif; aqG;
aEG;Murnf/
'Drdkua&pDvdkcsifwJh jynfolawGtwGuf vufcHxm;&r,fhtcsufu 'Drdkua&pDqdk
wm jynfov l xl u
k kd tajccHw,fqw kd mygbJ/ 'Dru kd a&pDqw
kd m tpd;k &tay:tajcrcHb;l /
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&jzpfaMumif; 'grSr[kwf 'Drdkua&pDtwGufvkyfaeygaMumif; [ef
aqmifaewJhtpdk;&awG urÇmrSmtrsm;BuD;&Sdygonf/ 'gayr,fh vufawGUvkyf&yfuawmh
tJ'grsdK;r[kwfbl;qdkwm jyoaeygonf/
= jynfolUtoHudkem;raxmifbJ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkrIudktmrcHwJh 'Drdku
a&pDpepf wnfaqmufvdkY r&Edkifygbl;/ wm0efcHrI&SdwJh? &dk;om;yGifhvif;rI&SdwJh? tpdk;&rsdK;
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rGefaerSmyg/ 'Dvdktpdk;&rsdK;uom tmPmwnfNrJa&;vkyfr,fhtpdk;&rsdK;r[kwfbJ jynfol
awG aumif;pm;a&;twGuf wu,fvkyfr,fh tpdk;&jzpfrSmyg +
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19
 'Drdkua&pDudkedKifiHa&;rSm tar&duefq|rajrmuf or®wtDb&m[efvifuGef; u
= jynfolUtwGuf jynfolawGu wifajrSmufwJh jynfolUtpdk;& + vdkY txift&Sm;t"dyÜg,f
zGifhqdkcJhygw,f/
uRefefKyfwdkY&JU vGwfvyfa&;ydokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; u 1945-ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
pwkwÄtBudrfacgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm = 'Drdkua&pD0g'qdkwmacwfpm;atmif
vkyf&r,f/ tJ'D0g'rsdK;t&om vGwfvyfwJhArmedKifiHxlaxmifEdkifatmif BudK;pm;&rnf /
'grsdK;rvkyfEdkif&if uRefawmfwdkYArmjynfu vlawG[mvnf;epfemr,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'om
vGwfvyfa&;eJY qDavsmfw,f/ 'D0g'[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;ufk tm;ay;w,f + vdkYajymcJhwm
awGudk oifrSwfrdEdkifygw,f/
'gawG[m 'Drdkua&pD&JU oabmw&m;awG jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfawGudk
Oya'uJhodkY a&;qGJjyXmef;wm[m zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ygbJ/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf
usifhoHk;yHkjcif; rwlMubl;/
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'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdw,f/
qd&k ,
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kH ajccHOya'rSm ygwDtodik ;f t0dik ;f rSmom
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdw,f/
uGefjrLepfedKifiHawG&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSmawmh ay:vpfjAL&dkrSmom
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdw,f/
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk edKifiHwGif vufawGUtumiftxnfaz:wJhtcgrSm rJay;
jcif;pepf[m t"du jzpfvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&G;aumufyaJG wG[m 'Dru kd a&pD&UJ oauFw
jzpfvmygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDzGHUNzdK;wJh edKifiHawGrSm a&G;aumufyGJqdwfokOf;wJhaeYqdkwm r&Sd
ygbl;/ wpfae&m&mrSm wpfcsed cf sed rf mS a&G;aumufyw JG pfcck [ k muawmh &Sad ewmygbJ? b,f
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Muygw,f/ jynfolUqE´ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; tvGefacwfpm;vSygw,f/
a&G;aumufy[ JG m jynfoUl qE´ukd az:xkww f yhJ JG jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t&G,af &muf
olwdkif; usm;^r? ra&G; rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f/ vQdKU0SufpGmrJay;jcif;ESifh vGwfvyfrQw
aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfzdkY tvGef ta&;BuD;vSygw,f/
'gaMumifh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufonfh Oy
a'ESifh enf;Oya'rsm; wdwdusus jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jyXmef;ay;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/ a&G;aumuf
wifajrSmufcGifh&olwdkY\ t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsufrsm;? a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&olwdkY
\ t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk wdwdusus &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jyXmef;xm;&rnf/
vTwaf wmf\oufwrf; owfrw S jf cif;? tmPmvTaJ jymif;&rnfu h mv owfrw S jf cif;
20
tpdk;&a[mif; EIwfxGufjcif;? tpdk;&opf zGJUpnf;jcif; wdkYudktjiif;yGm;zG,fr&Sdatmif wdwd
vif;vif; jyXmef;xm;&rSmjzpfovdk vdkufem&rSm jzpfygw,f/
a&G;aumufyGJwGif romrmrIjyKjcif;? tavsmfMoZmoHk;jcif;? bufvdkufjcif;? r&dk;om;
jcif;? a&G;aumufyGJudk aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk twnfrjyKjcif;
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfaz:&efysufuGufjcif;wdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf
udk zsufqD;&ma&mufouJhodkY zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udkvnf; csdK;azguf&ma&muf
ojzifh tvGeftjypfBuD;ygonf/
jynfolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ rJa&G;cs,fydkifcGifh (odkY) rdrdwdkY\ rJqE´udk wefbdk;&Sd&Sd
av;av;pm;pm; toHk;cs&rnf/ rJay;rIysufuGufjcif; r&Sdoifh? rdrdqE´tavQmufr[kwf
bJ rJray;oifh/ þonfwdkYrSm 'Drdkua&pDwm0ef rausyGefjcif; jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&HI;rnfhtjyKtrlrsm;jzpfonf/ owd&SdMuyg&ef wdkufwGef;oifhonf/
jynfolwdkYonf wuf<upGmrJay;&rnf? rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;olrsm;udk aocsmpGmavhvm
oHk;oyf& axmufcHoifholudkom qE´rJay;&rnf/ þodkYaxmufcHvdkufjcif;jzifh roifh
avsmfoludk wNydKifeufuefYuGufvdkufjcif;jzifh xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Gufvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/ þonfrSmrSefuefaom? pepfusaom? 'Drdkua&pDwm0ef ausyGefjcif; jzpfonf
jynfolwdkYonf þodkYrSefrSefuefuef 'Drdkua&pDwm0efausyGefygu t&nftcsif;
&Sdol? toifhawmfqHk;vludk a&G;cs,f&Edkifonf/ xdkenf;jzifhyif t&nftcsif;r&Sdol vlqdk;
vlnpfywfrsm;udk [efYwm;Edkifonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;yif jzpfonf/ t&nf
tcsif;&Sdolrsm;omyg0ifonfh tpdk;&wpf&yfzGJUpnf;vdkufEdkifNyD; xdktpdk;&onfom 'Drdku
a&pDudk usifhoHk;um zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk umuG,foGm;ayvdrfhrnf? 'Drdku
a&pD wm0efausyGefaom jynfolwdkYonf t&nftaoG;&Sdaom tpdk;&udk&EdkifaMumif;
oabmaygufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf uvnf;= 'Drdkua&pDpepfwpfckatmifjrifzdkYqdkwm [mppf
rSefvGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;uaeNyD; wu,fedKifiHtwGuf tusdK;jyKr,fhtpdk;&rsm;
a&G;aumufEdkifrSomvQif 'Drdkua&pD[m wnfwHhr,f? cdkifNrJr,f + vdkY 5-&uf?8-v?1999
aeYu a[majymydkYcscJhygw,f/
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm jynfolawG&JU tajccHvlUtcGifhta&;awG? 'Drdk
ua&pDtcGifhta&;awG? edKifiHom;tcGifhta&;awGudk twdtvif; yk'frwpfckcsif; jyXmef;
ay;zdkYvdkygw,f/ tu,fí jynfolUtcGifhta&;awGwpHkw&m tydwfyifcH&vQif aomf4if;
csdK;azgufcH&vQifaomf4if;? epfemqHk;&HI;rIrsm;twGuf rnfodkY ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkif
aMumif; enf;Oya'wpfck jyXmef;&ef txl;yif vdktyfvSygonf/

21
 1948-ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdpOftcsdefu cH,lt"dXmefjyKcJhonfh t"dXmefpmwrf;
vGwfvyfa&;opömt"dXmef (9) csufteufrS wwd,ajrmuftcsufudkaz:jyvdkygonf/
3/ = uRefKyfwdkYonf þaeYþtcsdefrSpí vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkY\ rGefjrwf
aom tcGifhta&;udkcH,lonfhenf;wl vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkY\ wm0efESifh0wå&m;
rsm;udk rwdrf;riJhxrf;aqmifrnf + xdkpOfu xdkuJhodkYopömqdkcJhaMumif; odrSwf&ayrnf
odkYaomfuRefKyfwdkYonf vufawGUwGifrl vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkY\ tcGifhta&;
udkomcH,lcHpm;cJhMuNyD; vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkY\ wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm; ysufuGufcJh
aomaMumifh ,cktcsdeftcgwGif tmPm&Sif vufatmufusa&mufcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;
(40) ausmfcJhayNyD/
,cktcsdefrSpí vGwfvyfaomedKifiHom;wdkY\ wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm;udk rwdrf;riJh
xrf;aqmifonfhtaejzifh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk aocsmavhvmí us,f
us,fjyefYjyefYoHk;oyfí rdrdedKifiHESifhtoifhawmfqHk; jynfolUqE´ESifhtnD jynfolawGyg0if
a&;qGJonfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfwpfckay:aygufa&;twGuf jynfolUynm
ay; tcef;u@udk tpGrf;ukefBudK;yrf;oifhMuayonf/
bmjzpfvv Ykd q
J akd wmh= tmPm&Sirf sm;[m xH;k wrf;pOfvmt& jynfov l x
l u
k kd odyNf y;D
ynmwwfrSmudkrvdkvm;bl;? rdrdwdkYtzGJUtpnf;todkif;t0dkif;awGubJ ynmbufua&m
pD;yGm;bufua&m tm;vHk;udkolwdkYubJ csKyfudkifxm;csifw,f? tJ'D[mu tmPm&Sif
pdwf"gwfyJ + vdkY a':atmifqef;pkMunf u tmPm&Sifpdwf"gwfudk 5-&uf?8-v?1999
ck aeYu rD;armif;xdk;jycJhygw,f/
uRefKyfwdkYonf tmPm&Sifpdwf"gwfudkqefYusifí tmPm&Sifudk&ifqdkifí txuf
az:jyygtwdkif; aqmif&GufMu&rSmjzpfvdkY tEÅ&m,fBuD;vSygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; = þ
urÇmwGif jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;\ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkYtwGuf pGrf;pGrf;
wrH BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwfaomtvkyf BuD;jrwfaom*kPft*FgwdkYr&Sd
EdkifawmhNyD + [k uRefKyfwdkYtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifjcif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; u vGwfvyf
a&;r&rDuwnf;u xkwfaz:rSmMum;cJhovdk uRefKyfwdkYtav;teuf xm;oifhMuayonf
uRefwdkY\ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf uvnf; = wdkif;
jynfrSm vGwfvyfrIydk&SdNyD;awmh&csif&if vlUtcGifhta&;rsm; jynfhjynfhpHkpHkcHpm;csifvdkY&Sd&if
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m edKifiHa&;udk 0goemyg&r,f? edKifiHa&;udkvkyf&J&r,f? vkyfcsif&r,f +
vdkY rGefjynfe,fc&D;pOf armfvNrdKifNrdKUrSm 15-&uf? 12-v? 1988-ck aeYu rdefYMum;cJhyg
onf/
'Dae&mrSm = tcsdefqdkwm&efolbJ + qdkwJhpum;toHk;tEIH;&JUt"dyÜg,fudk uRefawmf
rD;aumifayguft&G,fwkef;u vHk;0em;rvnfcJhygbl;/ tcsdefu rdepf? puúefY? tvdkuf toHk;
22
cs&ifcs? 'grSr[kwf&ifawmh tcsdefu rdrdudk0g;NrdKvdkY wajz;ajz; Z&mzdpD;wJht&G,fodkY ydkY
ay;vdkufr,fh&efolbJqdkwm tckrSbJ oabmaygufvmcJh&w,f + [lí4if;?
= tcsed &f o
dS rQ tvkyv
f yk af ezdv
Yk wkd ,fvYkd qdw
k ,fAsm?tcsed u
f kd toH;k rcsbJ NzKH ;ypfr,f
tvkyfwm0efrausyGefbJ jzpfaer,fqdk&ifawmh tcsdefqdkwmrdrdudk'ku©ay;r,fh tBuD;
qHk;&efol jzpfoGm;Edkifw,fAs + [lí4if;? 1977-ckESpf? vef'ef[D;o&dk;avqdyfwGif owif;
axmufwpfa,muf\ arwåm&yfcHcsufudk ukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
udkzDtmeef ajymMum;cJhygonf/
odkYaomfvnf;-
= tu,fí
wdkawmif;vSwJh
rjypfy,fEdkifwJh
wpfrdepftwGif;rSm
t"dyÜg,f&SdvSwJh puúefYajcmufq,ftjzpf
toHk;csEdkifr,fqdk&if
ighom;a&...
rif;[m t&m&m&SdwJh
t&m&mjzpfwJh
urÇmBuD;udk qkyfudkifvdkY
t&m&m bmrqdk rif;pGrf;EdkifNyDaygh
tJ'Dawmh...
rif;[mvnf;
a,muFsm;aumif;wpfa,muf jzpfNyDaygh +
a':atmifqef;pkMunf bmomjyefay;wJh &D;,ufuyfyvif\ = tu,fí +
uAsm&JU ed*Hk;ydkif;udk az:jy&if; tcsdefudk wefzdk;&Sdatmif toHk;csMuygpdkY rdwfaqG/

23
 = vTrf;NcHKEdkifol +

edKifiHa&;orm;jzpf&wm
ig0rf;omw,f
*kPf,lw,f/
vufa0SUorm;[m i,fpOfcgom
olUrSm udk,fwdkifxdk;Edkifw,f/
toufBuD;awmh
enf;jy&Hkom jyEdkifw,f/
abmvHk;orm;[m i,fpOfcgom
olUrSm udk,fwdkifupm;Edkifw,f/
toufBuD;awmh
enf;jy&Hkom jyEdkifw,f/
tqdkawmf[m i,fpOfcgom
olUrSm udk,fwdkifqdkEdkif? wD;Edkifw,f/
toufBuD;awmh
enf;jy&Hkom jyEdkifw,f/
edKifiHa&;orm;[m i,fpOfcgomru
toufBuD;vnf;
ravsmhZGJeJY? vHkYveJY
trsdK;om;a&;udk qdkEdkifw,f/
edKifiHa&;orm; jzpf&wm
0rf;omprf;yg
*kPf,lyg/
trsdK;cspfol taygif;toif;wdkY
edKifiHcspfol a&mif;&if;wdkY

eDarmif
24
 = uRefKyfwdkY tm;vHk;&JU b0jrifhrm;a&;twGuf
oifhvGwfvyfrIudk &if;ESD;yg +

= Please use your liberty to promote ours. +

a':atmifqef;pkMunf

25
 = yefMum;vTm +

þ toHk;csedKifiHa&; tydkif;(1) pmwrf;udk1988-ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;tcif; ü

usqHk;oGm;Muaom &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;jynfoltaygif;ESifh ,aeYwdkif axmift
oD;oD;ü tusOf;uscHae&qJ edKifiHa&;tusOf;om; tm;vHk;wdkYtm;*kPfjyKonfh taeESifh
a&;om;jyKpk cJhygonf/
þ pmwrf;ESifhygwfoufíoif\tBuHOmPf? oif\a0zefrI? oif\jznfhpGufcsuf
wdkYudk vdIufvSJpGm BudKqdkvQuf-
þ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk BuHK&mqHk&m jynfolwdkYESifh xyfqifhaqG;aEG; jzefYa0yg&ef
txl;arwåm&yfcHygonf/

26