TB, Fukd Ay VSL&RSMVJ¿

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ
(u''okwef w&m;a'oemawmf)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
"
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm (ausmif;tvSL ) ....................... *

Adrdom&rif;BuD;\ awmifhwcsufig;yg; ............... q
a0VK0efausmif;awmfudk vSL'gef;jcif; .................. Z
a0VK0efausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf ..........
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef w&m;a'oemawmf) .. 1
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol ........................... 4
touf&Snfjcif; .............................. 6
tqif;vSjcif; ............................... 7
csrf;omBuD;jcif; .............................. 7
cGeftm;BuD;jcif; .............................. 9
y#dbmefPfynmBuD;jcif; ...................... 10
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif; ........................... 12
kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol ........................ 15
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ......................... 21
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol .......................... 24
oDw0ed,rax&f ............................ 26
0e0prax&f .............................. 28
Owd,rax&f .............................. 30
rsufpdukd ay;vSLol ........................... 32
t&SiftEkk'g .............................. 33
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol .......................... 37
uk#d0d[m&dax&f ............................ 41
okar"max&D .............................. 44
c " tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ

taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
trw'ge ................................
pdwol<u,f ...............................
rao&mtNrdKufedAmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf od&rnfhw&m; ......
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk .....................
ynma&mif = Pfa&mif .......................
tmemygeusifhpOf ............................
"mwfur|mef;rS 'kuopmokdY .....................
taMumif;ork',opm ........................
0dyem .................................
eda&m"opmESifh r*opm .......................
trw'ge ................................
w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH; ........................
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; ..................
46
46
51
57
59
61
65
66
68
68
69
71
73
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
ed'geuxm
ausmif;tvSL
a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif; xif&Sm;onfh
yxrOD;qHk;aom ausmif;tvSLum; a0VK0efausmif; tvSLyGJyif
jzpfayonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;aemuf yxrOD;qHk;aom0gudk
Am&mPoDNrKd U\ teD;tyg; wnf&adS om om;aumifwu
Ydk kd ab;rJah y;&m
jzpfonfh rd*'g0kef awm&*Ht
k wGi;f 0gqkd 0guyfawmfral vonf/ y0*D
&[ef;awmf ig;yg;wkt
Yd m; "rpMumw&m;a'oemawmf tewvuPokwef w&m;a'oemawmfwkdYjzifh t&[wzkdvfayguf acscRwfawmfrl
Ny;D aemuf t&Si,
f oESiw
hf uG taygif;tazmf rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f a[mif;
(54)a,mufwkdYudkvnf; tvm;wlyif xdk0gwGif; t&[wzkdvfayguf
w&m;a&at; tNrdKufaq;udk wkdufauR;awmfrlavonf/
y0*D&[ef;awmfwkdYESifh twlwuG tm;vHk;aygif;vkdufaomf xkd
0gtwGif;rSm bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0u &[Emrax&fjrwfaygif;
ajcmufusdyfwdwdwkdY jzpfMuayonf/ bk&m;&SifESifhwuG &[Em rax&fjrwf ajcmufusdyfwkdYonf xkdrd*'g0kefawmtwGif;rSmyif oDwif;oHk;
awmfrlMuayonf/ xkdokdY oDwif;oHk;zkdY&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaom
C ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

ausmif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sad umif;&Sv
d rd rhf nf[k ,lq&ayonf/ atmufxpfqHk;tm;jzifh zufrdk; zufum ocFrf;ausmif;uav;rsm; &Sdvdrfhrnf[k
cefYrSef;&ayonf/ aemufykdif;umvwGifum; cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf
k e f (oH?2?108/)ESihf t|uxm tzGirhf sm; (oH?|?2?291)
vm&Sad om qEow
t& xkdrd*'g0kefawmtwGif; rd*'g0kefausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckum;
wnf&SdcJhzl;ayonf/ okdYaomf xif&Sm;aom ausmif;tvSL&Sifrsm;udkum;
rawGU&Sd&ay/ trsm;'g,umwkdYu pGrf;tm;&Sdovkd vSL'gef;xm;aom
ausmif;rsm;yif jzpfzG,f&m &Sdayonf/
0guRwaf omtcg bk&m;&Siu
f &[Emrax&f jrwf ajcmufusyd w
f -Ydk
tm; wpfaMumif;wnf;aomvrf;udk ESpyf g;twl r<ubJ wpfyg;wnf;om
<ua&mufum w&m;pnfawmfBuD;udk dkufwD;zkdY&ef omoemjyKc&D;udk
apvTwfawmfrlcJhavonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwidk u
f m; rdrt
d avmif;awmfb0u 'ku& p&d,m
ajcmufESpfMumatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;onfh Oka0vawmtkyfokdY <ua&mufawmfrlum Oka0vuy e'Duy
*,muy
*,muytrSL;&So
d nfh &aohnaD emif &Siw
f pfaxmifwu
Ydk kd t&[wzkdvfayguf acscRwfay;oem;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xkd&[Emrax&fjrwf
wpfaxmifwkdY jcH&Hum omoemjyKc&D;udk qufvuf <ucsDawmfrlvwfaomf xkdESpf jymokdvjynfhaeYwGif &mZN*dK[fNrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrl
avonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'w
r if;om; awmxGuv
f mawmfrcl phJ Ofu
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUtwGif;okdY qGrf;cH<u0ifawmfrlcJhzl;\/ Adrdom&rif;BuD;ESifhvnf; qHkpnf;cJhzl;\/ xkdtcsdefu r*"wkdif;&Sif bk&ifAdrdom&u -]]t&Sifbk&m; ...awmif;yefpum; wynfhawmf avQmufxm;yg
onf/ t&Sifbk&m;onf bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyD;aomtcg
ed'geuxm ! i
a&S;OD;pGm wynfhawmf\ EdkifiHodkY <ucsDawmfrlygukefbk&m;}} -[l odkY avQmufxm;cJhzl;\/ Adrdom&rif;BuD;\ ,if;okdY

avQmufxm;awmif;yefru
I kd ajyvnfaprI ESv;kH awmfjyKum &aohnaD emif
&Siw
f pfaxmifwYdk jc&H u
H m &mZN*Kd [Nf rKd UokYd <ucsaD wmfrv
l mjcif; jzpfayonf/
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUteD; wnf&Sdonfh BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSaom xef;yifysKdpif
awmO,smOftwGif;okdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmaomtcg ,if;O,smOfawmftwGi;f 0,f jyefu
Y s,af om t&dyt
f m0govnf;&S
d vltaygif;wkYd
jrwfE;kd aumfa&mf ylaZmf&mvnf;jzpfaom okyw
|d trnf&o
dS nfh yanmifyif&if; oDwif;oHk; aexkdifawmfrlavonf/
xkt
d cg O,smOfrLS ;\ oHawmfO;D wif avQmufxm;csut
f & bk&m;&Sif
\ &mZN*dK[fNrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmaMumif; owif;aumif;ukd
Mum;od&onfhtwGuf Adrdom&rif;BuD;onf wpfodef;ESpfaomif;aom
ykPm;ol<u,fwkdYESifh twlwuG bk&m;&SifxHawmfokdY oGm;a&mufum
zl;ajrmfuefawmhavonf/ xkdy&dowfwkdYtm; bk&m;&Sifu Oka0vuyrax&fjrwfBuD;udk qkdqHk;rEkdifrIESifh qufpyfum r[mem&'uyZmwf (ZmwuygVd? 'kwd,wJG-257-275/)awmfudk a[mMum;ay;
awmfrlavonf/ *gxmaygif; (192)*gxm yg0ifaom Zmwfa'oemawmf jzpfayonf/ xkdy&dowfwkdY\ oEmef0,f ]]bk&m;&Sifu q&mjzpf
awmfrlavoavm Oka0vuyu q&mjzpfavoavm}}[laom
,Hrk mS ;oHo, uif;pifomG ;aMumif;udk apawmy&d,tbdnmPf Pfawmfjrwfjzifh ykdif;jcm; odjrifawmfrlaomtcg Adrdom&rif;BuD; trSL;
jyKaom xkdykPm;ol<u,faygif; wpfodef;ESpfaomif;wkdYtm; r*fzkdvf
edAmefokdY a&mufaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom w&m;vrf;pOfjzpfonfh -(1) 'geuxm = 'geESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;
(2) oDvuxm = oDvESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;
(3) o*uxm = ewf&Gmok*wdESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;
p ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

(4) umrmeH tm'De0uxm = umr*kPw
f \
Ydk tjypfEiS hf pyfaom w&m;
pum;
H uxm = umr*kPrf S xGuaf jrmufjcif; aeur-
(5) aeuar tmedoo
"mwf &&SdEkdifaom tusKd;tmedoifESifh pyfaom w&m;pum; -w&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlav
onf/ aeuar tmedoo
H uxmykid ;f wGif t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;
jrwfwkdYudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xGif;azmufodjrifa&;twGuf --
yAZm yXrH psmeH? edAme 0dyem/

oaAyd ukovm "rm? aeurE d y0kpa &/ (wd0w
k ?f |?331??)
[laom t|uxmtzGiEhf iS t
hf nD orxpsmefyidk ;f qkid &f musiphf OfEiS hf
'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk tedp-'kutew vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum IymG ;oH;k oyf&onfh eda&m"opmokYd
qku
d af &mufonfwidk af tmifaom 0dyemykid ;f qkid &f musiphf Ofrsm;vnf;
yg0ifMuayonf/
xkduJhodkY t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfwkdYESifh qufpyfaeonfh
r*uxmw&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;r
awmfrv
l u
dk af omtcg Adro
d m&rif;Bu;D ESiw
hf uG xkyd P
k m ;ol<u,faygif;
wpfoed ;f ESpaf omif;wk\
Yd oEmef t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfwu
Ydk kd
xGif;azmufodjrifEkdif&ef cHhnm;aompdwf El;nHhaompdwf ydwfyifjcif;
eD0&Puif;aompdwf wuf<u0rf;ajrmufaompdwf Munfvifaompdwf
&Sd Muonfukd od&adS wmfral omtcg bk&m;&Siw
f \
Ydk EIwaf wmfrS wku
d f u
kd f
xGufay:awmfrlvmonfh omrkuHodua'oem[k ac:qkdtyfaom
t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfwu
Ydk kd a[mMum;ay;awmfrv
l wfavaomf
rnf;npfjcif; uif;aom jzLpifaom t0wfykqkd;onf qkd;&nfukd
aumif;pGm cH,lEkdifouJhokdY tvm;wlyif Adrdom&rif;BuD; trSL;jyKaom
ed'geuxm ! q
wpfodef;wpfaomif;aom ykPm;ol<u,fwkdYonfvnf; xkdae&myif

aomwmywdzdkvf wnfMuavonf/ usefwpfaomif;aom ykPm;
ol<u,fwu
Ydk m; o&P*Hw
k nfonfh Oygoumrsm; jzpfomG ;Muavonf/
(Ak'0Ho?|?25/)
Adrdom&rif;BuD;\ awmifhwcsufig;yg;
1/ ighukd r*"wkid ;f ol vltaygif;wku
Yd &mZtbdou
d f oGe;f zse;f Muygrlum; aumif;avpG ...
2/ ig rif;jzpfaomtcg ig\ EkdifiHawmfokdY ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmf
rlxkdufaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf <ucsD qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmygrlum; aumif;avpG ...
3/ igonf ig\ EkdifiHawmfokdY <ua&mufawmfrlvmaom xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;udk dkaoav;jrwf qnf;uyf&ygrlum; aumif;avpG ...
4/ ig\ Ekid if aH wmfoYdk <ua&mufawmfrv
l maom xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;onf
ightm; edAmefokdYa&mufaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom w&m;pum;
awmfudk a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rawmfrlygrl aumif;avpG ...
5/ igonf xdkjrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rawmfrltyfaom
w&m;awmfudk ykdif;jcm;xifxif odjrif&ygrl aumif;avpG ...
]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfhawmf\ oEmef0,f a&S;,cif rif;om;jzpfcphJ Ofu ig;rsK;d aom awmif-h
wcsufwkdYonf jzpfcJhzl;ygukef\/ xkdawmifhwcsuf ig;rsKd;vHk;wkdYonfyif
,cktcg0,f wynfah wmf\ oEmef jynfph MkH uygukeNf yD jrwfpmG bk&m;}}[k
Adrdom&rif;BuD;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; wifjy avQmufxm;avonf/
w&m;awmfudkvnf; tvGef ESpfoufjrwfEkd;aMumif;wkdYudk qufvuf
avQmufxm;um rysufpD;Ekdifaom avmukw&mo&P*Hk wnfNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; &wemoH;k yg;wkt
Yd ay: MunfnKd jrwfE;dk aom tjcif;t&mudk
Z ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

xif&Sm;jyvkdonfhtwGuf EIwf>rufum o&P*Hk aqmufwnfusifhoHk;
avonf/ bk&m;&Siftm;vnf; &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdYESifh twlwuG
aemufwpfaeY0,f eef;awmfoYdk <ua&mufum qGr;f bkO;f ay;awmfryl g&ef
dak opGm yifzh w
d f avQmufxm;vku
d af vonf/ bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; vufcH
awmfrlvkdufygayonf/
a0VK0efausmif;awmfudk vSL'gef;jcif;
Adrdom&rif;BuD;onf bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfudk aemuf
wpfaeY jymokdvjynfhausmf wpf&ufaeY eHeufykdif;wGif eef;awmfokdY
ta&mufyifhaqmifNyD;aemuf rGefjrwfaom cJzG,fabmZOfwkdYjzifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus om[wdu'geajrmufatmif dkkdaoaojzifh vufa&muf
MunfjzL qufuyfvLS 'gef; ylaZmfavonf/ qGr;f pm;jcif;udp Ny;D qH;k vwf
aomtcg tjypfajcmufyg;vGw
f oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom wpfae&m xkdifNyD;um Adrom&rif;BuD;u bk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;
avonf/
]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf &wemoH;k yg;ESihf uif;uGm raeEkid yf g? oifw
h ifah vsmufywf
aomtcg roifw
h ifrh avsmufywfaomtcg rnfonft
h cgrqkd bk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfarSmufokdY vma&mufMunfndKvdkygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
,ck &Siaf wmfjrwfb&k m; oDwif;oH;k awmfr&l m EkysKad om xef;yifi,fwjYdk zifh
a0qmjyefYajymvsuf&Sdaom xef;awmO,smOfonfum; NrdKUESifhvnf;
tvGefa0;uGmvSygonf jrwfpGmbk&m; ...}}
]]wynfah wmfw\
Ydk 0g;awmywf&o
H nhf a0VK0efO,smOftm&mrfrmS rl
1/ NrdKU&GmESifh ra0;vGef;jcif;
2/ NrdKU&GmESifh reD;vGef;jcif;
3/ oGm;vrf; vmvrf;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;
ed'geuxm ! ps
4/
5/
6/
7/
vlwkdif;vlwkdif; tvkd&Sdaomtcg oGm;vmzkdY&ef vG,fuljcif;

tmHkig;wef NrdKUoH &GmoH vloHwkdYrS qdwfNidrfjcif;
t&dyftm0go a&rdk;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;
at;jraom ausmufzsmtjyifjzifh tnDtGwf wefqmqifxm;jcif;
8/ vGefjrwfaom arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom ajrtzkdY&Sdjcif;
9/ aumif;aom&eH&Y o
dS nfh yef;wkjYd zifh EkysKad om opfyifysKw
d jYdk zifh tMum;
tvyfr&Sd qufpyfvsuf&Sdjcif;
10/ arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom txGwfwyfonfh jymom'faqmif
txGwfrygaom jymom'fOD;jynf; bkHAdrmef av;bufrkd;ausmif;
ESpb
f ufr;kd ausmif; r@yfuem; ponfwjYdk zifh wefqmqifxm;jcif;
odkY ponfht*Fg&yfwkdYESifhvnf; jynfhpHkygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
bk&m;&SifwdkYESifh xkdufwefaom ae&mvnf; jzpfygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf a0VK0efO,smOfawmfudk ausmif;tm&mrf
tjzpf tvSLcH,al wmfral pcsiyf gonf jrwfpmG bk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;um
a&Tu&m; yef;&eHYwkdYjzifh xHkrGrf;xm;tyfaom a&Munfudk xnfhNyD;vQif
a0VK0efO,smOfawmfudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfvkdojzifh -{om[H baE a0VK0eH O,smeH Ak'yrkc bduKoHC 'rd/
= ]]bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m; ... wynf-h
awmfonf a0VK0efO,smOftm&mrfudk bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom &[ef;
oHCmawmftm; vSL'gef;yg\ jrwfpGmbk&m; ...}}
okYd EIw>f rufqu
dk m vSL'gef;ylaZmfNy;D vQif jrwfpmG bk&m;\ vufawmfay: a&pufukd oGe;f avmif;csvu
dk af vonf/ xkad 0VK0efausmif;
O,smOftm&mrfudk tvSLcHaomtcg ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmf
tjrpfonfum; wG,af vNy}D }[k ajymqku
d m ESpo
f ufMunfE;l 0rf;ajrmuf-
! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

jcif;yDwd\ tvkdEdkifiHokdY vkdufyguckefaom trsKd;orD;yrm r[myx0DajrBuD;onf w,drf;,drf; wEGJUEJGU wkefvIyfavonf/
ZrK'aD y ye XaywGm a0VK0er[m0d[m&H tnH yx0d H uarwmG
*[dwaoemoeH emr ewd/ (Ak'0Ho?|?25/)
= ZrL'dyu
f Re;f tjyif0,f a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmfBu;D udk xm;
tjcm;wpfyg;aom ajrBuD;ukd wkefvIyfap tvSLcHtyfaom ausmif;
wkduftm&mrf[l r&SdcJhpzl;ay/ (Ak'0Ho?|?25/)
a0VK0efausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf
xkt
d cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmfBu;D udk tvSL
cH,lawmfrlNyD;vQif r*"wkdif;&Sif bk&ifAdrdom&rif;BuD;tm; ausmif;
tvSLESifh qufpyfonfh 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m tEkarm'emw&m;pum;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ ,if;w&m;awmfrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfayonf/ --1/ tm0go'ge yemedoHoH? aum emr 0wKH yk&daom orawm/
tnMw Ak'g ye avmuemxm? ,kawm rkcgeH e[kawe pmyd/
2/ tm,k 0P okcH Av? 0&H yowH y#dbmear0/
''gwd emrmwd y0kpaw aom? a,m a'wd oHC ea&
ea&mm 0d[m&H/
3/ 'gwm ed0go ed0g&P? oDwm'daem ZD0dwky'0/
ygavwd tm,kH ye w ,om? tm,kya 'g a[mwd wrm[
wrm[kk oaEm/
4/ tpKPSoDaw 0oawm ed0gao? Av 0aPm y#dbm e a[mwd/
wom [d aom a'wd 0d[m&'gwm? Av 0PH y#dbmear0/
5/ 'ku oDwkPSo&Doyg p? 0gwmwyg'dyb0 avmau/
ed0g&Pm aeu0d" edpH? okcya'g a[mwd 0d[m&'gwm/
ed'geuxm ! #
6/ oDwkPS0gwmwy!Ho0k|d? o&Doyg0gVrd*g'd'kuH/
,om ed0ga&wd 0d[m&'gwm? wom okcH 0dEwd aom y&w/
7/ yoEpdawm b0abm*a[wkH? raembd&mrH rk'dawm 0d[m&H/
a,m a'wd oDvm'd*kaPm'dwmeH? oAH 'a'g emr y0kpaw aom/
8/ y[m, rap&rvH oavmbH? *kPmv,meH edv,H ''gwd/
cdawm0 aom ww ya&[d oa*? ,xmbwH Zm,w
Zm,wdd 0Dwaomaum/
9/ 0a& pmkal y 0d[ma& OVma&? ea&m um&a, 0goa, ww
ww bduL /
'a',sEyge 0w aeoH? yoaEe pdawe oup edpH/
10/ wom r[m&mZ ba0ok abma*? raem&ar ypEkbk,s bda,sm/
0d[m&'ge zave oEH? okcH taomuH t"d*p ypm/
(Ak'0Ho?|?25-27/)
1/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ...jA[mewfvl oH;k bHo

k w
l \
Ydk uk;d uG,f
tm;xm;&mtppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfawmfrlaom oAnKxGwfxm; ormorK'jrwfpGmbk&m;udk MuOfz,fa&Smif&Sm; tvGwfxm; ausmif;t&dyf
tm0go tvSL'ge\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoifudk cHwGif;aygif; wpfaomif;ESifh ,SOfpyfaomfvnf; tb,frnfaom a,mufsm;onf
jynfjh ynfph pkH kH a[mjyjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik yf gtHeh nf;? bk&m;&Sirf w
S pfyg; pGr;f tm;&S-d
aom vlom;onf r&Sdonfom jzpfayonf/
2/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... vlom;wpfOD;onf aexkdifzkdY&ef
ausmif;Adrmefukd oHCmawmftm; o'g&Tiv
f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;\/
o'gMunfjzL ausmif;udv
k LS aom xdv
k o
l m;ukd ]toufuv
kd nf;aumif;
kyftqif;udkvnf;aumif; csrf;omokcudkvnf;aumif; cGeftm;udk
vnf;aumif; omvGejf rifjh rwf cs;D rGr;f tyfaom Pfynm y#dbmefukd
vnf;aumif; ay;vSLolrnf\}[l qkdtyfayonf/
X ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

3/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... tcsr;f tyl tp&Sad om touf\
tE&m,f toG,o
f ,
G u
f dk azsmufviT yhf ,f&mS ; jrpfwm;Ekid af om pGr;f tm;
&Sad om aexkid zf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefukd o'g&Tiv
f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;aomolonfum; xkdausmif; udef;atmif;arGUavsmf aepHaysmfaom
&[ef;oHCmawmftaygif;\ toufudk ab;ra&mufatmif umuG,f
apmifah &Smufonfrnf\/ xkaYd Mumifh xkad usmif;tvSL&Siu
f dk ]touftvSL
ay;vSLaomol} [l bk&m;tp&Su
d ek af om ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;wku
Yd
csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;EIwfcsKd rdefYqkdawmfrlMuavukefonf/
4/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... ylonfhtcg tvGefylvGef; at;onfhtcg tvGefat;vGef;aom [if;vif;tjyif vGifwD;acgifpaom
ae&m Owk'Pfcsuf ESyd pf ufjyif;xef cHae&aom &[ef;awmf\ oEmef0,f cGeftm;Avonfvnf;aumif; kyftqif;onfvnf;aumif;
y#dbmefPfynmonfvnf;aumif; ausmif;t&dyt
f m0gownf;[laom tm;BuD;aom rDS&m taMumif;taxmuftyHh ,kwfavsmhaeonfh
twGuf MuUH MuUH ckid cf idk f rjzpfEidk /f xkad Mumifh ausmif;udk aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;aom xkt
d vSL&Sif ausmif;'g,umonf ]](ausmif;t&dyt
f m0goudk
trSDjyK&ygrS xkdausmif; oDwif;oHk;aom &[ef;awmf\ oEmef
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif; kyftqif;\ wifhw,fjcif; y#dbmefPfynm
BuD;jcif;qkdonfh tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk &&SdEkdifaomaMumifh) cGeftm;udk
vnf;aumif; kyt
f qif;udv
k nf;aumif; y#dbmefPfynmudk vnf;aumif; ay;vSLolrnfayonf/}}
5/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;
aexkid zf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaom ausmif;'g,umonf
]]vlUavmu0,f tcsrf; tyl a>r uif; oef;wnf;[laom ab;
tE&m,f toG,foG,faMumifh jzpfay:vmaom qif;&J'ku t00udk
vnf;aumif; avMurf; aeylMurf; ponfwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
ed'geuxm ! !
rsm;vSaomif;aomif; qif;&J'kutaygif;ukdvnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;aom &[ef;awmf\ oEmef rusra&mufatmif xkad usmif;u umuG,f

apmifah &Smuf wm;jrpfwwfaomaMumifh ]csr;f omokc tvSL'geudk ay;vSLaomol}vnf; rnfygayonf/}}
6/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ...&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;
aexkdifzkdY&ef ausmif;ocFrf;udk aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;aom ausmif;'g,umonf ]]oDwif;oHk; aexkdifMuaom &[ef;awmfwkdY\ oEmef0,f
tcsrf; tyl av aeyl rSuf jcif tcgrJhrkd; a>rqkd; uif; oef;
Murf;wrf;aomom;aumif ponfwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vmwwfaom
qif;&J'ku t00ukd rjzpfyGm;atmif xkdausmif;u [efYwm;y,f&Sm;
wm;jrpfay;wwf\/ xkaYd Mumifh xkad usmif;'g,umonf wrvGeaf vmu
xkb
d 00,f um,-pdw ESpjf zmaom csr;f omokcudk ajrBu;D vufcwfrvJG
ykdifykdifEdkifEdkif &,lEkdifayonf/}}
7/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ...tMuifolonf o'g&Tef;pkd MunfndK
aompdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpf ESpfouf&Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm
b0orwd abm*orwdESpfyg;udk &&Sdjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uef
jzpfayaom Ijrif&olwkdY\ pdwfESvHk;aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufarGUavsmfzG,f
&mjzpfaom &[ef;oHCmawmfwYdk aexkid o
f w
D if;oH;k zk&Yd ef ausmif;Adrmefukd
oDvpaom *kPfaus;Zl;tpkwkdYjzifh wkd;yGm;pnfyif &[ef;oHCmawmf
t&Sijf rwfwt
Ydk m; o'g&Tiv
f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;ylaZmf\/ xkad usmif;
'g,umukd ]]cGeftm;Av kyftqif; csrf;omokc rsufpdtjrif
wnf;[laom tvHk;pHkudk ay;vSLaomolrnf\}}[l tqlqlaom
bk&m;&SifwkdYonf a[mMum;csD;rGrf;awmfrltyf\/
8/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... tMuifolonf rdrdykdifqkdifonfh
vSL'gef;zG,f0wK tpkpkukd cHkrifwyfruf rpGefY&ufjcif;wnf;[laom
avmbw&m;ESifhwuGaom 0efwkdap;eJjcif; rp&d,tnpftaMu;udk
! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

y,fpeG NYf y;D aemuf oDv-orm"d-ynm tpjzmonfh *kPaf us;Zl; tpkpw
k -Ydk
\ wnf&m &[ef;oHCmawmf t&SifjrwfwkdYtm; udef;atmif;arGUavsmf
aepHaysmzf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefudk o'g&Tiv
f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;ylaZmf\/ 0efxrf;orm; olwpfyg;wko
Yd nf o,fy;dk aqmif,v
l maom 0efxyk f
0efy;dk udk vk&d mXme ypfcsxm;ouJo
h Ydk tvm;wlyif o'g&Tiv
f ef; ausmif;
vSL'gef;onfh xkdausmif;'g,umudk rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh 0efxrf;
orm; uH-ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd ewf&mG ok*wdoaYdk &mufatmif o,faqmif
ykdYcstyfonf jzpf&um; wifhw,favsmufywf aumif;jrwfonfh tmHk
ig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdY\ pkyHkwnf&Sd&m xkdewfwkdY&Gm pm;0wfaea&;
ylaqG;pkd;&drf&jcif; tvsOf;uif;rJhonfjzpf b0y#doaE uyfa&muf
jzpfyGm;&avonf/
9/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... xkaYd Mumifh uk,
d u
f sK;d pD;yGm; axmufxm;ajrmfjrif ynm&Sifa,mufsm;onf csD;rGrf;tyf rGefjrwfvSukefaom
ESpo
f ufpzG,f wifw
h ,fjcif;oabm&Su
d ek af om jyefaY jymcHx
h ,f Bu;D us,f
ukefaom oDv-orm"d-ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfudk usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefwu
Ydk dk aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;
av&m\/ xdw
k nfaqmufNy;D aom ausmif;Adrmef bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfwkdY oifod usifhod ESpfodjzifh tMum;tjrifA[kkw jynfh0
pHkvif &[ef;awmft&SifjrwfwkdYudk oDwif;oHk;zkdY&ef awmif;yefpum;
avQmufxm;yefxGm aexkdifap&m\/ oDwif;oHk;aysmf&Tif xkdausmif;ae
t&Siw
f t
Ydk m; o'g&Te;f pkd MunfnKd aom pdw"f mwfjzifh tjrrJ jywf kad oorI
tav;*k jyK pm;zG,f aomufzG,f toG,foG,fukdvnf;aumif;
t0wfouFef;udkvnf;aumif; o'g&Tifvef; vSL'gef;axmufyHhav&m
onf/
10/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... xkdYaMumifh oif'g,umawmf
rif;BuD;onf o'gMunfjzL ,ckvSLtyfaom ausmif;tvSL'ge ukodkvf
ed'geuxm ! P
apwem\ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf tmEkabmfaMumifh ok*wdac:qkd aumif;jrwf

onfh b0xkx
d w
dk Ydk pdwEf v
S ;kH \ &Tijf yKH ;arGUavsm&f mjzpfuek af om pnf;pdrf
rsm;ajrmif toHk;taqmifwkdYudk qwufxrf;ydk; wkd; wkd; BudrfBudrf
zefzef cHpo
H ;kH aqmifNy;D vQif wpfcak omb0 aemufq;kH umv (aomwmyefjzpfNyD;aom) oif'g,umrif;BuD;onf pdk;&drf& jcif; tvsOf;r&Sdaom
udavomtylr;D [lorQwrYdk S tNird ;f Bu;D Nird ;f tat;Bu;D at;&mjzpfaom
edAmefcsrf;omBuD;okdY {uefxkwfacsmuf qkdufa&muf&ayvwHU/
okv
Yd Qif jrwfpmG bk&m;onf Adro
d m&rif;w&m;tm; 0d[m&tEkarm'em = ausmif;vTwftEkarm'emw&m; a[mMum;csD;ajrmufawmf
rlNyD;vQif ae&mrS xawmfrlum aemufyg&[ef;wpfaxmif jcH&Hawmfrlvsuf a0VK0efausmif;wku
d t
f m&mrfoYdk <upH oDwif;oH;k awmfral vonf/
H ?|/25-27/) vm&S d aom a0VK0efum; Ak'0 o
H t|uxm (Ak'0 o
ausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf jzpfayonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sio
f nf Adro
d m&rif;Bu;D \ a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmf O,smOftm&mrfudk
vSL'gef;ylaZmfaom taMumif;0wK w&m;pum; a[mMum;awmfrl
NyD;vQif &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; ausmif;wkduftm&mrf tvSLcHrIukd pwif
cGijhf yKawmfral vonf/ xkad emif &mZN*Kd [o
f al X;uvnf; ausmif;rsm;udk
aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;jyef\/ xkad usmif;wku
Yd v
kd nf; tvSLcH,zl &Ydk ef &[ef;
oHCmawmftm; cGijhf yKawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ (0d?4?290-292/ aoemoeuEu
??)
um; omoemawmf ausmif;wkdufrsm; pwifjzpfay:vmyHk

tusOf;csKyf taMumif;t&myif jzpfayonf/
,aeY 1367-ckESpf? wydkYwJGvqef; (1)&uf we*FaEGaeYrSmvnf;
xkdtxufyg tvSL'geyJGwdkYudk twk,lum -1/ &efuek Nf rKd UrS uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aom 'g,dumrBu;D a':Iciftm; &nfpl; 'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwfrdom;pkwkdYu ausmif;wpfausmif;
w ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

2/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU? odrfukef;&yf? atmufvrf;rBuD;? trSwf (541)
'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;+a':wifvSrdom;pkwkdYu ausmif;wpfausmif;
3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU? NrdKifom,m&yf? (22)vrf;? trSwf (384) 'g,um
Bu;D OD;pk;d xGe;f +a':,Ofoed ;f ? nDrjzpfol a':oef;pdef rdom;pkwu
Ydk
ausmif;wpfausmif; -tm;vH;k ausmif;oH;k ausmif;wku
Yd dk zm;atmufawm& pdwv
awmifausmif; oHCmawmftm; qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuayonf/ qGrf;
ouFef; tp&Sdaom vSLzG,f0wK tpkpkwkdYudkvnf; qufuyfvSL'gef;
ylaZmfMuayonf/ omoemawmfudk cs;D ajrm ufaxmufyo
hH nfh tvSL'geyJGyif jzpfayonf/
xkt
d vSL'geyJG 0rf;ajrmufz,
G f tEkarm'emw&m;wpfy'k u
f kd a[mMum;ay;cJh\/ o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVdawmf vm&Sdaom u''okwef
(oH?1?29/)ukd tajcwnfum t&yf&yfaom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum
pum;&yfwkdYukd vkd&mvdk&m oGwfoGif;vsuf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif;
jzpf\/ xkw
d &m;awmfudk em,lc&hJ aom ausmif;'g,umBu;D OD;vSxeG ;f u
xkw
d &m;awmfukd usr;f pmtjzpf du
k Ef ydS u
f m vSL'gef;ylaZmfvykd gaMumif;ukd
wifjyavQmufxm;vmojzifh ]vkdwkd; ykdavsmh}pepfukd toHk;jyKum
w&m;a[m pD'aD cGrS usr;f pmtoGio
f Ydk jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;vdu
k yf gonf/
Ak'j rwfpmG omoemawmfBu;D t&S ncf idk cf hH wnfwahH tmif tm;ay;
axmufyHh csD;ajrmufEkdifygapaom0f[k arwmjzifh ywemjyKvsuf -zm;atmufawm&q&mawm
wm&q&mawmf
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 1
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ
(u''okwef w&m;a'oemawmf)
1367-ckESpf? wykdYwGJvqef; (1)&uf? c&pfou&mZf 2006-ckESpf?
ZE0g&Dv (29)&uf? we*FaEGaeYrSm &efukefNrdKUrS uG,fvGefoGm;aom
'g,dumrBuD;a':Iciftm; &nfpl;NyD;awmh 'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwf
rdom;pkwu
Ykd ausmif;wpfausmif;ESiw
hf uG qGr;f ouFe;f ponfh vSLzG,-f
0wK tpkpkwdkYudk qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/ tvm;wlyif
armfvNrKd iNf rKd U? odru
f ek ;f &yf? atmufvrf;rBu;D ? trSwf (541)rSm aexkid f
MuwJh 'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;+a':wifvS rdom;pkwkdYuvnf; ausmif;
wpfausmif;ESifh qGrf; ouFef;tp&Sdaom vSLzG,f0wK y&du&m tpkpk
wdkYudk oHCmawmftm; &nfpl;NyD; qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aom rdbrsm;tm; &nfp;l Ny;D awmh armfvNrKd i-f
NrKd U? NrKd io
f m,m&yf? (22)vrf;? trSwf (384)rSm aexkid Mf uwJh 'g,umBu;D
OD;pdk;xGef;+a':,Ofodef; nDr a':oef;pdef rdom;pkwdkYuvnf; ausmif;
wpfausmif;ESiw
hf uG qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif; tp&S w
d hJ vSLzG,0f wK tpkpk
wdu
Yk kd qufuyfvLS 'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/ xkt
d vSL'geyGt
J wGuf bke;f Bu;D
bufu 0rf;ajrmufz,
G f tEkarm'emw&m;pum;wpfy'k f a[mMum;ay;zkYd
wm0ef qkdufa&mufvmygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D a[mzdYk &nf&,
G x
f m;wmuawmh o*gxm0*o,
H w
k f ygVdawmfrmS vm&Sw
d hJ u''okwe f a'oemawmfwpfck jzpfygw,f/ jrwfpmG -
2 ! zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
bk&m;ocif ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D om0wjd ynfreG f aZw0efausmif;wdu
k -f
awmfrSm oDwif;okH; pHaeawmfrlckduf nOfhoef;acgif,mrf tcsdeftcgrSm
taygif;tazmfawGEiS w
hf uG ewfom;wpfO;D u jrwfpmG bk&m;xH csO;f uyf
Ny;D awmh olov
d w
kd hJ ar;cGe;f uav;awGudk ar;jref; avQmufxm;ygw,f/
olu b,fvkdar;cGef;uav;awGukd bk&m;&Siftm; ar;jref; avQmufxm;ovJ emMunfhMu&atmif --
u'a'g Ava'g a[mwd? u'a'g a[mwd 0Pa'g/

u'a'g okca'g a[mwd? u'a'g a[mwd puKa'g/
aum p oA'a'g a[mwd? wH ar tum[d ykpdawm/
(oH?1?29/)
u'a'g = tb,fukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo

f nf/ Ava'g = cGet
f m;udk
ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ u'a'g = tb,fudk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ 0Pa'g = tqif;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonf/
a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ u'a'g = tb,fukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo
f nf/
okca'g = csr;f omokcudk ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd vo
f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/
u'a'g = tb,fudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ puKa'g = rsufpdudk
hJ -Ykd
ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd vo
f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ aum p = tb,fuo
aom tvSL'geudk ay;vSLavh&Sdaom yk*dKvfonfum;/ oA'a'g =
tvkH;pkHudk ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ ykpdawm =
ar;jref; avQmufxm;tyfonfjzpfaom &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;onf/ wH
= xdkar;cGef;\ tajzudk/ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmftm;/ tum[d =
ajzMum;awmfrlyg/
ewfom; ar;jref;avQmufxm;wJh ar;cGef;uav;awGu (5)ck
&Sdygw,f/ bmajymvdkovJ
eHygwf (1)u tb,ft&m0wKudk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo
f nf cGet
f m;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf jzpfygovJ
eHygwf (2)u tb,ft&m0wKukd ay;vSLaewJh yk*dKvfonf

kyftqif;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf jzpfygovJ
f nf csr;f om
okcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf jzpfygovJ
f nf rsupf u
d kd
ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf jzpfygovJ
eHygwf (5)u tb,ft&m0wKrsKd;ukd ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf
tukev
f ;Hk udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vf jzpfygovJqNkd y;D awmh 'Dar;cGe;f (5)ckukd
vma&mufNyD; ar;jref;avQmufxm;ygw,f/
'Dvdk ar;jref; avQmufxm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu olU
ar;cGef;eJY avsmfnDpGm tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
tEa'g Ava'g a[mwd? 0wa'g a[mwd 0Pa'g/

,mea'g okca'g a[mwd? 'Dya'g a[mwd puKa'g/
aom p oA'a'g a[mwd? a,m ''gwd Oy,H/
trwH 'a'g p aom a[mwd? a,m "rrEkomowd/
(oH?1?29/)
tEa'g = qGr;f udk vSL'gef;wJyh *k Kd vo

f nfum;/ Ava'g = cGet
f m;udk
ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo
f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ 0wa'g = t0wfouFe;f udk
vSL'gef;wJyh *k Kd vo
f nfum;/ 0Pa'g = kyt
f qif;udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd v-f
onf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ ,mea'g = ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d udk ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd vf
onfum;/ okca'g = csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd
= jzpfyg\/ 'Dya'g = qDrD;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonfum;/ puKa'g =
rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ a,m = tMuif
tvSL&Sifonfum;/ Oy,H = ausmif;ocFrf;udk/ ''gwd = ay;vSL\/
aom p = xdkausmif;ocFrf;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonfum;/ oA'a'g =
tukefvkH;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/ a,m p
= tMuifyk*dKvfonfum;/ "rH = y&d,wd"r y#dywd"r y#da0""rudk/
tEkomowdd = tzefzef txyfxyf qkdqkH;r aeay\/ aom p =
xkduJhodkY y&d,wd"r y#dywd"r y#da0""rudk tzefzef txyfxyf
qkdqkH;raeaom yk*dKvfonfum;/ trwH 'a'g = rao&m tNrdKuf
edAmefudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
jrwfpmG bk&m;uvnf; olar;jref;avQmufxm;wJh ar;cGe;f eJY avsm-f
nDpGm jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkd
tajzay;awmfrlovJ
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol
1/ tEa'g Ava'g a[mwd/ (oH?1?29/)
tEa'g = qGrf;udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJhyk*dKvfonfum;/ Ava'g =
cGeftm;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
eHygwf (1)uawmh qGr;f udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJyh *k Kd vo
f nf cGet
f m;udk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf rnfygw,f/ tvGef tm;aumif;armif;oefaewJh
a,mufsm;yJ jzpfcsijf zpfygap? tm[m&awGukd rpm;ok;H &awmhb;l qkv
d Qif
cGeftm;awGu qkwf,kwf ysufpD;oGm;ygw,f/ tm;EGJUaewJh yk*dKvfyJ
jzpfcsijf zpfygap? tu,frsm; qGr;f uav;udk rS0D J pm;ok;H Ekid cf rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif
xkdyk*dKvf[m xvnf; xEdkifw,f oGm;vnf; oGm;Edkifr,f/ tm;r&SdwJh
yk*Kd vu
f cGet
f m;awGeYJ jynfph v
Hk mwwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGr;f udk ay;vSL
aewJyh *k Kd vo
f nf cGet
f m;udk ay;vSLwmeJY wlw,fqNdk y;D awmh 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
qGr;f ukd ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Si[
f m cGet
f m;ukd ay;vSLaewJt
h wGuf
bmtusKd;w&m;rsm;ukd &&SdEkdifrvJvdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tvSL&Sif
awGtzkYd aemifoo
H &mc&D;qkw
d m xif&mS ;&Sad er,fqv
dk Qif ,ck qGr;f vSL-
'gef;vdu
k w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGuvnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGihf oifv
h m
NyDqkdvQif aemiftem*wfb0rSm rdrd&JU cEmtdrfrSm cGeftm;awG jynfh0
vmatmif 'DqrG ;f vSL'gef;vku
d w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f u
H &Guaf qmifay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl;? rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;wJh cGeftm;AvawG ysufpD;
roGm;atmifvnf; 'DqrG ;f vSL'gef;vku
d w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGu apmifah &Smuf
ay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f t*kw
F Kd &yf gVdawmf yuedygwf
abmZeokwef rSm qGrf;tvSLESifh ywfoufvkdY tusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ b,fvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ
abmZeH bdua0 ''rmaem 'g,aum y#d*g[umeH y Xmemed
a'wd/ uwrmed y
(u) tm,kH a'wd?
( c ) 0PH a'wd?
( * ) okcH a'wd?
(C) AvH a'wd?
( i ) y#dbmeH a'wd/ (tH?2?35/)
bdua 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd abmZeH = qGr;f abmZOfu/dk ''rmaem 'g,aum = ay;vSLwJh tvSL&Sio
f nf/ y#d*g [umeH = tvSLcHy*k Kd vw
f t
Ydk m;/
y Xmemed = ig;rsKd;aom t&mXmewkdYukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
uwrmed y = tb,fig;rsKd;wkdYenf;[lrlum; --(u) tm,kH = toufukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( c ) 0PH = kyftqif;ukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( * ) okcH = csrf;omokcukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
(C) AvH = cGeftm;ukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( i ) y#dbmeH = Pfynmukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
qGrf;ukd ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Sif[m tvSLcHyk*dKvfwkdYtm; ---
(u) toufukd &Snfatmif tm,kac:wJh tvSL'geukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
( c ) kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
( * ) uk,
d \
f csr;f omjcif; pdw\
f csr;f omjcif;qkw
d hJ csr;f omokcukd
ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
(C) cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
( i ) PfynmawG xufjrufatmif Pfynmukd ay;vSLonf
rnfw,f/
tvSLcHyk*dKvfawG&JU oEmefrSm 'DtusKd;w&m; ig;rsKd;ukd &&Sdatmif
qGrf;tvSL&Sifu ay;vSLwmjzpfwJhtwGuf tvSL&SifrSm bmtusKd;
f hJ tusK;d w&m; ig;rsK;d ukv
d nf;
w&m;awGudk &&SEd idk o
f vJ tvSL&Sif &&SEd idk w
bk&m;&Sifu qufvufum a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
touf&Snfjcif;
(u) tm,kH acg ye 'wGm tm,k bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g
rmEko 0g? (tH?2?35/)
tm,kH = toufukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/ 'dA 0g =
ewfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEko 0g = vlrlvnf;jzpfaom/ tm,k
bm*D = touf&SnfrIukd &jcif;\ tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
ow0gawG[m tm[m&tay:rSm rSDwif;NyD; aexdkifMu&ygw,f??
xrif;touf ckepf&uf (0dok'd?2?251/)qkdwJhtwdkif;yJ xrif;tm[m&
qGrf;tm[m&ukd rrSD0J rpm;okH;&bl;qkdvQif touf&SnfzdkY&ef tvGef
cufcJygw,f/ tpmtm[m&ukd pm;oHk;&ygrSomvQif touf&SnfEkdif
MurSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGr;f tm[m&ukd ay;vSL jcif;onf tvSLcH
yk*dKvfawG touf&SnfoGm;atmif toufukd ay;vSLaeonfvnf;
rnfygw,f/ 'Dvdk tvSLcHyk*dKvfwkdYtm; touf&Snfatmif toufudk
ay;vSLaeonft
h wGuf tvSL&Sit
f zdYk oHo&mc&D;qkw
d m xif&mS ;&Sad eOD;
r,fqkdvQifawmh ewfyJjzpfjzpf vlyJjzpfjzpf b,fb0rSmrqdk 'DqGrf;
vSL'gef;vku
d w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGu tusK;d ay;wJb
h 0rSm touf&Snfrq
I w
dk hJ
tusKd;w&m;ukd &&SdrSm jzpfygw,f/ okdYaomf touf&SnfkHwGifvm;
qkdawmh ruao;ygbl;/
tqif;vSjcif;
(c) 0PH 'wGm 0P bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g?
(tH?2?35/)
tm[m&udk rSD0Jvkduf&wJhtcg 'Dtm[m&ukd jynfhjynfh00 yHkrSef

pm;oHk;EkdifvmNyDqkdvQif tJ'Dyk*dKvf&JU tom;ta&awG[m pkdjynfvmw,f? jynfhNzdK;vmw,f/ kyftqif;awG[mvnf; MunfhIcsifpzG,f
wifw
h ,fvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh tpmtm[m&ukd ay;vSLjcif;[m tvSLcH
yk*Kd vaf wG&UJ oEmefrmS kyt
f qif;awG wifw
h ,fomG ;atmif kyt
f qif;ukd
ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/ 'Dvdk kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLvkdufwJh
twGuf tvSL&Sit
f zkYd 'Duo
k v
dk u
f aH wGu tusK;d ay;wJh b0wkid ;f rSm vlyJ
jzpfjzpf ewfyjJ zpfjzpf kyt
f qif;&JU vSywifw
h ,fjcif;qkw
d hJ tusK;d w&m;ukd
&&SdEkdifygw,f/ aemuftusKd;wpfckuawmh bmvJ
csrf;omBuD;jcif;
(*) okcH 'wGm okc bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g?
(tH?2?35-36/)
tpmtm[m&awGudk txl;ojzifh rGejf rwfwhJ cJz,

G af bmZOfawGukd
rSD0Jvkduf&wJh tvSLcHyk*dKvfawG[m tm[m&awG&JU tm;ay;axmufyHhrI
aMumifh cEmuk,
d [
f m MuUH ckid v
f mw,f/ uk,
d &f UJ csr;f omjcif;qkw
d hJ um,du
okc t00awGESifh jynfhpHkvmw,f/ cEmukd,fu w&m;bm0emawGukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf t
Ykd wGuf MuUH ckid v
f mwJt
h cg orx-0dyembm0em
awGudk tm;xkwzf &Ykd eftwGuf tcefo
Y ifh jzpfvmwJt
h wGuf pdwcf sr;f omrI
awGvnf; &Sdvmjyefw,f/ 'Dvkd ukd,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omokcawG
jzpfaewke;f rSm w&m;bm0emawGudk yGm;rsm;vku
d v
f Qif orxykid ;f rSmvnf;
atmifjrifraI wG &&SEd idk w
f t
hJ wGuf orxykid ;f qkid &f m pdwcf sr;f omrIawGu
ykdNyD; tm;aumif;vmwwfygw,f/
tu,f 0dyembm0emawGudkvnf; qufvufNyD; yGm;rsm;
Ekid v
f Ydk atmifjrifraI wGudk tqifq
h ifh &&Scd rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif 0dyemykid ;f qkid &f m
csrf;omokc t00awGukdvnf; cHpm;&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dxuf wpfqifh
wufNyD;awmh r*fcsrf;om zkdvfcsrf;omtxd qkdufa&mufEkdifr,fqkdvQif
tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH csr;f omokcvkYd ac:qkt
d yfwhJ rao&mtNrKd uef Ad m ef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;&JU tNidrf;"mwft&om csrf;omokctppfBuD;ukd
cHpm;Mu&rSm jzpfw,f/ w&m;bm0emawGudk wu,fvufawGU usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh tvSLcHy*k Kd vf rsm;xkx
d w
kd &Ydk UJ oEmefrmS
tvSL&SifjzpfwJh rdrdu vSL'gef;ylaZmfvkdufwJh qGrf;tm[m&ukd trSDjyK
NyD;awmh csrf;omokc t00awGukd ,ckvkd &&SdMuw,fqkdvQif qGrf;
tm[m&ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;[mvnf; csrf;omokcukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfwmeJY wlygw,f/
'Dvkd csrf;omokcukd ay;vSLwJhtwGuf tvSL&SifjzpfwJh olawmfaumif;twGuf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&SdaeOD;r,fqkdvQif xkdqGrf;
tm[m&awGukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh aumif;rIukokdvfuHu tusKd;ay;rnfh bHb
k 0awGrmS ewfyjJ zpfjzpf vlyjJ zpfjzpf uk,
d \
f csr;f omjcif; pdw\
f
csrf;omjcif;qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd &&SdrSm jzpfygw,f/ tvSLcHyk*dKvf
awGukd csrf;omapvkdwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh uHawGukd xlaxmifrdwJhtwGuf
'DuHu tusKd;ay;wJh bHkb0awGrSm csrf;omokcawGu tvSL&SifjzpfwJh
rdrdxHokdY qkdufa&mufvmjcif; jzpfw,f/ ]ewfwdkYzef a&ueftoifh
Mumtoifh}qkdovkd rdrd xlaxmifcJhwJhuHu tcefYoifhjzpfatmif &Gufaqmifay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku bmvJ
cGeftm;BuD;jcif;
(C) AvH 'wGm Av bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g?
(tH?2?36/)
AvH = cGet
0g = ewfrlf m;uk/d 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumif/h 'dA
vnf;jzpfaom/ rmEko 0g = vlrlvnf;jzpfaom/ Av = cGet
f m;
Avukd/ bm*D = &&SdzdkY&ef tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
tvSL&SifwpfOD;u rGefjrwfaom qGrf;tm[m&awGukd tvSLcH
yk*dKvfwkdYtm; ay;vSLvkdufwJhtcg rQwwJhtm[m&awGukd bkOf;ay;oHk;aqmif&wJh tvSLcHyk*dKvfawG&JU oEmefrSm cGeftm;AvawGu wkd;yGm;
vmMuygw,f/
{u'd0oH y&dbkwm[ma&m owm[rd Oywarwd/
(0dok'd?2? 251/)
]]wpfaeYwm pm;vkdufwJh tm[m&awGu pm;oHk;wJhyk*dKvfawG&JU

oEmefrSm ckepf&ufywfvHk;aomfvnf; tm[m&ZkyfawGukd tquf
rjywf qufwu
dk f jzpfapjcif;jzifh cEmuk,
d Bf u;D ukd awmifw
h if;ckid rf moGm;atmif cGet
f m;awG jynf0h vmatmif tm;ay;axmufyv
hH suf &Syd gw,f}}vdYk 0do'k rd *ft|uxmu zGiq
hf x
dk m;ygw,f/ tm[m&Zkyaf wGu ckepf&ufwidk w
f idk f tqufrjywf tm;ay;axmufyx
hH m;wJt
h wGuf 'DcEmuk,
d f
Bu;D xJrmS &S&d if;pJjG zpfaewJh urZkyu
f vmyfawGrmS yg0ifaewJh urZMoZm
pdwZ kyu
f vmyfawGrmS yg0ifaewJh pdwZ MoZm OwkZkyu
f vmyfawGrmS
yg0ifaewJh OwkZMoZm uvmyfjym; tm[m&Zkyu
f vmyfawGrmS yg0if
aewJh tm[m&ZMoZm 'DMoZmtoD;oD;uvnf; urZ0rf;rD;&JU tul
tnDESifh tm[m&Zkyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd xyfrHNyD; jzpfap
Mujyefw,f/ 'Dvdk kyu
f vmyfawGu rsm;pGm wk;d yGm;vmrIaMumifh tm[m&
ukd rSD0JoHk;aqmifMuwJh tvSLcHyk*dKvfwkdY&JU oEmefrSm cGeftm;awGu
jynfhNzdK;vmMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGrf;tm[m&awGukd ay;vSL jcif;[m
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd cGet
f m;ukd ay;vSLwJt
h wGuf cGet
f m;ukd ay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ tvSL&SifwkdY&JU oEmefrSm aemiftem*wf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&Sdaer,f
qkv
d Qif 'Dvkd cGet
f m;awGudk ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Siw
f &Ydk UJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGu
vljzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap ewfjzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap? b,fb0rSmrqkd
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfaprSm jzpfygw,f/
aemuftusKd;wpfckuawmh bmvJ
y#dbmefPfynmBuD;jcif;
(i) y#dbmeH 'wGm y#dbme bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g
rmEko 0g/ (tH?2?36/)
y#dbmeH = ynmPfy#dbmefukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/
'dA
0g = ewfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEko 0g = vlrlvnf;jzpfaom/
y#dbme = Pfynmy#dbmefukd/ bm*D = &jcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
Pfynmy#dbmefqkdwmu b,fvkdPfynmrsKd;vJvdkYawmh
ar;p&m &Syd gw,f/ 'DtcsuEf iS hf ywfoufNy;D awmh oH,w
k #f u
D muawmh
'Dvkd &Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f --0d0d"mum&H uwGm "rH uaxwkH y#dbmwDwd
wd y#dbmeH? a'oemyum&PH/ (oH?#D?1?289/)
,ckumv EkdifiHausmf"ruxduq&mawmfawGvkdyJ bk&m;&Sif&JU
w&m;awmfawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh wefqmqifNyD;awmh w&m;em
y&dowfawG em;vnfoabmaygufatmif a[mMum;Ekid w

f hJ Pfynm
ukdyJ y#dbmePfvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
tvSLcHyk*dKvfjzpfwJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u rGefjrwfwJh qGrf; cJzG,f
abmZOfawGukd rQrQww rSD0Jpm;oHk;vkduf&wJhtcg cGeftm;AvawGu
cEmuk,
d x
f rJ mS wk;d yGm;vmygw,f/ xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm xkt
d vSLcHy*k Kd vu
f
pmayy&d,wdawGukd avhvmqnf;yl;r,fqkdvQifvnf; Pfynm
xufxufjrufjrufEiS hf avhvmqnf;yl;Ekid w
f ,f/ 'Dvq
dk nf;yl;Ekid w
f hJ ol&UJ
oEmefrSm y&d,wdPfynmawGvnf; wkd;yGm;vmjyefw,f/
wpfzef 'DtvSLcHyk*dKvfu ,ckvkd tm;tifawG jynfhaewkef;rSm
orx-0dyembm0emusifhpOfawGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfr,fqkdvQifvnf; tm;tifjynfhjynfh00ESifh tm;oGefcGefpkduf
BudK;yrf;EkdifwJhtwGuf wpfaeYxufwpfaeY orm"dawG PfawGu
&ifhoxuf&ifhvmwJhtcg y#dywdPfynmawGuvnf; 'Dyk*dKvf&JU
oEmefrSm wkd;wufvmjyefw,f/
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*Dolawmfaumif;awGu ajymMuw,f -]rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfuav;awGukd rQrQww rSD0J pm;oHk;vkduf&wJhaeYrSm
w&m;xkdifvdkY odyfaumif;wmyJ}vdkY ajymMuw,f/ w&m;xkdifvkdY odyfaumif;w,fqkdwmu orm"dawG wkd;wufvmw,f? PfynmawG
wkd;wufvmw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmjzpfw,f/ y#dywdPfynmawG wkd;yGm;
vmjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tu,f xko
d al wmfaumif;u twdwu
f vnf; jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ
yg&rDvYdk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ 0dyemPfawGuvnf; &ifu
h sucf rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif
aomwmywdr*fPf zdkvfPfpwJh t&d,r*fPf zdkvfPfwkdYjzifh
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;ukd rsufarSmufjyK
EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
,ckvkd rao&m tNrdKufedAmefukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifNyDqkdvQif xdk
olawmfaumif;&JU oEmefrSm y#da0"PfynmawGvnf; wdk;yGm;vmNyD
jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk qGrf;tm[m&ukd trSDjyKNyD;awmh y&d,wdPfynm y#dywd
Pfynm y#da0"PfynmawG wk;d wufvmNyq
D v
dk Qif xku
d o
hJ aYdk om
tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aom Pfynm&Sad eol olawmfaumif;wpfO;D u
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh a[mMum;jyor,f
qkdvQif w&m;emy&dowfawGukdvnf; em;vnfatmif a[mjyEkdifpGrf;
&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ t&Sifr[marm*vdykwwdrax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYuJhokdY
(tbd?|?1?4-6/32/) w&m;a[maumif;wJh y#dbmefPfynm pGrf;tm;
BuD;rm;wJh yk*dKvfawG jzpfEkdifygw,f/
'gaMumifh rGefjrwfaom qGrf; cJzG,f abmZOfawGukd oDv&SdwJh
t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfawGtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;onf ]tvSLcHy*k Kd v-f
wk&Yd UJ oEmefrmS y#dbmefPfynmawG &ifo
h efvmatmif vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f}/
'Dvykd #dbmefPfynmudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfwhJ tvSL&Siaf wG[mvnf;
oHo&mc&D;u rqHk;Muao;vkdY aemiftem*wf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm
xif&mS ;&Sad eOD;r,fqv
dk Qif ckvkd rdrd jyKpyk sK;d axmifvu
dk w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wG&UJ
pGr;f tm;aMumifh xkt
d em*wf oHo&mc&D;u xdt
k vSL&Siu
f dk pdwo
<l u,f
ausmif;'g,umBu;D wku
Yd o
hJ Ydk w&m;a[maumif;wJh y#dbmefPfynm&Sd
olwpfOD;tjzpfESifh qD;BudKaerSm jzpfygw,f/
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf yuedygwf abmZeokwef (tH?2?35-36??)rSm
bk&m;&Siu
f qGr;f tusK;d ig;yg;ukd ckajymcJw
h t
hJ wdik ;f a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlcJhygw,f/ okdYaomf cka[maeqJjzpfwJh u''okwefrSmawmh bk&m;-
f m;Bu;D rm;jcif;qkw
&Siu
f xkt
d usK;d ig;yg;xJu Av = cGet
d hJ tusK;d w&m;
wpfckukdyJ OD;pm;ay;NyD;awmh qGrf;vSL jcif;&JU tusKd;w&m;tjzpfESifh
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
taMumif;uawmh 'DtusKd;w&m;ig;yg;xJrSm cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;
qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;uawmh teD;uyfqHk; wkdufkdufodjrifEkdifwJh y"me =
jy"mef;wJh tusK;d w&m;wpfck jzpfaeygw,f/ 'Dvkd jy"mef;wJh tusK;d w&m;
wpfckukd wkdufkduf,lum a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufwJhtwGuf rjy"mef;wJh
useftusKd;w&m;awGvnf; xdkufovkd tusKH;0ifoGm;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm rGefjrwfwJh qGrf; cJzG,f abmZOfawGukd tvSLcHyk*dKvf
wkdYtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmf&wJh aumif;rIukokdvfuHu cGeftm;BuD;rm;rIukd
jzpfaprIEiS hf ywfoufvYdk xif&mS ;wJh om"uwpfcu
k awmh t&Sit
f *Fv
k -d
rmv tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DtrsKd;aumif;om;u aemufqHk;b0jzpfwJh t&Sift*kFvdrmvb0rSmom
cGeftm;BuD;rm;wm r[kwfygbl;? [kdtwdwfb0 ayg&dom' jzpfcJhpOfu
vnf;yJ cGet
f m;Av tvGeBf u;D rm;wJh yk*Kd vw
f pfa,muf jzpfczhJ ;l ygw,f/
bmaMumifh 'Dvdk cGeftm;BuD;rm;&ovJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdygw,f/ r[mokwaomrZmwft|uxmrSm 'Dvkd azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
aom [d uy'oAv umav cD&ovmubwH y|ayod?
awe r[mxmarm ta[mod/ (Zmwu?|?5?515/)
aom = xkdayg&dom'onf/ uy'oAv = ukd,fawmftm;
q,fyg; Pfawmftm;q,fyg;ESihf jynfph akH wmfral om uybk&m;&Si-f
\/ umav = vufxufawmftcg/ cD&ovmubwH = EGm;EkpYd ma&;wH
qGr;f uk/d y|ayod = 0wfwnfxm;cJah vNy/D awe = xkd aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f
uHaMumifh/ r[mxmarm = BuD;rm;aom pGrf;tm;&Sdonf/ ta[mod =
jzpfcJhavNyD/
uybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif; tcsdeftcgumvrSm xkd
ayg&dom'tavmif;tvsm (= t*Fv
k rd mvtavmif;tvsm)jzpfwhJ trsK;d
aumif;om;[m EGm;EkpYd ma&;wHqrG ;f 0wfudk oHCmawmftm; wnfxm;cJ-h
zl;w,f/ EGm;EkdYpma&;wHqGrf;0wfwnfNyD;awmh oHCmawmftm; EGm;EkdYqGr;f ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfczhJ ;l w,f/ 'Daumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f &H UJ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf
tmEkabmfaMumifh ayg&dom'b0rSma&m aemufqHk;b0jzpfwJh t*kFvdrmvb0rSma&m tvGef cGeftm;AvpGrf;tm;ESifh jynfhpHkwJh yk*dKvfwpfOD;
vmjzpf&w,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl;? olu tjcm;tvSL'geawGukdvnf;
uybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm &[ef;oHCmawmftm;
vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhzl;jyefw,f/ bmawG vSL'gef;cJhovJ
t*domv uma&wGm bduKoHC oDw0daem'ewH t*d
'gled p 'gkap'e0god z&ok t'god? awe awZ0g ta[mod/
(Zmwu?|?5?515/)
t*domv = rD;wif;ukyfudkvnf;/ uma&wGm = aqmufvkyf

ap/ bduKoHC = &[ef;oHCmawmftm;/ oDw0daem'ewH =
tat;ukd (= tcsrf;)ukd y,fazsmuf&eftvdkYiSm/ t*d = rD;ukdvnf;aumif;/ 'gled p = xif;wkdYudkvnf;aumif;/ 'gkap'e0god = xif;
jzwf&ef yJcyG f (= "m;)ukv
d nf;aumif;/ z&ok = ykqed u
f v
dk nf;aumif;/
t'god = ay;vSLcJhzl;avNyD/ awe = xkdaumif;rIukokdvfuHaMumifh/
awZ0g = wefcdk;BuD;rm;wJhyk*dKvfonf/ ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/
olu rD;wif;ukyfwpfckudkvnf; aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;cJhzl;w,f/
OD;wnfcsuu
f awmh tvGef at;csr;f wJt
h cg tat;"mwfudk y,fazsmuf
Ekid zf &Ykd efqw
dk hJ OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf vSL'gef;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dr;D wif;ukyq
f -dk
wmuvnf; tylaiGUukd &,lzq
Ykd w
dk hJ OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;
xm;wJh taEG;cef;wpfcak wmh jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ 'DtaEG;cef;xJrmS toH;k jyKz-Ykd
&ef rD; xif; xif;jzwf&ef"m; ykqdefwkdYukdvnf; vSL'gef;cJhygw,f/ 'D
aumif;rIukokdvfuHaMumifh bkef;wefckd; tmEkabmfBuD;rm;wJh yk*dKvf

wpfOD;vnf; jzpf&jyefw,f/ ayg&dom'qkdwJhtoH t*kFvdrmvqkdwJh
toHudk Mum;vku
d f rHk QEiS hf Mum;&olawG[m aMumuf';l awG wkeu
f ek Mf uw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f ]tEa'g Ava'g a[mwd = qGr;f ukad y;vSLwJh
yk*dKvf[m cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvf jzpfygw,f}vkdY u''okwefrSm
bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (2)udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkd ajzawmfrlovJ
kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol
2/ 0wa'g a[mwd 0Pa'g? (oH?1?29/)
0wa'g = t0wfouFef;udk vSL'gef;wJhyk*dKvfonfum;/ 0Pa'g
= kyftqif;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
tvGef vSywJyh *k Kd vw
f pfO;D jzpfcsijf zpfygap? 'Dy*k Kd vrf mS t0wftpm;
r&Sb
d ;l qkv
d Qif Munf&h wm tifrwef tkyq
f ;dk oGm;ygw,f/ tkyq
f ;dk aewJh
yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D yif jzpfcsijf zpfygap? oifw
h ifah vsmufywfwhJ t0wfwefqm
uav;awGukd qifjref; 0wfqifvu
dk w
f t
hJ cgrSm xdyk *k Kd v[
f m Icsipf zG,f
jzpfvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh t0wfouFef;awGudk ay;vSLaejcif;onf
kyftqif;udk vSywifhw,fatmif ay;vSLaeonfrnfw,fqkdNyD;awmh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u jyeftajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;wJh om"uwpfckuawmh Oyv0Pfax&Dr&JU
tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh Orm'EDtrsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD;&JU taMumif;
t&myJ jzpfygw,f/ Orm'EDtavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;
uav;[m wpfckaom twdwfb0rSm tvGef qif;&JolwpfOD; jzpfcJhzl;
ygw,f/ 0wfyef;ykq;dk wpfxnf &&Szd &Ykd eftwGuf (3)ESpu
f Recf zH &Ykd ef cH0ef-
csufjzifh olaX;wpfOD;xHrSm oGm;a&mufum uRefcH&ygw,f/ okdYaomf
'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;&JU 0w&m;aus>yefrIaMumifh (3)ESpf rjynfhrDrSmyJ
olaX;u auseyfojzifh wpfceJ uf xlxyfwhJ 0wfyef;ykq;dk ESihf twlwuG
t0wfyu
dk ydk g aqmif;Ny;D ay;vku
d yf gw,f/ rdwaf qGtaygif;tazmfawGEiS hf
twl jrpfqdyfwpfae&mrSm a&oGm;csKd;Muw,f/ a&csKd;NyD;ygu tvGef
0wfcsifaeonfh 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd 0wf&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufESifh a&oGm;csKd;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm t0wfouFe;f jywfawmufaewJh opfcufopf&u
G f
wkdYukd 0wfqifvmwJh uybk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;ukd awGUjrifvu
dk &f wJt
h cg rdr&d &Sx
d m;wJh 0wfyef;ykq;dk ukd xuf0uf
ykid ;f um vSL'gef;r,fqw
dk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh a&xJrS wufum t0wftpm;
vJNyD; 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd xuf0ufykdif;um vSL'gef;vdkufygw,f/
&[ef;awmfu olvLS 'gef;vku
d w
f hJ t0wfyq
k ;kd ukd oifw
h ifw
h hJ wpfae&mokdY oGm;a&mufum 0wfqifNyD; <uvmawmfrlygw,f/ xkd&[ef;awmfudk MunfNh y;D tvGef yDwad wG jzpfomG ;w,f/ a&S;,cif t0wfr&Spd Ofu xk&d [ef;awmfrmS Munfh v
I Ydk rwifw
h ,faomfvnf; t0wfouFe;f ukd
qifjref;NyD;wJhtcg tvGefwifhw,foGm;wmukd MunfhNyD; tvGefESpfouf
0rf;ajrmufomG ;wJt
h wGuf useaf ewJh t0wfyidk ;f udyk g xyfqifNh y;D vSL'gef;
ylaZmfvu
dk yf gw,f/ xk&d [ef;awmfuvnf; oifw
h ifah vsmufywfwhJ wpfae&mukd oGm;Ny;D awmh opfcufopf&u
G t
f m;vH;k ukd pGeyYf ,fum t0wfyidk ;f
wpfcu
k dk oif;ykid t
f jzpf 0wfqifum t0wfyidk ;f wpfcu
k kd uk,
d 0f wfouFe;f
tjzpf 0wfqifum xGufcGmvmcJhygw,f/
xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm xk&d [ef;awmf&UJ oEmefrmS 0wfyef;ykq;kd t0wf&UJ
ta&miftqif;aMumifh wufopfp aevkvifuJhokdY wpfukd,fvHk;rSm
tom;a&mifESifh ouFef;a&mif[m wpfa&mifwnf; jzpfoGm;w,f/ xdk
trsKd;orD;u xkd&[ef;awmfukd ,ckvkd zl;awGUvkduf&wJhtcgrSm ]igY&JU
t&Sifjrwf[m yxruawmh rwifhw,fwm rSefw,f? 'gayr,fh ,cktcgrSm olUukdMunfhvkdufawmh wufopfp aevkvifuJhokdY wifhw,f
aew,f} qkw
d mukd awGUvku
d &f awmh 0rf;tomBu;D omum tMunfE;l Bu;D
MunfEl;aeygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f 'Du
''okwe rf mS -- 0wa'g a[mwd 0Pa'g
u''ok
= t0wfouFe;f ukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k K v
d [
f m kyt
f qif;ukd ay;vSLaeonf
rnfw,fvkdY a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd kyftqif;ukd
ay;vSLvkdufwJhtwGuf bmtusKd;&SdovJ
0PH 'wGm 0P bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g?
(tH?2?35/)
0PH = ta&miftqif;udk (0g) kyftqif;ukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;

aMumifh/ 0P = kyftqif;ukd/ bm*D = &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
'Dvdk kyftqif;wifhw,foGm;atmif kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJh
twGufaMumifh 'Daumif;rIukokdvfuHu tusKd;ay;vdkufwJh b0rSm
kyt
f qif;&JU vSywifw
h ,fjcif;ukd tvSL&Siu
f wpfzef jyef&&SEd idk yf gw,f/
Orm'Et
D avmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ trsK;d aumif;orD;uav;ukyd J jyefMunfyh g? olvLS 'gef;ylaZmfvu
dk w
f hJ 0wfyef;ykq;dk ukd qifjref;awmfrv
l u
dk w
f hJ
&[ef;awmf&JU oEmefrSm kyftqif;&JU wufopfp aevkviftvm;
wifhw,f pHy,foGm;yHkukd MunfhNyD;awmh MunfEl;0rf;ajrmufpGmESifh olu
qkawmif;yefxGmjyefw,f/ b,fvkd qkawmif;yefxGmovJ
baE t[H ba0 ba0 0dp&ED Owrly"&m ba0,sH? rH 'doGm
aumpd yk&daom oubma0e oPmwkH rm toud? r,m tbdlyw&m emr tnm rm a[mwk/ (Zmwu?|?5?223/)
baE = t&Sijf rwfb&k m;/ t[H = bk&m;wynfah wmfronf/ ba0
ba0 = b0BuD;i,f toG,foG,f/ 0dp& ED = Muifvnf usufpm;cJh&onf&Sdaomf/ Owrly"&m = tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh kyftqif;ukd
aqmifEkdifwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;onf/ ba0,sH = jzpf&ygvkd\/ rH =
bk&m;wynfah wmfruk/d 'domG = awGUjrifc&hJ onf&daS omf/ aumpd yk&ad om
= wpfpkHwpfa,mufaoma,mufsm;onf/ oubma0e = rdrd&JU yifukd
obm0twkdif;/ oPmwkH = &yfwnfjcif;iSm/ rm toud = rpGrf;Ekdif
ygapownf;/ r,m = bk&m;wynfah wmfrxuf/ tnm = tjcm;wpfpkH
wpfa,mufaom/ tbdyl w&m emr = omvGe
f kyt
f qif;vSyaom
trsKd;orD;rnfonf/ rm a[mwk = rjzpfygapom;/
'guawmh 'DtrsK;d orD;uav;&JU qkawmif;cef;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ol&UJ
qkawmif;cef;rSm qkawmif;yHk oHk;rsKd; yg0ifaeygw,f/
eHygwf (1) qkawmif;cef;rSm -- ]b0BuD;i,ftoG,foG,frSm usifvnfc&hJ r,fqv
dk Qif tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ kyt
f qif;ukd aqmifxm;
EkdifwJh trsKd;aumif;orD; jzpfyg&ap}vdkY qkawmif;w,f/
eHygwf (2) qkawmif;cef;rSmawmh -- ]olUukd jrif&wJhtcg b,f
a,mufsm;rqkd rdr&d UJ yifuo
dk abmxm;twkid ;f &yfwnfaezd&Yk ef rpGr;f Ekid f
ygapom;}vdkY qkawmif;w,f/
eHygwf (3) qkawmif;cef;rSmawmh -- ]olUxuf omvGew
f hJ kyt
f qif;
vSywifhw,fwJh tjcm;trsKd;orD;qkdwm r&Sdygapom;}vdkY qkawmif;
w,f/
cefYrSef;Munfh&wmuawmh 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;[m tJ'D
b0rSm -- tvGev
f nf; qif;&JErG ;f yg;Ny;D kyt
f qif;uvnf; odyv
f yS [ef
rwlb;l / qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI kyt
f qif;&JU rvSyrIwaYdk Mumifh tjcm;tjcm;aom
trsK;d orD; trsK;d om;awGEiS fh qufq&H wJt
h ykid ;f rSm b0ukd emMunf;csuf
uav;awGu &Sad eyH&k ygw,f/ trsK;d orD;tcsi;f csi;f tzufrvkycf siw

f hJ
oabm ypn;f *kPf tvS*P
k af wG armufaeolwu
Ydk armufarmufrmrm
tay:pD;u qufqHrIukd tBudrfrsm;pGm cHae&wJh oabmuav;awGvnf; &Sdaumif; &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ wpfzef trsKd;om;awGuvnf; tzuf
rvkycf siw
f o
hJ abm *krpku
d w
f o
hJ abmjzifh olUukd jyKrq
l ufqyH akH wGvnf;
&Sdaumif; &SdEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd &SdEkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh b0ukd emMunf;csufawGeJY 'DqkoHk;rsKd;ukd awmif;aejcif; jzpfyHk&ygw,f/ 'DvkdqkdvQif
olawmif;wJhqkawG[m jynfhvmrSmvm;vkdYawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/
w acg oDv0awm 0'grd? aem 'kDv/ Zwd bdua0
oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'wm/ (tH?3?71/)
w acg = xdak wmifw
h onfq
h \
k jynfph jkH cif;onfvnf;yJ/ oDv0awm = oDv&SdwJhyk*dKvftm;/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;
D = oDvr&Sw
awmfryl gay\/ 'kv
d yhJ *k Kd vt
f m;/ aem 0'grd = a[m
Mum;awmfrrlyg/ bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ oDv0awm = oDv&SdwJh
yk*dKvf\/ 0dok'wm = oDvpifMu,faeonfhtwGufaMumifh/ apawmyPd"d = pdwf&JUawmifhwcsuf[lorQonf/ Zwd = rcRwf{uef NyD;pD;
jynfhpHkwwfay\/
]]oDv&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd vt
f m;omvQif 'Dvkd awmif;wJq
h [
k m jynfph EkH idk w
f ,fvdkY igbk&m; a[mawmfrlygw,f/ oDvr&SdwJholtwGuf 'Dvkd jynfhpHk
r,fvYkd ra[mygbl;/ oDvawG pifMu,faewJt
h wGuaf Mumifh oDv&Sw
d hJ
twGufaMumifh oDv&SdwJhaumif;rI&Sif&JU pdwf&JUawmifhwcsuf[lorQ
awG[m rcRw{f uef Ny;D pD;jynfph w
kH wfw,f}}vkYd 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlwJhtwkdif;yJ 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;[m a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;okdY a&muf&SdvmwJhtcgrSm trsKd;orD;wynfh
om0uwkw
Yd iG f bk&m;&Si&f UJ vuf0&J H {w'*fbUGJ xl;ukd &&Srd ,fh om0dum
tavmif;tvsmwpfO;D jzpfwt
hJ wGuf ud,
k u
f sio
hf v
D awGu jzLpifaeygw,f/
d 0db*Fow
k e f (r?3?300/)enf;t& ajymr,fqv
wpfzef [kd 'uP
dk Qi-f
awmh tvSL&SifjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;uav;&JU oEmefrSm -1/ ukd,fusifhoDvjzLpifjcif;
2/ oHk;ESpfeD;yg; uRefcHum w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazG pkaqmif;
xm;wJh 0wfyef;ykqdk;qkdwJh vSLzG,f0wKypnf; jzpfjcif;
3/ ay;vSLaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm &m* a'go arm[ rmefrmepwJh
udavomw&m;qk;d wkYd 0ifa&muf aESmif,
h u
S rf I r&So
d jzifh Munf&iT f
0rf;ajrmufaewJh yDwdaomre jy"mef;aewJh ukokdvfpdwftpOf
awGom jzpfaewJh Munfvifaom pdwfxm; &Sdjcif;
4/ uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;ukd ouf0if,kHMunfaewJh o'gw&m; &Sd jcif;
qkdwJh --'Dt*Fg (4)csufESifh jynfhpHkaeygw,f/ wpfzef tvSLcHyk*dKvfukd
Munfhvkdufawmh uybk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uwpfOD;jzpfwJh oDv
&Sw
d hJ t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwf jzpfaejcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dt*Fg&yfEiS v
hf nf; jynfph kH
aejyefw,f/
tvSLay;wJhyk*dKvfbufu t*Fgav;csuf tvSLcHyk*dKvfbufu
t*Fgwpfcsuf? aygif;vkdufawmh t*Fgig;csuf pkHnDaewJh tvSL'gewpfck
jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvdk tvSL'gersKd;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu -- ]0dykvzv =
jyefYajymBuD;us,f jrifhjrwfwJh tusKd;w&m;&SdwJh 'gersKd;jzpfw,f}vkdY
wpfzef y#dpo
rkyg 'fa'oemawmfenf;t& ajymr,fqv
dk Qif t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;ig;cku pHknDoGm;NyD
jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;
y&rwawm t0dZrmaeok wdyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZrmaeokyd cEm'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZm/ (0dok'd?2?157/)
1/ t0dZm - 'Dt|uxmzGifhqkdxm;wJhtwkdif;yJ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh y&rwopme,fu ajymr,fqkdvQif a,mufsm;
rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0gqkdwm r&Sdygbl;/ kyftqif;vSol kyftqif;
rvSolqkdwmvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ bmawGom &SdovJ kyfw&m;tpktykH
emrfw&m;tpktyHak wGom &Sw
d ,f/ tedpw
&m;tpktyHk 'kuw
&m;tpk
tyHk teww&m;tpktyHkawGom &Sdw,f/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ,if;kyfemrf"rocFg&w&m;awG[m tm;vHk; tedp 'ku tew
w&m;awGcsnf;om jzpfMuw,f/
'gaMumifh tedp 'ku tewawGom jzpfaeMuwJh tJ'Dkyfemrf
"rocFg&w&m;awGukd tedp 'ku tewjzpfwJh kyfemrfawGyJvkdY
odcJhvQifawmh tJ'DtodPf[m rSefaeygw,f/ orm'd|dyJ/ 'gayr,fh
tedp 'ku tewtpktyHkawGom jzpfMuwJh kyfemrftpktyHkawGyJvkdY
rodbJ tvGefvSywJh tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; kyftqif;ukd aqmifEkdifwJh
trsKd;orD;vkdY odcJhvQif ,if;todukd todrSm;vkdY qkd&w,f/ tJ'D todrSm;rIukd t0dZmvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
2/ wPSm --- ,if;tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; kyftqif;ukd aqmifxm;
Ekid w
f hJ trsK;d orD;b0ukd wG,w
f mwyfrufwo
hJ abmu wPSm jzpfw,f/
3/ Oyg'gef --- ,if;trsKd;orD;b0ukd pdwfuyfpJGaewJhoabmu
Oyg'gef jzpfw,f/
4/ ocFg& --- 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh ukokdvfapwem
tkyfpk emrfw&m;awGu olarQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh trsKd;orD;b0ukd
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm; &Sad ewJt
h wGuf ocFg&w&m;-
awG jzpfMuygw,f/
5/ uH --- 'DocFgw&m;awG[m 0dygufemrfw&m;awGvdk ysuo
f mG ;wJh
tcg oww
d pfpw
kH pf&m rxm;cJb
h eJ YJ csKyaf ysmufomG ;wmrsK;d awmh r[kw-f
bl;/ aemifwpfcsdefrSm olarQmfvifhawmifhwxm;wJh kyftqif; vSy
wifw
h ,fwhJ trsK;d orD;b0ukd jzpfapEkid w
f hJ pGr;f tifurowu
d dk kyef mrf
tpOfrSm jrKyfESHNyD;rS csKyfysufoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tifowdukd uHvkdY
ac:qkdygw,f/
aygif;vkdufawmh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqkdwJh
taMumif;w&m; ig;ck pHknDoGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gefawG jcH&H NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;cJhwJh ocFg& uHuawmh &ifhusuf
vmwJh wpfaeYrSm tusKd;ay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ xdktrsKd;aumif;orD;
uav;[m wpfcsdefrSm od0dwkdif; t&d|yk&NrdKUrSm uka#&Spfq,f <u,f0
csr;f omwJh wd&#d 0d ptrnf&w
dS hJ olaX;Bu;D &JU orD;&wemwpfO;D jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f/ olUukd Orm'EDqw
dk hJ emrnfudk ay;xm;ygw,f/ oljyKpyk sK;d axmif
cJw
h hJ qnf;yl;cJw
h hJ uHawGu tusK;d ay;vmNyD jzpfw,f/ (16)ESpt
f &G,-f
avmuf a&mufvmwJhtcg olu b,fvkd jzpfvmovJ
om aomVo0duumav twduE r mEko0Pm a'0p&m 0d,
tbdyl g 'eD,m ygom'dum y&rm, 0Paygu&wm, orEm*wm ta[mod/ (Zmwu?|?5?222/)
om = xkdtrsKd;orD;onf/ aomVo0duumav = wpfq,fhajcmufESpft&G,fokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom tcsdeftcgumv/ twduErmEko0Pm = vlwdkY\ kyftqif;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufaom kyftqif;&So
d nfjzpf/ a'0p&m 0d, = ewforD;uJo
h /Ydk tbdyl g = tvGef
tqif;vSonf/ 'eD,m = Icsipf zG,&f o
dS nf/ ygom'dum = MunfnKd
zG,f*kPfukd aqmifxm;Ekdifonf/ y&rm, 0Paygu&wm, = vGefjrwfaom kyftqif; vHk;&yfoPmefESifh/ orEm*wm = jynfhpHkonf/
ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/
wpfq,fah jcmufEpS t
f &G,o
f Ydk a&mufvmNy?D kyt
f qif;awGu ody-f
Ny;D awmh vSywifw
h ,faeNy?D vlw\
Ykd kyt
f qif;ukd vGeo
f mG ;Ny?D ewforD;
uJhokdY kyftqif;u tvGef vSywifhw,faeNyD? b,fvkdyJ MunfhMunfh?
Munfh &I olwYdk rsupf rd mS tvGeMf unfv
h aYdk umif;aeNy?D jrif&olw&Ykd UJ pdwu
f dk
MunfvifapwwfwhJ MunfnKzd ,
G *f P
k u
f kd aqmifxm;Ekid w
f hJ kyt
f qif;rsKd;uvnf; jzpfaejyefNyD? cEmukd,ftaetxm;uvnf; tvGeftcsKd;usNyD; vGefjrwfaom kyftqif; vkH;&yfoPmefESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaeNyD
jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu -- ]0wa'g 0Pa'g a[mwd = t0wf
ouFef;ukd vSL'gef;jcif;onf kyftqif;ukd vSL'gef;onfrnfw,f}vkdY
a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/
]0PH 'wGm 0P bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g =
kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvf[m ewfjzpfwJh kyftqif; vljzpfwJh
kyftqif;ukd &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdw,f}vdkYvnf; a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qkdawmh ruao;bl;/ olU&JU qkawmif;ESifh
avsmfnDpGm aemufxyf tusKd;awGvnf; &&Sdjyefao;w,f/
a, a, ykxkZem wH yEd? aw aw oubma0e oPmwkH
toaumEm ok&myger'rwm 0d, udavora'e rwm [kwmG ow
ypKy|maywkH orwm emr ema[okH/ (Zmwu?|?5?222/)
a, a, ykxkZem = tMuif tMuif ykxkZefvlom;wkdYonf/ wH
= xkt
d rsK;d orD;uk/d yEd = awGUjrifMu&uke\
f / aw aw = jrifawGU&wJh
xdx
k kd ykxZk efirdu
k o
f m;wdo
Yk nf/ oubma0e = rdrw
d \
Ykd yifuo
dk abm
tm;jzifh/ oPmwkH = &yfwnfaejcif;iSm/ toaumEm = rpGrf;Ekdifukef
onfjzpf/ ok&myger'rwm 0d, = t&ufr;l orm;wku
Yd o
hJ /Ydk udavo-
ra'e rwm = udavom,pfrl;jcif;jzifh ,pfrl;ukefonf/ [kwGm =
jzpfMuukef/ ow = owdw&m;ukd/ ypKy|maywkH = a&S;IwnfaptHhaomiSm/ orwm emr = pGrf;EdkifaomolwdkYrnfonf/ ema[okH =
rjzpfMuavukef/
'guawmh olU&JU qkawmif;ESihf avsmn
f pD mG uHqw
kd hJ w&m;rif;Bu;D u
pD&ifcsucf say;vdu
k jf cif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;t&muawmh 'Dae&mrSm ajymvkd&if;awmh r[kwfygbl;/ tusKd;w&m;csif;u qufoG,frI
&SdaevkdYom xnhfajymaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ bmajymvdkwmvJ
b,fykxkZefvlom;yJjzpfjzpf 'DtrsKd;orD;ukd jrifawGU&olawG[m
rdrd&JU yifukdoabmtwdkif; &yfwnfaezdkY&ef rpGrf;EkdifMuawmhbl;/
t&ufr;l orm;awGvdk jzpfNy;D awmh owdawG vufvw
G jf zpfuek Mf uw,f/
rdrw
d &Ydk UJ oEmefrmS owdw&m;ukd a&S;Iwnfaeatmif xm;zd&Yk ef rpGr;f Edik f
jzpfukefMuw,f/
'DtusK;d w&m;awGuawmh tJ't
D rsK;d orD;&JU qkawmif;ESihf uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vm&wJh tusKd;qufawGygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm ajymvdk&if;
tcsuu
f awmh ]]t0wfouFe;f udk ay;vSLjcif;onf kyt
f qif;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/ kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonf kyftqif;&JU vSy
wifhw,fjcif;ukd &&Sdjcif; tzdkYbm*&Sdw,f}}qdkwJh tcsufyJ jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck eHygwf (3)ar;cGef;&JU tajzu bmvJ
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol
3/ ,mea'g okca'g a[mwd/ (oH?1?29/)
,mea'g = ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo
f nfum;/ okca'g
= csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwdd = jzpfygay\/
,ckacwftajymeJY ajymvQifawmh c&D;a0;wpfckukd oGm;awmhr,fh
yk*Kd vw
f pfa,mufudk armfawmfum;wpfp;D eJY vdu
k yf rYkd ,fqv
kd Qif ajcvsif
q,f&ufavmuf oGm;&r,fhc&D;udk wpf&uftwGif; csrf;csrf;omomeJY
a&muf&o
dS mG ;Edik w
f ,f/ c&D;oGm;vmaewJh yk*Kd vaf wGukd csr;f omvG,u
f -l
atmif &Gufaqmifay;aewJh vkyfief;cGifwpfck jzpfwJhtwGuf ,ckvdk
,mOfudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;onf csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
odkYaomf qif,mOf jrif;,mOftp&SdwJh 'Dvdk wd& pmefawGudk uyf,SOf
tokH;jyKxm;wJh ,mOfawGudkawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u &[ef;awmfrsm;udk
tokH;rjyKzkdY&eftwGuf odumyk'fawmfjzifh ynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/
odumyk'fjzifh ynwfxm;awmfrlawmh 'Dae&mrSm qdkvdkwJh,mOfuawmh
atmufxpfqkH;yrmPtm;jzifh zdeyfjzpfygw,f/
'DaeYtvSL&Siaf wG Munfv
h u
kd rf ,fqv
kd Qif rGejf rwfaom qGr;f cJz,
G f
abmZOfawGudkvnf; bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfwdkYESifhwuG &Sifa,m*D vla,m*D y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYudk vSL'gef;ylaZmf
Muw,f? <ua&mufvmMuukefaom y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;
wdkYudkvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f? t0wfouFef;awGvnf; vSL'gef;
ylaZmfMuw,f? rdrw
d Ykd pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf zdeyftp&Sad om ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d
awGuv
kd nf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/ 'Dvkd vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;[m wpfzufom; tvSLcHy*k Kd vaf wGtay: csr;f omokc trsK;d rsK;d awGukd &Guaf qmif
ay;aeonfESifh wlw,f/
],mOfukd ay;vSLjcif;onf tvSLcHyk*dKvfwkdYtm; csrf;omokcukd
ay;vSLonfrnfw,f}qkad wmh tvSLay;wJyh *k Kd vrf mS bmtusK;d &Syd govJ
vdkYawmh ar;p&m &Sdygw,f/
okcH 'wGm okc bm*D a[mwd 'dA 0g rmEko 0g/
(tH?2?35-36/)
okcH = csrf;omokcukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/ 'dA 0g =

ewfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEko 0g = vlrlvnf;jzpfaom/ okc
= csrf;omokcukd/ bm*D = &&Sdjcif; tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
csrf;omokcukd ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh tvSL&Sif[m ]vlUcsrf;om ewf
csrf;omac:wJh csrf;omokc t00ukd &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdygw,f}vdkY
bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
xif&mS ;wJh om"uwpfcu
k awmh ax&*gxmygVdawmfrmS vm&Sw
d hJ
orLwrax&f okdYr[kwf oDw0ed,rax&f tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh
trsKd;aumif;om;&JU ,mOftvSL'gewpfck jzpfygw,f/
oDw0ed,rax&f (ax&*gxm?|? 55-57/)

tw'D trnf&Sdawmfrlaom bk&m;&SifESifhtwl rsm;pGmaom
wynfh&[ef;oHCmawmfwkdY **Fgjrpfurf;yg;okdY <ucsDawmfrlvmwJhtcg
xkt
d rsK;d aumif;om;u bk&m;&Siu
f dk zl;awGUvku
d &f awmh tvGef MunfnK-d
aom pdwx
f m;&So
d jzifh bk&m;&Six
f aH wmfoYdk csO;f uyfum tvGef kad opGm
&Sdcdk;NyD;aemuf ]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ...
xkdrSmbufurf;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlvdkygovm;bk&m;}}vkdY ar;jref;
avQmufxm;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkdrSmbufurf;okdY <ucsD
awmfrlvdkaMumif;ukd jyefvnf rdefYMum;awmfrlvkdufaomtcg wpfcP
twGif;rSmyif avStkyfpkwpfckukd zGJUcsnfum bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfwkdYukd xkdrSmbufurf;okdYta&muf rdrdukd,fwkdif OD;aqmifvkdufydkY
ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 'DtrsKd;aumif;om;ukd oem;apmifha&Smufawmfrlvdkojzifh csD;ajrmufay;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ csrf;csrf;omom
ryifryef;bJ vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l acsmacsmarmarm vsiv
f sijf refjrefjzifh xkrd mS
bufurf;okdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf 'kwd,ajrmufaeYrSm bk&m;
trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfwkdYtm; BuD;us,faom r[m'geyJGBuD;wpfckukd
jyKpkysKd;axmif vkdufjyefw,f/
'Daumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f aH Mumifh uG,v
f eG Nf y;D aemuf vlUjynf ewfjynf
awGrSmyJ pkefqefusifvnfum vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om pMu0aw;rif;

csrf;omwdkYukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum cHpm; pHpm;cJh&ygw,f/
vGefcJhaom (91)urmxufu 0dyDbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmf
wGif;rSmvnf; omoemabmifodkY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf
"kwifusifh0wfy#dywfwdkYukd aqmufwnfusifhoHk;um orP"r trnf
&wJh oDvusiphf Of orm"dusiphf Of ynmusiphf OfvYdk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ &[ef;
w&m;awGukd ESpfaygif;wpfodef;cefY tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
cJhygw,f/ r*fzdkvfedAmefokdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh p&PrsKd;aphaumif;
0dZmrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyif uybk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfrmS vnf; omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf orP"rtrnf&wJh
oDv orm"d ynm odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfwhJ
&[ef;w&m;awGukd ESpfaygif; ESpfaomif;wdkifwkdif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
a*gwrbk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfwiG ;f a&muf&v
Sd mwJt
h cgrSmvnf;
rdwaf qGo;kH a,muf wkid yf ifn
D w
G u
f m omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D
&Sif&[ef;jyKMujyefw,f/ &mZN*dK[fNrdKU okomefteD;tyg;rSm wnf&SdwJh
oDw0e
0etrnf&wJh awm&ausmif;wpfausmif;rSmyJ oDwif;oHk;um
&[ef;w&m;awGukd tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlojzifh ykaAed0gomEkwdPf 'dAp uKPf t&[wr*fPfqw
dk hJ 0dZm oH;k yg;ukd
&&SdawmfrlwJh &[Emrax&fjrwfwpfyg; jzpfoGm;awmfrlygw,f/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?55-57/)
'Dvdk p&PrsKd;aphaumif; 0dZmrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd atmifatmif

jrifjrif xlaxmifcw
hJ t
hJ wGuf vlcsr;f om ewfcsr;f omawGxuf rEIid ;f ,SOf
Ekid af vmufatmif twkr&Sd tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ csr;f omokcBu;D ukd
&&SdoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f ]],mOftrsK;d rsK;d ukd ay;vSL jcif;onf csr;f om
okcukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/ csr;f omokcukd ay;vSL jcif;aMumifh vlewf
edAm ef oH;k wefaom csr;f omokcvdYk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ csr;f omokc t00ukd
&&Sdjcif;tzdb
Yk m*&Sw
d ,f}}vdYk a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ t&[wzdv
k o
f rmywfjzifh tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ udavomtylrD;wdkYrS tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;at;aeonfh tNidrf;"mwf
csrf;omokcBuD;ukd tmkH,lum t&[wzdkvformywf tNidrf;"mwf
t&omBu;D udk oH;k aqmifcpH m;&jcif;xuf Bu;D us,jf rifjh rwfaom csr;f om
okcum; tb,frSm &SdEkdifygawmhrvJ? r&SdEkdifonfom jzpfygw,f/
0e0prax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?71-74/)
t&Si0f e0prax&f&UJ tavmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;[mvnf; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSawmh wpfckaomb0rSm avSi,f
yrmP&SdwJh vdyfBuD;wpfaumif jzpfcJh&zl;ygw,f/ wpfaeYrSm tw'D
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 0dewtrnf&SdwJh jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mokdY <ua&muf
awmfrv
l mygw,f/ bk&m;&Siu
f jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mrSm &yfwnfawmfrl
aeygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mrSm &yfwnfawmfrlae
wmukd jrifawGUvkduf&wJhtcg ]]bk&m;&Sifuawmh wpfzufurf;okdY
ul;awmfrlvkd[efwlw,f}}[k oabmaygufum rdrd&JU ausmufukef;
ay:ukd wifaqmifum wpfzufurf;odYk ydaYk qmifvw
dk t
hJ wGuf bk&m;&Si&f UJ
ajcawmf&if;rSm 0yfpif;ay;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkdvdyf&JU
tZmo,"mwfudk od&adS wmfro
l nft
h wGuf xkv
d yd u
f dk oem;apmifah &Smuf
csD;ajrmufawmfrlvdkojzifh ukokdvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef &nfoef
awmifhwawmfrlum vdyf&JU ausmufukef;ay:odkY wufa&mufawmfrl
vku
d yf gw,f/ vdyu
f vnf; ESpo
f uf&iT v
f ef; 0rf;ajrmufaom pdw"f mwfjzifh av;nKdUrS vTwfvkdufwJhjrm;uJhokdY tvGef vsifjrefwJh t[kefjzifh
wpfzufurf;okdY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;vdkufygw,f/
xdkaumif;rIaMumifh vlUjynf ewfjynfawGrSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm usif

vnfNyD;awmh vlUcsrf;om ewfcsrf;omawGukd &&SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ okdYaomf
rdrd&&SdwJh vlUb0 vlUcsrf;omukd tcsnf;ESD; rjzpf&atmif tusKd;&SdwJh
wefzdk;&SdwJh vlUb0wpfckjzpfatmif tBudrfrsm;pGm b0aygif;rsm;pGm
&aoh&[ef;jyKum awmxGufNyD; &[ef;w&m;awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
cJhygw,f/ uybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSmvnf; omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD; oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmuf&m
yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhygw,f/ pifMu,faom
oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfum orx-0dyembm0em
wdu
Yk dk tjyif;txef ESpaf ygif; ESpaf omif;cefY BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f/
,ckvdk qnf;yl;cJhwJh p&PrsKd;aphaumif; 0dZmrsKd;aphaumif; yg&rD
wd&Yk UJ pGr;f tifawGu tm;ay;axmufyv
hH u
dk w
f t
hJ wGuf aemufq;kH b0rSm
uydv0wfaejynfawmf0,f bke;f Bu;D wd&Yk UJ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfESifh ajrrIefYupm;bufwpfOD; vmjzpfcJhygw,f/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf
od'wrif;om; awmxGufawmfrlwJhtcgrSm olvnf; awmxGufNyD;
&aoh&[ef;jyKum [dr0Emt&yfrmS oDwif;oH;k aexkid cf yhJ gw,f/ awmxJrmS yJ arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uw
f t
hJ wGuf 0e0p[k xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f/
a*gwrbk&m;&Sifvnf; bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyDvdkY odvkdufwJhtcg bk&m;&Sif&JU xHawmfarSmufokdY ta&mufoGm;um &Sif&[ef;
jyKNy;D aemuf bk&m;&Si&f UJ xHawmfrS ur|mef;w&m;awGudk oif,u
l m awm
twGi;f okyYd if wpfzef jyef<uNy;D orx-0dyembm0emawGukd tjyif;
txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlvkdufwm t&[wzdkvf edAmefukd
rsufarSmufjyKoGm;awmfrlchJygw,f/
tw'Dbk&m;&Siftm; ,mOfvSLcJhzl;wJh ukokdvfukd tajccHum
tqifq
h ifah om orx-0dyem tpjzmwJh ukov
dk w
f &m;awGudk pHcsed rf D
pkaqmif;qnf;yl;EkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;omwGif
omru t&[wzdkvf edAmefcsrf;omtxd qkdufa&mufoGm;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/
Owd,rax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?110-112/)
t&SiOf w,
d rax&f&UJ tavmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;[mvnf; a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm oHo&m0#frS
xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh 'ge oDv orx 0dyem tpjzmwJh
aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd qnf;yl;&if;jzifh oHo&mc&D;ukd jzwfoef;vm
vkdufwm wpfckaomb0rSm uHraumif; taMumif;rvSavawmh
rdausmif;Bu;D oGm;jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ pEbm*gjrpfwiG ;f rSm usupf m;cJyh gw,f/
xdktcsdeftcgrSm od'wbk&m;&Sifvnf; avmurSm yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJh
ygw,f/ wpfaeYrmS od'w
b
&k m;&Siv
f nf; pEbm*gjrpfurf;okYd <ua&muf
awmfrlvmygw,f/ xdkrdausmif;uvnf; wpfzufurf;odkY ul;zkdY&ef
<ujref;awmfrlvmaom bk&m;&Sifukd zl;awGUvkduf&wJhtcg Munfvif
&Tijf yaom pdw"f mwfjzifh bk&m;&Siu
f dk wpfzufurf;okYd ykaYd qmifvo
kd jzifh
jrpfurf;yg;rSm 0yfpif;ay;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; rdausmif;ukd
tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufawmfrv
l o
kd jzifh ausmufuek ;f xufrmS ajcawmf
tpHk Mumy'kHwdkYukd wnfxm;ay;awmfrlvdkufygw,f/ rdausmif;uvnf;
tvGew
f uf<u &Tiv
f ef;0rf;yef;womjzpfum ESpq
f wufNy;D BuKd ;pm;um
wpfzufurf;okdY tjrefa&mufatmif ydkYaqmifay;vdkufygw,f/
bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; rdausmif;&JU Munfvif&iT jf yaeaom pdw"f mwfudk
MunfhIawmfrlum ]]rdausmif;[m rdausmif;b0rS pkawNyD;aemuf
ewfjynf ewfavmurSm jzpfayvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dewfb0u pNyD;awmh
vlUjynf ewfjynfqw
dk hJ ok*wdbb
kH 0awGrmS om usiv
f nfae&vdrrhf ,f/
'DurmrS a&wGuv
f u
kd v
f Qif (94)urmajrmuf a&mufwt
hJ cgrSm rao&m
tNrKd uef Ad m ef csr;f omBu;D ukd &&Sad yvdrrhf ,f}}vkYd Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;-
awmfrlum tvdk&Sd&mt&yfodkY <ujref;oGm;awmfrlygw,f/

twdwfu pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhwJh rao&m tNrdKufedAmefokdY a&mufaMumif; yg&rDw&m;taygif;wkdY&JU vIHUaqmfrIaMumifh tm;ay;axmufyHh
rIaMumifh bkef;BuD;wdkY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhxGef;awmfrlwJh tcsdef
tcgrSm om0wdjynf jAm[PtrsKd;tEG,frSm trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD;
d vkYd rdbawGu emrnfay;xm;Muygw,f/ t&G,f
vmjzpfygw,f/ Ow,
a&mufvmwJt
h cgrSm twdwu
f yg&rDw&Ydk UJ vIUH aqmfraI Mumifh tdraf xmiftrwH y&da,odmrd = rao&m
a&;avmuukd pdwfr0ifpm;bJ ]]trwH
tNrKd uef Ad m efuo
dk m ig&SmazGr,f}}qkw
d hJ pdw"f mwfawGom jzpfay:aewJh
twGuf rao&mtNrdKufedAmefw&m;udk ig&atmif &SmazGr,fqkdwJh
OD;wnfcsufjzifh y&dAkdZfwpfOD; jyKvkyfvdkufygw,f/ wpfaeYrSmawmh
bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ bk&m;&SiEf iS hf awGUqHck iG hf &&Scd yhJ gw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ xHawmfrS
w&m;awmfrsm;ukd Mum;emcGifh &&SdwJhtwGuf omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKawmfrlvkdufygw,f/
okdYaomf orx-0dyembm0emawGudk tjyif;txef BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfaomfvnf; t&[wzdkvfokdY rqkdufa&mufEkdif jzpfaeygw,f/
taMumif;uawmh ]]oDvm'DeH t0daom"dwwm = (ax&*gxm?|?1?111??)
oDvpwJh usi0hf wfy#dywfawGudk pifMu,fatmif raq;aMum rokwo
f if
EkdifwJhtwGuf}} rpifMu,fwJh oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJh orx-0dyembm0emawG[m tpGrf;
rxufwJhtwGuf t&[wzdkvfyef;ukd rqifjref;Ekdif jzpfaew,f??
wpfaeYrSmawmh bk&m;&SifxHawmfokdY csOf;uyfum tusOf;csKyf
tqHk;trMo0g'ukd toem;cH avQmufxm;awmif;yefygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; --womwd[ wGH Owd, tm'dar0 0daoma"[dd/ (oH?3?144/)
oifu edAmefukd wu,f vkdvm;awmifhww,f? rao&mtNrdKuf
edAmefukd wu,f tvdk&Sdw,fqkdvQifawmh omoemawmf&JU tpjzpfwJh
oDvukdyJ pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifyg/ pifMu,fwJh oDv
wnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD;awmh owdy|mefw&m;awGukd -1/ tZwoEmefrSm
2/ A[d'oEmefrSm
3/ tZwoEmef A[d'oEmef ESpfrsKd;vHk;rSm -tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg ponfjzifh wkdufwGef;ay;awmf
rlvkdufygw,f/ oDvawGukd pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifNyD;
aemuf pifMu,faom oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfvsuf
wpfyg;xD;wnf; qdwNf ird &f mt&yfoYdk csO;f uyfum tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfvkdufwm olvkdvm;awmifhwaewJh rao&m tNrdKufedAmefBuD;udk t&[wr*fPf zkdvfPfwkdYjzifh &SmazGawGU&SdoGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f ]],mOfudk vSL'gef;jcif;onf csr;f omokcukd vSL'gef;
onfrnfw,f/ csr;f omokcukd vSL'gef;jcif;aMumifh vlewfeAd m ef oH;k wefaom csr;f omokcukd &&Sdjcif; tzdb
Yk m*&Sw
d ,f}}vkYd a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;
jzpfygw,f/ ,mOfvSLwJh aumif;rIukokdvfwpfckwnf;aMumifh rao&m
tNrKd uef Ad m efBu;D ukd &&So
d mG ;w,fvaYdk wmh rqkv
d ydk gbl;/ tJ'D ukov
dk u
f
tm;ay;axmufyHhyHkukdom ajymvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh
ruao;bl;/ aemufwpfcu
k eHygwf (4)ar;cGe;f ukd b,fvdk ajzMum;awmf
rlovJ
rsufpdukd ay;vSLol
4/ 'Dya'g a[mwd puKa'g/ (oH?1?29/)
'Dya'g = qDrD;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfonfum;/ puKa'g = rsufpdudk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
qDrD;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJh yk*dKvf

jzpfw,f/ 'DrsufpdtvSLuawmh txl;ojzifh t&SiftEkk'grax&fjrwf
wdkYuJhodkY 'dApuKuJhodkYaom rsufpdtqifhtxd tvGef tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;aewJh rsufpdawGudk &nfTef;NyD; ajymqdkaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
nOft
h cg arSmifraJ ewJah e&mrSm qDr;D a&mif &Scd rhJ ,fqv
kd Qif tvSLcH
yk*Kd vaf wGu qDr;D a&mifatmufrmS awGUoifh awGUxdu
k f jrifoifh jrifxu
dk f
wJh t&m0wKtrsKd;rsKd;awGudk jrifMu&w,f/ 'Dvdk jrif&wJhtwGuf qDrD;
vSL'gef;vku
d w
f yhJ *k Kd vu
f tvSLcHy*k Kd vaf wG&UJ rsupf t
d jrifukd ay;vSLaewmeJY odyNf y;D wlw,f/ 'DaeY tvSL&Siaf wGudk Munfv
h u
kd v
f Qif vkad vao;
r&Sdatmif qDrD;awGvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuygw,f/
t&SiftEkk'g (tH?|?1?143-145/)
'Dae&mrSm t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fjrwf&UJ qDr;D vSLwJx
h ;kH ukd ajym&r,f
qkdvQifawmh t&SiftEkk'gtavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;[m
k & bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfwiG ;f vGecf w
hJ hJ urmwpfoed ;f xufu y'krw
rSm 'dAp uKtbdnmPft&m {w'*fbUGJ xl; &&Szd &Ykd ef &nfoef awmifw
h
vsuf aumif;rIuo
k v
dk jf yKum qkawmif;yefxmG cJo
h l jzpfygw,f/ y'krw
k &
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfjrwftwGif;rSm
'dAp uKtbdnmPft&mrSm {w'*fbUGJ xl;ukd &&Srd nfjzpfaMumif; ed,wAsm'dwfyef;ukd qifjref;ay;oem;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ y'krkw&bk&m;&Sif\
omoemawmf[m vlwo
Ydk ufwrf; tESpw
f pfoed ;f wrf;rSm yGix
hf eG ;f awmf
rlwJh omoemawmf jzpfygw,f/ ,if;ESpfaygif; wpfodef;twGif;rSm
pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf yg&rDaumif;rI ukov
dk af wGudk qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJh
ygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm y'krkw&bk&m;&Sifvnf; y&dedAmef pHvGefawmfrloGm;
ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU "mwfawmfawGukd XmyemzdkY&ef ckepf,lZem&Sdaom
a&TapwDawmfBuD;wpfqlukd wnfaqmufMuygw,f/ apwDawmfBuD;
NyD;qHk;oGm;wJhtcg t&SiftEkk'gtavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;u
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;xH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh ]]'dApuKtbdnmPfPf
&&SdzdkY&ef y&duHaumif;rIukokdvfu b,fvkdukokdvfrsKd;ygvJbk&m;}}qdkNyD;
ar;jref;avQmufxm;ygw,f/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; qDr;D vSL&ef
tMuHjyKawmfrlMuygw,f/
tJ't
D cgrSm 'DtrsK;d aumif;om;u opfyif wpfyif wpfyifrmS qDr;D
wkdifaygif; wpfaxmifpD wpfaxmifpD yg&SdwJh qDrD;wkdifxGef;ndxm;wJh
opfyifBuD;aygif;u wpfaxmif qDrD;wkdifxGef;ndxm;wJh opfyifvwf
aygif;u wpfaxmif qDrD;wkdifxGef;ndxm;wJh opfyifi,faygif;u
wpfaxmiftm;jzifh qDr;D wkid x
f eG ;f ndx
m;wJh opfyifaygif; oH;k axmifwu
Ydk dk
jyKvyk af pum vSL'gef;ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ tjcm;tjcm;aom ra&rwGuEf idk f
avmufatmif rsm;jym;wJh qDrD;awGukdvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ uybk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmftcgrSmvnf; ol<u,f
wpfOD;yifjzpfum uybk&m;&Sif y&dedAmef pHvGefawmfrloGm;wJhtcg
wpf,lZem&SdwJh a&TapwDawmfBuD; wnfxm;NyD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; qDrD;
ylaZmf&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufeJY a&TcGufaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYukd oGef;cwfjyKvkyf
apw,f/ tJ'aD &Tcu
G Bf u;D awGxrJ mS axmywfawG tjynfx
h nfv
h u
dk w
f ,f/
a&Tcu
G &f UJ tv,fwnfw
h nfrh mS wifvcJ u
J dk xnfNh y;D awmh apwDawmftm;
qDr;D ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ a&Tcu
G t
f a&twGuf b,favmufrsm;ovJqv
dk Qif
wpf,Zl emywfvnf&Sw
d hJ a&TapwDawmfBu;D ukd ywfvnfvn
S u
hf m yHpk w
H l
a&TcGufawGukd a&TcGuftem;a&;csif; xdpyfatmif xm;NyD;awmhrS qDrD;
ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ a&Tcu
G af wG b,favmufrsm;r,fqw
dk m 'g,umBu;D awG
cefYrSef;om tmHk,lMunfhyg/
olu 'DavmufeJY tm;r&ao;bl;/ rdrdtwGuf a&TcGufBuD;BuD;
wpfv;kH jyKvyk u
f m axmywfMunf tjynfx
h nfv
h u
dk w
f ,f/ tJ'aD &Tcu
G -f
BuD;&JU tem;a&;ywfywfvnfrSm qDrD;pmaygif; wpfaxmifukd xGef;nd

vkdufw,f/ tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm ykqdk;Murf;wpfckukd uspfum qDrD;pm
jyKvkyfum xGef;ndvkdufw,f/ 'Dvdk qDrD;awG xGef;ndxm;wJh a&TcGuf
Bu;D ukd OD;acgif;ay:rSm &Guo
f ,fum nOfo
h ;kH ,mrfywfv;kH wpf,Zl em&Sw
d hJ
apwDawmfBuD;ukd vSnfhywfum ylaZmfjyefw,f/ tvGef jyif;xefpGm
wuf<u&Tifvef;aewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh yg&rDukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd pkaqmif;
&SmazGcJhjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
y'krw
k & bk&m;&Sif uybk&m;&Sipf wJh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ
omoemawmfwGif;rSm 'Dvdk qDrD;vSL'gef;ylaZmfwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawG
omru t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfukd arQmfrSef;um 'ge oDv orx
0dyem tpjzmwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGukdvnf; qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJh
ygw,f/ y#dord'gPfav;yg;wkdYukd &&Sdr,fholawmfaumif;wpfOD;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh y#dord'gPfukd &&Sdr,fh olawmfaumif;wkdY jznfhusifh
&r,fh t*Fg&yfawGukd jznfhusifh qnf;yl;cJhygw,f/
1/ y&d,wd = bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd oif,ljcif;
2/ o0e
= bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfwu
Ydk dk tkt
d aojyKum em,ljcif;
3/ y&dypk m = ygVdawmfEiS hf ygVdawmf&UJ teuft"dyg ,fwu
Ykd dk zGiq
hf -dk
aMumif;jzpfwhJ t|uxm ponfwYdk cufcw
J hJ txH;k
tzGJU teuf yk'ftqHk;tjzwfawGukd oif,ljcif;
4/ ykAa,m* = a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm
qGrf;cHtoGm;tjyefwkdY ur|mef;ukd aqmifvsuf
ocFgkayumPfokdYwkdifatmifaom 0dyem
bm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;jcif;? (0dok'd?2?72/)
'Dt*Fg&yfawGu y#dor'd gPfwu
Ydk dk &&Srd ,fh olawmfaumif;awGu
a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ omoemawmfwiG ;f rSm jznfu
h si&hf r,fh t*Fg-
&yfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ (0dok'd?2?72/)
t&SiftEkk'g tavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;[mvnf; y#dor'd gPf&&Srd ,fh olawmfaumif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ omomemawmfwiG ;f rSm 'Dt*Fg&yfawGudk jznfu
h sichf w
hJ hJ olawmfaumif;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ aemufqHk;b0rSmvnf; t"d*rrac:wJh
t&[wr*fPf zdkvfPfwkdifatmifaom avmukw&mw&m;wdkYukd
&&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
t&[wr*f qku
d af &mufomG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm olarQmv
f ifh awmif-h
wcJw
h hJ ewfrsupf u
d dk (= ta0;teD;&So
d rQ lygkt
H rsK;d rsK;d awGukd jrifEidk w
f hJ
'dApuKtbdnmPfPfrsufpd)ukd &&SdcJhygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
f ]]'Dya'g a[mwd puKa'g = qDr;D ukd ay;vSLwJh
yk*dKvf[m rsufpdukd ay;vSLwJhyk*dKvfjzpfw,f}}vkdY rdefYMum;awmfrljcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd rsupf u
d dk ay;vSLwJt
h wGuf yuwdrsupf d Munfvifk-H
wGifomru 'dApuKtbdnmPfPfuJhokdYaom Pfrsufpdukdyg &&Sdatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm a,m*DwpfOD;taMumif;ukdvnf; ajymjyOD;r,f/ a,m*D
wpfOD;u y#dporkyg'fykdif;IuGufawGukd IvkdufwJhtcg twdwfu rdrd
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawGudk &SmazG
vkdufwJhtcg olu bmuHawGudk xlaxmifcJhovJqkdawmh apwDawmf
wpfqrl mS qDr;D vSL'gef;cJzh ;l olwpfO;D jzpfw,f/ vGecf ahJ om yxrtwdwf
b0rSm oHCmawmftm; xD; zdeyf ouFef;wkdYukd vSL'gef;cJhzl;w,f/
tJ'DukokdvfuHu 'Db0rSm vmNyD; tusKd;ay;aeygw,f/ 'guawmh
'Da,m*D&UJ y#dpo
rkyg 'fyidk ;f ukd Iwt
hJ cgrSm olU&JU awGU&Scd suf jzpfygw,f/
okaYd omf 'kw,
d twdwb
f 0rSm apwDawmfwpfqt
l m; qDr;D vSLcJzh ;l w,f/ tJ'D qDrD;vSLcJhwJhukokdvfuHu ,ckb0rSm 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;wJhtcg vmNyD; axmufyHhaewmukd 0dyemIwkdif;

vkv
d dk vmawGUae&w,f/ 0dyemawG odyf aI umif;vmNyq
D v
dk Qif olU&JU
raem'Gg&rS olvSL'gef;cJhzl;wJh 'DqDrD;tmkHu vmvmay:aew,f/ tJ'D
tcgrSm 0dyemqufIaevQif 0dyemPfawGuvnf; tvGef
xufvmNyD; 0dyemIvkdY ykdykdaumif;vmw,f/ 0dyemPfaMumifh
jzpfay:vmwJh Pfta&miftvif;awG[mvnf; awmufyvmwmukd
awGU&w,fvdkY qkdw,f/ edAmefukd &nfrSef;um vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhwJh 'Dvkd
qDrD;tvSL[m yuwdrsufpdtMunf"mwfwGifomru 0dyemPf
rsufpdtjrifukdyg pl;&Sxufjruf oGufvufatmif tm;ay;axmufyHhae
wmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qDrD;ukd vSL'gef;wJhyk*dKvf[m rsufpdukd
ay;vSLaewJh yk*dKvfyJ jzpfw,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu rdefYMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (5)ar;cGef;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; b,fvkd
ajzawmfrlovJ
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol
5/ aom p oA'a'g a[mwd? a,m ''gwd Oy,H/ (oH?1?29??)
a,m = tMuiftvSL&Sifonfum;/ Oy,H = ausmif;ocFrf;udk/
''gwd = ay;vSL\/ aom p = xkdtvSL&Sifonfum;/ oA'a'g =
tvkH;pkHudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
,ckvkd ausmif;ocFr;f aqmufvyk Nf y;D awmh vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/
'Dvdk ausmif;ocFrf; aqmufvkyfNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfwJh tvSL'geonf/
oA'ge = tukev
f ;Hk udk ay;vSLaeonfrnfw,f/ tukev
f ;Hk udk ay;vSLw,fqdkwmu bmudk qdkvdkovJ
oaAoHa,0 Avm'DeH 'g,aum a[mwd/ (oH?|?1?78/)
oaAoHa,0 Avm'DeH = cGeftm;tp&Sdukefaom tvkH;pkHwdkYudk
omvQif/ 'g,aum = ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif; kyftqif;vSyjcif; csrf;omBuD;jcif; rsufpd
tjrifaumif;jcif; tp&SdwJh vSLzG,f0wK tpkpk tm;vkH;udk ay;vSLaeonfESifh wlw,f/ b,fvdkaMumifhvJqdkawmh &[ef;awmfu ,ckvdk
ausmif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifNyD qkdMuygpdkY? oDwif;okH;aexkdifwJh tcsdef
tcgrSm uHtm;avsmfpGm bkef;BuD;wkdY qGrf;cHpm;wJhyk*dKvfrsm;uawmh
'Davmu"HawGudk MuHKawGUwwfygw,f/
wpfcgwpf&H tcefrY oifb
h ;l qdv
k Qif qGr;f cHomG ;aomfvnf; qGr;f u
jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk r&&Sb
d ;l / &Gmi,fuav;awG ESp&f mG oH;k &Gm vSnv
hf nfNy;D awmh
qGr;f cHaomfvnf; qGr;f u jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk r&cJb
h ;l qkv
d Qiv
f nf; xkyd *k Kd vu
f
bmvkyo
f vJ jyefvmNy;D awmh a&uefrmS a&uav;csK;d Ny;D awmh ausmif;
twGi;f rSm acwcP0ifNy;D em;vku
d v
f Ykd tarmajyoGm;Nyq
D v
dk Qif cGet
f m;awG wk;d wufvmovdk jzpfomG ;w,f/ 'gYaMumifh ausmif;ocFr;f ukd ay;vSL
jcif;onf tvSLcHyk*dKvf odkYr[kwf aexkdifoDwif;okH;aewJh oHCmawmf
awG&JU cGeftm;udk ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/
aemufwpfcku cPacwavmuf anmifapmif;rSm tdyfpufvkduf
NyD;awmh xvkdufr,fqdkvQif tpmrpm;&wJhyk*dKvfyJ jzpfcsifjzpfygap
tdyf,mrS cPacw ig;rdepf q,frdepfavmuf tdyfpufNyD;rS Ekd;vmwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm rdrd&JU cEmudk,fudk vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif rdrd&JU cEmudk,f
xJrmS cGet
f m;awGukd oGe;f avmif;xnfah y;vku
d o
f vdk 'Dausmif;uav;u
&Gufaqmifay;aewmudk tvSLcHyk*dKvf odkYr[kwf acw oDwif;okH;
aexkdifawmfrlwJh &[ef;awmfu awGU&SdEkdifw,f/
aemufwpfcku tjyiftyrSm vSnfhvnfusufpm;aer,fqdkMupkdY?
aeylxJudk oGm;r,f rkd;&GmxJudk oGm;r,f tBudrfrsm;pGm oGm;aecJhr,f
qkv
d Qiv
f nf; tom;&JU ta&miftqif;awG[m ysupf ;D oGm;wwfygw,f/
0dobm*vdaYk c:qdt
k yfwhJ rnDrQwhJ &moDOwk'Pfcsuaf Mumifh cEmud,
k -f
rSm jzpfay:vmwJh kyo
f Ewt
d pOfawG[m ajymif;vJomG ;w,f/ wif;wdy-f
uJo
h aYkd om a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d awG ta&jym;ay:rSm pGu
J yfvmEkid w
f hJ tqifh
txd a&muf&SdoGm;w,f/
odkYaomf yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu ausmif;twGif; 0ifNyD;awmh psmeformywfawGudk 0ifpm;Ny;D aer,f/ 0dyembm0emur|mef;awG pD;jzef;
NyD;aer,f/ psmefcsrf;om r*fcsrf;om zkdvfcsrf;om edAmefcsrf;omqdkwJh
'Dcsrf;omokcawGudk cHpm;NyD; aexkdifvdkufr,fqdkvQifawmh ausmif;
twGif;rSm acwcPyJ aexkdifonfjzpfap xkdyk*dKvf&JU oEmefrSm kyftqif;awGu MunfvifawmufyoGm;w,f/ ausmif;ocFr;f u xkyd *k Kd v-f
&JU kyftqif;udk Munfvif oefY&Sif;oGm;atmif &Gufaqmifay;EkdifwJh
pGrf;tm;vnf; &Sdw,f/ rnDrQwJh &moDOwkaMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh
tom;ta&mif&UJ ysupf ;D rIawGukd 'Dausmif;ocFr;f u umuG,af y;w,f/
kyt
f qif; tom;ta&ta&miftqif;awG&UJ Munfvif awmufyrIukd
'Dausmif;ocFr;f uav;u oGe;f avmif;Ny;D xnfah y;vdu
k o
f vdk aus;Zl;jyK
ay;oGm;w,f/ t&dyx
f rJ mS csr;f csr;f omomjzifh orx-0dyembm0em
awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf xko
d al wmfaumif;&JU tom;ta&awG[m MunfvifawmufyoGm;wJhoabm &Sdvmw,f/
aemufwpfcu
k ausmif;ocFr;f &JU tjyifbufrmS txl;ojzifh nOf-h
tcgrsK;d rSm vSnv
hf nfNy;D oGm;vmMur,fqv
kd Qif cvkww
f u
dk rf cd siv
f nf;
wku
d rf v
d rd rhf ,f? ql;awG eif;rdcsiv
f nf; eif;rdvrd rhf ,f? a>r uif; tp&Sw
d hJ
ab;tE&m,fawGev
YJ nf; awGUcsiaf wGUr,f/ 'DaeY ausmif;'g,umawG
Munfv
h u
dk rf ,fqv
kd Qif oDwif;ok;H wJah usmif;rSm aexkid w
f yhJ *k Kd vaf wG 'Dvkd
'kutrsKd;rsKd; ra&mufygapeJYqdkwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh vrf;awGvnf;
ususee jyKjyifNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfw,f/ ausmif;wGifomru vrf;awG
wHwm;awGudkvnf; aoaocsmcsm jyKjyifNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/
vrf;awGuv
dk nf; ususee jyKvyk yf al Zmfay;awmh 'Dvrf;udk avQmufomG ;
ae&wJh &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf ab;tE&m,fawGrSvnf; uif;oGm;
w,f/
tvm;wlyJ a>r uif;tp&SdwJh ab;tE&m,fawG[m ausmif;
twGif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifaewJh xkdyk*dKvf&JU oEmefrSm b,fvdkrQ
usa&mufNyD; rvmEkdifbl;/ ab;tE&m,fawG rusa&mufatmif
'Dausmif;uae umuG,fay;w,f/ tvm;wlyJ 'Dausmif;twGif;rSm
oDwif;okH;aexkdifwJhyk*dKvfu jcif rSuftp&SdwJh ab;tE&m,fawG&JU
awGUxdrI 'Pfcsuaf wGrS uif;a0;aewJt
h wGuf csr;f omokctrsK;d rsK;d awG
olUoEmefrSm jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh ruao;bl;/ 'D
ausmif;twGif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifawmfrlwJh yk*dKvfu bk&m;&Sif&JU
w&m;awmfawGudk &Gwfzwfo&Zm,fw,f/ xkd&Gwfzwfo&Zm,faewJh
tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGudk tmkH,lNyD;awmh
csr;f omaewJh yDwo
d ck OD;aqmifaewJh ukov
dk w
f &m;awG xk&d [ef;awmf&UJ
oEmefrSm wkd;yGm;NyD; vmEdkifygw,f/
'DavmufwGifvm;qdkawmh ruao;ygbl;/ xkd&[ef;awmfu
pGr;f tm;&Sv
d Ykd xkad usmif;twGi;f rSm orxbm0emawGukd atmifatmifjrifjrif usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd cf rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif psmeformywf
awGudk 0ifpm;EdkifvQif psmefcsrf;omawGudk olUoEmefrSm cHpm;EkdifwJh
oabmawG &Sdw,f/ 0dyembm0emawGudk pepfwus usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd cf rhJ ,fqv
kd Qiv
f nf; 0dyemcsr;f omawGukd
olUoEmefrmS cHpm;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm;awG &Sv
d mw,f/ 'Dxuf tqifjh rifv
h Ykd
rdrdu r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;omtxd qkdufatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
Ekid cf rhJ ,fqv
kd Qiv
f nf; edAm efcsr;f omw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D &JU Nird ;f at;aewJh
oEo
d ck *kPu
f kd tmk,
H Nl y;D awmh zvormywfcsr;f omjzifh aexkid Ef idk w
f hJ
pGrf;tm;vnf; &SdvmEkdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh csrf;omokctrsKd;rsKd;awGudk
'Dausmif;u xkd&[ef;awmftm; &Gufaqmifay;aeygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tjyifty aeylxJrSm oGm;vmNyD;awmh aeylxJuae

jzKef;ceJ ausmif;t&dyfxJudk 0ifvdkufvQif rsufpdawGu rIefoGm;w,f/
vdP
k *f w
l pfct
k wGi;f udk 0ifomG ;&ovdk pdwx
f rJ mS at;jrwJch sr;f omokcukd
cHpm;&w,f/ tvif;a&miftwGi;f uaeNy;D awmh jzKe;f ceJ tarSmifru
kd x
f -J
udk 0ifvmwJhtwGuf ausmif;twGif;&SdwJh ukwif anmifapmif;awGudk
vG,fvG,fulul rjrif&bl;xm;? cPacwavmuf NidrfaevdkufNyD;rS
rsufvkH;ukd zGifhMunfhvdkufvQifawmh ukwif anmifapmif;awGudk oJoJ
uGJuGJeJY jrifEkdifw,f/ qdkvdkwmu 'Dausmif;ocFrf;onf &[ef;awmf&JU
oEmefrSm jzpfay:aewJh rsufpdtjrifudkvnf; MunfvifoefY&Sif;oGm;atmif &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdaew,f/
'gaMumifh ausmif;ocFr;f udk ay;vSLjcif;onf cGet
f m;udk ay;vSLonf
rnfw,f/ kyt
f qif;awGukd vSywifw
h ,fatmif ay;vSLaeonfvnf;
rnfw,f/ csrf;omokctrsKd;rsKd;udk ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/
rsupf t
d jrifukd ay;vSLonfvnf; rnfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmvnf; a&S;xH;k a[mif;wpfckukd ajymMu&atmif --uk#d0d[m&dax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?161-162/)
t&Sifuk#d0d[m&drax&ftavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;
wpfOD;uawmh vGefcJhwJh urmwpfodef;xufu yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhwJh
y'krkw&bk&m;&Siftm; aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <uvmwmukd jrif&wJhtcg
bk&m;&Siu
f dk aomufa& odyv
f LS csio
f mG ;w,f/ 'geJY olu tvGeMf unfvif
at;jrwJh a&ukd ,laqmifum tvGef ESpfouf&Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufwJh
pdwfxm;eJY aumif;uifbufukd rsufESmarmhum ajrmufypfNyD; vSL'gef;
vku
d yf gw,f/ bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; olU&JU tZmo,"mwfcu
H dk od&adS wmfrw
l hJ
twGuf MunfndKrI o'gw&m; wk;d yGm;apvkw
d hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh aumif;uifrSm &yfwnfawmfrlum vufcHawmfrlvkdufygw,f/
'Dvdk aumif;rIukokdvfwpfcku vlUjynf ewfjynfawGrSm pHkqef
usifvnfum vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;omawGukd tBudrfrsm;pGm cHpm;
&atmif &Guaf qmifay;vku
d yf gw,f/ okaYd omf uybk&m;&Sif vufxufawmf a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm orP"rac:wJh orx-0dyem
tpjzmwJh &[ef;w&m;awGudk ESpfaygif;ESpfaomif;cefY usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/ p&PrsKd;aphwGifomru 0dZmrsKd;aphawGudkvnf; atmifatmifjrifjrif MuJcspkdufysKd;cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D wkYd a*gwrbk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfa&mufvmwJt
h cgrSm
vdp0Drif;om;wpfOD; vmjzpfygw,f/ a0omvDjynfrSm tpm;tpm
iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;wJah b; bDv;l obufawG 0ifa&mufaESmif,
h u
S w
f ahJ b;
tema&m*gawG xlajymwJhab;qkdwJh uyfBuD;oHk;yg; qkdufwJhtcgrSm
bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwkdif <ucsDawmfrlum &weokwfawmfukd a[mMum;
ay;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ ab;'kuB u;D awG Nird ;f at;oGm;cJw
h ,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ
w&m;awmfawGudk em,l&wJt
h wGuf vlawGa&m ewfawGyg Bu;D rm;vSwhJ
opmav;yg;ukd xGi;f azmufojd rifomG ;wJh uRww
f rf;0ifyBGJ u;D vnf; jzpfchJ
ygw,f/ 'DavmufBuD;rm;vSwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU bkef;wefckd;tmEkabmfukd
MunfndKo'gyGm;um tJ'DtrsKd;aumif;om;u omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKcJhygw,f/
&Si&f [ef;jyKNy;D aemuf oDvukd jzLpifatmif aq;aMumokwo
f ifjcif;
pdwt
f pOfrmS eD0&Pac:wJh udavomtnpftaMu;awG uif;pifomG ;atmif orxbm0emawGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;
qkdwJh 0dyem&JU a&SUajy; ykAudp t00ukd jyKvkyfcJhygw,f/ wpfzef
orm"dudk tajccHum 0dyembm0emur|mef;awGudk tywfwukwf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf v,fawm
wpfc&k UJ teD;uae jzwfausmu
f m c&D;vrf;wpfcu
k dk oGm;aewke;f tcsed rf mS
jzKe;f ceJ rd;k &GmcsvmwmeJY v,fawmteD;rSm&Sw
d hJ v,fapmifah ,mufsm;&JU
aumif;rIuo
k v
dk jf zpfwhJ jrufr;dk xm;wJh ausmif;ocFr;f uk#w
d pfcu
k dk jrifawGU
vkdufawmh 0ifNyD;awmh rkd;ckdvdkufygw,f/
tJ'Djrufrdk;wJausmif;twGif;rSm&SdwJh jruftcif;ay:rSm xkdifNyD;
oDwif;oH;k vku
d w
f ,f/ wJausmif;uav;xJrmS xkid v
f u
dk w
f meJY wpfNyKd i-f
eufwnf; rQwwJhOwkukd rSD0Jvkduf&wJhtwGuf 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;ukd qufvufpD;jzef;awmfrlvkdufwm t&[wzdkvfwdkifatmif
qkdufa&mufoGm;cJhygw,f/ tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh csrf;omokcukd
&&So
d mG ;cJyh gw,f/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;tvSL[m tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ
r*fcsr;f om zdv
k cf sr;f omqkw
d hJ csr;f omokcBu;D awGudk &&Sad tmif tm;ay;
axmufyHhaewJhtwGuf omoemawmfrSm tvGeftqifhjrifhrm;vSwJh
csrf;omokcBuD;ukd ay;vSLaewmeJYvnf; wlygw,f/
'DtvSL&Sijf zpfwhJ v,fapmifah ,mufsm;[mvnf; 'Daumif;rIaMumifh
vlrif; ewfrif; pMu0aw;rif; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGukd tBudrfrsm;pGm
cHpm;&NyD;aemuf yapuaAm"dPfawmfukd &&m&aMumif; yg&rDw&m;
taygif;ukd jznfhusifhEkdifwJhtwGuf yg&rDawGu &ifhanmif;vmaom
wpfcsed w
f iG f &weuk#dtrnf&adS wmfral om yapuAk'b
&k m;&Sif jzpfvrd -hf
r,fqkdNyD;awmh bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU a*gwrbk&m;&Sifuvnf; Asm'dwfpum;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?161-163/)
'gaMumifh ausmif;ukd ay;vSLjcif;onf cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLjcif;
kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLjcif; csrf;omukd ay;vSLjcif; yuwdaom rsufpd
tjrif PfrsufpdtjrifwkdYukd ay;vSLjcif; rao&m tNrdKufedAmefukd
ay;vSLjcif;qkdwJh tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLonfESifh wlw,f/ 'Dvdk tm;vHk;ukd
ay;vSL&ma&mufwJhtwGuf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&S daeao;vkdY
qufvuf usifvnf&r,fqkdvQif vlyJjzpfjzpf ewfyJjzpfjzpf jzpfav&m
b0wdik ;f rSm cGet
f m;Bu;D rm;jcif; kyt
f qif;vSyjcif; yuwdrsupf t
d jrif
Pfrsufpdtjrifaumif;jcif; csrf;omBuD;jcif;pwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd
&&Sd w
Hk iG o
f mru aemufq;kH b0rSm rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m efBu;D ukd &onfh
wkdifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Ekdifygw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
okar"max&D (ax&D*gxm?|?278-300/)
okar"max&D&JU tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;[mvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ed,smeduw&m;
aumif;awGukd a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;awGrSm
pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ aumPm*kH
bk&m;&Sif&JU vufxufawmfrSm rdwfaqGtrsKd;aumif;orD;awGESifh wkdifyifum wlnDaom tZmo,"mwfjzifh tvGef BuD;us,fcrf;em;wJh
ausmif;wkduftm&mrfBuD;wpfckukd wnfaqmufum bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh
oHCmawmfwkdYtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhMuygw,f/ ,aeY ausmif;tvSL&Sif
jzpfwhJ 'g,um 'g,dumrwku
Yd o
hJ yYdk J jzpfMuygw,f/ edAm efudk &nfarQm-f
um qnf;yl; ylaZmftyfwJh p&PrsKd;aph yg&rDw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
xkad umif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f aH wGaMumifh ewfjynf ewfavmurSm wpfb0
NyD;wpfb0 jrifhoxufjrifh jrwfoxufjrwfwJh ewfcsrf;om trsKd;rsKd;
awGukd cHpm;&NyD;aemuf uy
uybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;okdY
a&muf&SdvmwJhtcg vlUjynfokdY wpfzefjyefNyD; vljzpfvmcJhw,f/ tvGef
csrf;om<u,f0wJh olaX;orD;wpfOD;yJ jzpfcJhygw,f/ odMum;vdrmwJh
t&G,fokdY a&mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh edAmefukd &nfrSef;um jyKpkysKd;
axmifcw
hJ hJ yg&rDw&m;taygif;wk&Yd UJ vIUH aqmfraI Mumifh omoemawmf
tvGefouf0ifMunfndKwJh o'gw&m;ukd &if0,fykdufaxG;um &wem
oH;k yg;ukd &nfeT ;f vsuf 'ge oDv orx 0dyem tpjzmwJh jyefaY jym
BuD;us,fwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhjyefw,f/ edAmef
a&mufaMumif; p&PrsK;d aphaumif; 0dZm rsK;d aphaumif;qkw
d hJ yg&rDrsK;d aph
awGukd qnf;yl;&SmazG pkaqmif;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
toufxufqHk; w&m;awmfukdom trSDjyKNyD;awmh touf&SifcJhw,f? ukokdvfw&m;awGrSmyJ arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk

aumif;rIukokdvfawGaMumifh vlUjynf ewfjynfqkdwJh aumif;wJhok*wd
bkHb0awGrSmyJ usifvnfvm&muae bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU jrwfpGmbk&m;
yGifhxGef;awmfrlvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rEm0wDNrdKU aumbk&ifBuD;&JU
orD;&wemwpfOD; vmjzpfygw,f/ okar"m = rGefjrwfaom ynm&Sdol
vdkY emrnfay;xm;Muw,f/
edAmefukd &nfrSef;um pkaqmif;qnf;yl;cJhwJh yg&rDwkdYu vIHUaqmfrIaMumifh i,f&G,fpOftcgu pNyD;awmh t&G,fwl rif;orD;awG uReftrIvyk af wGEiS t
hf wl bduK eaD usmif;awmfoYdk oGm;a&mufum bduK erD wdYk
xH w&m;awmfukd em,lygw,f/ w&m;bm0emawGuv
dk nf; pGr;f tm;&Sd
oavmuf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
(32)aum|mowkdYukd &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvkH;
oGif;&onfh orxur|mef;ukd OD;pm;ay;um tm;xkwfygw,f/
twdwfoHo&mu a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmf
wGif;rSm qnf;yl;cJhwJh p&Pw&m; 0dZmw&m;qdkwJh t"dum&aumif;rI
ukov
dk w
f &m;awGu vIUH aqmfwu
dk w
f eG ;f rIaMumifh oHo&mrSm aMumuf&UHG
wkefvIyfwJh xdwfvefYwJh oHa0*PfawGu &ifhoefvmcJhwJhtwGuf
rif;orD;pnf;pdrfukdyif pGefYvTwfum omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD;
&Sif&[ef;jyKcJhygw,f/ t&[wzkdvfPfjzifh edAmefukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifwJh tqifhtxd a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygw,f/ (ax&D*gxm?|?1?278-300/)
ausmif;tvSLonf tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfaomaMumifh xkd
ausmif;tvSL'geaumif;rIukokdvfuHawGu trsKd;rsKd;aom vlcsrf;om
ewfcsrf;omawGukd &Gufaqmifay;kHomru t&[wzdkvf edAmefcsrf;omBuD;ukdyif &&Sdonfwkdifatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,yp,
owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;vkdufygw,f/ okdYaomf ,ckajymcJhNyD;wJh 'geawG-
xuf ykdaumif;wJh'geawmh r&Sdbl;vm;vdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdvmygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uaf wmfrw
l hJ 'gewpfrsK;d vnf; &Sad eygao;w,f/ b,fvkd
'gersKd;vJ
trw'ge
6/ trwH 'a'g p aom a[mwd? a,m "rrEkomowd/
a,m p = tMuifyk*dKvfonfum;/ "rH = y&d,wd"r y#dywd"r
y#da0""r[kac:qdktyfwJh okH;jzmaom o'rw&m;udk/ tEkomowdd
= tpOfwpdu
k f qkq
d ;Hk raeay\/ aom p = xkyd *k Kd vo
f nfum;/ trwH
'a'g = rao&m tNrdKufedAmefudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ a[mwd =
jzpfygay\/
yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu y&d,wd"r y#dywd"r y#da0""rac:wJh
usiphf Oft&yf&yfawGukd pepfwus qkq
d ;Hk rNy;D awmh "rtvSLBu;D ay;aew,f/ 'Dvkd "rtvSLBu;D ay;aewJyh *k Kd vu
f awmh rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef
ac:wJh trw"mwfBu;D udk ay;vSLaeonf rnfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ay;vSLEdik w
f hJ
xkH;wpfckuawmh emrnfausmfjzpfwJh pdwol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;
jzpfygw,f/
pdwol<u,f
bkef;BuD;wdkY omoemawmfrSm pHxm;xkdufwJh ausmif;'g,umawGuawmh temxydPfausmif;'g,umBuD;eJY pdwol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD; (2)OD; jzpfMuygw,f/ temxydPfausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
Munfhvdkufawmh aomwmyeft&d,molawmfaumif;jzpfwm rSefaomfvnf; olu 'gembd&w = 'gerSm arGUavsmfaysmfykdufwJh ESpfNcdKufwJh
olawmfaumif;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ pdwol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
Munfv
h u
dk v
f Qiaf wmh trm#um&mrac:wJh ausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D wpfck wnf-
axmifNyD;awmh bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfawGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfxm;

ygw,f/ trm#um&mrausmif;wdkuftwGif;rSm oDwif;okH;awmfrlwJh
&[ef;awmfawGtwGuf aeYpOf rdrdtdrfrSm oHCmig;&m qGrf;jzifh jyKpk
vkyfauR;ygw,f/ okdYaomf pdwol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;u 'gerSm
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f vdk "rmbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufawmfrlw,f/
aomwmywdr*fPfzdkvfPf ou'g*grdr*fPfzdkvfPf
tem*grdr*fPfzdkvfPfwdkYjzifh edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifwJhtqifh
txd pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;wJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfygw,f/ xkdolawmfaumif;u b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh tem*grdr*fPfzdkvfPftxd a&mufatmif
usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf o
hJ vJqw
kd t
hJ ydik ;f udk jyefNy;D qef;ppf
Munfhvkdufawmh olu (32)aum|mour|mef;uae oGm;ygw,f/
qHyif arG;nif; ajconf;vufonf; oGm; ta& tp&Sw
d hJ (32)aum|mour|mef;awGudk pepfwus pD;jzef;NyD; xdk (32)aum|mo
ur|mef;awGrS qHyifuJhodkYaom ndKaewJhaum|moawGudk tmkH,lNyD;
tndKa&mifuodP
k ;f usiif ,fuo
hJ Ykd 0gaewJah um|moawGukd tmk,
H Nl y;D
t0ga&mifuodkPf; aoG;uJhodkY eDaewJhaum|moawGudk tmkH,lNyD;
teDa&mifuodkPf; tkd;uJhodkY jzLaewJhaum|moawGudk tmkH,lNyD;
tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f wdu
Yk kd pepfwus usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
ygw,f/ (tbd?|?1?235/)
tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtwGuf 'DuodkPf; (4)yg;rSm pwkwpsmeform"d
txd qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tifaMumifh yx0DuodkPf; (= ajr
uokdPf;) tmayguodkPf; (= a&uokdPf;) awaZmuodkPf; =
(rD;uokdPf;) 0ga,muodkPf; (= avuokdPf;) tmavmuuokdPf;
(= tvif;a&mifuokP
d ;f )ESihf tmumouokP
d ;f ? tm;vH;k aygif; uokP
d ;f
(10)yg;udk pepfwus qufvufNyD; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfw,f/ 'D uokdPf;
(10)yg;udk tajccHNyD;awmh tlypsmefawGudkvnf; pepfwus atmifatmifjrifjrif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpfygw,f/
xkdpsmeform"dawGudk tajccHNyD; kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;
awGudk odrf;qnf;vsuf xkdocFg&w&m;awGudk tedp 'ku tew
vuPma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemur|mef; pD;jzef;EdkifwJhtwGuf aomwmywdr*fPfzdkvfPf ou'g*grdr*fPf
zdv
k
f Pf tem*grdr*fPfzv
kd
f PfwjYkd zifh edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk w
f hJ
tqifhtxd a&muf&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
xko
d al wmfaumif;u &[ef;oHCmawmfEiS hf awGUwJt
h csed t
f cg odrYk [kwf
oDwif;okH;azmf OygoumawGtcsif;csif; awGUwJhtcsdeftcgawGrSm
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfwJhpum; rajymbJ w&m;pum;udkyJ ajymMum;avh&Sdw,f/
tu,f &[ef;awmfawGu olUudk w&m;a[mcJrh ,fqv
dk Qiv
f nf;
dkdkaoaoeJY em,lavh&Sdw,f/ tu,f &[ef;awmfawGu w&m;em
,lvdkw,fqkdvQifvnf; olu kddkaoao av;av;pm;pm;jzifh jyefNyD;awmh w&m;a[mEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/ 'DpGrf;tifawGu b,fykH
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh olUoEmefrSm jzpfay:vm&ygovJvdkY
jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhvdkufwJhtcg vGefcJhaom urmwpfodef;xufu
y'krkw&bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfwGif;uwnf;u pwifNyD; yg&rDrsKd;aph
awGukd MucJ spu
kd yf sK;d cJw
h hJ olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;trSL;
&Sdaom wpfodef;aom oHCmawmfwdkYtm; qGrf;tp&SdwJh ypnf;av;yg;
awGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfNyD;awmh "ruxdut&m {w'*fbGJUxl; &&SdzdkY&ef
twGuf qkawmif;yefxGmNyD;awmh yg&rDrsKd;aphawGudk jznfhusifhcJhwJh
olawmfaumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'DaeY ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwf 'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;
'g,umBuD; OD;pdk;xGef;wdkYvnf; pdwol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
twk,lNyD;awmh 'gembd&w = 'gerSmwGif arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKuf

kw
H iG rf ubJ "rmbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cdKuaf ewJh olawmfaumif;BuD;awGjzpfatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;
xkwMf uygvdYk bke;f Bu;D uawmh wku
d w
f eG ;f vdyk gw,f/ 'D'g,umBu;D taeeJY
,ckvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtwGuf bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmf
awG[mvnf; pdwo
<l u,f'g,umBu;D ukd trSjD yKNy;D awmh ypn;f av;yg;jzifh ryifryef; csr;f csr;f omomjzifh aexkid o
f w
D if;oH;k awmfrMl u&ygw,f/
'D'g,umBu;D &JU 'gembd&w = 'gerSm arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd urf aI Mumifh
oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;om&jcif; jzpf&w,f/ 'gwGif ruao;bl;? 'D
'g,umBu;D u "rmbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd u-f
wJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfjcif;aMumifh omoemawmfukd "rmEk*[ =
w&m;jzifhvnf; csD;ajrmufaxmufyhHygw,f/
b,fvdk csD;ajrmufovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh w&m;awmfjzifh olu
csD;ajrmufay;w,f? y&d,wfw&m;awmfawGudkvnf; olu pepfwus
oif,lygw,f/ 'Dvdk oif,lvkdufwJhtwGuf twdwfuvnf; y&d,wf
w&m;awmfawGudk pepfwus oif,lcJhzl;wJh yg&rDrsKd;aphawGu EId;aqmf
vkdufawmh y#dord'gPfav;yg;udk vl0wfaMumifb0jzifh &&Sdxm;wJh
olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ (0do'k ?d 2?72/) bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmf
awGudk y#dord'gPfjzifh pepfwus xkd;xGif;odEdkifwJh tqifhtxd
a&mufaew,f/
'kuo
pmac:wJh kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd pepfwus [kww
f idk ;f
rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odw,f? ork',opmac:wJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk
vnf; pepfwus [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odw,f? eda&m"opmac:wJh
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv
k nf; pepfwus [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG rdru
d ,
kd -f
wdkif xkd;xGif;odw,f? edAmefodkYa&mufaMumif;usifhpOfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
r*t&d,opmw&m;awGuv
kd nf; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf su-f
arSmuf [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xGi;f azmufNy;D odw,f/ 'Dvkd odaewJh todPf
&Sw
d t
hJ wGuf olwpfyg;awGu tu,f w&m;em,lvw
dk ,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh
&[ef;yJjzpfap vlyk*dKvfyJjzpfap xkdyk*dKvfudk bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd rSerf eS u
f efuef wdwu
d sus pepfwustm;jzifh em;vnfomG ;atmif
a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;ray;EkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdaeygw,f/
tJ'DpGrf;tm; &SdvdkufwJhtwGuf rdrdukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh rdrd
a[mMum;vdu
k w
f hJ w&m;awmfukd em,l&wJt
h wGuf wpfzufy*k Kd vaf wGu
rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv
k nf; &&So
d mG ;Muygw,f/
rdrdonfomvQif rao&m tNrdKufedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk rsufarSmufjyKEidk o
f nfr[kwb
f J rdru
d kd taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh w&m;emy&dowf
taygif; olawmfaumif;awGvnf; rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk &&SdoGm;Muw,fqdkvQif b,fhES,fwkH; ausmif;'g,umBuD;awG 0rf;ajrmufzYkd raumif;bl;vm; odyaf umif;w,f/ 'Dtqifu
h awmh
omoemawmfu ay;tyfwJhtqifhyJ jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeY tkMd ur,f emMur,f aoMur,f/ oHo&mc&D;u rqk;H Muao;bl;qkdvQif aemufxyfwpfzef rdcif0rf;AdkufxJrSm jyefNyD;awmh
y#doaE wnfaeMu&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ rdr&d UJ b0udk jyefNy;D pOf;pm;Munfyh g/
bkef;BuD;wdkY jzwfoef;vmcJh&wJhb0awG aemufxyf oHo&mc&D; rqkH;ao;bl;qdkvQifvnf; qufvufNyD; jzwfoef;&r,fh b0awGudk jyefNyD;
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ rdcif&JU 0rf;MumwdkufawG b,favmuf npfywfw,f
qdw
k m 'g,umBu;D awG 'g,dumrBu;D awG tm;vk;H em;vnfMuygw,f/
o*FZmq&mawmfbk&m;uawmh b,fvdktrdefY&SdovJ
]'Davmuf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;wJh rdcif0rf;xJu xGufvmwJh
a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf aemufxyfwpfzef 'Davmuf &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,af umif;wJh rdcif0rf;wGi;f xJukd wpfzefjyefNy;D oGm;csiaf o;w,fqv
kd Qif
'Da,mufsm;xuf nHhwJha,mufsm; avmurSm &SdEdkifygYrvm;}qkdNyD; trdefY

&Sdawmfrlw,f/ b,fhES,fwkH; 'g,umBuD;awG 'Dpum;ukd vufcHEkdifygh
rvm; rdrdukd,fukd jyefNyD; aocsmpOf;pm;Munfhyg/ vufcHzdkYvnf;
odyfaumif;w,f? aMumufzdkYvnf; odyfaumif;w,f/
rdcif0rf;Adu
k x
f rJ mS ae&wmu csr;f csr;f omom ae&wmrsK;d [kw-f
ovm; r[kwfygbl;/ tifrwef Muyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;wJhae&m
uav;rSm ud;k v q,fv aexkid &f r,fb
h 0 jzpfygw,f/ 'gu vlUavmu
rdcif0rf;wGi;f ukd &nf&,
G Nf y;D ajymaewJph um;om jzpfygw,f/ tu,f
wd& p mefb0vdk rdcif0rf;xJ a&muf&r,f odrYk [kwf Nyw
d m b0 odrYk [kwf
i&Jb0 a&muf&r,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh Bu;D us,w
f 'hJ u
k a wG rcHpm;&bl;vm;
cHpm;&r,f/ 'Dvkd 'kut
00awGrS vGwaf jrmuf&efjzpfwhJ rao&m tNrKd u-f
edAmef w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk &&Sdr,fqkdvQif xkdrao&m tNrdKufedAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk &atmif pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwzf Ydk rvdb
k ;l vm; vdt
k yfygw,f/ 'Dvkd vdt
k yfaewJt
h wGuf 'DaeY
usiphf Ofyikd ;f qkid &f mukd bke;f Bu;D cyfww
kd u
kd av;awmh ajymzdYk &nf&,
G x
f m;
ygw,f/ 'DusifhpOfydkif;qkdif&mrSm rao&m tNrdKufedAmef &&SdzdkYtwGuf
a,m*Dwpfa,muftaeeJY bmvkdtyfovJ
rao&mtNrdKufedAmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf od&rnfhw&m;

a,m p acg bdua0 {0H 0a',s ]]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kuo
rk',H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp
'kueda&m"H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kueda&m"*grde
y#dy'H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}}wd aewH XmeH 0dZwd/ (oH?3?394/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ a,m p acg = tMuif trSwfrxm;
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0gonfum;/ {0H = odkY/ 0a',s
= ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ t[H = igonf/ 'kuH t&d,opH = 'kut&d,
opmw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG / tebdoarp = orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rod
rjrifrl/ 'kuork',H t&d,opH = 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,
opmw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG / tebdoarp = orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rod
rjrifrl/ 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH = 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opm
w&m;udk/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tebdoarp
= orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf rodrjrifr
l /
'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H t&d,opH = 'kucsKyf&m eda&m" (= edAmef)odkY
a&mufaMumif;usiphf Of[k ac:qdt
k yfwhJ r*t&d,opmw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tebdoarp = orm'd|dPf
ynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifrl/ orm =
= oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
aumif;rGerf eS u
f efpmG / 'ku
k \
/ tEH = tqk;H tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dmrd = igjyKvkyf jyaytHh/ wd = odkYvQif/
0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ w = xkdyk*dKvf\/ {wH XmeH = xkd
d
ajymqdv
k mwJt
h wkid ;f jzpfEidk &f maom taMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/ e 0dZw
= r&SdonfomvQifwnf;/
yk*Kd vw
f pfa,mufuawmh ajymvmNy?D b,fvakd jymvmovJ 'ku
t&d,opm 'kuork',t&d,opm 'kueda&m"t&d,opm 'ku
eda&m"*grdedy#dy'gvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf
jzpfwJh r*t&d,opm/ 'Dopmav;&yfukd [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodbJ ig oHo&m0#f
qif;&J'u
k & UJ tqk;H tydik ;f tjcm;udk jyKvyk jf yr,fvYkd vmNy;D ajymvmr,f
qdv
k Qif xdyk *k Kd v&f UJ ajymqkcd suo
f nf ajymqdo
k nft
h wdik ;f jzpfEidk &f maom
taMumif;t&m b,fvdkrS r&SdEkdifygbl;vkdY 'Dvdkbk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlygw,f/ aemufxyf qufvufNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u

Oyrmuav;eJY a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
,ck 'g,umBuD;awG aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;ylaZmfvdkufwJh ausmif;rsK;d vdk taqmuftODwpfcu
k dk pHxm;Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f a[mawmfryl gw,f/ b,fvkd a[mawmfro
l vJ atmufyidk ;f taqmuftODvYdk ac:qkd
tyfwJh wkdifawGvnf; r&Sdbl; a,muf0kdif;awGvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'Dvdk
atmufydkif;taqmuftODjzpfwJh wdkifawG a,muf0dkif;awG r&SdbJeJY
tay:ydkif; taqmuftODvdkYac:qdktyfwJh 'dkif;awG jrm;awG tjcif&e,fawG wifNy;D awmh trk;d jyKvyk rf ,f txGww
f yfr,fqv
dk Qif jzpfEidk rf ,fh
oabm &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/
'DypHk t
H wdik ;f yJ atmufyikd ;f taqmuftODvYkd ac:qdt
k yfwhJ wdik af wG
a,muf0ikd ;f awG r&Sb
d eJ YJ tay:ydik ;f taqmuftODjzpfwhJ trk;d udk wifNy;D
aqmufr,fqdkvQif rjzpfEdkifovdk yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu 'kuopm
ork',opm eda&m"opm r*opmac:wJh opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd
orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufrodbJ oHo&m
0#fqif;&J'ku&JU ukef&mjzpfwJh edAmefodkYa&mufatmif ig jyKvkyfjyr,f
qkv
d Qif ajymqkw
d t
hJ wkid ;f b,fvrkd S rjzpfEidk yf gbl;qdNk y;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f
a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/ ajymif;jyefvSefNyD;awmhvnf; wpfcsuf a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
a,m p acg bdua0 {0H 0a',s ]]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp 'kuork',H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp
'kue ad &m"H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp 'kue ad &m"*grde y#dy'H
t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}}wd
XmearwH 0dZwd/ (oH?3?394/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ a,m p acg = tMuif trSwfrxm;
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0gonfum;/ {0H = odkY/ 0a',s
= ajymqdv
k mjim;tH/h t[H = igonf/ 'kuH t&d,opH = 'kut
&d,opm
w&m;udk/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarp
= orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifNy;D /
'kuo
rk',H t&d,opH = 'kuj zpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;ud/k
,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarp = orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifNy;D / 'kue ad &m"H
t&d,opH = 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opmw&m;udk/ ,xmblwH =
razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarp = orm'd|dPfynmjzifh
udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifNyD;/ 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H
t&d,opH = 'kucsKyf&m eda&m" (= edAmef)odkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf
jzpfonfh r*t&d,opmw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f
rSefpGm/ tbdoarp = orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifNyD;/ 'ku = oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\/ tEH =
tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dmrd = igjyKvkyf jyaytHh/ wd {0H =
odkYvQif/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ w = xkdyk*dKvf\/ {wH
XmeH = xkad jymqdv
k mwJt
h wkid ;f jzpfEidk &f maomtaMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/
0dZwd = xif&Sm;{uef &Sdonf trSefomvQifwnf;/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... yk*dKvfwpfa,mufuawmh ajymvmNyD?
b,fvdkajymvmovJ igonf 'kut&d,opm 'kuork',t&d,
opm 'kueda&m"t&d,opm 'kucsKyf&m eda&m" = edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfac:wJh r*t&d,opm? 'Dopmav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk
[kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku&JU tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;
jzpfwhJ edAm efudk &atmif ig jyKvyk jf yr,fvYkd vmajymr,fqv
kd Qif xdyk *k Kd v-f
&JU ajymqdck suo
f nf ajymqdo
k nft
h wdik ;f jzpfEidk &f maom taMumif; &Syd gw,f/ Oyrmuav;eJY bk&m;&Sifu qufNyD; a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
tdrfwpftdrf wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm atmufydkif;taqmuftOD

ac:wJh wdik af wGvnf; &Sw
d ,f a,muf0ikd ;f awG xkwaf wGvnf; &Sad eNy/D
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm tay:ydkif;taqmuftODvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh 'dkif;awG
jrm;awG tjcif&e,fawG wifNy;D awmh trk;d rk;d Ny;D awmh txGww
f yfxm;wJh taqmuftODwpfck aqmufr,fqdkvQifawmh jzpfEkdifwJh taMumif;
t&m&So
d vdk tvm;wlyJ yk*Kd vw
f pfa,mufu opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku&JU tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;jzpfwJh edAmefudk &atmif ig jyKvkyfjyr,fvdkY ajymqdkr,f
qkdvQif ajymqkdonfhtwdkif; jzpfEkdif&maom taMumif;&Sdygw,f/ 'gu
opoH,kwfrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh ul#m*g&okwef
jzpfygw,f/
xko
d w
k e rf mS vm&Sw
d t
hJ wdik ;f opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd [kww
f ikd ;f
rSepf mG orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf rodbJ
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku ukef&mjzpfwJh edAmefudk &Edkifrvm; r&Edkifbl;/
'Dtcsuu
f akd wmh ,kMH unfzYkd vdyk gw,f/ 'Dopmav;yg;xJrmS 'kuo
pmu
cEm (5)yg; = kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG jzpfw,f/ ('D?2?243/ oH?3?369??)
ork',opmu aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G rf I y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;rsm;
jzpfMuygw,f/ (tH?1?178/) 'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m; (2)yg;
wdkYu 0dyemPf&JU tIcHtmkH jzpfMuw,f/ tedp 'ku tew
vuPma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;&r,fhw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfrSm cEm (5)yg;
xJrmS tusK;H 0ifaewJh kyw
f &m;wdrYk nfonf uvmyfac:wJh trIeu
f av;
awGtaeeJY jzpfMuygw,f/ 'DuvmyftrIeu
f av;awGu kyw
f &m;vm;
qdak wmh r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ kyw
f &m;wd&Yk UJ tao;qk;H tzGUJ tpnf; wpfc-k
rQom jzpfygw,f/ kyfy&rwftppf r[kwfao;ygbl;/ tJ'D kyfuvmyf
wpfcw
k pfcu
k kd "mwfcMJG unfv
h u
kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm tenf;qk;H atmufxpf
qkH;tm;jzifh yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m tqif; teHY t&om
MoZmponfjzifh oabmw&m;uav;awG &Spfck ukd;ck q,fck ponf
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D oabmw&m;uav;awGuomvQif y&rw"mwfom;
kyftppf jzpfw,f/ tJ'D kyfw&m;awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodzkdY b,fykH
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh usifh&rvJ 'Dtydkif;u u@wpfck
&Sdygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ emrfw&m;wdrYk nfonfrmS 0Dxpd w
d Ef iS hf 0Dxrd w
k pf w
d q
f -kd
NyD;awmh ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/ 0DxdpdwfqkdonfrSm pdwed,mrvrf;aMumif;
twdik ;f lygku
H kd jrifwt
hJ cgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwt
f pOf toHukd Mum;wJh
tcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOf teHYudk SLwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh
pdwftpOf t&omudk odwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOf tawGU
txdudk odwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOf "roabm trsKd;rsKd;
awGudk odwJhtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOfawG &Sd Muw,f/
tJ'D pdwt
f pOfawGuvnf; olw&Ykd UJ ed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f jzpfay:
oGm;Muygw,f/
odkYaomf tJ'D pdwftpOfawGrSm pdwuPwpfckwpfckrSm pdwf
apwoduaf wGu NyKd iw
f l ,SOw
f NJG y;D jzpfay:oGm;Muygw,f/ atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh pdwf apwoduf (8)vkH;aygif;rS jzpfay:EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;
&S dw,f/ aZmuJhodkYaom tcsKdUtcsKdUaom pdwuPawGrSm pdwf
apwoduf (34)vkH;txd jzpfwwfygw,f/ tJ'D pdwf apwodufawGudk
pdwuPwkdif;rSm pepfwus odrf;qnf;wwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ um;
z um; a0'em um; onm um; apwem um;
0dnmPf ponfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD;odrS emrfy&rwfw&m;udk podwJh
tqifh jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk kyfemrfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf
bmvkdtyfovJ 'Dtydkif;uvnf; u@wpfck &Sdygw,f/

aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G rf I y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;awGu ork',f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ t0dZm wPSm
opm jzpfw,f/ (tH?1?178/) twdwu
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh 'Db0rSm kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY xif&Sm;vmjzpfMuw,f/ 'Db0rSmvnf; wpfzef
jyefNyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh aemiftem*wfrSm 'kuopmw&m;awGu
oHo&mc&D; rqk;H ao;wJh yk*Kd vaf wGtwGuf xif&mS ;jzpfMurSm jzpfw,f/
twdwftaMumif;aMumifh ypKyeftusKd;jzpfykH ypKyeftaMumif;aMumifh
tem*wftusK;d jzpfyq
Hk w
kd hJ aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G rf o
I abmudk [kww
f ikd ;f
rSefpGm odcJhvQif 'Dvdkodenf;rsKd;udk y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;awGudk
odw,fvYkd ac:&w,f/ xkyd #dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;awGukd xk;d xGi;f odjcif;onf ork',opmudk xkd;xGif;odjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk
awok bduKaem 0a ur|mem bdeda0aom a[mwd/
(tbd?|?2?109/)
'Dvkd zGiq
hf x
dk m;wJh t|uxmrsm;ESit
hf nD xd'k u
k o
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk 0dyemPfjzifh tedp 'ku tew vuPma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemI&r,fh tIcHtmkHawG
jzpfMuygw,f/ y&rw"mwfom; kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd [kww
f ikd ;f
rSepf mG oda&;twGuf a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f bmvdt
k yfovJ taMumif;ork',opmw&m;awGudk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG oda&;twGuf bmvkt
d yfovJ
k e fpwJh xkx
xko
d po,
H w
k rf mS yJ orm"dow
d o
dk w
k e u
f av;awGukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ xkdokwefawGrSm bk&m;&Sifu -----
orm
orm"" bdua 0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua 0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ orm
orm"" = orm"dudk/ bma0x =
yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh/ orm[dawm bduK = orm"d&SdwJh&[ef;awmfonf/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ yZmemwd = uGJuGJ
jym;jym; od\/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... orm"d xlaxmifMuyg/ orm"d&SdaewJh
&[ef;awmfonf razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG uJu
G jGJ ym;jym; odygw,f
qdkNyD; 'Dvdk a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/
ud ,xmblwH yZmemwd? (oH?3?363/)
bmawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odygovJvkdY 'Dvdk ar;cGef;udk ar;NyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu jyefajzxm;awmfrlw,f/
]'H 'ku}Ed ,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]t,H 'kuork'a,m}wd
,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]t,H 'kueda&ma"m}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd?
]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
um; 'kuopmw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
um; ork',opmw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
um; eda&m"opmw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
um; 'kucsKyf&m eda&m" = edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf r*opm
w&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f/ 'Dvdk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
uGJuGJjym;jym; od&Sda&;twGuf oifcspfom; cspforD;wdkY orm"dudk
xlaxmifMuygqdkNyD; 'Dvdk wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
wpfenf;wpfzkHtm;jzifh ajymr,fqkdvQif bkef;BuD;wdkY r*if (8)yg;
xJrSm ormorm"dqkdwJh r*ifwpfck ygaeygw,f/ r*if (8)yg;udk edAmef
a&mufaMumif;usiphf Oftjzpf vufcEH ikd cf v

hJ Qif r*if (8)yg;xJrmS tpdw-f
tydkif;wpfckjzpfwJh ormorm"dudkvnf; edAmefa&mufaMumif; usifhpOf
tjzpf vufczH Ydk vdyk gw,f/ bmudk ormorm"dac:w,fqw
kd mudv
k nf;
emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ r[mowdy|meokwe rf mS yJ bk&m;&Siu
f wdwu
d sus
&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
yxrpsmeform"d 'kw,
d psmeform"d wwd,psmeform"d pwkw-
psmeform"dawGukd ormorm"dvYkd ac:qdw
k ,fqNdk y;D wdwu
d sus &Si;f xm;
hf ;Hk aqmufawmfryl gw,f/ ('D?2?250-251/) oDvawGukd jzLjzLpifpif usio
wnfNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdorm"dusifhpOfydkif;udk a,m*Dyk*dKvfu
aemufwpfqifh wufvSrf;&rSm jzpfw,f/ bmaMumifh orm"dxlaxmif&w,fqw
kd mudk bk&m;&Siu
f orm"dow
k e pf wJh xkx
d o
dk w
k e af wGrmS wdwd
usus &Sif;xm;ygw,f/
orm"d&rdS S 'kuo
pmudk [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odr,f? orm"d&SdrS ork',
opmudk [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odr,f? orm"d&rdS S eda&m"opm r*opmawGukd
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odrSmjzpfw,f/ xkdopmav;yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
oda&;twGuf orm"dudk xlaxmifygqdkNyD; bk&m;&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;
awmfryl gw,f/ 'Dorm"deYJ opmav;yg;ukd odz&Ydk meJY b,fvkd qufo,
G rf I
&Sad eovJvYkd wpfzefxyfNy;D ar;r,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh orm"d&adS ewJyh *k Kd vrf mS
yxrpsmeform"d 'kwd,psmeform"d wwd,psmeform"d pwkwpsmef
orm"dqdkwJh 'Dorm"dwpfckckudk qdkufa&mufvmwJh olawmfaumif;&JU
oEmefrmS xko
d rm"deYJ ,SOw
f aJG ewJ
h PfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif
awGu NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaeygw,f/
ynma&mif = Pfa&mif
aom {0H orm[daw pdaw y&doka' y&da,m'gaw ...
(r?1?347/)
ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh r[mtyk&okwef pwJh
a'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD pwkwpsmeform"duJhokdYaom orm"dawGu
NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvufawmufyaewJh ta&miftvif;awGudk jzpfapEdik w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Syd gw,f/ t*Fw
k Kd &yf gVdawmf pwkue yd gwf Mobmookwe f
(tH?1?475/) ponfw
Ydk ,if;ta&miftvif;rsK;d ukd Pfa&mif[k a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
xkv
d if;a&mifjcnf tultnDukd ,lNy;D awmh pepfwus cEmud,
k rf mS
"mwfur|mef;udk IyGm;okH;oyfwwfcJhr,fqdkvQif uvmyftrIefuav;
awGudk oGm;awGUr,f/ uvmyftrIeu
f av;awGukd vif;a&mifjcnf tul
tnDeJYyJ "mwfcJGMunfhvdkufvQif yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m
tqif; teHY t&om MoZm tp&Sw
d hJ y&rw"robm0uav;awGukd
awGUEkid yf gw,f/ okaYd omf orm"du avsmusomG ;w,f/ orm"d avsmusonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; bmjzpfvmovJ tvif;a&mifawGvnf;
uG,af ysmufomG ;w,f/ tvif;a&mif uG,af ysmufomG ;onfEiS hf wpfNyKd i-f
eufwnf; cEmukd,frSm kyfuvmyfawGukd rjrifawmhbl;/
y&rw"mwfom;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf qDrD;wdkif
uJhodkY ta&miftvif;udk xGef;vif;ndjyxm;wmu 'Dorm"dESifh,SOfwJh
Pf jzpfygw,f/ (rdvEd y Om-38/ tbd?|?1?165-166/) orm"du xufvQif
xufovdk Pfu xufvmw,f/ Pfu xufvQif xufovdk
vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifawGu tm;aumif;vmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh orm"d
wpfckckudkawmh xlaxmifzdkY vdktyfvmygw,f/
orm"dxal xmifzYdk vdt
k yfvmwJt
h wGuf ausmif;'g,um 'g,dumrBuD;awG pGrf;tm;&Sdovdk rdrdwdkYtdrfrSm tm;xkwfcsifw,fqkdvQifawmh
tmemygeur|mef;taMumif;uav;ukd bke;f Bu;D twdck sKyNf y;D ajymjyygr,f/ ur|mef; (40)&SdwJhtxJu rdrdESpfNcdKufwJhur|mef;jzifh orm"d
xlaxmifcGifh &Sdygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh w&m;awmfawG
jzpfwJhtwGuf b,fur|mef;yJjzpfjzpf tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ygw,f/
tmemygeusifhpOf
odaYk omf rdrt
d rd rf mS tm;xkww
f yhJ *k Kd vaf wGtwGuf q&morm;awGeYJ
a0;uGmaeayr,fhvnf; tmemygeur|mef;u ig;rdepfjzpfap q,frdepfjzpfap wpfem&Djzpfap ESpef m&Djzpfap tdrrf mS tcsed &f vQif &ovdk
yGm;rsm;r,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh enf;enf; vG,u
f yl gr,f/ yGm;rsm;zdYk vG,u
f w
l ,f
qdak omfvnf; orm"djzpfzYkd vG,u
f w
l ,fvYkd bke;f Bu;D rqdv
k ykd gbl;/ b,f
ur|mef;yJjzpfjzpf orm"djzpfzdkYuawmh tm;vkH; cufcJwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ twdwu
f yg&rDrsK;d aphtay: rlwnfNy;D awmh tmemygeur|mef;eJY
vG,fulwJhyk*dKvf &Sdovdk cufcJwJhyk*dKvfawGvnf; &Sd Muygw,f/ 'D
tmemygeur|mef;udk bk&m;&Siu
f emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ r[mowdy|meokwe pf wJh xkx
d o
dk w
k e af wGrmS tcGio
hf ifo
h vdk a[mawmfrx
l m;ygw,f/
orxur|mef;ydkif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu av;qifh a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/
eHygwf (1) t&Snfudk odjcif;
eHygwf (2) twdkudk odjcif;
eHygwf (3) tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odjcif;
eHygwf (4) Nird af tmif (= Nird ;f atmif) usijhf cif;qdNk y;D awmh av;qifh
csrSwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/ (r?1?70-71/)
'gaMumifh vkyif ef;cGirf mS 0ifavxGuaf v xdrx
I if&mS ;wJh ESmoD;zsm;
odkYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;zsm; wpfae&mu pNyD;awmh 0ifvQif 0ifav
xGufvQifvnf; xGufavvdkY rSwfyg? avtay:rSm bm0empdwfudk
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ BuKd ;pm;vku
d v
f Ykd atmifjrifr-I
u r&jzpfvQifawmh t|uxmrsm;u a&wGufjcif; *Pemenf;tultnDudk ,lzdkY&eftwGuf tMuHay;xm;Muygw,f/ (0dok'd?1?270??)
Oyrm ----- 0ifvQif 0ifavvdkY rSwfyg? xGufvQifvnf; xGufavvdkY
rSwfyg/ 'Dvdk rSwfNyD;awmh 0ifavxGufav ESpfckaygif;udk ]wpf}vdkY
a&wGufMunfhyg/
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
0ifavxGufav
]wpf}
]ESpf}
]okH;}
]av;}
]ig;}
]ajcmuf}
]ckepf}
]&Spf}
&Spaf vmuftxdyJ a&wGuMf unfyh g/ ig;eJY wpfq,ftMum; BuKd uw

f hJ
ae&mrSm &yfEidk yf gw,f/ odaYk omf owfrw
S x
f m;wJh *Pef;wpfcck &k w
dS mu
ykad umif;w,f/ bke;f Bu;D wdYk aus;Zl;awmf&iS f uEq
D &mawmfb&k m;uawmh
r*if (8)yg;udk trSw&f apjcif;iSm &nf&,
G Nf y;D awmh ]wpf} uae ]&Sp}f txd
oifay;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh ]wpf}uae ]&Spf}txd a&wGufw,fyJ qkdMupkdY? 'Dvdk
a&wGuw
f t
hJ ydik ;f rSm ighpw
d af wG ]wpf}uae ]&Sp}f twGi;f b,frS rxGu-f
ap&qdkNyD; pdwfudkawmh tpydkif;rSm cyfwif;wif;xm;NyD;awmh IyGm;
ok;H oyfzYkd vdt
k yfygw,f/ 'Dvdk IymG ;ok;H oyfvu
dk w
f t
hJ ydik ;f rSm wpfcgwpf&H
toufSLwmu cyfjznf;jznf; cyfaES;aES; cyf&Snf&Snf SLcsifvnf;
SLjzpfr,f/ wpfcgwpf&H toufSLwmu jrefcsifvnf; jrefaewwf
ygw,f/ toufSL jrefwmukdawmh wkdw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ toufSL
aES;wmukad wmh &Snw
f ,fvYdk ac:ygw,f/ toufSLrIu &Snv
f Qiv
f nf;
&Snw
f t
hJ wkid ;f wkv
d Qiv
f nf; wkw
d t
hJ wkid ;f odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/
wpfzufuvnf; a&wGufay;yg/
'Dvkd IyGm;oHk;oyfvkdufwJhtykdif;rSm a&wGufjcif; *Pemenf;&JU

pGr;f tm;aMumifh bm0empdwu
f 0ifavxGuaf vtmkt
H ay: enf;enf;
avmufawmh Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfwwfygw,f/ tpydkif;rSmawmh
pueyYf ikd ;f odrYk [kwf rdepfyikd ;f avmufyJ wnfwwfygw,f/ wjznf;jznf;
avhusirhf ,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh 0ifavxGuaf v
tmkH bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfvmwwfygw,f/
'Dvdk wnfvmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm xkdifwkdif;vdkvdk 0ifavxGufav
tmkH bm0empdwu
f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeNyq
D v
kd Qiaf wmh a&wGu-f
jcif; *Pemenf;udk vTwv
f u
dk Nf y;D awmh 0ifavxGuaf v&JU tp-tv,ftqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif ESmoD;zsm; odkYr[kwf
txufEw
I cf rf;zsm;qkw
d hJ wpfae&muae apmifNh y;D Munfah eyg/ MunfNh y;D awmh bmvky&f rvJ tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev
f ;kH udk awmufavQmuf
odaeatmifom pdwu
f kd uyfxm;yg/ rSwcf siv
f Qiaf wmh 0ifavxGuaf vvdkYyJ rSwfaeyg/ 'gu tpyJ 'gu tv,fyJ 'gu tqkH;yJ 'Dvdkawmh
vkdufrrSwfygeJY/
'Dvdk pdwfudk uyfxm;vkdufwJhtcgrSm wpfcgwav toufSL rIu
aES;csifaES;r,f/ toufSLaES;aewmudk &Snfw,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
&Snv
f Qiv
f nf; tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev
f ;Hk awmufavQmufoad tmif
uyfxm;yg/ wpfcgwav toufLS rIu jrefcsijf refwwfw,f/ jrefwmudk
wdw
k ,fvYkd ac:ygw,f/ wdv
k Qiv
f nf; tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev
f ;kH ukd
awmufavQmufodatmifom uyfxm;yg/
'Dvkd tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvHk;ukd awmufavQmufodatmif
bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif xm;EdkifcJhvQifawmh
avu odraf rGUoGm;wwfygw,f/ odraf rGUoGm;wJah vuav;rSm &Snv
f Qi-f
vnf; &SnfwJhtwdkif;? wkdvQifvnf; wdkwJhtwdkif; tp-tv,f-tqkH;
tukev
f ;kH ukd awmufavQmufoad tmifom qufNy;D uyfxm;yg/ rSwcf si-f
w,fqkdvQifawmh 0ifavxGufavvdkYyJ rSwfaeyg/ &Snfw,f wdkw,f
vdv
Yk nf; rrSwyf geJ/Y 'gu tpyJ 'gu tv,fyJ 'gu tqk;H yJ 'Dvv
kd nf;
vdkufNyD; rrSwfygeJY/ &Snfatmif wdkatmifvnf; rBudK;pm;ygeJY? ykHrSefom
toufSLaeyg/
'Dvdk BudK;pm;vkdufvdkY orm"du &ifhusufvmvQifawmh avuav;u jzLvmwwfw,f/ rD;ckd;a&mifuJhodkY npfxyfxyfvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ wjcm; ta&miftvif;awGvnf; ay:wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
0ifavxGuaf v xdwahJ e&mudk rvTwb
f J xdaewJah vtay:rSm bm0em
pdwfukd uyfxm;vdkufvdkY avuvnf; jzLvmNyDqdkvQifawmh jzLaewJh 'D
edrw
d t
f ay:rSm bm0empdwu
f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfomG ;wwfygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tjzLa&mifedrdwftay:rSmyJ bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/
'Dvkd edrdwftay:rSm bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif uyfxm;vdkufNyDqkdvQif yuwd 0ifavxGufavudk jyefNyD;awmh
rMunfyh geJ/Y tjzLa&miferd w
d t
f ay:rSmyJ bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D
qufaI eyg/ orm"duvnf; &ifu
h suw
f ;dk wufvmNyq
D v
dk Qiaf wmh jzLaewJh edrw
d u
f vnf; aomMumMu,fuo
hJ Ykd MunfvifawmufywJeh rd w
d t
f oGif
ajymif;oGm;wwfygw,f/
MunfvifawmufywJhedrdwfudk tmkH,lNyD;awmh bm0empdwfudk
qufNyD; uyfxm;EkdifcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh orm"du tom;wufvmwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm bm0empdwfu edrdwfxJrSm epfjrKyfNyD; Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfaeygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaewJhoabmudkawmh
v,fwq
D &mawmfb&k m;u ]pdkufpdkufpl;pl; txl;jrJjrH Itm;oef psmef[k
ac:owwf} qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvdk vuFmuav;eJY qdkqkH;rxm;ygw,f/
bm0emtmkHxJ bm0empdwfu pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf epfjrKyfNyD; Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaewJhoabm jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk wnfaewJhorm"dudk wpfem&D ESpfem&D oHk;em&D ponfjzifh

&atmif qufvufNyD; xlaxmifEkdifcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
xkda,m*Dyk*dKvfu psmeft*FgawGudk odrf;qnf;vdkufvQif odrf;qnf;vdkY
&ygw,f/ psmeft*FgawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm yxrpsmef
'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef pwkwp smeftxd qufNy;D IvQiv
f nf; Iv&Ykd w,f/ pwkwpsmeftxd tu,f aygufcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh xdkpwkwpsmeform"dEiS hf ,SOw
f aJG ewJh Pf&UJ pGr;f tifaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfawG
uvnf; NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
"mwfur|mef;rS 'kuopmokdY
'Dvdk NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaewJh vif;a&mifjcnfwkdY&JU
tultnDudk ,lNyD;awmh "mwfur|mef;udk pepfwus IyGm;okH;oyf
vdkufvQif kyfuvmyftrIefawGukd awGUr,f/ tJ'D kyfuvmyfawGukd
"mwfcGJEdkifvQif kyfy&rwfw&m;awGukd odr,f/ kyfy&rwfw&m;awGukd
odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJt
h cgrSm 'Dyk w
f &m;awGukd tmk,
H Nl y;D rSw
D ,
G Nf y;D jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;awGukd qufvuf odr;f qnf;chrJ ,fqv
dk Qiv
f nf; emrfw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odEkdifygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ rdrdu psmefw&m;awGukd &&Sdxm;wJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif; jzpfr,fqkdvQifawmh rdrd &&Sdxm;wJh psmefemrfw&m;awGukdyg
qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;vkdufvQif psmefemrfw&m;awGukdvnf; od&SdrSm
jzpfygw,f/ xkd yk w
f &m; emrfw&m; 'kuo
pmw&m;awGukd tZw- A[d'
ESpXf merSm [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odxm;wJh olawmfaumif;u 'Dyk ef mrfawGonf b,fvdk taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:ae&ygovJ
qdkNyD; twdwfbufudk wmplNyD; kyfemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;EkdifcJhr,f
qkv
d Qiaf wmh twdwb
f 0u jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk vSrf;NyD; &SmazGMunfhvQifawmh
awGUEkdifygw,f/
taMumif;ork',opm
'DaeY tvSL&Siaf wGbufu ausmif;vSLw,f qGr;f vSLw,f ouFe;f awG vSLw,f ypnf;av;yg;awG vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuygw,f/ bmqk
awmif;MurvJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh edAm efvaYdk wmh ajymcsiv
f nf; ajymr,f/
bke;f Bu;D ,ck 'Dae&mrSm ajymcsiw
f t
hJ "dyg ,fuav;wpfcu
k awmh y#dp-
orkyg 'f jzpfygw,f/ edAm efukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h wmrSeaf omfvnf; edAm ef
r&rDpyfMum;qdkNyD; pyfMum;uav;cHNyD;awmh b0wpfckudk wG,fwm
rufarmwJh pdwx
f m;jzifh uHukd xlaxmifcrhJ ,fqv
kd Qif Oyrm - vljzpfvQi-f
vnf; vlawmfvlaumif; ewfjzpfvQifvnf; ewfaumif;ewfjrwfqdkwJh
OD;wnfcsufjzifh ,ckvdk aumif;rIukodkvfuHawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f
qdkvQif bkef;BuD;wdkY y&rwopme,fbufuae vSrf;NyD; MunfhvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm vlawmfvlaumif; ewfaumif;ewfjrwfqdkwm &Sdovm;
qdkawmh r&Sdbl;/ bmom&SdovJ kyfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f? emrfw&m;
tpktykH &Sdw,f/ xkdkyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGu jzpfNyD;wmeJY csufcsif;
ysuo
f mG ;Muw,f/ 'gu vlawmfval umif; 'gu ewfaumif;ewfjrwfvYkd
ajymjyEkdifavmufatmif tcsdefumv MumjrifhpGm wnfwHhwJhoabm
r&Sdbl;/
r&Sdayr,fhvdkY udk,fu y&rwopmac:wJh kyfemrfy&rwfudk
[kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG rodao;wJt
h wGuf vlawmfval umif; ewfaumif;ewfjrwfb0udk vSr;f Ny;D wG,w
f mrufarmwJh pdwx
f m;jzifh uHawGukd xlaxmif
cJhr,fqkdvQif vlawmfvlaumif;vdkY odaewJhtodu rSm;,Gif;wJhtod
jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dvdk rSm;,Gif;wJhtodudkawmh t0dZmvdkY ac:ygw,f/
xkdrSm;,Gif;wJhtodudk tajccHNyD; vlawmfvlaumif; ewfaumif;
ewfjrwfb0udk vSr;f Ny;D wG,w
f mw,f/ 'Dw,
G w
f mrIoabmu wPSm/
pdwu
f yfNy;D pGaJ ew,f/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfcgxyfcg wG,w
f mwJh wPSmudkawmh pGJvrf;w,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'Dvdk pdwfuyfpGJaewJhoabmu
Oyg'gef/ 'Dvkd t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef oH;k ck jc&H NH y;D awmh ,ckvkd ausmif;
vSLjcif; qGrf;vSLjcif; ouFef;vSLjcif; tp&SdwJh aumif;rIukokdvf ocFg&
w&m;awGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f/
xkdocFg&w&m;awGuvnf; tedpw&m;awGom jzpfMuw,f/
jzpfNy;D wmeJY csucf si;f ysuo
f mG ;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk jzpfNy;D ysuo
f mG ;Muayr,f-h
vnf; pGr;f tifowd wpfpw
Hk pf&m rxm;cJb
h eJ YJ jzpfNy;D ysuo
f mG ;wJo
h abmawmh r[kwfbl;/ wpfcsdefrSm rdrd arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh vlawmf
vlaumif; ewfaumif;ewfjrwfb0udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifurowu
d kd
kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK yEf NHS y;D rSom csKyyf suo
f mG ;Muw,f/ tJ'D pGr;f tifurowu
d av;udak wmh uHvYkd ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vdu
k af wmh t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkNyD; taMumif;ig;ck pkHnDoGm;ygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif;ig;ck pkn
H o
D mG ;vQif 'Duu
H kd jyefNy;D zsuo
f rd ;f zkq
Yd w
kd mu
t&d,r*fPfqdkwJh arG;nyfeJY uif;NyD; b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/ qdkvdkwmu t&d,r*fPf zdkvfPf qdkufcJhr,fqdkvQif txl;ojzifh
t&[wr*fPf qku
d cf rhJ ,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh 'DuaH wG[m csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Edik f
ygw,f/ t&[wr*fPf rqku
d af o;bl;qkv
d Qiaf wmh 'Dvkd uHrsK;d awGu
tcgtcGifhoifhvmvQif oHo&mwpfavQmufrSm tusKd;ay;rSm aocsmw,f/
'DykHpHtwdkif;yJ twdwfb0wpfckuvnf; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHqdkwJh ork',opmw&m;awGudk rdrdwdkYu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJh
Muygw,f/ tJ'D ork',opmw&m;awGudk odwJhtqifhtxd vSrf;NyD;awmh wjznf;jznf;eJY twdwfbufudk wmplNyD;awmh kyfemrfawG
odrf;qnf;oGm;&ygw,f/
odrf;qnf;vdkufvdkY twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk &SmazGawGU&SdNyDqkdvQif
xkdork',opmw&m;awGaMumifh 'Db0rSm 'kuopmjzpfwmudk jrifatmif vSrf;NyD; Munfh&ygw,f/ MunfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm twdwfu
jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ ork',opmw&m;aMumifh 'Db0rSm 'kuo
pmjzpfyu
Hk kd
odwt
hJ cg rdrpd rG ;f tm;&So
d avmuf twdwb
f ufudk wmplNy;D awmh tvm;wlyJ xdx
k t
kd wdwu
f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ ork',opmw&m;awGaMumifh
twdwfb0awGrSmvnf; 'kuopmjzpfykH? ypKyefrSm jyKpkysKd;axmifaewJh
ork',opmw&m;awGaMumifh tem*wfrSm 'kuopmjzpfykHqdkwJh
aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm odatmif wpfqifhwufNyD; usifh&ygw,f/
0dyem
y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;awGukd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odEidk w
f hJ tcsed f
tcga&mufawmhrS xkd'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m; ESpfyg;udk
jzpfNyD; ysufaewJhoabmudk PfeJY jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh tedpvdkY
wGiw
f iG f &I w,f/ jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef;
tESdyfpufcHae&wJhoabmudk PfeJY jrifatmifMunfhNyD;awmh 'kuvdkY
wGiw
f iG f &I w,f/ rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tckid t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twr[kwfwJh obm0awGudk PfeJY jrifatmifMunfh
Ny;D awmh tewvYkd wGiw
f iG f &I w,f/ 'Dvkd tedp 'ku tew vuPma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D wGiw
f iG Bf u;D Iwt
hJ ydik ;f udak wmh 0dyemvdYk ac:ygw,f/
eda&m"opmESifh r*opm
'D0dyemPfawGudk PfpOftwdkif; &ifhusufatmif BudK;pm;
vdkufwJhtcgrSm wpfcsdefrSm rdrdwdkY&JU 0dyemPfawG[mvnf; &ifhusufvmNyDqkdvQifawmh &ifhusufvmwJh 0dyemPfawG&JU tqkH;
t&d,r*fPfzv
dk
f PfawG ay:vmr,f/ xkt
d &d,r*fPfzv
dk
f Pf
awGu tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd m efukd vSr;f Ny;D tmk,

H Ml urSm jzpfygw,f/ xkdtocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;u
eda&m"opm jzpfygw,f/ tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efukd vSr;f Ny;D
tmkH,laewJh t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfwGJaewJh t&d,r*ifw&m;udk,fawGu r*opmw&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm a,m*D
olawmfaumif;u opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f
odrSm jzpfygw,f/
trw'ge
'Dvdk opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd xkd;xGif;odwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdrd
ud,
k w
f ikd f xk;d xGi;f odovdk olwpfyg;awGuv
kd nf; rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef
w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk xd;k xGi;f odatmif a[mMum;jyo qdq
k ;Hk rEkid rf ,f/
'Dvkd a[mMum;jyo qdq
k ;Hk rEkid w
f yhJ *k Kd vrf sK;d onf (trw'ge ) = rao&m
tNrdKufedAmef tvSLBuD;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvf jzpfygw,f/ ,ckvdk
trw'ge
trw'geac:wJh rao&mtNrdKufedAmef tvSLBuD;ukd ay;vSLEkdifcJhr,f
qkdvQifawmh ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Sifvnf; rao&m tNrdKufedAmefokdY
a&mufjcif;&JU taMumif;w&m; jzpfw,f/ rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef tvSL'geBu;D ukd tvSLcH&wJh olawmfaumif;awGvnf; rao&mtNrKd uef Ad m efoYdk
a&mufjcif;&JU taMumif;&if;wpfckyJ jzpfygw,f/
tvSLay; tvSLcHyk*dKvf ESpfOD;vHk;wkdY[m rao&mtNrdKufedAmefokdY
a&muf&SdoGm;MuNyDqkdvQifawmh aemufxyfwpfzef y#doaEae&r,fh
ab;qkd;BuD;rSvnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;MuNyD jzpfw,f? tkdab;qkd;BuD;rSvnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;MuNyD jzpfw,f? emab;qkd;BuD;rSvnf; vGwfajrmufomG ;MuNyD jzpfw,f? aoab;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; vGwaf jrmufomG ;MuNyD
jzpfw,f? oHo&m0#fr;D yHBk u;D tNy;D wkid f Nird ;f oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ tNird ;f BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;&m tcsrf;omBuD; csrf;om&mjzpfwJh rao&m
tNrdKufedAmefBuD;okdY xm0pOf 0ifpHMu&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh trw'geukd tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH aom'getjzpf a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu "ry'ygVdawmfrSm *gxmuav;wpfckukd
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd? oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/

oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd? wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
("ry'?ck?1?64/)
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd = 'getm;vHk;ukd "r'geu atmifEkdif\/

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd = t&omtm;vHk;ukd w&m;t&omu
atmifEidk \
f / oA&wd H "r&wd Zdemwd = arGUavsmzf ,
G t
f m;vH;k ukd w&m;
arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEkdif\/ wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd = 'ku
tm;vHk;ukd wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEkdif\/ ("ry'?ck?1?64/)
'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu "r'geukd *kPfwifum a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm "r'ge
geESihf ywfoufvYkd t|uxmu &Si;f jyxm;w,f/
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf"rawGukd qdkqHk;ray;w,f? ygVdawmf&JU teuf
t"dyg ,fawGukd &Si;f vif;zGiq
hf x
dk m;wJh t|uxmawGudk a[mMum;jyo
ay;w,f? ygVdawmfawGukd EIwfikH&atmif ykdYcsay;w,f? ar;jref;wJh
jyemawGukd ajzMum;ay;w,f? ur|mef;w&m;awGukd a[mMum;
jyoay;w,f? w&m;awmf emMum;rIukdvnf; tkdtaojyKvkyfw,f/
'DtvH;k pHu
k awmh "r'geyJ rnfygw,f/ 'Dvdk "r'getvSLBu;D ukd ay;vSL
aewJh yk*dKvfu rdrdukd,fwkdif y&d,wdA[kkw y#da0"A[kkw
ac:wJh ESpfrsKd;aom A[kkwwdkYjzifh bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd
r*fqu
dk f zkv
d q
f u
dk o
f nftxd todBu;D odNy;D wJt
h cgrS "r'getvSLBu;D ukd
ay;vSLr,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;vH;k twGuf tusK;d &Sw
d hJ
tvSLBuD;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk tvSLBuD;ukd ay;vSLEkdifwJh tvSLay;
tvSLcHy*k Kd vf ESpOf ;D vH;k wk[
Yd m tu,frsm; tEkyg'daooedAm e"mwfoYdk
wkid af tmif qku

d af &mufomG ;Mur,fqv
dk Qif tkad b;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; tvGwf
Bu;D vGwNf y?D emab;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; tvGwBf u;D vGwNf y?D aoab;qk;d Bu;D rS
vnf; tvGwBf u;D vGwNf y?D oHo&m0#f'u
k rD;yHBk u;D vnf; tNy;D wkid Nf ird ;f NyD
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DaeY ausmif;'g,um ausmif;'g,dumrawGvnf;
rao&m tNrdKufedAmeftvSLBuD;udk ay;vSLEkdifwJhtqifhtxd usifhMuH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygvdkY bkef;BuD; wkdufwGef;ygw,f/ tm;rxkwfEkdifao;bl;qdkvQifvnf; 'DaeY jyKpkysKd;axmifvkdufwJh 'geukodkvf
tpkpkonf rao&m tNrdKufedAmefudk &jcif; a&mufjcif;&JU BuD;pGmaom
taMumif;taxmuftyhHom jzpfygapvdkY qkawmif;yefxGmNyD;awmh
w&m;odrf;MupdkY ---
w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH;
[dwGm umar yAZ ok? oaEm *rD&pdEum/
aw wkarSysEkoduma0Sg? yAZdwm okayovm/
oaEm
*r&D pdEu
m
umar
[dwGm
= bk&m;tvsm yapumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk

wdkYa&SUuolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
= eufeo
J nfh "mwfoabmawGukd eufepJ mG Muq
H if tMuH
aumif; 0ifawmfrlMuukefonfjzpf/
= a&S;ujyKzef ukodkvfuHwdkY pDrHaxmufr vufa&muf
&om; rsm;vSZeD;onf BuD;BuD;i,fESifh ESD;EG,fa&m,l
udk,fawmfwdkY ydkifoonfh umr0wKtpkpkwdkYudk/
= igwdyYk ikd jf im; umrw&m;wdo
Yk nf trsm;ESihf qufqH
ab;awGu 0ef;&H &efawGu ajrmufjrm; wu,fudk
aMumufvefYzG,fawGygwum;[k aMumuftm;awmf
yAZ o
k
wkarSyd
yAZdwm
okayovm =
aw
Pf<u,f vGwv
f w
G Bf u;D pGeyYf ,fawmfrMl uukeo
f nf
jzpf/
C&m0go orm"[k udprsm;ajrmif vlwdkYabmif 0#f
aESmifudk vGwfatmifMuHK;vsuf kef;uefxGuf ESpfouf&Tifvef; &Sif&[ef; jyK awmxGufawmfrlMu
avukefNyD/
jrwfaeur "mwftmo,[k qEudef;atmif; oif
olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/
0wKumr [lorQrS r&t& MuHK;vsuf kef;uef xGuf
Muukefonfjzpf/
pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif ykHtoGifodkY cspfcifav;jrwf
ESpfouftyfaom oDv udk,fpDudk,fi &Sd Muukefonf
jzpf/
xdkbk&m;tvsm yapumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&SUu olawmfaumif;wdkYudk/
tEkoduma0Sg = twkvdkufum usifhwwf&mudk usifhumraoG ..

tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapukefownf; .../
(om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; ...)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,f
rGefjynfe,f/
1367-ckESpf? wykdYwGJvqef; (1)&uf? we*FaEGaeY/
"""
tb,fukd ay;vSL& rSmvJ (u''okwef)

rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef;
tu&mpOftTef; - rmwdum
tu&mpOf
t
tm
O
u
c
*
C
p
w
'
"
e
y
z
A
b
r
&
v
0
o
pmrsufESm
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
74 ] tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
t
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;
21
taMumif;ork',opm
66
tqif;vSjcif;
7
t"d*r
36
tEkoduma0Sg
72
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ 1
trw'ge
46 69
tjrwfqHk;aom'ge
70
t&d,mEG,favmif;
72
t&Sift*Fkvdrmv
tavmif;tvsm
13
t&Sit
f Ek'k g
33
t0dZm
21
t0dZmvdkY ac:
66
touf&Snfjcif;
6
tm
tmemygeusifhpOf
tm0gotvSL'ge\
tusKd;*kPftif
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol
O
Owd,rax&f
Oyg'gef
61
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
Orm'EDtavmif;tvsm
15
u
uk#d0d[m&dax&f
ul#m*g&okwef
uH
uHvdkY ac:
41
55
22
67
c
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol
csrf;omBuD;jcif;
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;
24
7
4
12
*
*r&D pdEu
m
71
C
C&m0go orm"
72
p
# pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif
37 pdwol<u,f
72
46
w
30 wPSm
21 66
21 67 w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH;
71
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; ] 75
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
A
Adrdom&rif;BuD;\
9
awmifhwcsufig;yg;
wdkw,fvdkY ac:
wpfaeYwm pm;vkdufwJh
tm[m&
63
'
'udP0db*Fokwef
'gembd&w
b
20 bmqkawmif;MurvJ
46 abmZeokwef
"
"rtvSL BuD;ay;aewJhyk*dKvf
"r'geyJ rnf
"rmbd&w
"mwfur|mef;rS 'kuopmokdY
46
70
47
65
e
ed'geuxm (ausmif;tvSL ) *
eda&m"opm
69
eda&m"opmESifh r*opm 68
y
ynma&mif = Pfa&mif
y#dporkyg'fykdif;IuGuf
y#dbmefPfynmBuD;jcif;
ayg&dom'
z
jznfhusifh&r,fh t*Fg&yf
r
r*opmw&m;
rao&mtNrdKufedAmefukd
&&Sda&;twGuf
od&rnfhw&m;
r[mowdy|meokwef
r[mokwaomrZmwf
rsufpdukd ay;vSLol
&
kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol
&Snfw,fvdkY ac:
q
66
5
69
51
59
13
32
15
63
59
v
36
10 v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;u 64
13 vSL'gef;jcif;
Z
0
35 0e0prax&f
28
76 ] tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
0dyem
68
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk 57
0dyemvdkY ac:
68
a0VK0efO,smOfawmf
Z
a0VK0efausmif; 0d[m&
tEkarm'emw&m;awmf
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
o
ocFg&
21 67
o*FZmq&mawmfbk&m;
50
orm"dokwef
57
omrkuHodua'oem
p
om[wdu'ge
q
oDw0ed,rax&f
26
okayovm
72
okar"max&D
44
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; NyD;\/

TB, Fukd Ay VSL&RSMVJ¿

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TB, Fukd Ay VSL&RSMVJ¿

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ

oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

ed'geuxm (ausmif;tvSL ) ....................... *

c " tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

C ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

a&S;OD;pGm wynfhawmf\ EdkifiHodkY <ucsDawmfrlygukefbk&m;}} -[l odkY avQmufxm;cJhzl;\/ Adrdom&rif;BuD;\ ,if;okdY

p ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

yAZm yXrH psmeH? edAme 0dyem/

wpfodef;wpfaomif;aom ykPm;ol<u,fwkdYonfvnf; xkdae&myif

Z ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

vlwkdif;vlwkdif; tvkd&Sdaomtcg oGm;vmzkdY&ef vG,fuljcif;

! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

1/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ...jA[mewfvl oH;k bHo

X ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

rsm;vSaomif;aomif; qif;&J'kutaygif;ukdvnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;aom &[ef;awmf\ oEmef rusra&mufatmif xkad usmif;u umuG,f

! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

apwem\ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf tmEkabmfaMumifh ok*wdac:qkd aumif;jrwf

um; omoemawmf ausmif;wkdufrsm; pwifjzpfay:vmyHk

w ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef)

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 1

u'a'g Ava'g a[mwd? u'a'g a[mwd 0Pa'g/

u'a'g = tb,fukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd vo

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 3

eHygwf (2)u tb,ft&m0wKukd ay;vSLaewJh yk*dKvfonf

tEa'g Ava'g a[mwd? 0wa'g a[mwd 0Pa'g/

tEa'g = qGr;f udk vSL'gef;wJyh *k Kd vo

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 5

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 7

tm[m&udk rSD0Jvkduf&wJhtcg 'Dtm[m&ukd jynfhjynfh00 yHkrSef

tpmtm[m&awGudk txl;ojzifh rGejf rwfwhJ cJz,

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 9

Mumtoifh}qkdovkd rdrd xlaxmifcJhwJhuHu tcefYoifhjzpfatmif &Gufaqmifay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku bmvJ

]]wpfaeYwm pm;vkdufwJh tm[m&awGu pm;oHk;wJhyk*dKvfawG&JU

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 11

y&dowfawG em;vnfoabmaygufatmif a[mMum;Ekid w

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 13

t*domv = rD;wif;ukyfudkvnf;/ uma&wGm = aqmufvkyf

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 15

aumif;rIukokdvfuHaMumifh bkef;wefckd; tmEkabmfBuD;rm;wJh yk*dKvf

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 17

0PH = ta&miftqif;udk (0g) kyftqif;ukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 19

uav;awGu &Sad eyH&k ygw,f/ trsK;d orD;tcsi;f csi;f tzufrvkycf siw

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 21

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 23

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 25

okcH = csrf;omokcukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/ 'dA 0g =

oDw0ed,rax&f (ax&*gxm?|? 55-57/)

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 27

awGrSmyJ pkefqefusifvnfum vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om pMu0aw;rif;

'Dvdk p&PrsKd;aphaumif; 0dZmrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd atmifatmif

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 29

xdkaumif;rIaMumifh vlUjynf ewfjynfawGrSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm usif

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 31

awmfrlum tvdk&Sd&mt&yfodkY <ujref;oGm;awmfrlygw,f/

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 33

qDrD;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*dKvfonf rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJh yk*dKvf

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 35

BuD;&JU tem;a&;ywfywfvnfrSm qDrD;pmaygif; wpfaxmifukd xGef;nd

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ (u''okwef) ! 37

ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;wJhtcg vmNyD; axmufyHhaewmukd 0dyemIwkdif;

qDrD;udk ay;vSLaewJhykdKvfonf rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJh ykdKvf