Retrieve of My Life Part 1

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jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifY y'y&ryk*K¾d vf jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Mu? touf
12
ud,
k u
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kd u
f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; #
&Snaf om ½ku©pkd;qk awmif;í tyg,frusbJ touf&Sn&f Snaf eNyD;

aemift&darawå,sbk&m;udk a&TMumig;cdkiv f ufrSmudkicf g olrsm;xuf
tvsif vufOD;zl;jrif w&m;emí? uRwfwrf;0ifEkdiaf tmif 'ge-
oDv-bm0emponfY oHo&m&dum© udk pkaqmif;Mu [lívnf;aumif;/
odkYwnf;r[kw?f wm0wðomewfjynf wpfaeYwpfnOfYonf
vlYjynf\ ESpw f pf&mjzpfí? ,ck bk&m;&Sif vGeNf yD;onfY ESpEf Spaf xmifY
ig;&mausmo f nf wm0wðomwGif ESpq f ,fYig;&ufausmyf J&aSd o;onf?
ewfjynfübk&m;omoem ruG,af o;/ xdkaMumifY wm0wðomewf
jynfwGif "r®aCmouewfom;tjzpf qkawmif;NyD; ok"r®m"r®obif
rSm t&d,mewfwkdY\ w&m;a[moH emMum;NyD; uRwfwrf;0if&ef
'geoDvbm0em aqmif&GuMf u [lívnf;aumif;/
xdkrSwyg; oHo&mwGif csr;f csr;f omom usiv f nf&atmif

ckuwnf;u &wemokH;yg;udk apwemokH;wef jy"mef;NyD;vSL'gef;Mu/
omoemYtarGcH jzpf&atmif om;a,musmf ;av; arG;zGm;vmvsif
udk,w f wfEkdiof nfjzpfap rwwfEkdio f nfjzpfap ouFe;f av;awmY
jzpfEkdiaf tmif qD;ay;Mu/ om;a,musmf ;r&Sv d sif udwård arG;pm;om;
&SmNyD; ouFe;f qD;ay;rS omoemYtarGcHjzpfrnf/ odkYrS wcsed u f svsif
uRwfwrf;0ifrnf/ ig;yg;? &Spyf g;?udk;yg; oDvawG rusKd ;rayguf
atmif apmifYxed ;f Mu/ rwwfEkdivf sif tenf;qkH; wpfyg;oDvav;
udkawmY vkHatmifxed ;f Mu/]a&bl;ESiYf zdeyfryg aEGcgrSo}d ovdk ]'ge
ESiYo
f Dv rygvsif aocgrS od&vdrYrf nf}--ponfjzifYvnf;aumif;/
13
X udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
bk&m;w&m;oHCm &wemokH;yg;udk ra0zefMuESiYf? tjrwf

qkH;&wemawG jzpfí OD;cdkuMf u/ a0zefvsif t0Dprd Sm csKd ;wl;aeatmif
cH&vdrYfrnf/ onfurÇm ysuv f siaf wmif ruRwfrvGwb f J urÇmt
qufquf ajymif;cHae&vdrYrf nf [lívnf;aumif;/
,aeY vlawGonf raumif;rI'kp½dkuf rsm;vmí oufwrf;

wjznf;jznf; wdkvmNyD/ qkwu f yfxJ a&mufaeNyD/ omoem[m
wpfaeYxufwpfaeY qkw, f kwv
f mNyD/ aemifukd oHCmqdkonfukd awGU&
rSm r[kwb f l;? vnfyif;rSm t0ga&mifywfxm;onfY olukd oHCm
tjzpf &Scd kd;&vdrYrf nf [lívnf;aumif;/
bk&m;onf t&yfwpfq,fY&Spaf wmif&So d nf/ OD;acgif;wGif

qHxkH;yrm a&mifvQH&So d nf/ a&mifjcnfawmfawGuvnf; wpfvHrQ
avmuf wvQyfvQyfxGuaf eonf/ jrefrmjynfokdY bk&m;oQifukd,f
wdkif psmeftbdnmOfjzifY<ucg aemiftcg vltrsm; udk;uG,&f ef ajc
awmf&m? qHawmf? ovGeaf wmf tp&So d nfrsm;udk xm;cJYonf/ þ
ae&m þa'owGif b,faomtcgü rif;aejynfjzpfrnf? tb,fyk
*¾Kd vfu tb,f0w¬KvSLojzifY þjynfü rif;jzpfrnf--ponfjzifY
Asm'dwx f m;cJYonf/ tcsKd Uaoma'orsm;qdkvsif bk&m;avmif;b0u
jzpfcJYaom wd&pämefrsm;ae&m jzpfcJYonf/ r[mjrwfrkepd aom &kyyf Gm;
awmfrsm;qdkvsif ouf&Sb d k&m;oQif\ udk,af iGUckepfBudrf vIHcJY&onf-
-ponfjzifYvnf;aumif;/
14
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f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; !
,kwådwefonfjzpfap ,kwådrwefonfjzpfap? rSm;onf

rSeo
f nfrod rdrod nf a0zefqef;ppfEkdiaf om todÓPf ray:ao;
aom vlrr,fuav;t&G,f jzpfaomaMumifY tm;vkH;udk trSe[ f k
,kHMunfcJY em;vnfcJY odrSwcf JY&ygonf/
t&G,f twefi,f &vmaomtcg Armjynf Ak'¨bmom

onf toefYpifqkH;ESiYf tcdkirf mqkH;jzpfaMumif;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Ak'¨
omoemonf ArmjynfrSmyJ rl&if;twdki;f useaf wmYonf useo f nfY
Ak'¨bmomwdki;f jynfrsm;wGif ta&mtaESmawGESiYf roefYpifawmYNyD
jzpfaMumif;/ oH*g,emajcmufwefwifNyD; oefYpifaeonfY ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmomyd#uwf tpkHrsm; igwdkYArmjynfrSmyJ &Sad eMuonf [lí
vnf; *kP, f ltod jzpf&jyefygonf/
xdkYaMumifY tbd"r®mynmESiYf bk&mYw&m;jzpfaom orx
0dyóemynmonf igwdkY ArmjynfrSmyJ &Sad wmYonf/ wdkYArmjynf
onf ]ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moem\ aemufqk;H cHwyf jzpfonf}-ponfjzifY
oabmw&m; tawG;tjrifrsm;onf rdrd\ tajcrcdkifao;aom
OD;aPSmufwGif ae&m,lxm;Muygonf/
rdr\
d r&ifYusuaf o;aom? Eke,faom todÓPfonf t
rSm;trSef a0zefcJjG cm; rodEkdiaf o;aomaMumifY Ak'¨0ifESiYf Zmwursm;?
vlynm&S&d [ef;ynm&Sw d kdY a&;om;aom Ak'¨pmayrsm;? "r®pmayrsm;?
,if;wdkY ajymMum;a[mMum;aom pum;rsm;?w&m;rsm;rS wqift Y xuf
15
¡ udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
azmfjyyg todÓPfrsm;onf o½kyaf zmfykaH umif;vsiaf umif;oavmuf

rdrEd SvkH;tjyifwGif pGJxifusecf JYygonf/ rdrEd SvkH;udk qGJukdif vIy,
f rf;
cgcJYygonf/ rdrd taoG;tom;xJ xdkoabmw&m;rsm; pdrY0f ifcJYyg
onf/ rdru d kd,pf w
d (f twå)onf xdktodtjrifrsm;jzifY wnfaqmuf
xm;ygawmYonf/
xdkaemuf rdro d nf touft&G,&f í vlYavmuwGi;f csO;f

eif; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg rdrb d 0wavsmufvkH; taoG;tom;xJ
pdrYf0ifaeonfY xdkoabmw&m;\ apcdki;f csurf sm;udk t&d,opö
'óetjrif r&rDtxd vdkuef maqmif&Gucf JYygonf/ xdkoabmw
&m;u ajymcdki;f onfYtwdki;f ajymcJYygonf/ xdkoabmw&m;u vIyf
&Sm;jyKrlckdi;f onfYtwdki;f vIy&f Sm;jyKrlcJYygonf/ xdkoabmw&m;u
BuHawG;aexdkif jyKrlqufqHckdi;f onfYtwdki;f BuHawG;aexdkif jyKrlquf
qHcJYygonf/ bmwpfckukdrQ pdppfjcif; r&Scd JYbJ? tm;vkH; taumif;ESiYf
trSerf sm;csn;f [k wxpfcs tm;xm;,kHMunfcJYygonf/
xdkoabmw&m;rsm;\ todr;f ydkuf cHxm;&ojzifY? rdro d nf

vkyo f ifYvkyx
f kduo
f nfxuf apwem ydkykdomom o'¨gvGecf JYonfrsm;
&Scd yYJ gonf/ o'¨gvGeí f yif olwyg; ESpv
f ko
d nfjzpfap rESpv
f ko
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ap rvdktyfbJ ajymqdkjyKrlaexdkif qufqHcJYonfrsm; &Scd JYygonf/
ynmtqifjcif rzufojzifY rdrt d m; 'ku©acsmufwGi;f oufqif;vrf;
jy ac:aqmifoGm;onfukdyif b0jr§iYfwifay;onf[kyif txif
16
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f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; P
a&mufcJYygao;onf/ xdkYaMumifY a&S;ynm&Srd sm;u ]ynmrJYo'¨gvGef

vsif wPSmuRHwwfonf? ynmrJYo'¨gES,v f sif tqmus,w f wf
onf}[k qdkqkH;rcJYjcif;onf o'¨gudk ynmESiYf csed cf Giv
f Qm nDrQap&ef
jzpf&mygonf/
rdro
d nf t&d,opömynm rwwfyGeí f trSm;rsm;udk trSef
xifcJYonfrsm; &Scd JYygonf/ t&G,t f wef&vmí ]w&m;}-[lonfukd
&Smaomtcg ykwD;pdyfjcif;? orx0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;
ponfY trIrsm;udk pdkuv f kdurf wfwyf jyKcJYygonf/
xdkw&m;[lonfrsm;\ tESpof m&udk rodrjrifbJ ]vky-f

vky}f -qdkíom w&m;[lonfü udk,Yfxuf a&SUa&mufolrsm;u cdki;f
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rsKd ;pkHpyd jf cif;? orx0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwjf cif; ponfY trIwkdYukd
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jzpfav;[k ,lqí vdkuef maqmif &Gucf JYygonf/ jrif;pD;-qdkvkdYom
pD;vdku&f onf? udk,pf D;onfYjrif;udk txD;rSe;f trrSe;f cGJjcm;rod
jzpfcJY&ygonf/
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onfaq;tvGeaf umif;w,f}}[k aq;tnTe;f aumif;í b,fa&m*g
twGuaf umif;aomaq;rSe;f rodbJ aMumfjimaumif;íaq;awmif;
aomufolyrm temrodí aq;rodjzpfcg? aomufaomaq;u r&Sd
17
w udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
ao;aoma&m*g jzpfapNyD;? &SEd SiYaf oma&m*gudk ydkrkBd uD;xGm;apcJYjcif;

udkom BuKHcJY&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifY xdkoabmw&m;rsm;onf rdrd\todÓPfudk

yde;f ydwaf pí ]b0tarSmifxJ tcsKd owf ac:aqmifoGm;onf}-udkvnf;
rdrd rodcJY&jcif; jzpfygonf/ ]]rdrrd odaom aq;cg;BuD;udk oMum;
tkyí f taomufckdi;f onfyrm}} a&m*gaysmufEkd;jzifY aomufrad om
rdro d nf udk,Yfrlvb0aumif;av; aysmufqkH;rSe;f rod aysmufcJY&yg
onf/ xdktarSmifvrf;udkyif rdro d nf prf;w0g;jzifY r[kwb f J 0HY0HY&J&J
jzifyY if vufraxmif &ifaumY acgif;armYum oufqif; avQmufvrS ;f
cJo
Y nfukd ,aeY t&d,opö'óetjrif &ygrS rdrt d jzpfukd uGuu f u G f
xifxif jyefjrifcJY&onf/
rdro
d nf taoG;tom;xJ pdrY0f ifaeonfY txufü azmfjycJY
aom ,aeYAk'¨bmom0ifrsm; odjrifaeMuaom xdkoabmw&m;rsm;
\ tokH;cscHowå0g? tcdki;f tapcH vufom;wynfY? xdkoabmw
&m;rsm;\ uRefom;aygufozG,jf zpfaeí?xdkoabmw&m;rsm;onf-
(1) vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f jcif;-[laom rdrtd usKd ;udkvnf;
jyufjyufxifxif aqmif&Guaf y;Edkijf cif; r&Scd JYyg/
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&Guaf y;&ef todukdvnf; ydwq f kdYí yg;vsm;enf;yg;
apcJYygonf/
18
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f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; x
(3) vlom;avmuudk apmifYa&Smuf&ef todukd ydwyf ifcH

xm;&jcif;udkvnf; rodrjrifEkid f jzpf&ygonf/
0ufonf rpifukd ESpo f ufouJYokdY vnf;aumif;? avmuf

onf raumif;eHapmfonfY tn§Dta[mufponfü aysmaf rGUaeouJY
odkY vnf;aumif; rdrod nf xdkoabmw&m;rsm;u ay;aom rwdk;
wufonfY todtjrif e,fy,ftwGi;f üyif usiv f nf aysmaf rGUaecJY
ygonf/ ig-olawmfaumif;tvkyf vkyaf eonf? ig-w&m;e,fwGi;f
a&mufaeNyD[k rdru
d kd,rf rd d txif&Scd JYygonf/
xdkYaMumifY bk&m;oQif\ ]A[kZe[dwm, ? A[kZeokcg,?

avmumEkurÜm,}-[laom &nfrSe;f csuEf SiYf vlom;rsm;udk ay;vdk
aom qkvmbfjzpfonfY ]oHom&0¥ 'ku©awm armpew¬m,}-[lonfY
]uH'ku©taygif;rS vGwaf jrmufaMumif;?udk,Yfukd,yf kdipf kd;aMumif;? &dk;om;
jzLpif ,Ofaus;jrifjY rwfol Owå&rd Ekótjzpf &&Sad Mumif;}-tusKd ;rsm;udk
rdrd r&&Scd JYjcif; jzpfygonf/
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d nf xdkqkvmbfrsm;udk r&½kHrQru rdr\ d trnfemr
tygt0if rdbaqGrsKd ; ZeD;om;orD; rdwaf qGo*F[rsm;\ trnf
emrudkyif todÓPf aysmufcJY&ojzifY ]Owå&rd Ekó"r®}-tem;yif
ruyfEkdif roDEkdicf JYjcif; jzpfcJY&ygonf/ ]]aysmufapvdkvkdY anmifa&
avmif; ylZmptusKd ;}}ESiYo f m rdrod nf nm;cJY&ygonf/
19
' udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
odkYjzpfí rdr\
d rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmom todÓPfrsm;udk Ak'¨
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onfYtcgü) &mZlcsed cf Giaf y: EIid ;f pufaomtcg ]aumif;onf? omí
aumif;onf?taumif;qkH;}-ü rdr\ d bmoma&; todÓPfrsm;onf
tukokdv'f kp½dkurf sm;udk usL;vGeaf eolr[kwb f J umrukokdv-f ½lyg
½lyukokv d rf sm;ü aysmaf rGUaeoltjzpfjrif&ojzifY aumif;onf-[líyif
rqdkEkdiaf o;bJ ]rqdk;bl;}-[laom taetxm;wGio f m &Sad Mumif;/
udavomnG&H ke;f í wdk;wufvmoltjzpfukyd if r&bJ xdknw HG iG ;f ouf
qif;um &Tijf rL;aeoljzpfaMumif; okH;oyf&rdygonf/
xdkYaMumifY rdro
d nf Ak'¨bmomwdki;f jynfü vlvmjzpf&yg
vsu?f touf&Sicf kduf jzpf&ygvsu?f omoemESiYf BuKHqkH&ygvsu?f
w&m;awmfukd em,l&ygvsuf Ak'¨\ay;vdkaom qkvmbfukd &,lEkdif
pGr;f r&Sb
d J Ak'öm0u[k rdru d kd,f ,lqxm;ygvsuf Ak'äy;aom"r®
udk rdrrd odrjrif jzpfcJY&ygonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if tppf r[kwaf o;ol
wpfa,muftjzpf rdru d k,
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d
ukev f Gecf JYaom b0tcsed rf sm;twGuf 0rf;enf;cJY&ygonf/ &ifxJ
qdkYeifYcJY&ygonf/
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aom tajymtqdk t,ltqrsm;udk awGUvm&ygonf/ xdka&mtcg
20
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f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; "
rdrüd b,f[mudk trSe[ f k ,l&rnfukd qk;H jzwfEkid af om "r®todÓPf

pGr;f r&Sad omaMumifY qefYusib
f ufESpcf kvkH;udkyif trSeaf wG jzpfEkdif
onf[k ,m,Dtm;jzifY rdrEd SvkH;oGi;f ü odr;f qnf;xm;rdcJYygonf/
taMumif;rSm ta&;BuKHí oufvkHaumif;&onfYtcg xdko

abmw&m;wdkYonf rdru d kd Nidr;f csr;f rIay;rnf[k ,kHMunfí jzpfyg
onf/ trSev
f nf; rdrpd wd qf if;&JrI? udk,q f if;&JrI BuKHvm&onfYtcg
xdkoabmw&m;wdkYonf rdrt d m; ]w'*FNidr;f csr;f rI}udk jznfYqD;ay;cJY
onfukd vufawGUrsuaf wGU BuKHcJY&ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; at;csr;f onfY cHpm;rIt&Sed f ukev

f sif ylyefrIukd
jyefjzpfaponfukdvnf; qef;ppf awGU&Sv d maomtcg xdkoabmw
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aMumifY ]Ak'¨}-udk Munfnkdav;pm;rI rysuaf omfvnf;? xdkoabmw
&m;rsm;udk Ak'¨\ oabmw&m; tppftrSef [kwrf [kwf pdppfa0zef
csifvmygonf/
rdrd zwf½IcJYaomAk'¨pmayrsm;rS ]0DrHouokw?f auorkwåd

okwf (0g)umvmrokwrf sm;}-ü bk&m;oQifu olEiS Yf olwY &m;rsm;udk
21
e udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
yg tpdppfckdi;f onfrsm;aMumifY vnf;aumif;/ bk&mYw&m;[lonf

rsm;\ a&SUaemufqufpyfr& qefYusib f uf tjrifrsm;aMumifYvnf;
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aumif;/ oifMum;cJY&aom acwfynm\ odyÜHenf;us aMumif;usKd ;
qufpyfrI tjrifrsm;aMumifYvnf;aumif; þodkY pdppfa0zefvkdpw d f
ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdkaY MumifY rdrid ,fpOfu odcaYJ om &wemok;H yg;ESiYf ywfouf

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*dkP;f -oHCm*dkP;f oifYrnf [laom todonf t&G,u f ay;aom
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odvkdaom todpw d "f mwfu a&SUwef;odkY a&mufvmygonf/xdkYaMumifY
rdrzd wf½IcJYaom Ak'¨\w&m;rsm; qdkonfrsm;udk qef;ppfa0zefrI jyK
vmygonf/
rdrod nf xdkokYd Ak'"¨ r®ppfukd &SmazG&if;? Ak'"¨ r®ppf r[kwo f nf?Y

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xefxef usiYfyGm;cJYygonf/ xdktusiYfrsm;jzifY rdrcd E¨mESiYf ywfouf
onfrsm;udkom a&SUwef;wifvmí? ywf0ef;usiu f kd vspv
f sL½Ivm
ygonf/ wpfukd,af wmfNidr;f at;a&;onf t"duyef;wdkif jzpfvmyg
onf/ rdr\ d rlvyef;wdkif aysmufqkH;cJY&ygonf/
22
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xdkoabmw&m;rsm;onf rdru d kdomru ,aeYAk'¨bmom0if

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f l
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udk,of Gm;onfYvrf;udk rsupf v
d nfaevsuu f trSe[ f k xifaecJYjcif;
jzpfygonf/
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34
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[kwcf JYyg/ r[m,me Ak'¨bmom0ifvnf; r[kwcf JYyg/ tjcm;aom
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bmomonf rnfonfYAk'¨bmom[kyif trsKd ;trnf cGJjcm;rodcJYyg/
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35
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36
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37
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39
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45
at; udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
wynfYawmf[m rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmom0if tjzpfuae bk&mY

om0u Ak'¨bmom0ifppfppf tjzpf pwifa&muf½aSd eNyDvkdY udk,Yu
f kd,f
udk odaeygNyD bk&m;/
'gaMumifY udk,of ad eovdkvnf; vlom;awG od&avatmif?

udk,v f Gwaf jrmufovdkyJ vlom;awGvGwaf jrmuf&avatmif? udk,Yf
udk,f udk,yf kdio f vdkyJ vlom;awG ydki&f avatmif? udk,Yt f ay: aus;
Zl;½Scd JYolawG? udk,uf JYokdY ]Ak'¨"r®ppf} ½SmazGaeolawGukdvnf;-
]a[m'grS bk&mYw&m;/ bk&mYw&m;[m tpdppft

a0zefcHEkdiwf ,f/ bk&m;u olYukdawmif tpdppft
a0zefckdi;f wJY oljrwfBuD;/ bmrqdk qef;ppfa0zef
wJY todeJYyJ udk,YftajymawG?udk,YftjyKawG? udk,fY
taeawGrSm or®mrQwatmif qifjcif-qifjcifNyD;
ajym-jyK-aecdki;f wm/ olYw&m;[m r*¾i&f Spyf g;yJ/
wjcm;w&m;awG wpfckrS r[kwb f l;}-vdkY
udk,of od rQudk wtm;udk ajymjycsiaf ewmvnf; jzpfae&yg
NyD bk&m;/
'gaMumifY wynhaf wmf i,fi,fuae onfuaeYtxd-

]avmu trSew f &m;qdkwm bmvJ¿}-vdkY
wynfYawmf½SmazGcJYwJY taetxm;/
46
ud,
k u
Yf ,
kd u
f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; t,f
wynhaf wmf onf,aeY *CeP odjrifaeNyDjzpfwJY Ak'öm

oemrSmom odjriftyfwJY-
]Ak'¨"r®ppf t&d,opö'óe"r®}-udk
t&taumufrSepf GmeJY wynhaf wmf b,fvkd pwifojd rifw,f-qdkwm
udk trsm;udk wynfYawmf odjrifxm;ovdk odjrif&atmif? wynfY
awmf tjrif&Si;f oGm;ovdk trsm; tjrif½Si;f vif;oGm;atmif rSwf
wrf;pmav;wpfck jyKpkxm;wmudk wifjyoGm;ygYr,f bk&m;/
wynfYawmf onfvkdwifjywJYae&mrSm-
trSerf odwmudk todvkyNf yD; tJonftodukd ]igod igwwf}
avjcif; ]wpfigig }vkyaf ewJY rmeoabm/ 'gwifru tm;vk;H xuf
igomtjrwfqkH; vkyw f JY tvGerf mefrljcif; twdrmeoabm/ w&m;
rod w&m;r&Sv d kdY aus;Zl;uef;jcif; ru©oabm/ w&m;NydKif *kPNf ydKif
jcif; yVmooabm/ rodwmudk od[efaqmifwJY [efaqmifjcif;
rm,moabm/ udk,YfrSm todrSef wu,foad ewJY wm'd*kPaf jrmuf
todr&Syd gbJvsuf rodaewmudk todvkyw f JY *kPx
f kwjf cif; omaX
,s oabm/ udk,o f ad eorQudk rpdrppfbJ tvkH;pkHoad eovdk rmef
,pfjcif; r'oabm/ rrSew f mudk trSex f ifaevdkY trSm;udktrSex f if?
trSeuf kd trSm;xifNyD; tarYarYtavsmYavsmY jyKjcif; yrm' oabm/
udk,o f mod udk,o f mwwfqkdwJY twåKuúHoe oabm/ udk,o f mt
rSef olY[mtrSm;qdkNyD; olYukd OD;ESrd jf cif; y&0rÇeoabm/ ponf
vkH;0 r½Syd gbl; bk&m;/
47
{nfY udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
wynfYawmf ESpt f pdw-f okH;q,favmuf avYvmxm;wJYAk'¨

eJY ywfoufwJY todawG? "r®eJYywfoufwJY todawGeJY t&d,opö
'óepwif awGUjrif&NyD; wpfESpcf GJ ESpEf Spt f wGi;f vufvSr;f rDorQ
Ak'p¨ mayawGeYJ wdkuq f kid pf pfaq;NyD; ]trSe}f -vdkY udk,w f kid f qk;H jzwfowf
rSwEf kid cf w
YJ ?YJ ]trSew
f &m;tod}-wdku Y kd EIid ;f qNyD; wifjyrSm jzpfygw,f
bk&m;/
t"d*rrme qdkwmvnf; wynfYawmfrSm vkH;0qdk vkH;0jzpf

p&m r½Syd gbl;/ wynhaf wmf&JU tawGUtBuKHukd trsm; a0zefqef;ppf
NyD; oHa0* ,lp&m½Sw d m ,lNyD; y,fEkdiaf tmif? ocFe;f pm,lp&m½Swd m
,lNyD; usiYyf Gm;vdkvsif usiYyf Gm;Edkiaf tmif? trsm;oligudkvnf; wynhf
awmYf tawGUtBuKHukd erlemay;Edkiaf tmif-
]Ak'öm0uwpfOD;u arwåmu½kPma½SU½Ií rdro d o
d
vdk tod&atmif vufwGJac:,ljcif;}-taeeJY wynhaf wmf&JU-
]Ak'¨"r®ppf½SmykHawmf rSww
f rf;pm}
odkYr[kwf
]udk,Yfukd,u
f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif;}
-udk wifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f bk&m;/
wynfYawmf wifjywJYae&mrSm trsm;udk ajymjyovdk onf

pmwrf;udk rSww
f rf;wifoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ wifjywJYae&mrSmvnf;
48
ud,
k u
Yf ,
kd u
f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; tJ;
rodolwpfOD;udk q&mwpfqlvkyNf yD; ydkYcswJYykHpH r[kwb f J todwlt

csi;f csi;f w&m;aqG;aEG; tajz&SmwJY ykHpHrsKd ; wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f
bk&m;/
f rf;pm}-[m ,cifEpS u
tckwifjywJY ]Ak'"¨ r®ppf½mS ykaH wmf rSww f
wynfYawmfwifjycJYwJY ]udk,Yu f kd,jf yefvnfawGU&jSd cif;}-udk tydki;f okH;
ydki;f cGNJ yD; jyefwifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/ rESpu f wifjycJw
Y mu ½lyg½lyawGeYJ
ywfoufNyD; pmtdkipf mav;aevdkY tck tydki;f cGJNyD; jyefwifjyjcif;
jzpf ygw,f bk&m;/
onfvkdwifjywJYae&mrSm Ak'¨bmomeJYywfoufNyD; wynfY

awmf rMunfrvifjzpf&wJY tawG;ay:vmwmav;awGeJY onft
awG;awG&JUtajzudk &SmykHawGukd tcef;u@av;awG cGJNyD;? acgif;pOf
av;awGwyfNyD; rSww f rf;a&;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ wcsKd U txl;odap
csiw
f JY tawG;awGqkdvsif cPcP jyefazmfrw d mawGvnf; &Syd gYr,f/
'gudkvnf; em;vnf tcGiYv f Twaf pcsiyf gw,f bk&m;/
wpfckawmY wynfYawmfukd em;vnfay;apcsiw f mu wynfY

awmfonf rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmomjzpfwJY tjrifuae Ak'¨"r®ppfjzpfwJY
t&d,opö'óeudk odjrifem;vnfNyD;? bk&m;r,lwJY t,lawG? bk
&m;rajymwJY pum;awGukd tod&Si;f &Si;f eJY y,fcJYNyDqkdwm jzpfygw,f/
49
atmf udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
wynfYawmf[m ]rd½kd;zvmtjrif Ak'¨bmom0if} r[kwaf wmY

ygbl;/ ]t&d,opötjrif Ak'¨bmom0if}-jzpfaeygNyD/wpfrsKd ;ajym&
vsif ck-aemuf-aemifb0 ur®0g't,lukd tNyD;y,fxm;cJYwJY-
]ypöKyÜEéur®0g'Ak'¨bmom0if Oygoum}-
jzpfw,f qdkwmygyJ bk&m;/
t&Sib f k&m;?
onfpmudk avYvmzwf½Iol t&Sib f k&m;eJYwuG rnfonfY
bmom0ifrqdk? rnfonfY wdki;f Edkiif Hom;rqdk? rnfonfY vlrsKd ;rqdk?
rnfonfY t&G,t f rsKd ;rsKd ;? tom;ta&miftpm;pm;&So d l vlom;rqdk
vltrsm;[m wynfYawmftjrifeJY wom;wnf;jzpfoGm;vsif wynfY
awmf&JU BudK;yrf;csu[ f m bk&m;oQifeJYwuG t&d,mtm;vkH;? wynfY
awmfaY us;Zl;½Sirf sm; tm;vk;H udk "r®eYJ aus;Zl;wkq
YH yf ylaZmf&m a&mufNyD
vdkY rSw,
f lyg&ap t&Sib f k&m;/
Ak'¨"r®ppfukd odjrifygvdkY yefMum;vsu-f
oxkH'umBuD;
ypKöyÜEéur®0g'Ak'¨bmom Oygoum
1365ckESpf 0gqdkvqef; 15 &uf?

&efukefNrdKU
50
ud,
k u
atmf Yf ,
kd u
Ak'¨"r®ppf&SmykHawmfrSwwf rf;pm tydki;f (1)

odkYr[kwf
udk,Yuf kd,jf yefvnfawGU&jSd cif;
rmwdum
trSwpf Of taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf Sm

(u) rSww f rf;pmavYvmolrsm;odkY yefMum;csuf (u)
(c) tcsD;pum; (tD;)
(*) rmwdum (atmY)
tcef;(1)
bk&mYw&m;ESiYf usaemf
1/ bk&mYw&m;tppfu b,frSmvJ 3
2/ bk&mYw&m; "r®ppfukd b,fvkd&Sm&rvJ 21
3/ acgif;aygif;rjzLwm qyfjymtjypf 25
4/ udk,&f wJYw&m;udk jyefrppfrMd u 31
tcef;(2)
avmutrSew
f &m;ESiYf usaemf
5/ i,fpOfb0 40
6/ raumif;usiYrf sm; 41
7/ pmtkyaf umif;rsm;&JUwefzkd; 42
8/ avmu&JUtrSew f &m;udk odcsiNf yD 43
9/ b0&JU erlemZmwfvkduf 47
10/ bmom&JUt,lukd jyif;xefpGmcH&jcif; 4
51
Mo udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
rmwdum(tquf)
11/ i,fq&m btdk 55
12/ oxkHe,frSm trSew f &m;½Sm 58
13/ 0dyóemudk jrnf;MunfYjcif; 60
14/ ESppf OfarG;aeYwkdi;f udk,Yfp½dkuf jyefokH;oyf 64
15/ tbd"r®mynmoif,l 66
16/ "r®rwlvsif 0de,rwl 67
tcef;(3)
bk&m;ESpq f lESiYf usaemf
17/ bk&mYw&m;qdkwm b,fvkdw&m;rsKd ;vJ 71
18/ bk&m;ESpqf l jzpfaeNyD 76
19/ bk&m;tay: ,kHMunfrI 81
20/ rdpämbk&m;rSm; udk;uG,af erdNyD 85
21/ igYukd aw0dZÆvkdYajymrS rSerf ,f 87
22/ bk&m; a&rD;tpkHtpkHwefckd;jyovm; 99
tcef;(4)
edAÁmefESiYf usaemf
23/ aoNyD;rSeAd Ámef&w,fvkdY bk&m;a[mcJYovm 110
24/ aovsijf ywfw,ft,l[m Oapä'rdpäm'd|d 121
25/ y&rw¬tbd"r®mtjrif[m tjrifrSm;udkyJ ay;w,f 132
52
ud,
k u
Yf ,
kd u
f kd jyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif; tH
rmwdum(tquf)
26/ edAÁmef[m A[d'¨vm; 135
27/ oDvqdkwm olYtvdkvkdjynfYwm r½Sb d l; 138
28/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd okH;b0b,frSmrS a[mrxm; 142
tcef;(5)
t&d,opömESiYf usaemf
29/ bk&mYw&m;[m y&rw¬opömr[kwf 146
30/ bk&mYw&m;[m t&d,opömomvsijf zpfw,f 152
31/ opömokH;rsKd ; 154
32/ t&d,opöm[m ypöKyÜEéur®0g'jzpfw,f 173
33/ avmuqdkwm Oyg'geu©E¨mtjzpfawG 187
tcef;(6)
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemESiYf usaemf
34/ t&d,opömudk y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemu zGiYfazmf 197
35/ bk&m;oQif bmYaMumifY tAsmuxe y,fwmvJ 204
36/ bmudk 'ku©vkdYajymwmvJ 213
37/ ]vlb,fu p}-uav;rsm;tar; 219
38/ bk&m;a[m ]uHeJY0yd guftquf}-ikyaf ew,f 225
39/ bk&m;a[m ]uHtusKd ;0dyguf-qdkwm 229
40/ ,aeYw&m;tm;xkwaf eMuwm t½IcHrSe&f JUvm; 238
53
tHY udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
rmwdum(tquf)
41/ tpGJOyg'geu©E¨monfomvsif ]'ku©}tppf 250
42/ uHeJY0yd guf tquftpyftrSef 258
tcef;(7)
w&m;*kP&f nfESiYf usaemf
43/ bk&mYw&m;udk wdki;f &rnfYpHaywH 264
44/ uHusKd ;0dyguf&JUtm½kH 276
45/ Oyg'geu©E¨m jzpfay:ykH 284
46/ okH;q,fYwpfbkHowå0gykH ypöKyÜev f lay:rSmxif 294
tcef;(8)
udk,Yfukd,uf kd jyefvnfawGU&Sjd cif;
47/ bk&mY"r®ppfukd odjrifNyD 306
48/ tusiYfrSm;vdkY aysmufoGm;wJYukd,Yfukd,u f kd jyef&NyD 308
49/ ed*kH; 316
54
ud,
k u
Yf ,
kd u
okwåedygw
or®my&dAÁmZed,okwå owår*gxm
( ygVd )
0pom reom p ur®Kem p?
t0d½ka'¨m or®m 0d'dwGme "r®H/
edAÁme y'gbd yw¬,maem?
or®m aom avmau y&dAÁaZ,s/
( jrefrm )
udk,fçEIwfçpdwfxm; trSm;a½SmifcGg?
w&m;ç rw&m; jywfom;odcg?
vlUNidrf;at;rI a½S;½IvdkYom?
jrwfw&m; rrSm; usifY&rSm/
"r®0d[m&D
55
udk,fYudk,fudk jyefvnfawGU½Sdjcif;
56
udk,Yfukd,u
odkYr[kwf
(jzefYa0&efr[kwf? udk,fwdkifzwf½IavYvm pdppfa0zef&ef jzpfonf)

2 udk,Yfukd,u
f kdjyefvnfawGU½Sjd cif;
okwåeyd gw
r[mAsL[okwå yEé&or*gxm
( ygVd )
yóH ea&m 'u©wd emr ½lyH ?
'doGme 0g nxmwd wmed ar0 /
umrH A[kH yówk tyÜuH 0g ?
e [d awe ok'¨ð ukovm 0'EÅd /
( jrefrm )
½ky-f emrf ½IyGm; w&m;uk½d Sm?
½ky-f emrf jzpfysuf jrifvsuof rd Sm/
b,favmuf½IrSwf y&rwfopöm?
yGm;aomfjim; w&m;r&yg/

udk,Yfukd,u
Ak'¨"r®ppf½SmawmfykHrSwwf rf; (tydki;f 1)

odkYr[kwf
udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(1)
bk&mYw&m;ESiYf usaemf
1/ bk&mYw&m;tppfu b,frSmvJ
]bk&mYw&m;}-[m bk&m;oQif or®morÁK'¨ pwifjzpfwJYaeYu
pNyD; ouf0if vIy&f Sm;cJYygw,f/ onfaeYupNyD; (onfrSww f rf;pm
pa&;wJY) ,aeYtxdqkdvsif bk&mYw&m;oufwrf;[m 2592ESpf ½Sad e
ygNyD/ bk&mYomoem26&mpkxJ a&mufaeNyD jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;oQif
ouf½x Sd if½Sm;½Spd Of uwnf;u olY"r®eJY ywfoufNyD; t&taumuf
vGrJ mS ;aewmawGukd bk&m;oQifuk, d w f kid f ajz½Si;f ay;cJ&Y wmawG renf;
½Scd JYwmudk omoemYrSww f rf;awGrSm awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifenf;wl t*¾om0uESpyf g;jzpfwJY ½Sio

f m&dykMwmeJY
½Sirf [marm*¾vmef? r[mom0uBuD;rsm; jzpfwJY t½Sirf [muóy
tp½Sw d JY ax&?ax&Drsm;? yuwdom0ursm;eJY Oygoum? Oygodum
wdkYu bk&mYw&m;eJY ywfoufNyD;4if;? ck-aemuf-aemifb0awGeJY ywf
oufNyD;4if; t,ltaumuf rSm;aewmawGukd ajz½Si;f ay;Mu&wm
renf;vSwmudk omoemYrSww f rf;awGrSm avYvmawGU&S&d ygw,f/

4 udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQif½uSd wnf;u bk&m;oQif&JU y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem

udk a½S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0eJY okH;b0pyfNyD;,lwJY t,ltjrifawG
&Sad ecJMY uygw,f/ 'gudk bk&m;oQifew
YJ uG wynfoY m0uawG tm;vk;H
u ypöKyÜew f pfvHrQaom onfcE¨mudk,af y:rSmjzpfwJY y#dpöorkyÜg'f
uHoHo&mpufvnfaMumif; ½Si;f jyMuwmudk awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/
tckvkd bk&mYw&m;oufwrf;[m ESpaf ygif;2600avmuf ½Sd

aeNyDqakd wmY rif;tqufquf? wdik ;f jynftwnfwnf/ vlrsKd ;taxGaxG?
acwf&yf&yf? tvTmtrsdK;rsdK;udk jzwfoef;cJY&NyD; oH*g,emvnf;
ajcmufwef wifcJYNyD;NyD jzpfygw,f/
]oH*g,em}-qdkwm ysUH usaJ ewJb

Y k&mYw&m;awGukd jyefpkpnf;NyD;
oHCmYu,
kd pf m;vS,f taygif;u ]'g-bk&mYw&m;awGy}J -qdNk yD; ]pkaygif;
twnfjyK&Gwzf wfjcif;}-jzpfygw,f/
oH*g,emawG wif&mrSmvnf; yXroH*g,emeJY? 'kw, d oH*g

,emrSmom bk&m;oQifw&m;udk em;eJYqwfqwf emcJY&wJY r[mom0
uawGeYJ yuwdom0uawG ouf½x dS if½mS ; ½Sad eao;vdYk w&m;t,ltq
r,dr;f r,dkif &Scd aYJ yrJ?Y aemufykid ;f oH*g,emawGrmS awmY tjznft Y pGuf
uav;awG toGwt f oGi;f uav;awG &Sv d mwJt Y wGuf bk&mYw&m;[m
ta&mtaESmawGeYJ rpifrMu,f jzpfvmcJ&Y wm onfaeYxd jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'geJyY wfoufNyD; vGecf w YJ YJ ESpt f pdw-f ok;H q,favmufu usaemf

zwfcrYJ w S cf &YJ zl;wJ?Y tdE,
d´ vGwv f yfa&; acgif;aqmifwpfO;D vnf;jzpf?
tdE, d´ Edkiif jH ynfjyK y@dww f pfO;D vnf;jzpfwYJ uG,v f eG cf NYJ yDjzpfwYJ tdE,d´
Edkiif H 0efBuD;csKyf *s0g[vmae½l;(Jawaharlal Neru) vGwv f yfa&;c&D;
Murf; avQmufpOfwke;f u tusO;f axmifuae touf13ESpo f m&Sad o;
wJY orD;tif'&D m(Indira)(aemif tdE, d´ Edkiif 0H efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD; qpf
vlrsKd ;awG&UJ tvkyBf uHc&H NyD; uG,v f eG cf oYJ )l qDukd a&;cJw Y YJ urÇmo Y rdki;f
aMumif;udk ½IaxmifYtjrifwpfcku zswcf eJawGU&wJYtjrifeJY a&;cJYwJY
Glimpses of World History(urÇmYtaMumif; wapYwapmif;-yg&*l
bmomjyef)xJrmS ajcmuf&mpkEpS u f urÇmrSmay:aygufvmcJw Y YJ bmom
t,l0g' topfawGtaMumif; azmfjycJYygw,f/
onfbmomt,l0g' topfawGxJrSm Ak'¨0g'[m-

tdE,
d´ rSm&SNd yD;jzpfwYJ a&S;a[mif; a0't,l0g'eJw Y uG? onf0g'
awGukd tokH;csNyD; ,ZfylaZmfrIawGeJY BuD;yGm;csr;f omaewJY jAm[®P
(ykPmÖ ;)awGukd pdppfa0zefNyD; qefYusiw f JY0g' jzpfaMumif;/
vlom;awG wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; qufqH&mrSm tjrifrrSm;? tawG;

tBu HrrSm;MuapzdkY? tajym-tjyK-taeawGrSm or®mzdkY? onfvkdpwd f
xm;awG rjywfjzpfaeatmif Edk;Mum;wJYowdeJY BudK;pm;MuapzdkYpwJY
vl-vlcsi;f or®mrQwwJY qufqaH &;awGjzpfatmif oifMum;cJaY Mumif;/

6 udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQif&w Sd ke;f u onfoifMum;csuaf wG[m us,jf yefYpGm

rjyefYyGm;ao;ayrJY aemufykid ;f rSm tdE´, d wpfEkdiif HvkH; jyefYyGm;oGm;wJYt
wGuf a&S;a[mif;a0' t,l0g'eJY onf0g'vufukdix f m;NyD; touf
&Siof efaeMu&wJY jAm[®PawG[m? aemufykdi;f rSm Ak'¨0g'udk tEkenf;
eJYord ;f oGi;f cJYykHukd onfvkd azmfjyxm;ygw,f-
(1) ___taomurif; uG,v f Geo f Gm;NyD;wJY aemufrSm arm
&,tifyg,m[m oufq;kd r&Snaf wmYb;l / ESpt f enf;i,f
tawmtwGi;f rSmyJ n§Kd ;rSed o f mG ;w,f/ ajrmufykid ;f u jynf
e,frsm;[m oD;jcm; cGx J uG o f mG ;Muw,f/ awmifykid ;f rSm
tE¨&wdkY&JU tiftm;opfwpfck ay:aygufvmw,f/
taomurif;BuD;&JUtEG,rf sm;[m vkH;yg;yg;aeNyDjzpfwJY
olwk&Yd UJ tifyg,mudk tESpif g;q,fe;D eD; pdk;rdk;tkycf sKyfcMYJ u
w,f/ aemufqkH;rSm ykyærw d åtrnf&w Sd JY olwkdY&JUjAm[®P
vlrsKd ; ppfolBuD;wpfOD;u olwkdYukd eef;csypfvkduw f ,f/
NyD;awmY olukd,w f kdix
f D;eef;pdk;pHw,f/
(2) tJonfbk&ifvufxufrSm jAm[®Pbmom jyefvnf xGe;f
um;vmw,fvkdYajymMuw,f/
wpkHwckaom twdki;f twmtxd Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmf
rsm; tzdESyd cf HMu&w,f/ 'gayrJY tdE, ´d Edkiif Hordki;f udk
zwfvsif Ak'¨bmomudk jAm[®Pbmomu wdkucf ku d yf kH
wdkucf kduef nf;[m tifrwef ynmom;ygw,fqkdwJY t
aMumif; orD; awGUjrif&vdrYrf ,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
(3) jAm[®Pbmom[m Ak'¨bmomudk zdESyd &f eftwGuf ½keYf

&if;wJYenf;Oyg,fukd tokH;rjyKbl;/
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifrsm; tay: zdEydS rf I &Swd efoavmuf&w dS m
rSew
f ,f/ 'gayrJY tJonfzEd ySd rf I[m Edkiif Ha&; t&if;cHjzpfzkdY
rsm;w,f/ bmjzpfvv kYd q
J kad wmY BuD;rm;wJY oHCtzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;[m tmPm&Sw d t
YJ zGUJ tpnf;rsm; jzpfvmcJMY uw,f/ bk&if
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m tJonf tzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm;&JU Edkiif Ha&;
tmPmudk vefYMuw,f/ 'gaMumifY tJonf bk&ifawG[m
onftzGJUtpnf;BuD;udk tiftm;enf;oGm;atmif vkyyf pfMu
w,f/
(4) jAm[®Pbmom[m Ak'b ¨ momudk ZmwdEkid if uH aysmuf
oavmufjzpfomG ;atmif vky&f mrSm atmifjrifr&I cdS YJ w,f/
jAm[®Pbmom[m Ak'¨bmomu tcsKd Utcsut f vuf
udk,Nl yD; ausnufomG ;atmif? rdryd pön;f jzpfomG ;atmif vkyf
w,f/ rdr&d JUtrd af *[mrSm ae&may;w,f/
(5) tJonfvkd jAm[®Pbmomtopf[m a&S;a[mif; tcsuf
tvufawGukd jyef,l½kHrQrubl;? Ak'¨bmomvkycf JYorQudk
vnf; acszsuyf pfw,f/
(6) jAm[®Pbmom&JU a&S;acwfacgif;aqmifrsm;[m tvGew f &m
vdr®myg;eyfMuw,f/ a&S;acwfupNyD; &Sv d mcJYwJY olwkdY&JUt
avYtxu wjcm;bmomw&m;&JU t,ltqudk rdrw d &Ykd UJ t,l
tqoGwo f Gi;f NyD; ausnufoGm;atmifvkyjf cif; jzpfw,f/

8 udk,Yfukd,u
(7) tm&d,efvrl sKd ;awG[m yXrOD;qk;H tdE, d´ udk a&mufvmwJY

tcg &S&d if;pGJa'ocH j'mAD'D,efvlrsKd ;wdkY&JU ,Ofaus;rI
xk;H wrf;pOfvm tpdwt f ydki;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk olwkYd
udk,yf kid yf pön;f vkyyf pfvku
d Mf uw,f/ olwk&Yd UJ ordki;f w
avQmufrmS olw[ kYd m wrifwumyJ jzpfjzpf? trIrt YJ rSwf
rJyY J jzpfjzpf? tJonf enf;y&d,m,fukd tok;H jyKNyD; atmif
Edkirf IawG ,lcJYMuw,f/
(8) Ak'¨bmomeJY ywfoufvkdYvnf; tJonfenf;twdki;f yJ jzpf
w,f/ olwkdY[m Ak'ükd t0wm& vkyyf pfMuw,f/ Ak'¨[m
[dE´Lt0wm&(bk&m;) trsm;tjym;xJu t0wm&wpfck
jzpfvmw,f/
(9) tJonfenf;vrf;tm;jzifY Ak'[ ¨ m aysmufomG ;jcif; r&Sb
d J
vltaygif;wdkY&JU udk;uG,yf laZmf&m jzpfvmw,f/
'gayrJY-
Ak'¨&JUw&m;xl;udk rodvkdurf odzmom z,fxm;vdkuw f ,f/
jAm[®Pbmom? 'grSr[kwf [dEL´ bmom[m rjzpfpavmuf
av; tajymif;tvJvkyNf yD; olwkdY&JU jzL;ajzmifYvG,u
f laewJY
vrf;ray:rSm wzefavQmufMujyefw,f /
(10) 'gayrJY Ak'b ¨ momudk jAm[®Pbmom toGiaf qmifay;
wJY tvky[ f m tcsed rf sm;pGm Mumw,f/___
y@pfae½l;[m jAm[®Pbmomu Ak'¨bmomudk odr;f ,l0g;
rsKd rI wpfenf;jzpfwJY olY&JUt,ltq? olY&JUoauFwudk ½dk;om;wJYt,l

udk,Yfukd,u
jzpfwYJ Ak'b ¨ momxJ oGwo f iG ;f &mrSm ½kyw f kuk;d uG,jf cif;-qdkwYJ oauF
wedrwd yf akH wGukd ynmom;ygyg oGwo f iG ;f vdkuaf Mumif; onfvkd azmfjy
xm;ygw,f-
(1) ___ Ak'¨bmom[m Zmwfpepf ZmwfxkH;pHukd4if;? ,Zf
yka&m[dwpf epfuk4d if;? ,Zfyka&m[dwf OD;aqmifwYJ bm
oma&;"avYukd4if; awmfvSeq f efYusiw f ,f/
(2) a*gwrAk'¨[m ½kyw f kukd;uG,rf Iukd rvdkvm;bl;/
(3) rdr[ d m bk&m;ocifjzpfw,f? rdru d kd udk;uG,f ylaZmf&r,fvYkd
vnf; rawmif;qdkbl;/ a*gwrAk'¨[m ÓPftvif;&&So
d l
jzpfw,f/___
(4) tJonf tawG;tac: t,ltqt& tJonfacwfu Ak'¨
f l;/
½kyyf Gm;awmfukd rxkvkyf rudk;uG,b
(5) 'gayrJY jAm[®Pwdu kY [dEL´ bmomeJY Ak'b ¨ momtMum;
aygif;ul;ay;vdkMuw,f/ [dE´Lt,ltqeJY [dE´LoauF
wawGukd Ak'¨bmom tawG;tac: t,ltqxJ oGi;f zdkY
tcgcyford ;f BudK;pm;cJYMuw,f/
(6) *&deJYa&mr vufrIynmonfawG[m ewf½kyw f krsm;udk
xkvkyw f JY tavYtx &SMd uw,f/ tJonfenf;tm;jzifY
Ak'b
¨ mom bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;twGi;f ½kyw f krsm; wp
wp 0ifa&muf ude;f atmif;vmw,f/
(7) yXrOD;pGm xkvkyw f JY½kyw
f kawG[m Ak'¨½kyw
f kawG r[kwf
bl;/ aAm"dowå½kyw f k jzpfw,f/ aAm"dowå[m Ak'¨

10 udk,Yfukd,u
bmomtpOftvmt& Ak'&¨ UJ tavmif;tvsm jzpfw,fvkYd

qdkMuw,f/ tJonf tavYtx[m wpwp wdk;wuf
vmNyD; Ak'ükd,af wmfwkid &f JU ½kyyf Gm;awmfukd xkvkyu
f kd;
uG,w f JYtxd jzpfvmw,f/___
onftcsut f vufawG[m Ak'y¨ iG x Yf eG ;f ay:&m tdE, d´ wdki;f om;

wkid ;f jynfacgif;aqmif ynm&Siw f pfOD;u okH;oyfxm;wmqdkawmY Ak'¨
yGiaYf y:&meJY rdkiaf xmifaygif;rsm;pGm a0;vHwaYJ e&mrSm&Sw d YJ jrefrmjynfu
ynm&Siaf wG jrifwmxuf trSew f &m;eJY ydkrkdeD;pyfrSm jzpfygw,f/
y@pfae½l;[m vlrsKd ;pGJ? bmompGJ? tqifYtwef;cGJ ZmwfpGJ

tvGeef nf;pGmeJY azmfjycJw
Y YJ tdE,
d´ wdu
k q
f ikd &f m wifjycsuf taMumif;t&m
awGukd urÇmo Y rdki;f ynm&Sirf sm;u pdppfa0zefNyD; 0rf;ajrmufpmG vufcH
Muygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemfu bk&mYw&m;awG[m vGecf JYwJYESpaf ygif;

axmifeJYcsDNyD; umvuwnf;u ta&mtaESmawGeJY jzpfvmcJYNyDvkdY
qdkcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gqdk bk&mYw&m;tppfu b,frSmvJ¿
b,fvkd½Sm&rvJ¿-
pwJYjyóem usaemfYrSm ay:aygufvmygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfjyóem&JUtajzudk usaemfaY us;Zl;½Sif q&mBuD;rsm;&JU tqk;H

trrsm;eJY oyÜL&doolawmfaumif; t½Sijf rwf&JU Oyedó,trSDeJY
usaemf ½SmazGcJYygw,f/
usaemf ½SmazGawGU½cSd JYwJY ]Ak'¨"r®ppf}-udk bk&m;oQifxm;cJYwJY
pHawGtm;vk;H eJv
Y nf; wduk tf ppfccH yYJ gw,f/ rnfonfY vlynm&S?d &[ef;
ynm&Sd rqdk&JU tcsKd ;tzJY tESyd tf ES,f tuyftudk;rqdkeJYvnf; tppfcH
f JY ]tjrKawusaewJY "r®}-tjzpfvnf; awGU½Scd JY&ygw,f/
Edkiw
'gaMumifY Ak'¨&JUom0uwpfOD; NyDopGm rdr&d JU pm&dwåoDv

0wå&m;wm0efukd jznfYprG ;f wJYtaeeJY? vltrsm;udk usaemfoed m;vnfwJY
bk&mYw&m;"r®ppfukd today;wJYtaeeJY onfrSww f rf;pm a&;om;NyD;?
todjzefYay;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ a0zefppd pfNyD; ,lMuapvdkygw,f/
bk&mYw&m;&JU tm*rygVdukd usaemf ygVdo'´gruRrf;vdkY o'´g

a&;eJY rajymwwfayrJY ]bk&m;oQif ajymvdkwYJ ]teuf"r®w}¬ -qdkuaf tmif}
udk,t f jrif&Si;f aewJYtwdki;f BudK;pm;NyD; wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
tu,fí ],aeYy&d,wfpmaytjri}f -eJY rudkun f Dvsif bk&m;

oQifukd,wf kdif ]a&m[dwóa'0ykwåokw}f -eJY okwaf wG tawmfrsm;
rsm;rSma[mxm;wJY ]t&d,opömav;yg;&JUwnf&m}-udk nTejf yxm;wJ-Y
]pdwv f nf;&Sd todonmvnf; &Sw d JY onfwpfvHrQ
avmufaom ypöKyÜecf E¨may:rSm}

12 udk,Yfukd,u
jzpfay:aewJY uH&kyaf wG&JU tjzpfoepfawGukd &IMunfhNyD; a,medaom

reodum&eJY "r®'|d mefusus pdppf-n§Md unfYzkdY OD;pGm ajymvdkygw,f/
a&S;u pmayynm&Srd sm; qdkpum; &Syd gw,f-

]usr;f zwfrcuf? usr;f wwfcufw,f?
usr;f wwfrcuf? usr;f pyfcufw,f?
usr;f odrcuf? usr;f n§cd ufw,f}-vdkY qdkcJYygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]wpfusr;f awGU½kH pmrpkH? tm*kHw,fí rjiif;eJY}vdkY

vnf; qk;H rxm;cJMY uygw,f/ wpfusr;f rSmawGUwYJ t,ltqudk aemuf
wpfusr;f u t,ltqeJY wdkuMf unfY&ygr,f/ awGUorQ t,ltqudk
bk&mYw&m;*kP&f nfeJY wdki;f MunfYNyD; t&d,opömav;yg; ajympum;
[kwrf [kwf pyfn§Md u&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY yXrar;cGe;f jzpfwJY bk&mYw&m;tppf b,frSmvJ¿

&JU tajztjzpf-
]bk&mYw&m;tppf[m bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfawGxJrSmyJ
½Syd gw,}f -vdkY
usaemf &SmcJYwJYtwdki;f qk&d rSm jzpfygw,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY-
]bk&mYw&m;[m vlwkdi;f em;vnfEkdiw
f JY w&m;awG jzpfvkdYygyJ}/

udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQif[m olwkdYacwf&JU tjrifYqkH;tvTmjzpfwJY oufOD;qH

ydkib
f k&if {u&mZfeYJ rif;pdk;&mZmawG? y@dwaf wGeYJ ykPmÖ ;awG? tv,f
wef;vTmjzpfwJY ola|;ol<u,f? ukeo f nf v,fvkyaf wG? atmufqkH;
wef;vTmjzpfwJY tvkyo f rm;awG? v,fulvDawG? om;xdk;orm;? ol
awmif;pm;? aemufqk;H jynfw Y efqmeJY acs;usK;H vkyo
f m;awG? bk&m;oQif
eJY t,lrwlolawGukdyg w&m;a[mcJYwm jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifu w&m;udk txufwef;vTmawGukd a[mwmxuf

vltrsm;pkjzpfwJY tv,fvTmeJY atmufqkH;wef;vTmawGukd y"mexm;
a[mjcif;jzpfwJYtwGuf tJonfacwfu vlxkvlwef;pm;toD;oD;
tvG,ef JY em;vnfvufcHEkid af tmif a[mMum;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
vlxkvlwef;pm; tvTmtoD;oD;vnf; bk&m;ajymwmudk t

vG,ef JY em;vnfMuwm jzpfvkdY bk&mYw&m;ukd ]usD;ajcmufMuufESif
todÓPf&w dS YJ uav;awmif em;vnfEkid af Mumif;} a&S;pmrSww
f rf;awG
&Scd JYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&mYw&m;[m aMumif;usKd ;qufpyf awG;ac:Edkif

wJY todÓPf½oSd l b,fvlom;rqdk vG,v f ,
G ef JY em;vnfEkid w
f JY a[m
Mum;csu?f oifMum;csu?f qkH;rcsuaf wG jzpfw,fvkdY qdk&ygr,f/
onfvkd vlwkdi;f em;vnfEkdiw f JY bk&mYw&m;[m onfuaeY
bmYaMumifY tod&cufwJYw&m; jzpfae&ovJ¿

14 udk,Yfukd,u
tajzu-
]bk&mYw&m;tppf r[kwaf wmYvkdYbJ}-vdkY ajzp&m ½Syd gYr,f/
]bmYaMumifY onfvkd jzpfoGm;&ovJ}-qdkawmY-
bk&mYw&m;[m 'kw, d oH*g,emwifwJY omoemESpf 100
txd ta&mtaxG;r&Sd oefYpifaomfvnf;? 'kw, d oH*g,em tNyD;rSm
0denf;rjyifvkwd YJ a&S;½dk;0g'D r[max&fawGu wpf*kP
d ;f ? acwfet
YJ nD
0denf;i,fawGjyifvkdwJY vli,f&[ef;trsm;pku wpf*kdP;f eJY ESp*f kdP;f
uGJcJYygw,f/
vli,f&[ef;trsm;pk[m a0omvDrSm oD;jcm;oH*g,emwif

NyD; olw*kYd kP
d ;f udk ]r[moHCu d *dkP;f }-vdkY owfrwS v
f ku
d Mf uNyD;? ouf
BuD;rax&f*kP d ;f udk ][de,me}? olw*kYd kP
d ;f udk ]r[m,me}-vdkY orkwf
vdkuMf ujyefygw,f/ olwo kYd rkww
f YJ [de,me*dkP;f [m rax&fBuD;rsm;
&JUt,ljzpfwJY ,aeY ]ax&0g'*dkP;f }-yJ jzpfygw,f/
'kw,
d oH*g,emeJY wwd,oH*g,em tMum;rSm ax&0g'
*dkP;f uae 12*dkP;f uGJomG ;ygw,f/ r[moHCu
d *dkP;f uae 6*dkP;f
uGJoGm;Muygw,f/ *dkP;f uGJwmawGuvnf; Ak'¨w&m;awG tay:rSm
t,ltaumufcsi;f rwlMu&mu uGJMuwm rsm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifY wwd,oH*g,emwifwJY omoemESp2f 35ckESprf Sm

Ak'b
¨ mom[m 18*dP k ;f uGaJ eygNyD/ t,l0g'awGuvnf; rwlrQMuawmY

udk,Yfukd,u
ygbl;/ "r®tay:rSm t,ltqtrsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfNyD; nSEd idI ;f r&wJt

Y xd udk,Yf
tjrifeJYukd,f Ak'¨"r®-udk zGiYaf zmf vmMuygw,f/
onfvkd ]"r®}-NydKifMu&mu ]tbd"r®}-qdkNyD; y&rw¬

t,ltjrifawGukd t&d,opömxJ oGwo f Gi;f vmMuyg
w,f/y&rw¬tjrifeJY t&d,opömudk zGiYfazmfvmw,f
vdkY Ak'¨pmayokawoersm;t& odMu&ygw,f /
'gaMumifY yXroH*g,emeJY 'kw,d oH*g,emwifwek ;f u "r®xJ

ryg0ifwJY ,aeY ]tbd"r®y#d u}-vdkY em;vnfaeMu&wJY udk,Y*f kdP;f &JU
t,ljzpfwYJ y&rw¬tjrifawG[m wwd,oH*g,emrSm oGwo f iG ;f cJw
Y m
jzpfaMumif; Ak'¨pmayokawoersm;u qdkMuygw,f/
Ak'¨bmomq,fY&Sp*f kdP;f rSmvnf; ESp*f kdP;f rSmyJ tbd"r®m&Syd g

w,f/ onfEpS *f P
kd ;f rSmvnf; tbd"r®mckepfusr;f csi;f om wlayrJY ta&;
tom;eJY teuft&aumufawGuvnf; vkH;0udk rwlMuygbl;/
'gaMumifY ]okwåeYJ 0de,}-xJrmS omvsif Ak'b ¨ modw(bk&mYp

um;) tppftrSeaf wG &SEd kid Nf yD;? ]tbd"r®}[m te&d,om0ubmodw
(t&d,mr[kwaf om wynfYrsm;&JUjznfYpGupf um;) jzpfEkdiv f kdY Ak'¨bm
odwawG yg;yg;&Sm;&Sm; jzpfEkdiaf Mumif; pdppfo&d rSm jzpfygw,f/

16 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY wwd,oH*g,em wiftNyD; oD&"d r®maomurif;u

udk;wdki;f udk;Xme omoemjyK apvTw&f mrSm oD[kdVu f Ref;udkvnf; Ak'¨
omoem a&mufomG ;ygw,f/ wwd,oH*g,em wifwke;f uwnf;u
rlvbk&mYw&m;rSm te&d,om0ubmodwawG ta&mcHxm;&NyD;
jzpfwJYtwGu?f oD[kdVu f Ref;rSmvnf; ta&mcHxm;&wJY Ak'¨pum;awGyJ
ysHUESHUpGmeJY avYusu-f oif,l-usiYyf Gm;MurSm jzpfygw,f/
bk&mYw&m;[m t&d,opömppfppfuae y&rw¬tjrifeYJ teuf

zGiYfazmfwJY y&rw¬t&d,opöm jzpfoGm;awmY t&d,opö tjrifxuf
te&d,opötjrifbuf ajymif;vJomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY oD[Vkd f
bmomuae r*"bmomjyefwJY onfaeYjyefYyGm;aewJY yd#u okH;ykHrSm
vnf;aumif;? yd#uawGukd csUJ ziG w
Yf YJ t|uxmponfrmS vnf;aumif;
te&d,jzpfapwJY tjrifawG yg0ifaew,fvkdY od&ygYr,f/
'gaMumifY Ak'¨"r®qkdwkdi;f trSerf ,lqao;bJ Ak'¨xm;cJYwJY

"r®*kP&f nfrSwaf usmufrsm;eJY wdkuMf unfY yGwMf unfY&r,fvkdY usaemf
qdkcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY tav;*½kjyKtyfol ygVd
pmayuRrf;usio f l yk*¾Kd vfwpfOD;OD;u a&;oGi;f NyD; 'gbk&mYw&m;yJvkdY
qdkcJYvsif umv&SnMf umwmeJYtrQ ]tJ'g bk&m;wu,fa[mcJYw,f}
-vdkY trSet f jzpf ,lrSwo f Gm;Edkiv
f kdY jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd pdppfa0zef,lzkdYukdvnf; ]]aurkwåed *d kH;rSm umvmr

udk,Yfukd,u
trsKd ;om;}}-awGukd bk&m;oQiu

f vrf;nTejf ycJyY gw,f/ onfvkd vrf;jy
wJYae&mrSm bk&m;oQifu-tdkumvmrrif;wdkYqkdNyD; rSmcJYwmu-
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atmifoif? olu Y vkd nf; wwfatmif ydcYk scMYJ ujcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY
oabmw&m;qdw k YJ qyfjymurS raumif;wm? acgif;aygif;jzLwJq Y v
k mbf

28 udk,Yfukd,u
b,frmS &Edkiyf gawmYrvJ¿ 'gudk a0a0zefzef pOf;pm;&rnft

Y csed t
f cg
a&mufaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
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omoemY0efxrf;awGvnf; udk,w Yf m0ef udk,af usMuygw,f?
usaemfwkdYvkd Ak'¨bmom0ifawGvnf; wynfh'g,umwm0ef
tausyGef vGev f Ge;f ru tausyGev
f Gev f suf ½Sad eMuygw,f/ rvSL
oifYwmvSL? rcsD;ajr§mufoifYwm csD;ajr§mufeJY omoem&Sio f efatmif
a&avmif;&if;eJY aygif;yifawGudk ajrMoZmauR;aeMuwJYacwfudk
a&mufrSe;f rod a&mufaeMuwmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gayrJY Ak'b ¨ momuay;wJY &dk;om;pifMu,fr?I vGwaf jrmufr?I
Nidr;f csr;f rI? ]&dk;om;pifMu,f,Ofaus;jrifYjrwfwJY tjrifYjrwfqkH;vlom;t
jzpf qkvmbf }-udkawmY Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;pk r&Muygbl;/
'gaMumifY usaemfY aus;Zl;&Sirf sm;jzpfwJY q&mBuD;eJY "r®vrf;jy

q&mt&Si&f JU qdkqkH;rpum;rsm;udk jyefowd&rdygw,f/ usaemYf aus;
Zl;&Siq
f &mBuD;rsm;u atmufygtwdki;f qkH;rcJYygw,f-
(1) aus;Zl;&Siq f &mBuD;u jAL[mBuD;udk;ckukd pwifxal xmif
cJYwJY a,m*D OD;omoe('D;'kwOf D;om'if)&JU tqkH;trudk
atmufygtwdki;f nTejf ycJYygw,f/
],aeY omoemawmf[m txufum; atmuf½SL;
jzpfaeNyD}-qdkwmygyJ/

udk,Yfukd,u
t"dygÜ ,fu omoem&JUtajccHtkwjf rpfjzpfwYJ tajym

-tjyK-tae uHawG ,Ofaus;or®mvmatmif qdkqkH;r
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awG[m oif,o l ?l usiyYf mG ;ol r&So
d avmuf enf;vmNyD;?
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txG#w f ifvkyif ef; jzpfaewJY orx-0dyóemvkyif ef;
awGukdyJ Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;pku oif,l?usiYyf mG ;aeMu
w,f-vdYk qdv k ykd gw,f/ a&ravmif;oif&Y mrSm a&avmif;
aeMuw,fvkdY ajymvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/
(2) q&mBuD;uyJ aemufq&mwpfOD;jzpfwJY wpfacwfrSm

wpfa,mufxGe;f wJY yd#uwfawmfpmjyefyGJrSm 0#Houm
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ygw,f/ tJ'gu-
],aeY omoemawmf[m qdki;f bkwo f moemtjzpf
a&mufoGm;vdrYfr,f}-vdkY qdkcJYygw,f/
t"dyÜg,fu ,aeYomoemawmfrSm bk&m;tqkH;tr
t&d,mw&m;tppfawG uG,af ysmufNyD; bk&m;tqkH;t
r r[kww f mawGu ]w&m;tjzpfeJY BuD;xGm;vmvdkY}
bk&mYw&m;qdkwm ]apwDqkdi;f bkw?f ausmif;uefZ&yf
qdki;f bkw}f -awGrSmyJ vrf;qkH;aevdrYrf ,f-vdkY qdkvkdwm
jzpfygw,f/

30 udk,Yfukd,u
aus;Zl;&Siqf &mBuD;rsm;eJY usaemfwk&Yd UJ "r®vrf;nTejf zpfwYJ q&m

t&Siu
f -
(3) ],aeYomoem[m tcGHyJ useaf wmYw,f}-vdkY qdkqkH;ryg
w,f/
t"dyÜg,fu bk&mY"r®ppfjzpfwJY t&d,opö"r®awG
aysmufqkH;NyD;? onf"r®ae&mrSm tqHacsmifaewJY? tqH
r&Sw d JY t"r®w&m;awG rif;rlaeMuvdkY tcGHyJuseaf wmY
r,f}-vdkY qdkvkdjcif; jzpfygw,f/
onftqkH;trawGukd aow¬Kcsvkduv f si-f ,aeY Ak'¨bmom

0ifrsm; bk&m;oQiaf y;csiwf YJ qkvmbfjzpfw-YJ 0#fqif;&Ju vGwaf jrmuf
NyD;? ½dk;om;pifMu,f-vGwv f yfNidr;f csr;f jcif;? udk,Yfukd,pf kd;ydkijf cif;-
-tp&Sw d JY qkvmbf r&wm[m-
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[kwwf mawGukd bk&mYw&m;vkyNf yD; usiYfrSm;aeMuvdkY}-
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'gaMumifY udk,,Yf x
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f siyYf mG ;aewJw
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onfvkd rpdppfrMd uvdkY ]"r®}-xifNyD; usiYfaewmawG[m? ]t"r®}-
awGjzpfaevdkY usaemfwkdYwawG bk&m;ay;wJYqkvmbfukd r&Mujcif;
jzpfw,fvkdY usaemfqkdjcif; jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
4/ udk,&f wJYw&m;udk jyefrppfrMd u
,aeYrmS usaemfwk[ Yd m a&m*gtemudk rodbJ aq;udk t&rf;

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r&Sad o;wJYa&m*gyg tqpf&vmwwfwJYtjzpf a&mufaeMuygw,f/
udk,YfrSmjzpfwJYa&m*gudk rodbJ aq;q&m&rf;uku ]aomufvkdu-f
aomufvkdu}f -qdkwmeJY a&m*gaysmufcsiv f eG ;f vdkY aq;aomufvkduo f l
yrm? udavoma&m*gtaygif;u vGwaf jrmufcsiw f JY usaemfwkdY[m
udk,Yrf Sm bmudavoma&m*g &Sad ewmudk rodMubJ? orx0dyóem
pwJY aq;awGukd rqifrjcif aomufokH;rdMuvdkY? udavoma&m*gqdk;
u vGwaf jrmufrIukd r&MuonfYtjyif? r[*¾w b0'ku©awGxJrSm
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w,f/ aygYapvdkvkYd aMumif&kyx f k;d rdygw,f? aq;aMumifaY v;wJY tjzpf
udk usaemfwkdY a&mufaeMu&ygw,f/
tcsKd Uaom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u orxbm0emudk yGm;vdkYjzpf

ap? 0dyóembm0emudk yGm;vdkjY zpfap ]pdw&f UJ Nidr;f csr;f rI? udk,&f UJ at;
csr;f rI}-av; &vdu k w
f m &Srd mS jzpfygw,f/ onftjzpf[m aq;rSm;wdu k f
rdayrJY wcP a&m*goufomwmudkyJ a&m*g Zmwdtjrpfjywfw,f
xifaerdjcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY onfyk*K¾d vfrsm;[m udk,Yt f jyKeJY
tjzpfukd ra0zefrqifjcifawmYbJ ]igawmY bk&m;ay;wJY qkvmbfukd
&NyD}-vdkY qdkcsif qdkMurSm jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf wu,fYtjzpf[m

32 udk,Yfukd,u
uRrf;usiw f JYaq;q&mtjrifrSm a&m*gu tjrpfrjywfwJYtjyif aemuf

xyfa&m*gopfwpfckyg xyfwkd;&vmawmY a&m*gZmwdtjrpfjywfzkdYu
ydkNyD;cufcJrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifv
Y nf; (ArmjynfrmS )a&S;u t&d,mvdkY orkwcf MH u&
wJY yk*¾Kd vfawG[m orx0dyóemtvkyaf wG vkyNf yD; edAÁmef&NyDvkdY
txif&Scd JYMujcif; jzpfygw,f/
onfyk*K¾d vfawG[m olwkdY odxm;&xm;wJY w&m;awGukd bk

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f x
d m;?
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wpfenf;ajym&vsif 0dbZÆ jyKMuyg&JUvm;¿
wpfrsKd ;qdk&vsif a,medaomreodum& jyKMuyg&JUvm;¿
wdkuqf kdif ppfaq;Muygw,f qdkvsiv f nf;-

bk&m;y,fckdi;f wJY y&rw¬"r®tjrifeJY rppfbJ t&d,"r®tjrifeJY
ppfwm [kwyf g&JUvm;¿ aemufqkH;-
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wpfckwav r0ifwmrsm; ½Srd aebl;vm;¿
wu,faum udavomtm;vkH; tjrpfjywfyg&JUvm;¿
ponfjzifY usaemfar;cGe;f xkwcf siyf gw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY onfyk*K¾d vfawG &xm;odxm;wJY w&m;awG qdkwm

[m-
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f l omreftod&So
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ajcmufyg;eJY udkun
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0ifwJY w&m;"r®ppf [kww f ,f} -vdkY 0efcHEkdiMf uygYrvm;}
vdkY usaemf oHo, 0ifryd gw,f/
usaemfuawmY toifcH&wJY Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; taeeJY

toifcHxm;&oavmufeJYyJ wdki;f wmNyD; ]bk&mYw&m;}-udk r&rae
½SmcJYygw,f/
usaemf w'*FNidr;f csr;f wJY w&m;qdkwmudkawmY awGUcJYygw,f/
pdwuf kNd idraf eatmifjyKNyD; bmudkrQ rawG;rawm tm½krH jyKvsif
tm½kHeJY udk,Yfpw
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qif;&Jyifyef;wJY a0'emawG aysmufoGm;wJYtxd okcudk cHpm;&zl;yg
w,f/
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'g bk&m;oQifay;csiw f JY qkvmbfvm;¿
r[kwaf Mumif; usaemfawGU&ygw,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY pdwu f kdNidraf tmif xde;f Edkiw
f ke;f om onf
csr;f om&NyD;? onftvkyf rvkyaf wmYwmeJY ylyifaomu Asmyg&awGeJY
jyefBuKH&ygw,f/ onfawmY onfcsr;f omudk usaemf jyefppfygNyD/

34 udk,Yfukd,u
]igYrSm avmbawG tvsiu f xuf ydkenf;oGm;ovm;¿

ig[m pdwjf refwJYolwpfa,muf? igYrSm a'goawG tvsiu f
xuf ydkrsm; enf;oGm;ovm;¿
ig onftvkyef YJ tvsiuf xuf bmydkNyD; todwk;d vmovJ¿}
ponfeJY usaemfYtjzpfukd usaemfjyefqef;ppfcJYygw,f/
onfw&m;tvkyq f kdwmav; vkyw f ke;f cPyJ avmb? a'go

awGqw kd m cPikyaf ewm/ ajym&vsif tjyiftm½kaH wGukd igYqD rvmeJv Y Ykd
pdwef JYxed ;f xm;vdkYom? pdwuf kd pdwef JY zdEySd x
f m;wke;f cPom avmb?
a'gopwJY udavomawG cPikyfaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ pdwfudk
txde;f tuGyrf &Sd vTwaf y;vdkuw f meJY tjyiftm&kHawG tifeJYtm;eJY 0if
vmvdkY rlvuxufawmif avmb? a'go tp&Sw d YJ udavomyrmP
ydkBuD;vmwmudk BuKHzl;wJYolwkdi;f awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
NyD;awmY toifcHxm;&wJY Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; taeeJYvnf;
]r*f}-qdkwm wpfcgusxm;vsif aemufjyefjzpfwm r&Sad wmYbl;}-vdkY
vnf; Mum;zl;em;0uvnf; &Sx d m;awmY udk,Yv f kyw
f JY tvkyef JY udk,Yf
rSmjzpfaewmawGu odxm;wmeJY rudkub f ;l jzpfjyefygw,f/ 'gaMumifY
onftvky[ f m bk&mYw&m; r[kwEf kdib f l;-vdkY usaemf oHo,0ifrd
jcif; jzpfygw,f/
onfawmY-
usaemf tck&xm;wmu bmw&m;vJ¿
bk&mYw&m;tppfu b,fvkdrsKd ;vJ¿

udk,Yfukd,u
ponfeJY tawG;awG jzpfvmNyD;? ]bk&mYw&m;tppf}-udk odzkdY tbd

"r®mpwJY bk&mYw&m;awG avYvm&r,fvkdY? usaemfolrsm;qDu Mum;
xm;&ovdk tawG; jzpfryd gw,f/
tbd"r®mavYvmNyD;awmY udk,fYtjzpf udk,fjyefppfwJYtcg

udk,Yftvkyaf wG[m psmeftvkyaf wGvkdY ryD0kd;0g; odvm&jyefygw,f/
'gbk&m;ay;wJY qkvmbfr[kwyf gbl;/
]psmefawGukd bk&m;oQifu ]'ku©H awblruH 0¥H}-vdkY
nTeMf um;qkH;rcJYw,f }-r[kwyf gvm;¿
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zwf½Ijyefygw,f/ a&;wJYpma&;q&m&JU twåaemrwdukdvkduNf yD; bk&mY
ajympum; qdkwmawG[m wpfae&meJYwpfae&m rwlwmawGU&jyefyg
w,f/ tcsKd Ursm; qefYusib
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zwf½IavYvm od&&Sd jyefygw,f/
onftjzpfukd omreftod&w Sd JYvlawGawmif a0zefEkdiaf eyg

w,f/ bmYaMumifYvJqkdawm 'g ]t&d,opötjrif aysmufaevdk}Y
jzpfygw,f/ bk&mYw&m;awGukd y&rw¬tjrifeYJ jyefvnfziG qYf kad &;om;
xm;wJY pmjyKq&mawGu ]bmPuaqmifawG&JU aqmifxm;wJY tvdk
twdki;f rSww
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bmYaMumifY qefYusibf uft,ltjrif ESpcf k jzpf&rSmvJ¿ bk&mYw&m;

36 udk,Yfukd,u
rSev
f sif t,ltjrifwxyfwnf; wom;wnf; jzpf&rSmaygYvkdY usaemfY
todtjrifu apm'u wufaecJYygw,f/
aemuf q&maumif;trSD&vdkY-
]bk&mYw&m;tppf odcsiv f sif bk&m;oQifqD oGm;NyD;½Sm
&r,f}-vdkY qkH;rygw,f/
'gayrJY bk&m;oQifu vGeaf vNyDjzpfawmY t&d,opöw&m;
odjrifwYJ q&mt&Si&f UJ nTeMf um;csuef yYJ J bk&m;oQifw
Y &m;awGukd oH*g
,emwifxm;wJY ]"r®0ed ,}-awGrmS yJ bk&mYw&m;tppf qyfjymaumif;
udk usaemf ½SmcJYygw,f/
oyÜL&doolawmfaumif;udkvnf; aus;Zl;½Sif q&mBuD;rsm;&JU

Oyedó,eJY qnf;uyfcJYNyD; olYxHu bk&m;oQif&JU "r®w¬ukd em;vnf
atmif emMum;-qifjcif a0zef pdppfcJYygw,f/
usaemf ½SmcJYwJYtwdki;f wifjy&vsif qyfjymaumif;&zdkYtwGuf

oJqyfjymawGukd txyfxyf ppfNyD;½Sm&ovdk bk&mYw&m;tppf ]"r®w}¬
t&rSezf kdUu oH*g,emwif edum,fig;&yf "r®eJY0ed ,awGrSmyJ ]b,f
[m bk&mYw&m;tppf jzpfrvJ}-pdppf avYvmcJYygw,f/
edum,fig;&yfu rZÑdredum,f? oH,kwåeu d m,f? t*Fkw¬Kd &feJY
ck'úygX? £wd0kwåuygVdawmf ponfrSm bk&mYw&m;tppf jzpfEkdif
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qyfjymaumif;awG renf;ygbl;/ t*Fkwå&edum,frSmvnf; tvm;wl
ygyJ/ ck'úedu,frSmu yXroH*g,emwif ygVdawGukdyJ ,lvsif
trSe&f zdkY rsm;r,f jzpfygw,f/ usaemfppd pfcJYw,fqkdwJY ygVdawmfawG
qdkwJY pum;tm;vkH;[m yd#uwfjrefrmjyefawGukd qdkvkdwm jzpfyg
w,f/ usaemf ygVdruRrf;ygbl;vdkY a&SUrSm0efcHcJYNyD; jzpfygw,f/
bk&mYw&m;tppf [kw-f r[kwf a&SUpmeJaY emufpmudk wdkuq f kid f

cJyY gw,f/ wl&mrsm;udk wpfp?k rwl&mrsm;udwk pfpk - pkNyD; b,ftpk[m
bk&mYw&m;jzpfEkid rf vJ¿ bk&m;csay;xm;wJY odkupf m? wpfenf;tm;jzifY
w&m;*kP&f nfajcmufyg; aywH? t&d,opömav;yg;aywH? umvmr
okwaf ywH tp&Sw d JY aywHawGeJY udk,Yftod &So
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awGrSm aemufom0uawGu bk&mYw&m;tjzpfeJY jznfhxm;wJY t&d,
rjzpfapwJY om0ubmodwawGu rsm;vSygw,f/ onftaMumif;udk
oD[kdVaf &; 0ifukd;0ifrSm avYvmvsif awGUEkdiyf gw,f/

38 udk,Yfukd,u
usaemf qnf;uyfcJYwJY oyÜL&doolawmfaumif; q&mt½Sif

u bk&m;oQif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd bk&m;oQifYtvdkus tmabm*
qdkuaf tmif }"r®w¬}-odzkdY&mudk onfvkd nTeMf um;cJYygw,f/ ESpo
f uf
EdkiMf uvsif ,lEkdiyf gw,f-
]'ku©? 'ku©ork',?'ku©ead &m"? 'ku©ead &m"*grdeD
y#dy'g r*¾rsm;qdki&f m t&d,opöÓPf? t&d,udpö
ÓPf? t&d,uwÓPfrsm; &½SNd yD;ol jrwfpGmbk&m;
ESiYf om0uBuD;wdkY\ bmodw"r®ygVdu ajymqdkcsuf
rsm;udk t&d,opöÓPfr&ao;ol b,folwpfOD;OD;\
tulrS rygbJ? bmodw"r®ygVdu b,folYajymae
onfjzpfap zwfrSwo f l rdrt
d m; ajymaeonfhtvm;
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&ef jzpfonf/
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vsif tjcm;tjcm; a[majymcsurf sm;rS pum;vkH;\
pum;eufrsm;ESiYf csOhfpuft&,l&ef jzpfonf /
t&d,opöÓPfr&½So d l\ tuljzifY pum;euf r
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r&ol\pum;onf omoemyrSpum; jzpfaomaMumifY
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oemyrS pum;wdkY\ pum;eufjzifY vkH;0jznfhqD; rGr;f
rHí r&MuaomaMumifY jzpfonf/

udk,Yfukd,u
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trsm;pkt&d,opö a[mcsurf sm;ESiYf n§íd rnDonf
udk pGeYfxkwaf vYvm emMum;&ef jzpfonf }/
'gaMumifY usaemfi,fpOfb0upNyD; ,aeYtxd trSew f &m;eJY

ywfoufNyD; pdwu f l;jzpfvmykH? ½SmazGcJYykH? rd½kd;zvm Ak'¨bmomtpOf
tvmxJrmS epfaeyk?H t&d,opömudk odNyD;ol oyÜL&doolawmfaumif;
trSD&wJYtcg epf&muae xdk;xGuv f mykHukd? bk&m;oQif&JU or®mvrf;
pOfeJY ,SOçf ,SONf yD; aqG;aEG; wifjyoGm;ygYr,f/
pm½Iorl sm; ,aeY y&d,wfy#dywf tpGu

J if;pGmeJ?Y ESvk;H BuD;BuD;
xm;NyD; usaemfwifjywmudk avYvmMuapcsiyf gw,f/ qef;ppfMuapvdk
ygw,f/

40 udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(2)
avmutrSew
f &m;ESiYf usaemf
5/ i,fpOfb0
usaemfYukd yJcl;wdki;f ? u0NrdKUe,f? ppfawmif;jrpfeJY ra0;wJY

ESr;f awmif;aus;½GmrSm tvHeDawG tkypf kd;aepOfumvu arG;ygw,f/
toufajcmufESprf Sm tzdk;tzGm;eJY yJcl;NrdKUay:a&mufygw,f/ i,fi,f
touf&SpEf Sp-f udk;ESpaf vmufrSm yJcl;arSmu f efqkd½S,vf pf&yf rlvwef;
ausmif; wwd,wef;? pwkww ¬ ef;rSm ausmif;tkyqf &mBuD; OD;xGe;f ½Sed f
&JU oGeof ifrIeJY wausmif;vkH; "r®pMumudk tvGw½f GwEf kdio f nfxd &
Muygw,f/q&mBuD;[m yifpif,Nl yD;aemuf &[ef;0wf?xGu&f yfayguf
vrf;vdkuNf yD;? tckawmY uG,v f Gew
f m MumNyD jzpfygw,f/
usaemfwkdY wausmif;vkH; &Sp&f ufOykoef JY vjynfhvuG,af eY

awGrSm a½Tarmfa"mapwDawmf ta½SUbufwefaqmif;rSm 0wf½GwMf u
ygw,f/ usaemf toufq,fYajcmufESpf wuúokdv0f ifwef; atmifwJY
txd onf0wfukd aqmif½Gucf JYygw,f/ 'gawG[m usaemf toifcH
cJY&wJYtwdki;f bmom&JUt,lcH&wJY Ak'¨bmomtjzpfukd &Si;f jyjcif;jzpf
ygw,f/
usaemfYvkdyJ rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmom0if tm;vkH;[m i,fpOfu

udk,Yfukd,u
rdbq&morm;rsm;&JU oGeo f ifqkH;rrI atmufrSm udk,Ef Spo f ufonf

jzpfap rESpo
f ufonfjzpfap? udk,f em;vnfoabmaygufonf jzpf
ap? em;rvnf oabmraygufonf jzpfap? onfb0udk tm;vk;H jzwf
oef;cJYMu&wmcsn;f r[kwyf gvm;/ rdrt d odÓPfeJY a0zefqef;ppfNyD;
onftod[m trSe?f onftvky[ f m trSet f vky-f vdkY odcJYMu&wm
r[kwyf gbl;/ olrsm;rSev
f kdYom udk,rf Secf JYMuwmawGom rsm;w,f r
[kwyf gvm;/ udk,u
f rrSeb f ;l xifNyD; jiif;vsiv f nf; udk,yf J wpl;xdk;
wapmufuef;? bk&m;w&m; r&So d ?l rdpäm'd|v
d kYd uifyeG ;f twyfcMH u&wm
r[kwyf gvm; cifAsm/
6/ raumif;usiYfrsm;
usaemf ajcmufESpo
f m;avmufrSm Zmwd½GmrSm tzdk;tdyx f Ju
tvG,af wGUvkdY aiGajcmufusyf tzdk;rodatmif yXrOD;qkH; p,lcJYwm
rSwrf yd gw,f/ ok;H wef;-av;wef;wke;f u tzdk;0Sux
f m;wJY ae&muaiG
wpfq,fwefawG tzdk;udk todray;bJ ,lNyD; rkeY0f ,fpm;wm? pmtkyf
awG0,fcJYwmawGu pNyD; usaemf[m tvG,&f vsif ,lcsiw f JYnmOf
wqifYxufqifY yrmPa&m? b,fvkd,l&r,fqkdwJY twwfyg wpf
Budrxf ufwpfBudrf jrifYjrifYNyD; nmOfuyfcJYygw,f/
onftod[m tck jyefpOf;pm;qifjcifrS jyefo&d wJY todawG

jzpfygw,f/ onfvkdtodawGukd vlwkdi;f jyefqifjcifokH;oyfvsif od

42 udk,Yfukd,u
Ekid Mf uwmcsn;f yg/ udk,Yfukd udk,f rvdrpf wrf;aygYcifAsm/ vlwkdi;f

udk,YfnmOfqkd;udk jyefpOf;pm;vsif jyufjyufxifxif jyefjrifrSmjzpfyg
w,f/
7/ pmtkyaf umif;rsm;&JUwefzkd;
usaemf ajcmufwef;? ckepfwef;a&mufawmY yJcl; jyefMum;a&;

pmMunfw h ku
d uf iSm;&rf;zwf½&I wJY ZmwfBuD;q,fbUJG ? 550Zmwfeyd gwf
ykHjyifawG? rPduk@v0w¬K? ,o0¹e0w¬K? armfyDq&mode;f BuD;&JU
aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;? ,sav;vk;H ykjH yif? ayg&mP'DyeDpwJY pmtkyaf umif;
tajrmuftjrm;/ ppfukdi;f OD;bdk;oif;&JU irJuRef? wefeufrif;? tp&Sw d JY
0w¬Kaumif;awG/ yDrkd;eif;&JU ol&Jaumif;okH;a,muf? ae&D&D-ponf/
'*keaf ½TrQm;&JU pdwx
f m;0wð? jrLcdk;a0a0? vufxufawmfBuD;-ponf/
a½TOa'gif;&JU ½lyeE´?D ½lyuvsmPD? tdkiAf if[k-d ponfeYJ tjcm; pmtkyf
aumif;awG&JU a,musmf ;aumif;tjzpf qkH;ray;wJY Edkiif Hjcm;bmom
jyef 0w¬KawG? udk,w f kdiaf &;0w¬KawGeJU tjcm;pmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;-
-ponfaMumifY udk,u Yf k,
d u f kd qk;H rwwfvmNyD; tvG,&f vsif ,lwwf
wJYnmOfukd raumif;rSe;f odNyD; wjznf;jznf; azsmufcJYygw,f/
'gayrJY Ak'¨"r®ppfukd pawGU&onftxd tvG,&f vsif ,lcsif

wJYnmOf tuif;raocJYygbl;/ udk,Yu f kd,Af [dkjyKNyD; onftvkyv
f kyrf d
vsif igY-raumif;ajymcH&rSm? igY-odu©mawGusrSm? igY-rdbaqGrsKd ;

udk,Yfukd,u
q&morm;awG pdwq f if;&Jyifyef;MurSm? tuJ&Y UJ c&H rSm-ponf awG;qNyD;?

xde;f csKyfxm;Edkiv
f kdYom taumif raygufwmvdkY udk,Yfukd,jf yefjrifcJY
ygw,f/
(t&d,"r®ukd odNyD; udk,Yu f Hukd jyefqef;ppf a0zefwJYtcgus
rS 'g[m tEko,udavomwPSm tjrpf rjywfwmvdkY od&ygw,f)
8/ avmu&JUtrSew
f &m;udk odcsiNf yD
toufq,fYokH;ESp?f q,fYav;ESpaf &mufawmY onftvG,f

&csiv f kdcsiw
f JYnmOfukd b,fvkd tuif;aoatmif vky&f ygYrvJeJY-
]avmuBuD;rSm ]trSew f &m;qdkwm bmvJ¿}-vdkY
usaemf tawG; paygufvmygw,f/
onfaemufawmY olrsm; wpfckckay;wdki;f rqef;rppfbJ t
vG,w f ulcsujf cif; r,lwwfwn YJ mOfvnf; pNyD; &vmygw,f/ aemuf
NyD; rlvwef;wke;f u oli,fcsi;f awG&JU tptaemuftajymiftavSmif
cH&vdkY udk,Yfukd,f odrif ,fpwd ef JY vlawGukd r,kHwJYpw
d ?f t&m&mrSm
r0HYr&JeJY aMumufpw d v
f nf; tjrpfw, G v
f mygw,f/ 'gaMumifY usaemfY
rSm oli,fcsi;f taygif;toif;awG enf;vSygw,f/ jrifjrif&mudk
rausreyfeJY wGe;f vSecf sipf w d v f nf; aygufvmygw,f/ usaemf&JU
vlawmrwdk;wJYpw d f tpeJY vlawGukd rauseyfwJY a'gopdw&f JU rlv
ZmpfjrpfawGukd jyefwl;azmfjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/

44 udk,Yfukd,u
vli,fqdkawmYvnf; Zmwfvdkuft&mxm;NyD; udk,fYb0rSm

twk,l&rnfholukd ½Smygw,f/ ajcmufwef;rSm udk&if0wfutxGuf
usaemf onfvkdpOf;pm;cJYygw,f/ vli,fwkdi;f onft&G,rf Sm pdwf
"mwfzNYHG zKd;umpjzpfvkYd udk,t
Yf m;udk,u
f k;d NyD; avmuudk pl;prf;csiMf uwJY
t&G,af wG jzpfvkdY onftawG;tjrifawG jzpfMuwm vl&JU"r®wm?
vl&Y UJ pdwo f bm0 jzpfygw,f/ onft&G,[ f m ]trSew
f &m;udk tjrwf
Edk;qkH;t&G,v f nf;} jzpfygw,f/
]ig;&mYig;q,f edygwfawmfZmwfeYJ ZmwfBuD;q,fbUJG u bk&m;

avmif;udk udk,Yfb0&JU erlem Zmwfvkdut f &mrSm xm;&vsif aumif;
rvm;¿
usaemf i,fi,fupNyD; vGwv f yfa&;zcifvkdY odvmcJY&wJY
Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;udkyJ olyY kpH ,
H Nl yD; udk,bYf 0&JU erlem Zmwfvku
d t
f &m
xm;&vsif aumif;rvm;¿ a0cGJr& jzpfcJY&ygw,f/
onfwke;f u toufq,fYwpfESp?f q,fYESpEf Spyf J ½Syd gOD;r,f/

yÚörwef;rSmwke;f u jrefrmpmrSmoif&wJY ra[mo"Zmwfawmfu
ra[mo"ynm&Su d kdyJ udk,Yb
f 0Zmwfvkduaf e&m xm;csijf yefygw,f/
ajcmufwef;uae e0rwef;xd jy|mef;jrefrmpmrSm ra[mo" Zmwf
awmf rygayrJY onfpw d u
f raysmufygbl;/ wuúokv d 0f ifwef;usawmY
ra[mo"Zmwfawmfukd jyefNyD; oif&jyefawmY ]ra[mo"vdk ynm&S-d
jzpfcsiv
f kdY-

udk,Yfukd,u
]avmu&JU trSew f &m;qdkwm bmvJ¿}-

qdkwmudk usaemf ½SmcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufNyD;-
]ig[m &dk;om;ajzmifYrwfol? rvdrrf aumufol?
ig;yg;oDvvkHoljzpf&r,fvkdY qkH;jzwfcJYygw,f}/
usaemf[m ajcmufwef;-ckepfwef;avmufu &cJYwJY todawG

eJY udk,u Yf k,
d u
f kd vlaumif;av;jzpfatmif ig;yg;oDvudk twwfEkid q f ;kH
vkNH cKHatmif xde;f cJyY gw,f/ olck;d nmOfuawmY uyfaeqJyJ jzpfygw,f/
usaemfom udk,Yt f odav;eJY rxde;f wwfcJYvsif onfaeY usaemfYtjzpf
[m 'dki, f mabmvpfqkdwJY urÇmYolckd;BuD;xufawmif tqifYjrifYrm;
pGm cdk;wwf0Suw f wf vdrwf wfaumufwwfr,f xifygw,f/
wuúokdv0f ifwef; wufa&mufaeqJrSmyJ arNrdKUtu,f'rD

0ifcGiYf ajzqdk atmifjrifygw,f/ tJonfwke;f u vlawGajymaeMuwJY
]tu,f'rD wuf&r,f}-qdkwmudk t*Fvyd pf mnYw H YJ usaemf[m ]arNrdKU
ppfwuúokv d }f -udk ajymwmrSe;f rodcyYJ gbl;/ ]wuúokv d 0f if pmar;yGJ
ajzwJYtcg taxmuftuljzpfr,f[}-qdkNyD; 1965ck'DZbFmvrSm
onf0ifciG pYf mar;yGuJ kd oGm;ajzcJyY gw,f/ 'gvnf; oli,fcsi;f tqG,f
aumif;vdYk jzpfygw,f/ arNrdKUukd tck ]jyifO;D vGi}f -vdYk trnfajymif;xm;
ygw,f/ usaemfwkdYu EIwu f sKd ;aevdkY ]arNrdKU}-vdkY cHwGi;f awGUpGmeJY
ac: wmudk em;vnfay;apcsiyf gw,f/

46 udk,Yfukd,u
arNrdKUausmif;wufawmY ausmif;roGm;rD usaemfY btdk(tzdk;)

udk ]ig;yg;oDvrSmwwd,eJY aemufq;Hk odum© yk'f ESpyf g;udk wpfoufv;Hk
rvk-H vkaH tmifxed ;f ygYr,f}-vdkY uwday;cJyY gw,f/ onfuwdtwdki;f
onfaeYxd wnfcJYygw,f/
onfvkd uwd xde;f Edkiw

f muvnf; i,fpOfu btdkeJY q&m
orm;rsm; tqkH;treJY zwfcJY&wJY pmaumif;ayrGeaf wG&JU-
]a,mufsm;qdkwm uwdwpfvkH;ay;NyD;vsif aocsiaf o
oGm;ygap? uwdwnf&r,f? a,musmf ;qdkwm rvdrrf
aumuf&bl;?ajzmifYrwf&r,f/ b,fol b,favmuf
f &m;rysu&f bl;}-
w&m;ysuyf suf udk,w
qdkwJY toGeo
f ifcH&wJY todawGaMumifY jzpfygw,f/
1966ckESpu f pNyD; arNrdKUausmif;wufaewke;f vnf; udk,Yu f

wdtwdki;f ig;yg;oDvudk twwfEkdiq f kH; twdtus pmtkyBf uD;twdki;f
xde;f jcif;jzpfawmY usaemf[m oli,fcsi;f awGMum;rSm vlYcGpm jzpfcJYyg
w,f/
arNrdKUausmif;u oifay;wmuvnf; ]½dk;ajzmifYol jzpfygap
(Be Honourable )}ygyJ/ avmurSm vlvkyzf kdY taumif;qkH;enf;udk
oifay;wmjzpfvkdY ausmif;awmfBuD;u oifMum;ay;csuu f kd oif
Mum;ay;csut f wdki;f rpdrppf ra0zefb?J 'g aumif;wJo Y ifMum;csu-f
&,fvkdY rrSw d rf okef vdkuef musiYfokH;cJYygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfaeYawmY onfoifMum;ay;csuu f kd t&d,opötjrifeJY

wdkuq
f kid pf pd pfNyD;awmYrS todÓPfe,
YJ OS Nf yD; or®mtrIeUJ usaemf vdkuf
emusiYo
f kH;vsuf &Syd gw,f/
9/ b0&JU erlemZmwfvkduf
arNrdKUausmif;wufpOfumv wavQmufvkH;rSma&m? 1970

jynfhESpf ausmif;NyD;vdkY wyftESHU? e,ftESHU wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOfrSm
a&m usaemf odcsi&f csiw f JY ]avmutrSewf &m; }-udkawmY rsujf cnf
rjywf ½SmwmygyJ/ onftxJ btdkukday;cJYwJY uwdxJu odu©myk'f
ESpcf kukdvnf; vkHatmif xde;f cJYygw,f/
ra[mo"vdk ynm½Sd jzpfcsivf Ge;f vdkY-

]bk&m;oQif[m b0aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm ig;yg;oD
vxJu usew f mawGukd tukeu f sL;vGecf JYayrJY ]rkom
f sL;bl;}-vdkY
0g'}-udk b,fvkdrS rvGeu
pmayawGzwfNyD; odxm;wJY toduvnf; ½Sad eawmY wyfa&;wyf&m?
jynfa&;jynf&mtwGuf trSew f u,f vdktyfwJYtcgu vGJvsi?f ol
rsm;tusKd ;,kwaf tmif vdraf jymwm wpfckrQ rvkycf JYygbl;/ tvG,&f
vsif ,lcsiw f JYnmOfuvnf; ig;yg;oDvapmifYwJYt½Sed ef JY ikyv
f kduaf y:
vdkuyf gyJ/ rrSebf l;-vdkY xifvsif acgif;rmrmeJY jiif;qefwwfwm
rsm;cJYygw,f/

48 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY trsm;eJY vdkuaf vsmnDaxG raewwfwJY usaemf

[m avmutjrifeJYawmY rBuD;yGm;ygbl;? rcsr;f omygbl;/ onfaeY
Ak'¨"r®tjrifeJY MunfYvsiaf wmY txufuajymcJYwJY usaemfYtaeawG
[m ]vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f rI}-&JU tpjzpfwJY tusiYfawGvkdY usaemf
oabmayguf&ygw,f/ 'gu bmoma&;xJu Zmwfvku d u
f kd twk,l
cJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
arNrdKUausmif;a&mufNyD; avmuDxu
J Zmwfvku d u
f awmU Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef;yg/ ½dk;½dk;om;om;ae? pum;ajymvsif rSew f mudkajym
vdkY? bk*vefY cGpm jzpfayrJY? apwemu wdki;f jynfhtwGuf qdkwmudk
erlem ,lryd gw,f/ 'gaMumifY onftwk,lrIaMumifY usaemfYtajymt
qdk[m tcsKd ;rajy? pum;ajym rmawmifYawmifYeJY em;0ifrcsKd wJYwkd;
ajymwwfvkdY pum;ajym raumif;ygbl;/ ta&;tom;vnf; tvm;
wl axmifYawmifYawmifY jzpfygw,f/ rnufanmygbl;/ taeu
vnf; jzpfuwwfqef; aewwfwm jzpfygw,f/ tck t&d,opöm
tjrif aygufvmawmYrS udk,Yfukd,f jyKjyifaeqJ jzpfygw,f/
10/ bmom&JUt,lukd jyif;xefpGmcH&jcif;
wyfrSmwm0efxrf;&if; pmawGvnf;zwf? avmutrSew f &m;

udkvnf; ½SmcJyY gw,f/ bmoma&;pmayawGu ay;wJY todeYJ BuD;yGm;
csr;f omcsiv
f kdY ykwD;vnf; pdyrf yd gw,f/ usaemf[m Ak'¨w&m;ppf

udk,Yfukd,u
r[kww f JY rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmom&JU ,ljcif;udk cH&rSe;f rod cHvm&NyD

jzpfygw,f/
1971ckESpf arNrdKU a½S;OD;tif*sief D,moifwef; wufwke;f u

]tEÅ&m,fuif;NyD; BuD;yGm;csr;f omcsiv f sif Ak'g¨ Ekówdukd aeYpOf q,f
rdepf rysurf uGuyf mG ;&r,f}-vdkY arNrdKUowdy|mefausmif;u q&mawmf
nTeMf um;vdkY vli,fpw d ef JY &mxl;uvnf;wufcsi?f tEÅ&m,fuvnf;
uif;csiwf mjzpfawmY olx Y rH mS yJ oDvcH,?l uwdt"d|mef jyKcJyY gw,f/
'g[m rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmom&JU t,lcH&enf;wpfrsKd ; r[kwyf gvm;¿
usaemfYvkdyJ onfaeYAk'¨bmom0ifawG[m onfvkd enf;trsKd ;

rsKd ;awGeyYJ J Ak'"¨ r® r[kww
f mrsm;&JU toGeo f ifc&H NyD;? wu,fjzpfEkid \
f -
rjzpfEkdi\ f a0zefppd pfrI tm;enf;pGmeJY bmomucdki;f wJYtwdki;f vdkuf
vkyaf ecJMY uwmudk Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwkid ;f jyefpOf;pm;vsif bmoma&;tjrif
u ydwq f kdYrxm;vsif rSeuf efaewmudk awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/
onfvkd Ak'¨gEkówdyGm;awmY yXru pdwaf wG tawmfMunf

vifygw,f/ &JabmfawG&JU udk,yf kdit f rSw?f tqifY? emrnf? ae&yf?
rdbtrnfeJY olwkdYwawG&JU xl;jcm;rIav;awGukd tukeaf vmufeD;eD;
rSwrf w
d Ó
YJ Pf ay:ygw,f/ 'gudkpNJG yD; tqufrjywf vkyv f mcJyY gw,f/
w&m;awmY rxdkijf zpfao;ygbl;/ w&m;xdki&f aumif;rSe;f vnf; usaemf
rodygbl;/ ab;BuKv H Ykd tm;ud;k &SmrS 'gudk usaemf awGU&jcif;jzpfygw,f/

50 udk,Yfukd,u
zmyGerf mS wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfu aomif;use;f ol tiftm;ok;H

axmifavmufeJY zmyGeNf rdKUeJYusaemfwkdYwm0efuswJY wyf&if;udk 1974ck
atNyDvyXrywf&JU &ufwpf&uf? aeYvnf wpfcsuw f D;ausmaf vmuf
uae pNyD; ESp&f ufMumatmif 0ifwkduyf gw,f/ nOfY typf&yfwJYtcg
onfAk'g¨ Ekówdukd yGm;NyD;? uwdcw H aYJ eYupNyD; onfaeYxd tyGm;rysuf
cJYwmudk opömqdkNyD; onfwkduyf JGukd tqkH;t½IH;tenf;qkH;eJY Edki&f r,f-
vdkY rd½kd;zvm Ak'¨bmom yDopGm t"d|mefjyK qkawmif;cJYygw,f/
ab;BuKHvkdY udk,Y&f Sw d JYw&m;ay: usaemf tm;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
]udk,af pmifYwJYw&m; udk,Yu f kd jyefapmifYw,f}-ajymp&m jzpf

cJYygw,f/ pwdkuw f JYaeY waeukef rD;uef,rf;ukef olwkdYypfMuwm
vufeufBuD;awGcsn;f ygyJ/ usaemfwkdYuvnf; tBuD;udk tBuD;eJYyJ
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taMumif;jzpfwJY udavomrSeo f rQudk t&[wår*fÓPfeJY bk&m;oQif
y,fowfNyD;jzpfvkdY ]onft½IcHxm; ydki;f jcm;od&rnfY 'ku©t&d,opöm
xdkuw
f JY oAÁnkwÓPfawmf-pwJY avmuDpw d }f -awG wpdk;wpdrS
bk&m;oQix f rH mS rjzpfawmYygbl;/ jzpfNyD;udavomudk aemufwzefrjzpf
atmifBudK;pm;tm;xkwrf I or®yÜ"mef0D&, d eJY y,fowfNyD;vnf; jzpfyg
w,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvnf;qdkawmY aAm"dyu©, d w&m; okH;q,fYckepfyg;

xJu or®yÜ"mefw&m;av;yg;rSm-
]jzpfNyD; ygyw&m;awGukd jyefrjzpfatmif y,f&wJYupd }ö - &Sad evdkY
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY t&[wår*feJY y,fNyD;om;jzpfwJY avmuDpw d f
awG[m bk&m;oQifqDrSm vkH;0jyefrjzpfawmYvkdY jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY 'ku©t&d,opömxdkuNf yD; aemufxyfrjzpfatmif

or®y"Ü mef0&D ,
d eJY ty,fcx H m;&wJY avmuDpw d jf zpfwYJ ]onfoAÁnkw
ÓPfawmfqkdwJYpw d }f -[m bk&m;oQifxHawmfrSm vkH;0udk rjzpfawmY
ygbl;/ 'gaMumifY ]ig-oAÁnkr[kwb f l;? aw0dZÆ}-vdkYomolYrSm&Sw d JY
avmukwå&mÓPfukdom bk&m;oQif trSet f wdki;f 0efcHcJYjcif; jzpfyg
w,f/
bk&m;oQif[m txufqkH;r*f qdkuNf yD;oljzpfvkdY ]jyKzG,uf pd ö

ukeNf yD=0kow
d H jA[®p&d,H uwH u&PD,H}-vdkY rdeYMf um;cJYwm jzpfwJY
twGu?f tqkH;pGerf *f&NyD; zdkvyf k*¾Kd vfrsm;[m atmufatmufzkdvaf wG
udkawmifrSr0ifpm;awmYbl;vdkY y&rwfynm&Sirf sm;u qdkxm;wm jzpf
wJYtwGu?f atmufatmufr*fawGu y,fcJYwJY umrm0p&pdwaf wGukd
udavomteHY waxmif;axmif;xaevdYk bk&m;oQif b,frmS 0ifpm;awmY
rSmvJvkdY okH;oyf&Edkiyf gw,f/
t&[wår*fuvnf; £'¨0d "d wefck;d pwmawG jzpfapwJY ½lyg

½lywPSmudavomudk t<uif;rJY y,fowfNyD;jzpfw,f-qdkawmY bk&m;
oQif[m udk,pf GeUf xm;wJY wHawG;aygufeJYwlwJY ½lyg½lywPSmeJY pGJwJY
onfpwd af wGukda&m b,ftaMumif;aMumifYeJYrS jyef0ifpm;rSm r[kwf
awmYygbl;/
bmjzpfvv
kYd J qdkawmY umr-½ly-t½lypdwaf wG[m udavom

96 udk,Yfukd,u
awG ,SOaf ewJY ]avmuDpwd }f -awG jzpfvkyYd g/ avmuDpw

d t
f m;vk;H [m
bk&m;oQifa[mcJYwJY ]'ku©H awblruH 0¥H}-vdkY qdkwJYtwdki;f tm;vkH;
'ku©txJrSm t0iftyg jzpfaevdkYygyJ/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m ]awblru 0¥}-xJa&mufaewJY

onf ]oAÁnÓ k Pfawmf}-qdw
k mudk olÓ
Y Pf r[kwb f ;l vdYk jiif;qefjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m y&rw¬ynmeJY y&rwfynm&Siw f kYd owfrw S xf m;wJY
pnf;eJYyJ bk&m;oQif[m oAÁnkwÓPfqkdwmudk r0ifpm;aMumif;
pdppfjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'geJYrS rvkHavmufao;vsif aemuftaxmuftxm; wpfckukd

MunfMY u&atmifyg/ bk&m;oQiv f ufxufu bk&m;oQiu f kd tav;pm;
qkH;? tjrwfEkd;qkH;? 0gawmfeSpw f ,fupNyD;25ESpv f kH;vkH; bk&m;oQifY
vufuwk;H awmifa0S;tjzpf bk&m;oQifxyH g;rSm twlaevkyaf uR;cJw Y YJ
½Sit f meE´mvdk rax&fuawmif bk&m;oQifukd ]oAÁnl}-vdkY rcsD;rGr;f
cJYygbl;/
t*FkwKd¬ &fygVdawmf? wduedygwf? tmeE´0*f? ed*P²em#ykwåokwf
rSm tb,vdpä0rD if;om;u ½Sit f meE´mudk ed*P²em#ykwåu oAÁn-l
vdYk 0efcaH Mumif;/ a&S;b0uH ukeaf Mumif;? ,ckb0uH rjyKu taMumif;
csKyfaysmufaMumif;/ uHukeí f 'ku©uke?f 'ku©ukeí f a0'emuke?f xdkt
usijYf zifY 0#fqif;&Ju vGwaf jrmufw,f-vdYk a[mygw,f}-vdYk avQmuf
vmcJYygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
t½Sit
f meE´mu tb,rif;om;udk ]or®moarÁm"dÓPftjrif
&ol Ak'¨}-u oDvorm"dynmeJYom 0#fqif;&Ju vGwaf jrmufEkdif
aMumif; a[mw,f}-qdkNyD; tb,rif;om;eJwY uG twlvmol y@dw
ukrm&u rif;om;wdkYukd tus,wf 0ifY &Si;f jycJYygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m ]oAÁnkwÓPf½iS }f -wu,f [kwf

aevsif t&Sit f meE´mu Ak'ükd ]or®moarÁm"dÓPftjrif&ol}-vdkY
omref b,fajymrSmvJ/ ]ed*@em#ykwåxuf tvkH;pkHukd ydkNyD;odjrif
ol ]oAÁnkwÓPf&iS }f -vdkY oAÁnkwÓPfukd olx Y ufZrf;wifNyD;ajym
rSmrvGJ jzpfygw,f/ ckawmY bk&m;oQif[m oAÁnkwÓPf&Sif r
[kwvf kdYom &Sitf meE´mu txGeYfrwufwm jzpfygw,f/
ckawmY t&Sit
f meE´mu bk&m;oQif wu,fojd rifwJY ]or®m
oarÁm"dÓPf}-udkyJ Zrf;wifajymayrJY bmomjyefMuwJY yk*K¾d vfrsm;u
udk,Yfbk&m;udk ed*@xuf Zrf;wifcsiaf wmY ]or®moarÁm"dÓPf}-
udk bmomjyef&mrSm-
]tem0&PÓPfjzifY odawmfrlaom? oAÁnkwÓPf
jzifY jrifawmfrlaom? tvkH;pkHaomw&m;wdkYukd razmuf
rjyef rdru d kd,w
f kdif odjrifawmfrlaom xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;
onf}--qdkNyD; bmomjyefMujcif;jzpfawmY-
]bk&m;oQif[m oAÁnkwÓPf&w,f}-vdkY

98 udk,Yfukd,u
rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmome,frSm Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vkH;u &[ef;ynm&S?d

vlynm&Syd k*Kd¾ vfBuD;rsm;&JU tmabmft& ½dk;½dk;om;om; vufcaH eMujcif;
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifacwfu bk&mYom0uawG tm;vkH;u

a&m? jynfoltrsm;uyg ]oAÁnl}-vdkY 0efcHol[m ed*P²em#ykwårSe;f
odMuygw,f/ bk&m;oQif[m ]oAÁnl}-udk 0efrcH ]aw0dZÆ}-vdkYom
0efcHwmudkvnf; odMuygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif ouf&Sx d if&Sm; &Spd OfuyJ olY w

ynfYom0uawG tm;vkH;ua&m? Oygoum-Oygodum
tm;vkH;ua&m? jynfolvlxkua&m? bk&m;oQifeJY qefY
usibf uf *dkP;f om;awGuygudk bk&m;oQifukd ]oAÁ
nl*kP}f -eJY b,folurQ rcsD;rGr;f cJYygbl;/]or®morÁK'¨
*kP}f eJYom csD;rGr;f cJYMujcif; jzpfygw,f /
onfawmY bk&m;oQifukd csD;rGr;f csiv f sif ol0efcHwJY -

]ig[m aw0dZÆjzpfw,f}-vdkY ol0efcHcJYwJYtwdki;f ]aw0dZÆ}-
vdkYqkdrS bk&m;oQifukd trSeaf jym&musygw,f/ *kPjf yKcsD;ajrmuf&m
a&mufygw,f/ bk&mYtmabm* usp&mvnf; jzpfygYr,f/ bk&m;oQif
udk zdEySd pf Gypf GJ&mvnf; ra&mufwJYtjyif olusiYyf Gm;wJY ypöKyÜeu f r®0g'
or®mvrf;pOfev YJ nf; udkun
f ND yD;? or®m'd|Ó
d PfeYJ qdk&ma&mufygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQi&f UJ ur®0g'udk y#dpo

ö rkygÜ 'fa'oemu azmfneT ;f jyyg
w,f/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fqifjcifrS aw0dZÆÓPfjzpfwJY or®morÁK'¨ÓPf
&cJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;oQif[m y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd qifjcifrSom
t&d,opömav;yg;udk odjrifNyD; ykaAÁe0d gomEkówdtbdÓPf? 'dAÁ
pu©KtbdnmPfeYJ tmoGu, © tbdnmPfqkw d YJ t&d,ÓPfawmfok;H yg
(aw0dZÆ)udk &NyD;rS or®morÁK'¨ tjzpfukd 0efcHcJYw,f r[kwyf gvm;¿
'gaMumifY ]igYukd aw0dZv f ,f}-vdkY ol0efccH w

Æ kaYd jymrS rSew YJ myg/
olwu,f&wJY todukdrS olYrSm½Sw d ,f-vdkY 0efcH&JwJYowå?d olYrSmr½Sw d JY
oAÁnkwÓPfukd r&Sad Mumif; jiif;0HYwJYowå/d onfowåad wGaMumifY
bk&m;oQifukd usaemf ydkíydkí av;pm;Munfnkd&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]bk&m;oQif[m rkom0g' b,fawmYrQ rajymbl;}-vdkY
usaemf toufay; ,kHMunf&usKd ;eyfwm jzpfygw,f/
22/ bk&m; a&rD;tpkHtpkHwefckd;jyovm;
bk&m;oQif[m acwfa[mif;t,l0g'awGjzpfwJY a0't,l?

OyedoQ'ft,leJY ewfawGjA[®mawGukd ,ZfylaZmfjyKwm? ZmwfeJYvlawG
udk tqifYtwef;cGJMuwmawGukd vufrcH? wGe;f vSeyf ,fzsucf JYvkdY
bk&m;oQiu f kd useof rPjAm[®Prsm;u ]rdpäm'd|}d -BuD;vdYk pGypf MJG ujcif;
jzpfygw,f/ onfaeYom bk&m;oQif jyefvnfyGiYfay:vmvsiv f nf;
]rdpäm'd|Bd ud;}-vdkY tpGypf GJcH&rSm used ;f ao jzpfaeygw,f/

100 udk,Yfukd,u
bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY onfaeY t,lonf;aeMuwJY a&S;-ck-

aemif b0 t,lawG[m bk&m;oQifacwfu jAm[®Pt,lawGeJY
wxyfwnf;udk wlaevdkYjzpfygw,f/
onfawmY oAÁnkwÓPfukd bk&m;oQifjiif;awmY Ak'¨0ifawG

xJrSm ]bk&m;oQif[m bk&m;jzpfprSm a&rD;tpkHtpkH wefckd;jym#d[mudk
jyrS ewfjA[®mawGu bk&m;tppfjzpfw,fvkdY todtrSwjf yKaMumif;}
zwfcJY&wmudk usaemf b0ifrus jzpf&jyefygw,f/
a&rD;tpktH pkw H efc;kd jym#d[mudk bk&m;oQif wu,fjycJo

Y vm;¿
ajrvQdK;rdk;ysHpwJY wefckd;awGukd bk&m;oQif tokH;jyKovm;¿
onfwefckd;awGukd bk&m;oQif b,fvkd oabmxm;ovJ¿
onfvkdygyJ Ak'¨0ifxJrSmygwJY uydv0wfukd jynfawmf0if

c&D;rSm bk&m;oQifxuf toufBuD;wJY aqGrsKd ;awGu rmefaxmifNyD;
OD;rcs t½dktaorjyKvdkY a&rD;tpkt
H pkH wefc;kd jym#d[mudk jyrS rmefcsNyD;
uefawmYMuw,f qdkjyefw,f/ 'gvnf; b0ifusp&m r&Sjd yefbl;/
bk&m;u olYukdOD;rcsvkdY rauseyfvkdY wefckd;eJYzwd JY oabmvm;¿
'gaMumifY a&rD;tpkHtpkHwefckd;udk pdppf,loifYygw,f/

aemufqkH;wpfcku ckepf0gt&rS om0w¬jd ynf o&ufO,smOf
rSm bkO;f ay;NyD;wJY o&ufjzLapYukd ajrcs? vufaq;a&eJY bk&m;avmif;

udk,Yfukd,u
vdkuwf m csujf cif; o&ufjzLyifaygufvmNyD;? onftyif&if;uae

psmeftbdnmOfawG 0ifpm;NyD; wdw¬ad wGukd a&rD;tpkHtpkH wefckd;jym#d
[mudk jyaMumif;/
wefckd;jyNyD;wmeJY-
urÇmajray:rSm ,lZem&Spaf omif;axmifwnfaewJY jrifYrkd&f
awmifxyd rf Sm&Sw
d JY wm0wðomewfjynfukd ajcESpv
f Sr;f okH;z0g;eJY<u
NyD; r,fawmfred wfom;trSL;jyKwJY ewfjA[®mawGukd vlwkdY&JU0gwGi;f
okH;vMumumv ]tbd"r®m}-udk a[mMum;w,f qdkjyefygw,f/
0gwGi;f ok;H v aeYwkid ;f yJ wm0wðomrSm edrw d® ½kyyf mG ; xm;cJNY yD;

ajrmufuRef;rSm qGr;f cH<u? tdE, ´d ajrmufykdi;f [dr0EÅmawmifwef;xJu
taemwwftkid t f eD; emewfawmrSm &Sio f m&dykMwm&JU tvkyt f auR;cHNyD;?
&Siof m&dykMwmudk ewfjynfrSm aeYpOfa[mcJYwJY tbd"r®mudk tusO;f csKH;
NyD; jyefa[mw,f/ &Sio f m&dykMwmu olYwynfYawGukd rusO;f rus,f
jyefa[mvdkY uaeY usaemfwkdYoifaeMu&wJY ]tbd"r®myd#u}-jzpfay:
vm&w,fvkdY t|uxmq&m &Sirf [mAk'äCmou tbd"r®med'gef;
rSm azmfjycJYygw,f/
b0ifrus ESv;kH roefjY zpf&wm tm;vk;H ygyJ/ 'gudk pdppf&vsif

usr;f wpfapmifwpfzGJU jzpfaeygr,f/ tusO;f yJ a0zefppd pfMuygpdkY/
]wefc;kd jywmeJY ywfoufNyD; bk&m;oQi&f UJ oabmxm;}-udk odwmeJY
txufu jyóemtm;vkH; &Si;f oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/

102 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY edum,fig;&yfrSm yXroH*g,emwifeJY teD;pyfqkH;

jzpfEkdiw
f JY okwaf wmfawGukd yd#uwfokawoe pmwrf;rsm;eJY udkun f §d
avYvmygw,f/ onfow k af wGzwfawmY bk&m;oQif bk&m;jzpfprSma&m?
uydv0wfukda&mufwJYtcgrSma&m? ckepf0gt&rSma&m-b,fae&mrSmrS
]a&rD;tpkt H pkH wefck;d jym#d[mudkjyw,f}-qdkwmudk b,fo*H g,emrSmrS
rSwwf rf;wifxm;wm vkH;0qdk vkH;0udk rawGU&ygbl;/
onfawmY ]wefckd;jyw,f}-qdkwmeJY ywfoufNyD; bk&m;oQif

ajympum;awGukd vdku&f Smwm 'DCedum,frSm au0¥okwef JY? ygxdu
okwf ESpo
f kwaf wGU&ygw,f/
au0¥okwrf Sm &mZN*dK[fteD; emvEŃrdKUrSm ol<u,fom;

au0¥u- ]emvEŃrdKU[m jynfYpkH<u,f0NyD; vlOD;a&xlxyfw,f? Ak'¨
a*gwrudk MunfnkMd uw,f/ vlawGukd wefck;d jym#d[mjyzdkY &[ef;wpf
yg;cefYxm;vsif Ak'ükd onfYxuf MunfnkdvmygvdrYrf ,f}-vdkY bk&m;
oQix f H wefck;d jym#d[mjyzdkY &[ef;wpfyg; cefx
Y m;ay;zdkY ok;H Budraf wmif;
qdkcJYygw,f/
bk&m;oQifwkdY rnfonfrSm tyfpyfcGiYjf yKoifYwmudk okH;Budrf
wdkif avQmufxm;awmif;yefvmvsif vltrsm;twGuf tusKd ;pD;yGm;-
csr;f omjzpfNyD;? avmuudkapmifaY &SmufEkid wf mrsKd ;qdkvsif cGijYf yKwmcsn;f
jzpfygw,f/ au0¥awmif;qdkwmudk bk&m;oQifu okH;Budrv f kH; cGiYrf
jyKcJYygbl;/ okH;Budrjf ynfYawmY-

udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQifu-
]au0¥- wefckd;jym#d[mqdkwm okH;rsKd ;&Sw d ,f/ ajr
vQdK;rdk;ysHpwJY wefckd;jywJYjym#d[m?olYpw d u
f kdoNd yD; t
wwfa[mwJY jym#d[m? olYukd tqkH;tray;NyFD; udpö
NyD;ajrmufapwJY jym#d[m/ onfokH;rsK;dyJ/
ajrvQdK;rdk;ysHpwJYwefckd;(£'¨jd ym#d[m) jywJY &
[ef;udk rsuv f SnYftwwf? avmuD*E¨m&Dtwwf
jyaewmyJ-vdkY vlawGujrifMur,f/
olYpwd u
f kdoNd yD; twwfa[mwJY wefckd;(tma'
oemjym#d[m)jywJY &[ef;udkvnf; pdEÅmrPdtpGr;f
owård sKd ;yJ-vdkY vlawGu jrifMur,f/
onfvkd omoemtay: o'¨g rwnfwHYbJ
qkw, f kwpf &mtjypf jrifvkdY onf wefckd;jym#d[m
awG jywmudk ig-bk&m; cGiYrf jyKbl;/
ig-bk&m;cGiYjf yKwmu ]vltrsm;BuD;yGm;? csr;f
omNyD;? avmuBuD;udk apmifYa&SmufEkdiw f JY vlawG
&JU udk,Ef IwEf SvkH; uHokH;yg;,Ofaus;apwJY ]or®m
vrf;pOf}-eJY tqkH;trjyKwJY ]tqkH;trwefckd; (tEk
omoeDjym#d[m)udkyJ cGiYfjyKw,f/}-vdkY
qdkcJYwmrsKd ; tusO;f tm;jzifY em;vnf&ygw,f/

104 udk,Yfukd,u
onfrSm wefckd;tay: bk&m;oQif&JU oabmxm;udk jrif&yg

NyD/ olcGiYfrjyKcJYwJY ]a&rD;tpkHpwJY wefckd;jym#d[mrsKd ;? vlawG&JU pdwt
f BuH
udkow
d JY pdEÅmrPdwefckd;jym#d[mrsKd ;udk tjrifYjrwfqkH;vlom;jzpfwJY bk&m;
oQifu olukd,w f kdif jyOD;rSmwJYvm;¿vdkY usaemf tar;jyKyg&ap/
aemufwpfcg &Siaf rm*¾vmefwynfY yda@mvrax&f ajrvQdK;

rdk;ysHwefckd;rsKd ;jyNyD;aemuf pEúl;oydw&f vmwmudk bk&m;oQifow d JY
tcg onfoydwu f kd tpdwpf w
d cf GJapNyD; &[ef;awG aq;tjzpfokH;zdkY
cGaJ 0ay;vdkuyf gw,f/ NyD;awmY ]&[ef;awG-wefck;d rjy&bl;}-vdkY ynwf
vdkuyf gw,f/
onfawmY bk&m;oQif[m udk,af jympum;udk ausysuf
apwJY]a&rD;tpkHtpkH wefckd;jym#d[m}-jyNyD; udk,Ypf um; udk,jf yefeif;wJY
tvkyrf sKd ; w&m;ydki&f iS f w&m;rif;jzpfwYJ &[ef;rsm;&JUxyd w
f if bk&m;oQifu
vkyyf gYrvm;¿ vdkY aemufwpfBudrf usaemf apm'emjyKyg&ap/
bk&m;oQifu ckacwfvkad jymvsif tvGeBf uD;us,t f jrifjY rwf

qkH;vdkY qdk&wJY vlBuD;vlaumif;(Owå&rd Ekó=The Greatest Noble-
man )-jzpfygw,f/ ajympum; wnfwHY&ygw,f/ cdkir f m&ygw,f/
Aavmif;AvJ r&S&d ygbl;/ ckpmuav;aMumf? ckqx D rif;-tajymif;tvJ
r&S&d ygbl;/
½dk;½dk; vlBuD;vlaumif;(Gentleman)awGawmif udk,Yfpum;

udk,Yfukd,u
ysuwf JY tvkyrf sKd ; toufom taocHoGm;w,f? b,fawmYrQ rvkyf

bl;qdkawmY? ]udk,Ef IwEf SvkH; wajzmifYwnf;&SNd yD; igYOD;rnTw&f aumif;
vm;-tp&Sw d YJ pdwt f npftaMu; udavom pifMu,faewJY bk&m;oQif
u olYukd aqGrsKd ;awGrmefukd ESrd Nf yD; OD;nTwf uefawmY&avatmif
a&rD;tpkHtpkH wefckd;jym#d[m jyrSmwJYvm;¿vdkY onfvkd ½Iolrsm; pdppf
qifjcifapcsiyf gw,f/
usaemY&JUpum;udk taxmuftxm;wpfckeJY twnfjyKay;ygY

r,f/ onfvkda&rD;tpkHwefckd;jywmrsKd ; MunfYcsiv f Ge;f vdkY bk&m;oQif
xHyg;rSm tvkyt f auR;jyKNyD;? bk&m;oQifaemuf ESpEf Spo f kH;ESpaf vmuf
waumufaumufvku d cf w
YJ YJ vdpä0rD if;om; okeu©wå&[ef;[m bk&m;
u tqkH;trwefckd;yjJyNyD;? ajrvQdK;rdk;ysHpwJY a&rD;tpkHwefckd;rsKd ; rjywJY
twGuf vlxu G Nf yD; bk&m;oQifukdawmif ½Iwcf spum;ajymwmudk 'DC
edum,f? ygxduokwrf Sm zwf½I avYvmEdkiMf uygw,f/
]'gaMumifY wefckd;eJYywfoufNyD; bk&m;oQif[m ajr

vQdK;rdk;ysHtygt0if? a&rD;tpkHtpkH wefckd; - tp&Sd
onfY avmuDwefckd;tm;vkH;udk b,fwke;f urQ rjy
bJ ]rZÑdry#dy'g or®mvrf;pOfeJY vlwkdY&JUukd,Ef IwEf SvkH;
,Ofaus;apaMumif; tqkH;tr tEkomoeDwefckd;udk
yJ jyaMumif;}-
usaemf okH;oyf b0ifus&ygw,f/

106 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY usaemfb0ifruscJYwJY bk&m;jzpfprSm? uydvjynf

awmf0ifrmS eJY ckepf0gt&rSm a&rD;tpkt H pkH wefck;d jym#d[m rjyaMumif;/
jrifrY k&d af wmifqkw
d mvnf; OwkZ½kytf aeeJY r&Sb d ?J vlawG pdwåZtjzpf
xifaewJaY wmif jzpfaMumif;/ 'gaMumifY onfawmifay:rSm&Sw d YJ pdwåZ
wm0wðomewfjynfukd bk&m;oQif ESpv f rS ;f ok;H z0g;eJY <uroGm;aMumif;
eJY tbd"r®mudk wm0wðomrSm bk&m;ra[maMumif; usaemfYtjrif
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;jzpfp &wemC&a&Ttrd rf Sm tbd"r®mudk okH;

oyfNyD; y|mef;qifjcifvkYd a&mifjcnfawmfajcmufo,
G f pMum0VmwHwkid ;f
xd ,aeYwkdif ajy;oGm;aew,fqkdwmvnf; usaemYtwGuf rrSeaf wmY
jyefygbl;/
taxmuftxm;tjzpf yXroH*g,emrSm twnfjyKcw YJ ?YJ 0denf;
r[m0grSm owåowåm[ r&Sb d ?J yÚöowåm[om&SNd yD; &wemC&owåm
[? puFreJY tedroowåm[ ryg&Sad Mumif; zwf½I&vdkY jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY pm½Iolrsm;udk aumufcsuw f pfck xkwjf yygYr,f/

txufuwifjycsuaf wG t& a&rD;tpkHpwJY wefckd;jym#d[m
jywmrsKd ;[m bk&mYtvkyrf [kwb f J? vlawG&JU udk,Ef IwEf SvkH;okH;yg;
vdrrf m,Ofaus;atmif rZÑdry#dy'g or®mvrf;pOfeJY ]tqkH;trjyKwJY
wefckd;(tEkomoeDjym#d[m)} jywmomvsif bk&m;oQifwkdY&J tvkyf
jzpfwJUtwGu?f onfvkd a&rD;tpkHpwJY wefckd;jywmrsKd ; bk&m;oQif

udk,Yfukd,u
vkH;0rjyKaMumif; aumufcsuq
f GJvkdY&NyD jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfppd pfrIawGt&-

]bk&m;oQif&JUvkyif ef;[m t&d,opömav;yg; udkom
vlawGukd a[mMum;oGeo f ifqkH;rwJY vkyif ef;}-omjzpf
aMumif;eJY? ydki;f jcm;od&rnfYupd ö&Swd JY 'ku©t&d,opöm
&JU ]'ku©}-wpfvkH;wnf;udk vlawGrodoad tmif a'o
emenf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJY 450gywfvkH; a[majym jyowJY
vkyif ef;udkom aqmif½Gucf JYaMumif;/
vlawG vG,v f G,ef JY em;rvnfEkdiw
f JY? vlawG BuH
qawG;,lae&rnfY vlawGo&d cufwJY tbd"r®muJYokdY
aom toE´|d u d w&m;? wuúm0p& w&m;awGukd
ra[maMumif;}- usaemfwkdY aow¬KcsvkdY &EdkiNf yD jzpfygw,f/
onfYtjyif? a&rD;tpkHwefckd; jy-rjy pdppf&if; tbd"r®mudk

bk&m;oQif qifjcifjcif;rjyKwJY taMumif;/ a[mvnf; ra[mwm
aMumifY bk&mYw&m;r[kwaf Mumif; taxmuftud;k eJwY uG pdppfo&d ygNyD/
'gaMumif]Y tbd"r®m}-[m bk&mYw&m;r[kwv

f ko
Yd m tbd"r®m
a[mvdkY udavomu pifMu,fNyD; t&d,mjzpfwYJ ]vlom;wpfO;D wav
rQ r&Sad Mumif;} oH*g,em txyfxyfwifcJYwJY yd#uwf rSww f rf;awG
u azmfjyaeygw,f/

108 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ,aeY odjrifaeMuaom tbd"r®monf Ak'¨bmod

w"r® r[kwb f J aemufaESmif;om0uawGu bk&mYw&m;r[kwb f J
bk&mYw&m;vkyx f m;wJY ]te&d,om0ubmodw}-omjzpfaMumif;
usaemf oabmaygufcJYygw,f/
'gaMumifY tbd"r®meJYywfoufNyD; avYvmwJYtcg? r[m,me

Ak'ömomeJY? ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomwdkY okwef JY0ed nf;rSm tuGJtjym;r&Sd
oavmuf wlnMD uaomfvnf;? tbd"r®mrSm ckepfusr;f usawmY ta&
twGuo f mwlayrJY trnfrwlykH? a&;om;ykH rwlykH? tESpo
f m&uGJjym;
ykHwkdYeJY ywfoufNyD; usaemf avYvmawGU&cSd JYwmudk aemiftcGiYo
f ifYvsif
aqG;aEG;rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd bk&m;oQi[ f m oAÁnkwa&TÓPfawmf&iS f r[kw&f

aMumif;?wefckd;awmfteEÅ½Sif r[kw&f aMumif;?tbd"r®mudkvnf; okH;
oyfqifjcif ra[mMum;cJY&aMumif;--usaemf &Si;f &Si;f oabmayguf
xm;NyD; ajymqdkaewmudk od&awmY usaemfYi,fq&mu-
]onfaumif bk&m;udk ESrd Ycf swJYaumif? bk&mYw&m;awGukd
awmif a0zefcsiw f JYaumif}--qdkNyD; usaemfYtay: tjypfjrifygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemf onft&d,opö'óe"r®ukd p&wJYESpu f pNyD; onf
aeYxd usaemfYxH rvmawmYbl;/ usaemfYukd tquftqH rjyKawmY
ygbl;/ ] rdpäm'd|t d JYtaumif}-vdkYvnf; usaemfYukd uifyGe;f wyfcJY
d ,l&Sw
ygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
q&mu udk,if ,fwke;f u odxm;wmudk a0zefppd pf r,lEkdif

&Smygbl;/ rd&k;d zvmAk'b ¨ momu oifMum;xm;wJY todawGxu J &ke;f
rxGuEf kdicf JYygbl;/ NyD;awmY Ak'¨gEkówdyGm;NyD; bk&m;oQifukd,w f kdif
olYxH<uvmwm-vdkY pdwåZeJY jrifcJYolqkdawmY usaemf pdppfjywmudk
b,fvkdrS vufcHEkdizf G,f r&Syd gbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ qdkawmY q&m[m
wpftm&kw H nf;rSm pdww f nfNidraf tmifxm;wJY ½lyonm0d&m*nTwu f iG ;f
xJu b,fvkrd S &ke;f rxGuEf kid vf kYd jzpfygw,f/ r[*¾wjzpfwYJ ½lyg½ly
tjrifawGu q&mYrsupf ?d q&mYem;? q&mYtodÓPfawGukd qdkx Y m;ydwf
xm;vdkuNf yD jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY q&m[m rd½k;d zvmAk'b ¨ mom te&d,q&mpOfquf

rsm;uay;wJY todtjrifawGeYJ ½lyg½lyw&m;awGukd bk&mYw&m;tppfvkYd
xif&if;? r[*¾wtarSmifxJrSm w0JvnfvnfeJY ]'grSw&m;}-vdkY
w&m;rsupf vd nfaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onftarSmifxJrSm ydk;pke;f usL;u
av;avmuf tvif;a&mif&wJY usaemfu onf
tarSmifuae ½ke;f xGuEf kdiw f m jzpfawmY q&mYukd
aus;Zl;qyfcsiv f Ge;f vdkY? onfpmwrf;udkzwfrvd sif
q&m-trSeu f kd jrifvkdjrifjim; usaemfa&;om; wif
jy&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ q&m onm0dyÜvmo uae
vGwaf jrmufNyD; ]t&d,opö'óe}-udkojd rifEkdiyf g
apvdkY qE´jyKvdku&f ygw,f/

110 udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(4)
edAÁmefESiYf usaemf
23/ aoNyD;rSeAd Ámef&w,fvkdY bk&m;a[mcJYovm;
usaemftaeeJY bk&m;oQifeJY ywfoufwJY ckvkd qefYusib

f uf
awG awGU&av onfqefYusib f uf pum;awG&JU tajzudk r&rae&Sm
azGav? tajzrSe&f wmeJY todawG wdk;vmav? bk&m;oQifeJY eD;vm
av-vdkY cHpm;&ygw,f/
bmjzpfvkv
Yd qJ kad wmY bk&m;oQifu ]w&m;udk rodrjrifo[ l m
igbk&m;ouFe;f qGvJ ku
d af eayrJY igbk&m;udkjrifwm r[kwb f ;l ? ,lZem
wpf&muGma0;ayrJY w&m;udkojd rifo[ l m igbk&m;udk jrifojl zpfw,f}-
0uúv&d [ef;udk qkH;rcJYwm &Syd gw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifukdjrifzkdY&mrSm bk&m;oQif rusiYo f kH;wJY

w&m;udok jd rifygrS ]bk&m;oQiu
f sio
Yf ;Hk wJY w&m;[m bm}-vdYk odjrifrmS
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQiuf kd jrifcsiw

f YJ pm½Iorl sm;aum rd½k;d zvm
Ak'¨bmomtjrifeJY rudkunf DwJY tjzpfawG? qefYusib f ufw&m;awGukd
awGU&vsif onftwdki;f raebJ rd½k;d zvmAk'b ¨ mom tjrifukd cPxm;

udk,Yfukd,u
NyD;? qefuY sib

f uftjrif&UJ tajzrSeu f kd usaemfv
Y ykd J taxmuftxm;aygif;
pkHeJY pdppfa0zef aMumif;usKd ;qufpyf ½SmMuzdkY vdkr,f xifygw,f/
onftcg &vmwJt Y ajzESpcf kukd wdkuMf unfv Y kYd aMumif;-usKd ;rqDavsmf
wJY tajzu trSm;? aMumif;-usKd ;qDavsmw f JY tajzuom trSe-f vdkY
,lMu&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemfwkdY bk&m;&Scd kd;wdki;f -

]tyg,fav;yg;? uyfokH;yg;? &yfjypf&Spyf g;? &efol
rsKd ;ig;yg;wdkYrS tcgcyford ;f uif;vGwNf idr;f onfjzpf
í r*fw&m;? zdkvw f &m;? edAÁmefw&m;udk vsijf ref
xkwaf jcmuf rsuaf rSmufjyK&ygvdk t½Sib f k&m;}-vdkY
]edAÁmef}-udk odonfjzpfap rodonfjzpfap ,aeYAk'¨bmom
0if tm;vk;H u &csiv f eG ;f vd-kY bk&m;xHrmS qkawmif;aeMuw,f r[kwf
ygvm;¿
]onfeAd mÁ efukd ckcsucf si;f &r,f? wu,f,rl vm;¿}-qdkawmY

a0Yvnfvnf vkyaf eMurSm trSeyf gyJ/ usaemfi,fi,fu Mum;cJY&wJY
ykjH yifxu J twdki;f ]tdru f tr,fBuD; jyefwkid yf if&OD;r,f}-vdkY ajymMu
rnfYolawGcsn;f jzpfr,fxifygw,f/ bmjzpfvkYv d JqkdawmY ]edAÁmefrSm
&kyrf &Sed mrfr&Sv
d ?Ykd bmrSr&Sb
d ;l -vdYk todaygufxm;MuvdYk r[kwyf gvm;¿
'gaMumifY ]edAmÁ ef}-eJyY wfoufNyD; usaemf yd#uwfawGrmS &Smjyef

112 udk,Yfukd,u
ygw,f/ edAÁmefukd *CeP usaemf rod&ao;ayrJY edAÁmef&JUae&mudk

awmY cefYrSe;f Edkiw
f JY todukd usaemf&vdkuyf gw,f/
tJ'gu-
oH,kwåeud m,f? a&m[dwóa'0ykwåokwrf Sm a&m[dwó
ewfom;udk bk&m;oQif a[mwJYtxJrSmyg/
]avmu('ku©)qdkwm onmvnf;½Sd pdwv
f nf;½Swd JY
wpfvHrQavmuf onfukd,rf SmyJ ½Swd ,f?avmu('ku©)
jzpfaMumif;vnf; onfrSmyJ½Sdw,f? avmu('ku©)csKyf
d ,f}-vdkY
&ma&m? csKyfaMumif;a&m onfrSmyJ ½Sw
bk&m;oQif a[mcJYwmudk awGU&ygw,f/
onfawmY-
]"r®pMuma'oemrSm a[mwJY ]'ku©csKyf&medAÁmef('ku©ead &m"
t&d,opöm)-[m ypöKyÜeq f wfqwfukd,ef JY ruif;uGmEdkib f l;? tck
usaemfwkYd odaeovdk ]aoNyD;rS ½kyef mrfcsKyfqk;H &m bmrSr&Sw
d YJ tEkyg'd
aooedAÁmef a&mufr,f}-vdkY tbd"r®mu oifwmeJYawmY jcm;em;ae
NyD-qdkwJY todukd usaemf&vdkuyf gw,f/
onfawmY usaemfYrSm ,aeYAk'¨bmomtjrifeJY odaewJY tod

jzpfwJY ]bk&m;-&[EÅm aoNyD;rS edAÁmeftppf a&mufw,f}- qdkwmt
ay: ar;cGe;f ESpcf k xGuv
f mygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
tJonfar;cGe;f awGu-
aoNyD;rS edAÁmef b,fvkd&rSmvJ¿
b,folawG &rSmvJ¿-qdkwmyg/
]aorS edAÁmefa&mufw,f}-qdkwmeJY ywfoufNyD; raocsm

ovdk jzpfvmawmY edum,fawGrSm xyfNyD; &Smjzpfygw,f/ wpfae&m
(rZÑdryPÖmo? uE´&uokw)f rSm-
]udk,Yfukd,uf kdvnf; ylyefqif;&Japwwfonf rjzpf?
udk,Yfukd,uf kd ylyefqif;&JapwwfwJY tusiYfeJY t
zefwvJvJ,SOjf cif; (½lyg½ly[laomtwåuv d rx
tusiY)f udk tm;rxkw/f tvm;wl olwpfyg;udk
vnf; ylyefqif;&Japwwfonf rjzpf? olwpfyg;udk
ylyefqif;&JapwwfwJY tusiYef JY tzefwvJvJ ,SOf
jcif;udk tm;rxkw?f xdk rdr-d olwpfyg;udkrylyef
rqif;&Japaomolonf-
]rsuaf rSmufaomudk,\ f tjzpfüomvsif wPSmwnf;
[laom rGwo f yd q
f mavmifjcif; r½S?d udavom rD;wdkY
rS Nidr;f onf/ ylyefapwwfaom udavom r½Sad om
aMumifY csr;f at;pGm jzpfaom csr;f omudk cHpm;aom
jrwfaomtwåabmjzifY ae&onf }-
vdkY a[mxm;wmudk awGU&jyefygw,f/

114 udk,Yfukd,u
aemufusaemf txufrmS wifjycJw Y YJ auorkw(åd umvmr)okwf

eJY wpf0*fwnf;twljzpfwJY t*Fkw¬&d edum,f? wduedygwf? r[m0*f?
omVrd*g&ewåokwrf Sm
]rsuaf rSmufaom udk,t
f jzpfü wPSmwnf;[laom
ylyefjcif; Nidr;f onfjzpfí? okccHpm;vsuf jrwfonf
jzpfíjzpfaom twåabmjzifY ae\}-vdkY
½Sief Eúrax&fu omVtrnf&w dS YJ rd*g&ola|;&JUajr;eJY omP
trnf&Sw d JY aoed,ola|;&JUajr;wdkY ar;wJYtar;udk ajzwJYae&mrSm
oE´|d u
d jzpfwJY ypöKyÜeb
f 0rSm rsuaf rSmufjyKtyfwJY edAÁmefukd azmfjycJYyg
w,f/
onfa[mMum;csuaf wGukd avYvmvsif bk&m;oQiu f yJjzpfap?

bk&m;oQifwY ynfo Y m0uuyJjzpfap ]edAmÁ efqkw d mudk nTejf ywJaY e&mrSm
bmudknTejf yaeovJqkdawmY-
]ypöKyÜeq f wfqwf onfcE¨mudk,ef JYyJ edAÁmef&JU ]oEÅod kc}
-udk cHpm;ae&w,f}-vkYd
wdu k ½f u
kd Bf uD;udk azmfjyaewmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd
a[mMum;wJY tm*rawG trsm;tjym; &Syd gw,f/
usaemf tcka&;cJo
Y rQrmS tm*r,kwaåd wG usaemfazmfjyaewm
[m bk&mYw&m;tppf t&d,opö"r®ukd usaemf b,fvkdawG &SmazGcJY
w,f-vdkY od&atmifyJ jzpfygw,f/ a&SUpmeJU aemufpmrnDvsif a&SUpm

udk,Yfukd,u
u trSeyf Jvm;? aemufpmu trSeyf Jvm; ponfukd b,fvkd a0zef

pyfn,
d§ w l ,fqw
kd mudk od&atmifyJ jzpfygw,f/ usaemf ygVdpm ruRr;f
yg/ odkYaomf o'´geufukd tbd"mefu teD;pyfqkH; ,lygw,f/ "r®w¬
teufukdawmY olawmfaumif; q&mt&Six f H csO;f uyf qnf;yl;cJYyg
w,f/
onfawmY usaemf[m ]aorSeAd mÁ efa&mufw,f}-qdkwm tay:

rSm trSe&f atmif 0dbZÆ xyfjyKjyefygw,f/
]edAÁmef&w,f}-qdkwm[m ]Bud,m}-yJ jzpfygw,f/
]Armpum;rSm ]0gusjynfYatmif ajymavYr&SMd uygbl;/
jyKoluwåm;udk odNyD;om;oabmeJY jr§Kyf-jr§KyfNyD; ajym
avY&Syd gw,f/}
OyrmwEÅKtm;jzifY ]ausmif;oGm;r,fa[Y}-vdkY ajymvdkuw f m

udkyJ MunfYyg/ b,folawG oGm;rSmvnf; rxif&Sm;ygbl;/
]ig}odrYk [kwf ]igwd}Yk -qdw
k YJ jyKou
l wåm;udk odNyD;oabmeJY jr§Kyaf jymwm
jzpfygw,f/
onfjY yif tok;H tEIe;f awGrmS vnf; onfvkyd /J ]pm;&atmifa[Y?
aomuf&atmifa[Y}--ponfrmS vnf; jyKoluwåm;udk azsmufazsmuf
xm;ygw,f/ jrefrmrsm; jrefrmpmo'´gudk jyefoifMu&OD;rvm; rodyg/
o'´grrSeaf wmY 0gusrjynfpY k/H 0gusrjynfpY kaH wmY t"dygÜ ,fteuf t&
aumufvGJ&wm jzpf&ygw,f/

116 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY i,fi,f bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;u oli,fcsi;f awG

u usaemfwkdYukd -
]bkeBf uD;ausmif;om; taumif;pm;? pmoifausmif;
om; vlYiEGm;? o'wfrwm pyfrwm? o'´grwwf
pmrwwfvkdY}-pmcsKd ;Muygw,f/
usaemfwkdUuvnf; olwkdYukd tm;usrcH pmjyefcsKd ;Muwmu-
]bke;f BuD;ausmif;om; olawmif;pm;?pmoifausmif;
om; taumif;pm;}-vdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/
usaemfwkdUuvnf; usaemfwkdYygyJ/ &GmuvlawGtac: avm

u"mwfpmoifausmif;om;rdkY jrefrmpmeJyY wfoufvmvsif o'´grwwf
awmY 0gusrjynfYrpkHeJY ajymMuqdkMu a&;wwfMuawmY ocsFm? yx0D?
ordki;f ? odybHÜ mom&yfawGrmS olwkx Yd uf todykad yrJY jrefrmpmusawmY
usaemfwu Ykd olwu Ykd kd vdu
k rf rDygbl;/ 'gaMumifY ]o'wfrwm-pyfrwm?
o'´grwwf pmrwwf}-pmcsKd ;cH&wm jzpfygw,f/
tckvnf; ]aovsief Ad Ámef a&mufw,f}-qdkwJYpum; usaemf

wdaYk jymwm o'´grwwfoal wGtajym jzpfaewmudk awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/
onfawmY Armpum;rSm uwåm;jr§Kyf ajymwwfwJY tusiYf
aMumifY ]edAmÁ ef}-udk b,fo&l ovJ¿ jyKoluwåm;-u aysmufaejcif;
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-

udk,Yfukd,u
]aoNyD; ½kyef mrfcsKyfqkH;rS b0Zmwford ;f &m edAÁmefqkduaf &muf

w,f}-qdkvsif b,folawG a&mufwmvJ¿qdkwmudk tbd"r®mu-
]bk&m;-&[EÅmwdkYvkdY}-uwåm;udk azmfjyygw,f/
onfawmY bk&m;oQifeJY &[EÅmwdkY edAÁmefrsuaf rSmufjyK&mrSm

]udavomyJukeNf yD; b0rukeq f kH;ao;bl;}-vdkY qdk&m a&mufaeygNyD/
onfvkd qdkvkduw f JYtwGuf bk&m;&[EÅmwdkYukd edAÁmeftjynfYt0 r
qdkuaf &mufao;bl;vdkY pGypf GJ&m a&mufaeygw,f/
onfawmY ] b0ukew f ,f}-qdkwmudk qufNyD; a,medaomre

odum&eJY 0dbZÆvkyMf u&r,f jzpfygw,f/
usaemfa&SUrmS azmfNycJw
Y t
YJ wdki;f ? usaemf i,fpOfuwnf;u q
&morm;aus;Zl;aMumifY ,aeYxd tm*kH&aewJY bk&m;oQif udk,w f kdif
av;q,fYig;0g umvywfvkH; a[mrnfh w&m;awmfawG&JU tkwjf rpf
yEéucf s ]"r®pMumw&m;awmf}-rSmvnf; bk&m;oQifukd,w f kdif 0efcH
xm;wmu-
]ÓPÚö ye ar 'óeH O'yg'd? tukyÜgar 0drkwå?d
t,rEÅrd m Zmwd? ew¬'d ged ykeAÇa0g}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/
onfygVdukd &[ef;pma&;q&meJY vlpma&;q&m ynm&Siaf wG

jrefrmjyefMuawmY-

118 udk,Yfukd,u
]onfÓPfawmfq,fYESpyf g; igYxHrSm tjrifjzpfwJY t

wGu?f vGwaf jrmuf&mudk tNyD;qdkuaf &mufNyD/ aemuf
b0awG rjzpfawmYbl;? onfb0[m tarY0rf;xJ
y#doaEäe&wm aemufqkH;b0yJ/ y&deAd ÁmefpHvsif b0
jywfNyD}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/
onfrmS bk&m;oQiu f ]ÓPÚöye ar 'óeH}-vdkY a&SUrmS pum;

cHxm;ygw,f/t"dygÜ ,fu]t&d,opömav;yg;udk opöÓPf? udpÓ ö Pf?
uwÓPfokH;vDeJY ÓPfq,fYESpyf g;aygufrS}-vdkY jzpfygw,f/ onf
pum;ay:eif;NyD; ]b0aemufxyfrjzpfawmYbl;}-vdkY qdkcJYwmjzpfwJY
twGuf onfÓPfawGaygufyku H ko
d vd sif ]]aemufxyf b0rjzpfawmY
wm&JUteufrSe}f -udk od&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY rjzpfawmYwmu bmb0vJ¿
aoNyDaemifjzpf&wJY vl? wd&pämef? ewfpwJY b0awGvm;¿
vlay:rSmjzpfwYJ vlw
Y &d pämef vleY wfpwJY tpGOJ yg'gefawGaMumifY
jzpf&wJY raumif;qdk;0g;b0vm;¿ okH;oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfÓPfq,fEY pS yf g;udk b,fvekd nf;eJY &cJw Y YJ ÓPf

awGv¿ J vdYk pdppfzYkd vdyk gw,f/ onfvpkd pd pfwt YJ cg onfÓPfawG[m-
y#dpöorkygÜ'u f kd tjyefjyeftvSev
f Sev
f nf okH;oyfvkdY xdk;xGi;f
odwJY ÓPfxl;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ aw0dZÆÓPfawGyJ jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifb
Y &k m;oQiu
f ]olb0jywfNyD}-vdYk ajymwm[mvnf;-
]y#dpöorkyÜg'fpufvnfaewJY wPSm-Oyg'gefukd pGJrjSD zpf
&wJY ]jyK&yfb0}-jzpfwJY tbdocFg& (vGeu f sL;trI
a&mufwJY tajymtjyKtae)awG aemifb,fawmYrS igY
rSm rjzpfawmYbl;/ onfb0vkyif ef;awG igYrSm &yfpJ
oGm;NyD/ igYrSm b0rjzpfawmYbl;}-vdkY
qdkvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfpum;awGrSm a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0 qdk

wm wpfcGe;f rQ rygygbl;/ onf a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0 b0
tqufqufawGeJY ywfoufvkdY bk&m;oQifu ]qufjzpft,lvnf;
r,leJY? jywfjzpft,lvnf;r,leJU-vdkY nTejf ywmawG ½Syd gw,f/
yrmtm;jzifY "r®y'? yudPu Ö 0*frSm-

]wPSmwnf;[laomtrd?t0dZÆmwnf;[laom tz
udk owfNyD;vsi?f oówrdpäm'd|Ed SiYfOapä'rdpäm'd|[ d l
aom rif;ESpyf g;udkvnf;aumif; ?? eE´D&m*[laom t
cGeo
f rd ;f trwfESiYf tm,weq,fYESpyf g; [laom
wdki;f jynfukdvnf;aumif;? okwo f ifjcif;aMumifY pdk;
&drcf yford ;f ? qif;&JNidr;f olonf jA[®P(&[EÅm)
rnf\}-vdkY *gxmeJY nTejf ycJYygw,f/

120 udk,Yfukd,u
qufwkdunf Tejf ywJY *gxmrSmvnf;-

]wPSmwnf;[laomtrd?t0dZÆmwnf;[laom tz
udk owfNyD;vsi?f oówrdpäm'd|Ed SiYfOapä'rdpäm'd|[
d l
aom rif;ykPmÖ ;ESpyf g;udkvnf;aumif;? okwo f ifjcif;
aMumifY usm;&Jaumif&o Sd nfY c&D;ESiYfwlaom ig;ck
ajrmufjzpfaom 0dpu d pd ämeD0&P twm;tqD;udk
y,fowfcg pdk;&drcf yford ;f ? qif;&JNidr;f olonf
jA[®P(&[EÅm) rnf\}-vdkY
]t&d,m jzpfzt Ykd wGu}f -qufjzpft,l oówrdpäm'd|ed YJ jywf
t,l Oapä'rdpäm'd|u
d kd y,fowfzkYd a[mwJw Y &m;awmf tawmfrsm;rsm;
yd#uwfawmf edum,fawGrSm awGU&ygw,f/
onfawmY &[ef;ynm&S?d vlynm&Sd pma&;q&mrsm;&JU jrefrm

jyefjzpfwJY-
]bk&m;oQif[m aemufb0awG rjzpfawmYbl;? onf
b0[m aemufqkH;b0yJ/ y&deAd ÁmefpHvsif b0jywfNyD}-
vdkY]- jrefrmjyefwmudk pdppfa0zefvsif ]jywft,l(Oapä'rdpäm
'd|)d }-xJ a&mufaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif onfvkd a[mcJYwm trSeyf Jvm;¿

aMumif;usKd ;qufpyfvsif txufu "r®y'*gxmawG t&
onfvkd ra[mcJYaMumif; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD;udk awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gqdk txufu jrefrmjyef[m ]Oapä'rdpäm'd|od H}- ygaeNyD

r[kwyf gvm; pm½Iolrsm; cifAsm/
usaemfwkdY onft½Iyu
f kd b,fvkdajzxkwMf urvJ¿
24/ aovsijf ywfw,ft,l[m Oapä'rdpäm'd|d
Ak'¨bmome,fy,f tm;vkH;rSm-
]bk&m;ç&[EÅmaovsijf ywfNyD/ b0 r&Sad wmYbl;/ 'g
edAÁeyf J}-vdkY
Ak'¨bmom0if tm;vkH;u em;vnfxm;Muwm jzpfygw,f/
tck usaemfu-
]aovsif jywfw,fvkdY ,lwm bk&m;y,fckdi;f wJY
Oapä'rdpäm'd|d t,lBuD;jzpfaew,f}-vdkY jyóem wifvmygNyD/
pm½Iolrsm; onfjyóemudk ajyvnfatmif ajz½Si;f Edkirf S
bk&m;oQif&JU"r®ppf t&d,opömudk oabmaygufem;vnfrSm jzpfyg
w,f/
'gaMumifY onft,lb,fu pvmw,fqkdwmudk usaemf&SmcJY

ygw,f/
ueOD;-jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifwkdY\ udk;uG,vf Javsmif; trSDo
[JjyK&m-v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;a&;wJY pmawGukd avYvmygw,f/
q&mawmfBuD;a&;wJY edAÁme'DyeDrSmvnf; onft,lygyJ/

122 udk,Yfukd,u
onfYxufa&S;uswJY tif;0acwf? yk*Hacwf a&S;q&mawmfrsm;

a&;wJY edAÁmefawGukd avYvmygw,f/ onft,lyJ/ rwdr;f ygbl;/
aoNyD;rS&wJY edAÁmefukd ½kyx
f l;emrfxl; vkyw
f meJY edAÁmefukd oknw?
tedrw
d å? tyÜP[ d wd vkyw f myJ uGmygw,f/
onfx Y uf a&SUwk;d jyefawmY ,aeY &[ef;&Siv f l Ak'b

¨ mom0if
avmuBuD;wpfckvk;H u trSv D ufpjJG yK ½Sio
f mraPb0rSm uwnf;u
oifMu&wJY oN*ØK[fuk;d ydki;f ac:wJY tbd"r®mjzpfwYJ omoem 15&mpku
t½Sit f Ek½'k a¨ &;cJw
Y YJ ]tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[usr;f }-rSmvnf; ]tEkyg'daoo
y&deAd mÁ efjyKNyD; cE¨mudk,vf ;kH 0csKyfNidr;f Zmwford ;f rS=edAmÁ eftppf}-&,fvkYd
azmfjyxm;jyefygw,f/
onfYxufa&S;uswmudk vdkujf yefawmY onfoN*ØK[fusr;f &JU

rSD&m omoemESpf udk;&mpkavmufrSm t|uxmq&mawmf ½Sirf [m
Ak'äCmoa&;wJY 0dok'r¨d *frSmvnf; onftwdki;f yJ jzpfygw,f/
usaemfwkdY jrefrm Ak'¨bmom0ifawG[m ]Ak't f p Ak't f v,f

Ak'tf qkH;}-qdkNyD; tpAk'u f kd= bk&m;oQif? tv,fAk'uf kd=½Sirf [mAk'¨
aCmo? tqkH;Ak'u f kd=uke;f abmifacwfq&mawmfOD;Ak'}f udk &nfnTe;f
cJYMuygw,f/
onf tv,fAk'q f &mawmfu ]aoNyD; cE¨mt<uif; r&Srd S-ed
AÁmef}-vkycf JYawmY onfuae qufET,v f mwJY tqufqufoifMum;

udk,Yfukd,u
rIawGukd bk&m;oQif&JU tmabm*us odem;vnfol=Ak'¨rwnl? bk&mY

toH= Ak'äCmoqdkwJY trnfawGeJY ½Sirf [mAk'äCmo zGiYfqkdajym
qdkcsuf rSeo
f rQudk-
]or®morÁK'¨bk&m;oQifukd,w
f kdiyf J tem;rSmvmNyD; ajym
ovdkrsKd ; ,aeY Ak'¨bmom0ifawGu tpdppf ta0zef
r&Sd q&mpOfquf tmp&d,0g'udk trSeq f kdNyD; rsuf
d f vufcH,kHMunfypfvkduMf uwm}-jzpfygw,f/
pdrSw
onfawmY usaemfwkdY[m udk,Ypf pd pfrItod rygbJ q&mpOf

quf tmp&d,0g'? te&d,tjrifeJY tqufquf qifYuJ vufqifY
urf; oifMum;em,lraI wGt& ]Oapä'rdpäm'd|}d -xJ qGt
J oGi;f cHMu&wm
qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygNyD/
q&mawmf ½Sirf [mAk'äCmovnf; bmYaMumifY onfvkdjzpf

&wmvJ¿-vdkY qufavYvmwJYtcg omoemESpf okH;av;&mpkESpaf wG
uwnf;u ynm½Sit f kdcJYwJY ]rdvEd ýÚ§m}-u
f qufquf a&;zGJUzGiYq
zGiYfqkdcJYwmawGtwdki;f t½Sirf [mAk'äCmo crsm tmp&d,0g'eJY
tpdppfta0zefr&Sd rsupf rd Sw
d f vufcH,kHMunfcJYvkdYjzpfaMumif; pdppf
awGU½&Sd jyefygw,f/
bmYaMumifYvJqkdawmY q&mawmf½Sirf [mAk'äCmo[m olY

&JUAk'¨"r® zGiYfqkdcsuaf wG[m olYtmabmf r[kwb
f J-

124 udk,Yfukd,u
]oD[kdVu
f Ref;? tEk&m"jynf? r[m0d[m&0goD*kdP;f
f wdki;f zGiYfqkdygaMumif;}-
q&mawmfawG&JU oifMum;csut
olt
Y |uxmusr;f awGrmS azmfjyxm;wm awGU&vdkY jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]rdvEd ýÚ§m}-b,fuvmovJ¿-vdkY

uGi;f qufukd usaemf qufvuf pdppfjyefygw,f/
rdvEd y´ Ú§mudk b,foal &;w,fqkw
d m twdtus rawGU&ygbl;/
omoemESpf 3&mpkESpf avmufuae 4&mpkESpx f d ynm½Sit f rsKd ;rsKd ;u
a&;cJYwmvdkY okawoejyKcsurf sm;udk zwf½Iojd rifcJY&ygw,f/
rdvEd r´ if;uawmY *E¨m&wdki;f ac:wJY yef*sy-f tmzuefa'orSm

bufx&D;,m;e,f bk&ifcH ]areE´mrif;} trnfeYJ trSew f u,f &Scd NYJ yD;?
rdvEd ´rif;&JU tar;ykpämawGukd ajzwJY ]t½Sief m*aoe}-udkawmY t
aMumif;Zmpfjrpf &Smr&bl;vdkY od&ygw,f/
rdvEd ýÚ§myg tar;ykpämeJY ajzqdkcsuaf wG[m wpfacwfwnf;

r[kwaf Mumif;? acwftqufquf ynm&Siaf wG ykpämar;-tajzxkwef YJ
a&;cJYwmawG jzpfaMumif;-pwJY okawoejyKolaygif; rsm;pGm&JU toH
rsm;udkom Bum;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemfwkdY onfaeYoad ewJY-

]bk&m;-&[EÅmaovsif b0jywfNyD}-qdkwJYt,l[m-

udk,Yfukd,u
]bk&m;oQif ajymqdknTejf ycJYwmr[kwb

f J vGecf JYwJY ESpf
aygif; ESpaf xmifausmaf vmuf uwnf;u t&d, r
[kwaf om te&d,ynm&Sirf sm;u zGiYfqkdcJYcsurf sm;udk
,aeYtxd vufqifYurf; o,f,lvmcJYwJY tmp&d,
0g'rsm;om jzpfw,f}-
qdkwm þrSww
f rf;pm½Iorl sm; uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odEkid yf gNyDvkYd usaemfxif
ygw,f/
'geJrY Q rausvnfao;vsif rdvEd y´ Ú§mvm tar;ykpäm&JU tajz

awG[m ]wuúaA'(Logic)}-tjrifeJYom ajzqdkwmjzpfaMumif;? t
wuúm0p&jzpfwYJ t&d,opömtjrifeYJ ajzqdkwm r[kwaf Mumif;? onf
usr;f awGukd &SmazGavYvm zwf½INyD; "r®'|d mefusus a0zefqifjcif
okH;oyfapcsiyf gw,f/
wifjycJYwJY tcsuef JYywfoufvkdY taxmuftxm;wpfckukd
usaemf wifjyvdkygw,f/ cE¨0*¾oH,kw?f ax&0*f?,ruokwrf Sm -
]tmoa0gukew f JY&[ef; aovsif jywf\? aysmuf
\/aoonfrS aemufürjzpf/ xdkoabmjzifY bk&m;
a[monfhw&m;udk igod\}-qdkwJY
,ru&[ef;udk t½Sio f m&dykwå&mu-
]tJonfvkd,lvsif bk&m;oQif ra[mwmudk a[m
w,f-vdkY ,lwJYtjzpf?bk&m;oQifukd pGypf GJ&ma&muf
w,f}-ponf ½Si;f jyNyD;?

126 udk,Yfukd,u
]bk&m;oQifa[mwmu jyKjyiftyfaom(tbdocFg
&aMumifYjzpfaom) Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\rNrJysuf
pD;jcif;? qdk;0g;qif;&Jjcif;? tpdk;r& tokH;rusjcif;
jzifY ]igYOpöm-ig-igYukd,}f tjzpf ,laeonfukdy,f
&rnf}-a[mawmfrlaMumif;}-½Si;f jycJYwmudk axmuf½INyD;-
bk&m;oQif ½Su d wnf;uudk onft,l[m &[ef;awGMum;rSm
&Sad eNyDqkdwm odEkdiyf gw,f/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifeJY t*¾om0u?
r[mom0u? yuwdom0uawG r½Sad wmYwJYaemufrSm onft,l[m
trSeu f kd&Si;f jyEdkio
f l t&d,mrsm; r&Sad wmYwJYtwGuf te&d,tjrifeJY
BuD;xGm;cGiYf BuD;yGm;cGiYf &cJYwm onfuaeYxjd zpfw,f qdkwm okH;oyf
&Edkiyf gw,f/
onfawmY txufyg taxmuftudk;awGeJY? a&SUaemuf t

aMumif;tusKd ;pyfpyf awGU&&Sd orQudk aow¬Kcsvkduv
f si-f
]t&d,opömav;yg; w&m;udk onfypöKyÜef touf½Sif
aeqJ udk,af y:rSm½Sm/ 'ku©vnf;onfay:rSmyJ? 'ku©
csKyf&m edAÁmefvnf; onfay:rSmyJ}-
vdkY t"dyÜg,f a&mufaeygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]ÓPÚö ye ar 'óeH O'yg'd? tukyÜgar 0drkwå?d
t,rEÅrd m Zmwd? ew¬'d ged ykeAÇa0g}-vdkY
"r®pMuma'oemrSm bk&moQifa[mwm[m-

udk,Yfukd,u
]tararG;wJYvlUb0 onfb0[m aemufqkH;tjzpfeJY

b0jywfNyD}-vdkY bk&m; ajymvdk[ef r½Syd gbl;/
bk&m;oQif ajymvdkwmu
]ÓPÚö ye ar 'óeH O'yg'd=«umr½lyt½ly tjrif
jzpfwJY tpGe;f ESpyf g; wPSmork',taMumif;cHwJY uHqkd;
uHrSm;awGaMumifY 0#fokH;yg; rjywfvnf&mu xif&Sm;jzpf
ay:vmwJY t,lonf;tpGJ Oyg'geu©E¨mawG&JU vu©Pm
awGukd» (r*feJYyGm;rsm;-odjrif-y,fowf-qdkuaf &mufNyD;
wJY) ÓPfq,fYESpyf g; todtjrif igYrSm ay:ayguf
vmNyD jzpfvkdY/
tukyÜgar 0drkwå=d « onftrSm;jyK&yfeJY tusKd ;jzpf&yfawG

u jzpfapwJY Oyg'geu©E¨m'ku©awG igYrSmb,fvkdenf;eJUrQ
b,fawmYrQ jyefrjzpfawmYwJY » tNyD;wdkif vGwaf jrmuf
aomtm;jzifY (Oyg'geu©E¨m'ku©u) ig-vGwaf jrmuf
avNyD/
ew¬'d ged ykeAÇa0g=«onfvkd 'ku©utNyD;wdkif vGwaf jrmuf

aomtm;jzifY vGwaf jrmufNyDjzpfwJYtwGuf trSm;jrif umr
½lyt½lytjrifawGjzpfwJY taMumif;ork',awG csKyfwm
aMumifY» aemufxyf onfvkd vGeu f sL;wJYtrI trSm;
vky&f yf(b0)awG (igYrSm) wzef b,fawmYrS rjzpfNyD/

128 udk,Yfukd,u
t,rEÅrd m Zmwd= «onfvGeu f sL;wJY trSm;vky&f yfb0

awG igYrSm wzef rjzpfawmYjzpfvdkY» b0&JUtusKd ; jzpfwJY
(tpGJOyg'geu©E¨m&apwJY ) tjzpf(Zmwd)awG vnf;
f kH;NyD}-vdkY
(igYrSm) csKyfNidr;f ukeq
bk&m;oQif a<u;aMumfwmvdkY oyÜL&doolawmfaumif; trSDeJY usaemf
yGiYo
f Gm;wJY todtjriftwdki;f pm½Iolrsm;yg oabmaygufem;vnfzkdY
wifjytyfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif[m tpGe;f a&mufapwJ?Y tbdocFg&jzpfapwJY umr

tjrif umrokcv’u d mEka,m*tpGe;f ? ½lyg½lytjrif twåuv d rxm
Eka,m*tpGe;f ? onftpGe;f ESpyf g;tjrifeJY vGeu
f sL;wJY 0pDuHrI(tajym
tqdk)? um,uHrI(tjyKtrl)? raemuHrI(taetxdki)f pwJY jyK&yfrSm;
(b0)awG bk&m;oQifrmS rjzpfawmYb;l / olrY mS (vGeu f sL;wJt
Y rIjzpfw)YJ
b,fb0rsKd ;rS rjzpfawmYbl;-vdkY qdkvkdygw,f(ew¬'d ged ykeAÇa0g)/
onfvkd tpGe;f ESpyf g;tjrifeJY vGeu

f sL;vky&f yftrI(b0)awG
olYrSm rjzpfawmYwJYtwGuf onfjyK&yfb0&JU jyKusKd ;jzpfwJY jzpf&yf
]Zmwd}-vnf; (jyK&yfb0 r½Sad wmYvk)Yd ukeq f k;H NyD(t,rEÅrd m Zmwd)-
vdkY qdkvkdygw,f/
bk&m;oQifu tpGe;f ESpyf g;tjrifjzpfwJY 'ku©&JUtaMumif; ud

avomudk b,fawmYrQ wzefjyefrjzpfatmif oly,fNyD;vdkY udavom

udk,Yfukd,u
rSeo
f rQ[m umrudavomyJ jzpfjzpf? ½lyudavomyJ jzpfjzpf? t½ly
udavomyJ jzpfjzpf b,fvkdenf;eJYrQ jyefray:aomcsKyfjcif;eJY olYrSm
csKyfNyDjzpfw,f-vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfuad vom-jyK&yfejYJ zpf&yf txyfxyfvnfywf

vdYk xif&mS ;jzpfay:wJY uHowå0g Oyg'geu©Em¨ qdw k YJ 'ku© b,fvekd nf;eJU
rQ olYrSm rjzpfawmYwmaMumifY ol[m 'ku©wzef b,fvkdenf;eJUrQ
jyefrjzpfaom vGwaf jrmufjcif;rsKd ;eJY b0'ku©(=uH'ku©)awGu ol
vGwaf jrmufNyD-(tukygÜ ar 0drwk )åd -vdYk qdv
k w
kd m jzpfaMumif; oyÜL&do
q&maumif; trS&D awmYrS usaemf aumif;aumif; em;vnfvm&ygawmY
w,f/
'gaMumifY ]bk&m;oQif-&[EÅmwdkY edAÁmefrsuaf rSmufjyKw,f}-

qdkwm ]aoNyD;rS bmrSr&Sad wmYwJY v[mjyifeAd Ámef}-r[kwyf gbl;/
toufxif&Sm;&Sq d J pdwv f nf;&S?d onmvnf;&Swd JY onfwpf
vHrQavmuf ypöKyÜecf E¨mtay:rSm udavomt&if;cHwJY tqufr
jywfaom jyK&yf-jzpf&yfvnfwYJ uHoo H &mawGaMumifY xif½mS ;jzpfay:
&wJY Oyg'geu©E¨mwnf;[laom 'ku©[m aemufxyf wzefjyefrjzpf
aom csKyfNidr;f jcif;eJY Zmwford ;f wm jzpfygw,f/ 'gudkyJ ]'kue© ad &m"}
odkYr[kwf ]edAÁmefukd qdkuaf &mufw,f}-vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gudkyJ ]b0jywfw,f}-vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
]b0}-qdkwm vkyif ef;yg/ vkyif ef;rvkyv f sif b0-r&ygbl;/

130 udk,Yfukd,u
]b0jywfw,f}-qdkwm vkyif ef;rvkyaf wmYwm tvkyrf jzpf

awmYwmudk qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f/
yrmtm;jzifY usaemf ykwD;pdyw f JYvkyif ef; rjywfvkyv

f sif ykwD;
orm;b0 &rSmyg/ ykwD;rpdyb f J b,favmufMumMum? ykwD;pdyw f JYt
wwfukd wwfaevdkY ykwD;orm;b0u rvGwyf gbl;/ tajctae
tcsed t
f cgoifYvsif ykwD;jyefpyd rf w
d meJY ykwD;orm;b0 jyefa&mufrSm
jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJY ykw;D csn;f pdyaf evdkY pD;yGm;awG rwufbJ pD;yGm;awG
ysu?f tdraf xmifa&; z½dkz&JawGjzpf/vlawGu uG,&f mrSm ar;aigY/
aq;azmfausmzufawmif rvkyw f tYJ cg usaemfvkyaf ewJY ykw;D vkyif ef;
=ykwD;orm;b0udk ]rvdktyfbJ vkyaf ewJY vkyif ef;}-tjzpf? tusKd ;udk
wu,fow d m r[kwb f eJ ?YJ a,mif0g;0g;eJo Y m odNyD; a,mifuef;uef;
tvkyaf wG usaemfvkyaf ewmvdkY oabmaygufvmNyD; onfykwD;t
vky=f ykwD;orm;b0udk tjypfawGjrifvmygw,f/
onfykwD;pdyjf cif;vkyif ef;udkcsn;f vkyaf ewJYtwGuef JY udk,Yf

rlv qufqHa&;b0aumif;av; ysuo f Gm;wJYtjzpf? udk,u f udk,Yf
vkyif ef;udk ukokdv&f wJYtvky?f oHo&m&du©m twGuf vky&f rnfY t
vky&f ,fvkdY tvky(f b0)aumif;xifayrJY ]vufawGUrSm}- ra,mif&m
qDvl;rdwmjzpfvkdY vlrIa&;&mtygt0if pm;0wfaea&; use;f rma&;
udpöt00? vkyif ef;udkiw f m t00awGrSm ysu, f Gi;f NyD; b0qdk;0g;wJY
tjzpf? vlawG aq;azmfausmzufawmif rvkyaf wmYwJY vlawmrwdk;

udk,Yfukd,u
vl&mr0ifwJYtjzpfawGukd tjrif&Si;f &Si;f eJY jrifNyD; oHa0*ÓPf&-NiD;

aiGUwt
YJ cg ]onftvkyf b,fawmYrQ rvkyaf wmYb;l }-qdkNyD; onfvkyf
ief;udk ,wdjywf usaemf pGeYv
f Twv f kduyf gw,f/
onftcg ykwD;pdyw f wfwm vlrSm useaf eayrJY? onf ]onf

ykwD;pdyw f kd &moufyef rvkyaf wmYwJYtwGu}f -aemifukd b,f
f JYtvkyu
vdkenf;eJYrQ rvkyjf zpfawmYwJY csKyfjcif;rsKd ;eJY usaemfYykwD;vkyif ef; ysuf
okO;f oGm;wm[m? usaemfY&JU ]ykwD;orm;b0 ukeq f kH;wJYtjzpf? aemuf
xyfonfb0 b,fawmYrQ r&awmYwJYtjzpf? b0ukeq f kH;oGm;wJY t
jzpf? ykwD;'ku©u vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f wJYtjzpf}-r[kwyf gvm;/
onfawmY usaemf ykwD;orm; [kwyf gao;&JUvm;¿

ykwD;orm;b0udk usaemf&ao;&JUvm;¿
ykw;D orm;b0uae onfvkd ]aemufrjzpfaom vGwaf jrmuf
jcif;}-rsKd ;eJY usaemf tjywfvGwcf JYwmyg/ ,wdjywf vGwef nf;rsKd ;
vGwaf jrmufwm[m ]ykw;D orm;b0 wzefrjzpfjcif;rsKd ;}-eJY vGwaf jrmuf
wm jzpfvkdY? ]b0csKyfNyD? aemufxyf b0rjzpfawmYbl;}vdkY-qdkEkdiwf ,f
r[kwb f l;vm; vdkY usaemfar;yg&ap/
'g Oyrmjzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif&[EÅmwdkYqkdwm umr-½lyg½lyudavom tarSmif
wGi;f u onfv,kd wdjywfvw
G ef nf;rsKd ;eJY vGwaf jrmufMuwmyg/ 'gudyk J

132 udk,Yfukd,u
pmvdk ]orkapä'y[mef}f -eJY vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f Muw,f-vdkYqkdjcif;

jzpfygw,f/
'gudk bk&m;oQifu-
]ew¬'d ged ykeAÇa0gwd}-vdkY -]b0csKyfNyD? aemufxyf r
jzpfawmYNyD}-qdkwm vlpwJY owå0gtjzpfukd ajymvdk
wm r[kwb f J ]umrvkyif ef;b0 - ½lyvkyif ef;b0-
t½lyvkyif ef;b0qdkwJY rdpämvkyif ef; b0awG tqkH;
owf=csKyfNidr;f NyD;? aemif b,fvkdenf;eJYrQ onfvkyf
ief;awG igYrSmrjzpfNyD}-vdkY qdkvkdjcif; jzpfygw,f/
25/ y&rw¬tbd"r®mtjrif[m tjrifrSm;udkyJ ay;w,f
onfrSm pum;pyfwJYtwGuf tbd"r®m oif&if;eJY tbd"r®m&JU

a½SUaemufrnDwmawGukd usaemf wifjyyg&ap/
bk&m;-&[EÅmwdk[ Y m Bud,mpdwef aYJ ew,f/ tbd"r®m&JU apw
oduyf kid ;f orÜa,m*enf;rSm tJonf Bud,mpdwt f m;vk;H [m 0D&wDok;H
yg; r,SOb f l;/ 0D&wD3yg;[m avmukwå&mpdwt f m;vkH;rSm waygif;
wnf; (0g) wom;wnf;,SOw f ,f t&aumufjyefa&m/ tJ'gudk tbd
"r®mrSm ]e 0dZÆaEÅw¬ 0d&wD? Buda,okp r[*¾aw}-vdkY o*F[*gxm
pDxm;ygw,f/
'gudk pdppfvsif avmukwå&mw&m;-qdkwm r*¾i½f Spyf g;yJ/
r*¾i½f Spyf g;rSm ]or®m0gpm? or®mur®EÅ? or®mtmZD0}-qkw d m

udk,Yfukd,u
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jzpfygw,f/ oDvawmifrS a&SmiftyfwJY 0g&dwåoDvwif ruygbl;?
aqmiftyfwJY pm&dwåoDvudkyg jznfYqD;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'grS vuf
ckyef YJ vuf0g;yrm ESpb
f ufw;D rSjrnfwYJ ESpyf g;pko
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'gaMumifY ]oDv}-[m avmukwå&mw&m;rSm orm"d? ynmeJY

twl okH;vGe;f wif waygif;wnf; jzpfaeygw,f/ r*¾i½f Spyf g;[m
bma0wAÁupd -ö xku d wf m jzpfawmY oDv[mvnf; bm0emxku d w
f ,f
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'gaMumifY ] oDv-[m bm0em xdkuaf eygw,f}/
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Bud,mpdw[ f m oDvu©E¨r*¾ix f kduw
f JY 0d&wDr,SO-f vdkY tbd
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awGqkdawmY zdkvpf w d ef JY ajym-jyK-aeMur,fvkdY txufrSm wifjyxm;
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f JY
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r,f/ 'gaMumifY Bud,mpdwq f kdwmuvnf; avmuDxkduaf ewm [kwf
&JUvm;¿-vdkY ar;p&m jzpfygw,f/

134 udk,Yfukd,u
udavom rpifro S m avmuDw&m;/ bk&m;&[EÅmu udav

ompifNyD;jzpfvkYd ajymjyKaeorQ ukokv d v
f nf; r[kw?f tukokv d vf nf;
r[kw?f jyKumrwå?ajymumrwå?aeumrwå ]Bud,mtajymtjyKtae}-
qdkawmY-
Bud,mpdw[ f m avmuDpw d f xdkuyf gYrvm;¿
oDvr,SOw f m [kwyf gYrvm;¿
Bud,mpdw[ f m opömav;yg;rSm 'kut © &d,opöm xdkuwf ,fvkYd
tbd"r®mu qdkjyefygw,f/
'ku©t&d,opömqdkwmu ydki;f jcm;odp&m t½IcHtm½kH? oHa0*

,lp&myg/ Bud,mpdw[ f m 'ku©ead &m"t&d,opöm qdkuo f l bk&m;-
-&[EÅmwdkY&JU tajymtjyKtae jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY Bud,mpdwef JYyJ
ajymjyKaeMuwm r[kwyf gvm;¿ 'gaMumifY ]Bud,mpdw}f -[m qdkuf
a&muf&rnfYupd ö jzpfaeygNyD/
onfawmY Bud,mpdw[ f m 'kut
© &d,opöm xdkuyf gOD;rvm;¿
qdkuaf &muf&rnfuY pd ½ö w
dS YJ ]Bud,mpdw}f -udk oHa0*,l&rnfY
ydki;f jcm;todcHupd ö vkyx
f m;awmY onftjrif[m tjrifrSm;jzpfaeNyD/
udpöawGukd rSm;jrifaeNyD/ rSm;jrifwJYtwdki;f usiYfawmY trSm;'ku©yJ
&rSm used ;f aojzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY tbd"r®mtjrifawG[m tjrifrSm;eJY 'ku©ukdyJ ay;
rSmvdkY usaemf tod&vdkuyf gw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
26/ edAÁmef[m A[d'¨vm;
'geJY wqufwnf; usaemfoifcJY&wJY oN*ØK[ftbd"r®mrSm

edAÁmefukd A[d'¨vkdY jyxm;jyefygw,f/ 'gudkvnf;0dbZÆjyK pdppf&rSm
jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvv kYd q
J kad wmY udk,Ef v
S ;kH roefY jzpfaevsif ESv;kH oefY
oGm;atmif aq;aMumvdkurf S vl[m pifMu,fygYr,f? &Sio f efygYr,f/
'gudkyJ ]a,medaom reodum&jyKw,f}-ac:&ygw,f/ 'gbmvJqkd
awmY trSet f wdki;f [kwrf [kw?f ,xmblw usrus pdppfjcif;ygyJ/
txufrSm usaemf wifjycJYovdk ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f 0#fpufvnf

wJY oHo&m[m vlay:rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? onf 0#fpufjywfwm ]'kue© d
a&m"=edAÁmef}-vdkY bk&m;oQifajymcJYwJY ]ÓPÚö ye--(y)--ew¬'d ged
ykeAÇa0g}-udk &oifwY tYJ &aumufrmS usaemf tusO;f azmfjycJNY yD; jzpfyg
w,f/
onfawmY ]'ku©}-uvnf; udavomaMumifY vlay:rSm t

jzpfqkd;awG xifxif&Sm;&Sm; vmjzpf&wJYtjzpf jzpfygw,f/ uHt&dyf
uH&kyf vlay:xifaewm jzpfygw,f/ uHtaMumif; udavomudk
r*feYJ y,fowfNyD;awmY uHawG aemufxyfwzef rjzpfawmYwYJ Nidr;f jcif;
eJY 'kua© wG csKyfq;kH oGm;wmuvnf; vlay:rSm xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jzpfaewJY
tjzpfqkd;awG vkH;0aysmufuG,o f Gm;wJY tjzpf jzpfygw,f/

136 udk,Yfukd,u
onfawmY ]edAÁmef-qdkwJY 'ku©ead &m"}-[m vlrSm jzpf

aewJY jyK&yfqkd;awGeJY jzpf&yfqkd;awG csKyfNidr;f oGm;jcif;
om jzpfygw,f/
onfawmY ]edAÁmef}-qdkwm tZÑwåvm;¿-qdkawmY-

edAÁmef[mvlxJrSm&Sad ewJY vlYtpdwtf ydki;f awG r[kwyf gbl;/
A[d'¨vm;¿-qdkjyefawmY-
edAÁmef[m vlY&JUtjyifbufrSm &Sad ewmvnf; r[kwjf yefygbl;/
edAÁmef[m bmvJ¿-qdkawmY-
]vlYrSmuyfaewJY tpGJOyg'geu©E¨m uGmoGm;wJYtjzpf}-ygyJ/
Oyrm a&m*gonf vlrrmudk a&m*gtaMumif;&if; ukovdkuf

awmY a&m*g aysmufoGm;ovdkygyJ/ a&m*guGmoGm;wJYtjzpf ygyJ/
a&m*g r&Sbd l;vm;¿- qdkawmY-
a&m*gtxift&Sm; &Syd gw,f/
a&m*g b,frSmjzpfaeovJ¿-qdkawmY-
vlay:rSm jzpfaeygw,f/ vlt
Y pdwt
f ydki;f wpfckckrmS a&m*gu
pGJuyfaew,f/ 'gayrJY a&m*gu vlYtpdwt f ydki;f r[kwjf yefygbl;/
a&m*gu tZÑwåvm;¿-qdkawmY-
a&m*gu vlYtpdwt
f ydki;f r[kwaf wmY tZÑwåvnf; r[kwf
jyefygbl;/

udk,Yfukd,u
a&m*gaysmufoGm;awmY tJonf a&m*g b,fa&mufoGm;vJ¿

tjyifa&mufoGm;ovm;¿-qdkawmYvnf;-
vlt
Y jyifbufrmS &Sad ewJY tjzpfvnf; r[kwjf yefygbl;/ vlay:
rSm a&m*gtjzpf csKyfaysmufwmyJ jzpfygw,f/
'ku©eJY 'ku©ead &m"edAÁmefukdvnf; onftwdki;f em;vnfay;Mu

apcsiyf gw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvnf;qdkawmY-
]'ku©qkdwm tpGe;f ESpyf g;tjrifrSm; udavomaMumifY
jzpfwJY vl&JU udk,Ef IwEf SvkH;okH;yg;&JU tjrif-tBuH? t
ajym-tjyK-tae? BudK;pm;rI-Edk;Mum;rI-pdwx f m;rI tjyK
rSm;eJYtjzpfrSm;awGyJ jzpfygw,f /}
edAÁmef[m tpGe;f ESpyf g; tjrifrSm;aMumifY jzpfaewJY tjrift

BuH? tajymtjyKtae? BudK;pm;rIEkd;Mum;rIpw d x
f m;rI tjzpfrSm;awG&JU
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oHa0*& NiD;aiGUNyD; y,fvkduv f kdY onfrpd ämtjzpfuae or®mtjzpf
a&mufwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ rdpämjzpfwYJ ]'kuc© sKyfNidr;f jcif;yJ}-jzpfygw,f/
Bud,mqdkwm onfvkdtrSm;awGukd y,fvkduNf yD; or®mwJY t

jriftBuH? tajymtjyKtaeawGeJY tNrJaeEdkiaf tmif Edk;Mum;owdxm;
rIeJY onfpw
d x
f m; tNrJjzpfaeatmif BudK;pm;aewmyJ jzpfygw,f/

138 udk,Yfukd,u
27/ oDvqdkwm olYtvdkvkdjynfYwm r½Sb

d l;
qufNyD; rd½k;d zvmAk'b

¨ momtodeYJ usaemf rausrvnf jzpfcYJ
wmawGukd qufwifjyygOD;r,f/ usaemf r0cJYwJY todawGukd pdppf
a0zef jyefwifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ usaemfYenf;wl pm½Iolrsm;aum
onftawG;aygufcsif aygufcJYMuygvdrYrf ,f/
tJ'gu-
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Ø r*feo
YJ musi?Yf oDv[m r*fqku d v
f sif jynfvh mr,f}-
vdkY ,aeY w&m;pcef;tcsKd UrSm oifMum;aeMuygw,f/
usaemf t&d,opö"r®ukd pwifavYvmwke;f u r*¾i½f Spyf g;
tjrif cdkiNf rJapcsiv
f Ge;f vdkY usaemfYaus;Zl;½Siq
f &mu wdkuw f Ge;f vdkY?
q|rleu d m,fig;&yf okwaf wmfçokwaf wmfawGrSm ½Smvdkuw f m ]r*¾if
½Spyf g;rSm ykAb
Á m*r*ftjzpf oDvu©Er¨ *¾irf ygbJ useif g;yg;eJo Y musi?Yf
r*f&wJUtcg tm;vkH;jynho f Gm;r,fqkdwm}-udk b,fokww f pfokwrf Sm
rS rawGU&ygbl;/
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pufwpfckvnfw,fqdkwm olYpuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;tjynfY
olYae&meJYol rSerf Seu
f efuef vnfrS pufvnfw,f qdk&r,f r[kwf
ygvm;/ t*Fgtpdwt f ydki;f wpfckck csKd U,iG ;f aevsif onfpuf b,fvkd
vnfawmYrSmvJ/ &yfaerSm jzpfygw,f/

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'gaMumifY tpdwt f ydki;f t*Fg&Spyf g;&Sw

d JY onfor®mr*¾ipf ufu
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ypfvukYd kd r&ygbl;/ z,fNyD;usiv Yf kYd pufvnfw,fqkv d sif or®mr*¾ipf uf
r[kwb f J? ukr®*¾pufom vnfwm jzpfrSmyg/ trSeaf wG r[kwb f J
trSm;awGom awmufavsmufjzpfr,fvkdY qdkvkdygw,f/
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r&dSbJ olYtvdkvkdjzpfw,f? taMumif;r&Sb d J obm0tavsmuf jzpf
w,f-vdkY ,lqwJYt,lyg/ onft,lukd cdkicf kdiNf rJNrJpJu G kdix
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'gaMumifY pm½Iorl sm; pdppfa0zefEkid zf kYd qufvufwifjyyg&ap/

ykAbÁ m*r*¾iif g;yg;eJY usi?Yf oDv[m r*fqku d vf mvsif oltY vdk
vdkjynfYpkHvmvdrYrf ,f qdkwm onftwdki;f qdkvsif bk&m;oQifpum;udk
wdrkY ,kb
H ;l -vdkY ajym&meJY wlaeNyD jzpfygw,f/ tzxuf om;wpfvBuD;
jzpfaeNyD r[kwyf gvm;/ onft,lomquf,lvsif usaemfwkdY ta[
wk0g'ed,wrdpäm'd|rd pd äm'd|x d J rqdkucf sib
f JeJY qdkuaf erSmtrSef jzpfyg
w,f/

140 udk,Yfukd,u
]oDv}-qdkwm r*¾i½f pS yf g;rSm t"dov

D xdkuw f YJ usiyYf mG ;&rnfh
udpö½w Sd JY bm0emxku
d w
f JY w&m;jzpfygw,f/
]oDvudk jynfhpkHatmifusiY/f pifMu,fatmifusiY/f
oDvqdkwm tusiYjf rwf&JUtp?edAÁmef&JUrkcOf D;/
oDv rpifMu,fvsif ynmeJaY q;? ynmrpifMu,fvsif oDveJY
aq;/ oDv rjynfhvsif ynmeJYoGe;f avmif;? ynmrjynfhvsif oDveJY
oGe;f avmif;/
onfoDv[m 0g&dwåoDvcsn;f r[kwb f l;? pm&dwåoDvudk
ygjznfh/ tm'djA[®p&d,uoDvqdkwm pm&dwåoDv jzpfw,f/
oDvudk ynmeJY Budrzf efrsm;pGm aq;aMumoefpY if? oGe;f avmif;

yGm;rsm;vdkY jzpfvmwJY (oDv)orm"d[m t"dpw d åxku
d w
f ,f/ onft"d
pdwåonfom vu©PlyedZÑmepsmefukd jzpfapw,f/ t&d,opömudk
odjrifapw,f-vdkY bk&m;oQif nTejf ycJYygw,f/
onf (oDv)orm"dukd Budrzf efrsm;pGmyGm;vsif t"dynmjzpf

w,f/ onfynm[m pifMu,fwUJ ov D udk jyefjzpfapw,f/ ,xmbl
wÓPfukd jzpfapw,f-ponfjzifY usaemf zwfrrd w S rf o
d rQ oDvBudrf
zefrsm;pGm jznfu Y sirYf S (oDv)orm"dukd &ygw,f/ onf(oDv)orm"d
udk Budrzf efrsm;pGm jznfYusiYrf S ,xmblwÓPfqkdwJY ]t½Srd Set f wdki;f
jrif-Mum;-odwJYÓPf? uH-uHusKd ;eJYuHtaMumif;udk rSerf Seu f efuef
cGJjcm;odwJYÓPfjzpfwJY ynm &ygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]oDv-orm"d-ynm}-[m wcsed w f nf;rSm wNydKif

wnf;okH;vGe;f wifusiY&f wJY y#dy'g jzpfygw,f/ onfy#dy'gcsn;f yJ
yd#uwfawmfrSm awGUcJY&ygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]oDvudk vkHatmif tvsiaf qmufwnf? orm"dukd
oyfoyfyGm;? ynmudk aemufrS½Sm}-qdkwm
bk&mYw&m;awmfawGrSm b,frSmrS ½SmrawGUwm jzpfygr,f/
aemufNyD;-
]a,m*tusiYf}-usiYfzkdY bk&m;oQif a[mwmudkvnf;
vkH;0rawGU&ygbl; / bk&m;oQif&JU r*¾iw f &m;awG tm;
vkH;[m ]rZÑdry#dy'gusiYfzkdYcsn;f }a[mwm}-udkom
awGU&ygw,f/
r*¾iuf kv
d nf; &Spyf g;tjynfY usizYf ckYd sn;f a[mwmudkyJ awGU&yg
w,f/ bk&m;oQifjzpfap? t*¾om0u-r[mom0ujzpfap? yuwd
om0ujzpfap? Oygoum? Oygodum jzpfap bk&m;oQief w YJ uG wynfY
om0utm;vkH; a[morQ r*¾i&f Spyf g;csn;f awGU&ygw,f/
]t*Fg½Spw f efeJY jynfYpkHwJY wpfaMumif;wnf;aomvrf;
onfom vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f rIukd ay;pGr;f Edkiwf ,f}-
vdkYvnf; okwaf wmfawG tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm awGU&ygw,f/

142 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY yÚö*u
Ø ykAb Á m*r*fqkw
d mudk a0zefppd pfNyD;rS ,lMu
yg? usiYfMuygvdkY wdkuw f Ge;f yg&ap/ awmfMum bk&mYpum;udky,fwJY
yk*K¾d vfawG jzpfaeygYr,fvkdY today;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
28/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd okH;b0b,frSmrS a[mrxm;
tbd"r®mtjrif[m tjrifrSm;udkyJ ay;Edkiw f ,fvkdY usaemf t

xufrmS wifjyxm;ygw,f/ 'geJyY wfoufNyD; qufNyD; wvufpwnf;
qdk&vsif usaemf tbd"r®mudk avYvmwJYtcg y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemrSm
twdwb f 0udk t0dZÆmeJYocFg&? tem*wfb0udk Zmwd? Z&m-r&P/
ypöKyÜeu
f kd usew
f JYt*Fg½Spyf g; cGJwrf;csxm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/
tusKd ;quf aomuponfu ÓwdAsoepwJY Asoeig;yg;

jzpfwYJ olrsm;aMumifY ud,
k cf pH m;&wm? ud,
k aYf MumifY olrsm;cHpm;&wm-
vdkY t&aumufwmudk awGUcJY&jyefygw,f/
bk&m;[m a&SUb0-ckb0-aemifb0eJY ywfoufNyD; ig-onfvkd
r,lbl;? ig-onfvkdrajymbl;-vdkY qdkcJYwm&Sad wmY onfy#dpöorkyÜg'f
t&aumufukd usaemf a0zefppd pforI jyKrdjyefygw,f/
'gaMumifY 'DCedu,ftp½Sw d JY edum,fjrefrmjyefawGrSm arG;

ao-arG;aoeJY b0ul;wJY okH;b0a[mwJY y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd ½SmwJYtcg
b,fokwrf mS rS? b,fae&mrSmrS rawGU&bJ? onfwpfvrH Q udk,rf mS om

udk,Yfukd,u
]oHom&0¥ 'ku©} taeeJY? y#dpöorkyÜg'ft*Fgwpfyg; pvnfwmeJY

usewf JYt*FgawG tqufrjywf qufwkduv f nfwJY w&m;jzpfwmudkyJ
awGU&ygw,f/
a½SUrmS usaemfwifjycJw
Y YJ rZÑdredum,f? rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf?
a*god*F0*f? r[mwPSmocF,okwrf Smqdk omwd&[ef;udk qkH;r&if;eJY
y#dpöorkyÜg'fukdjywm okH;b0quf r[kww f m tvGex f if½Sm;vSyg
w,f/
usaemfajymaeuspum; jyefaumuf&vsif usaemfudk;ESpf-

q,fEpS o f m;b0 uwnf;u Muufwal ½G;vdk EIww f uf&vmwJY bk&m;
oQif av;q,fiY g;0gywfvk;H a[mrnfh w&m;tm;vk;H &JU tkwjf rpftajc
cHjzpfwYJ "r®puúy0Ü wåeokwf a[m&mrSm olw Y &m;awG[m pufawGvkyd ?J
w&m;wpfck&JU t*Fgwpfck pNyD;vnfwmeJY uset f *FgawG[m wquf
wpyfwnf; r&yfrem;vnfw,f qdkwJYt"dyÜg,f jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY t*Fgtpdwt
f ydki;f wpfck &yfvsivf nf; tm;vkH;&yf
w,f-qdkwJY t"dyÜg,fvnf; ½Sad ejyefygw,f/
opömav;yg;vnf; onftwdki;f yJ/ r*¾i½f Spyf g; Munfhrvm;?

y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m; Munhrf vm;? aAm"dyu©,
d w&m;awG Munhrf vm;?
w&m;wpfyg; pvnfwmeJY usew f JYtpdwt
f ydki;f awG[m wqufwpyf
wnf; tm;vkH; tpOfrjywf wNydKifeuf vnfoGm;wJY w&m;awGcsn;f
yJvkdY usaemf avYvmawGU&ygw,f/

144 udk,Yfukd,u
onfaeYacwfpm;aewJY owdy|mefw&m;awG[m aAm"dyu©, d

w&m;awG jzpfygw,f/ wpfyg;usiv Yf sif usewf YJ owdy|mefawGygru
&So
d rQaAm"dyu©, d w&m;awGyg tm;vkH; vdkuv f nfygw,f/
r*¾ief JYywfoufvkdY bk&m;oQifyJ a[ma[m? ½Sio f m&dykBwmyJ
a[ma[m? ½Siaf rm*¾vmefyJ a[ma[m/ bk&m;oQifa&m olUom0u
awG tm;vkH;uyg r*¾i½f Spyf g;tjynfh usiYfzkdYcsn;f a[mwmcsn;f yJ ed
um,ftm;vkH;rSm awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY txufrSm usaemfajymcJYovdk Ak'¨w&m;rSeo f rQ

t&d,opömcsn;f yJ a[mwmqdkawmY wpfvkH;eJY wpfykd'?f wpfydk'feJY
wpf*gxm? wpf*gxmeJY wpfokwf ponf[m wpfckeJYwpfck wom;
wnf;qufxm;ovdk b,fvkdrS rjyKwfEkdiaf tmifxd cdkiNf rJwJY tquf
tpyf &Syd gw,f/
umrw&m;awGvkd awYqufuav;? ½lyg½lyw&m;awGvkd csw d f

quf? uGi;f qufuav; r[kwyf gbl;/ onfw&m;wpfyk'x f JrSm wpf
ydk'ef JYwpfykd'f pyf[yfEkdio f vdk? onfw&m;wpfyk'[ f mvnf; aemuf
b,fb,fw&m;u wpfyk'ef UJ rqdk pyfvsif [yfygw,f/ &pfqufquf
½kHrQru wom;wnf;qufaeNyD; wpfykd'u f wpfykd'u f kd? wpfykd'u
f ?
wpf*gxmudk? wpf*gxmu wpfokwu f kd? onfokwu f aemufwpf
okwu f kd ydkykdNyD; tm;jznfYoeG ;f avmif;NyD; ydkrkdckdiNf rJapwJY a[mMum;csuf
awGyJ jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY bk&m;w&m;rSeo f rQ wpfykd'?f wpf*gxmjzpfjzpf?

wpfyk'jf zpfjzpf? t&d,opömav;yg;twGi;f 0ifwmcsn;f yJjzpfvkYd bk&mY
w&m;[m t&d,opömav;yg;u b,fawmYrQ rvGwb f l; -
]pwkopö 0derd kawåm "ar®memr ew¬d}-vdkY
usaemf a½SUrSmqdkcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/

146 udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(5)
t&d,opömESiYf usaemf
29/ bk&mYw&m;[m y&rw¬opömr[kwf
pm½Iolrsm;cifAsm?
txufu tbd"r®mtjrif[m tjrifrSm;udkomay;Edkiaf Mumif;
a0zefppd pforI jyKNyD;wJYaemufrSm? usaemf½Si;f ½Si;f av; oabmayguf
vdkuw
f mwpfckukd wifjyyg&ap/ 'guawmY-
]bk&mYw&m;[m y&rw¬opöm r[kwb f l;}-qdkwmygyJ/
bk&m;oQif[m olUw&m;udk olwkaYd cwfrmS acwfpm;aewJY ]y&

rw¬w&m; } r[kwb f J? olazmfxkwx f m;wJY ]t&d,opömw&m;}-qdkwm
jyvdkwt
YJ wGuf ol&Y UJ w&m;OD;eJw
Y &m;xl;jzpfwYJ ]"r®puúy0wåea'oem}
rSm-
]'ku© t&d,opöm?
'ku©ork', t&d,opöm?
'ku©ead &m" t&d,opöm?
'ku©ead &m" *grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opöm }-qdkNyD;
]t&d,opöm}-udkom txG#w f if uifyeG ;f wyfNyD; a[mcJw
Y mudk
pm½Iolrsm; owdjyKrdr,f xifygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQi[f m onfaY emufyikd ;f b,fae&mrSm w&m; a[ma[m

]t&d,opöm}-udk pum;vkH;tjynfY xnfYa[mwmcsn;f yJ awGU&rSm
jzpfygw,f/ tmrxdvQmrxdeYJ 'kuo © pöm? ork',opöm? eda&m"opöm?
r*¾opömvdkY a[mwm r[kwyf gbl;/
]'ku© t&d,opöm? 'ku©ork',t&d,opöm? 'ku© ed
a&m" t&d,opöm? 'ku©ead &m"*grdeDy#dy'g t&d,
opöm}-vdkY pum;vkH; tokH;tEIe;f tjynfYeJY a[mwm
[m olazmfxkww f JYb ]t&d,opöm}-udk y&rw¬opöm
eJY a&mrSm;,lrMd urSmpdk;vdkY-qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f /
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifY wynfhom0utm;vkH;eJY wjcm;t,l½Sd
olrsm;? jynfotl rsm;uvnf; ]rZÑdry#dy'g or®mr*fvrf;}-udk bk&m;
oQifuomvsif pwifazmfxkwcf JYwmvdkYvnf; todtrSwf jyKMujcif;
ygw,f/
onf]t&d,opöm}-t,lukd bk&m;oQifacwfu t,l0g'a&;

&m vdkupf m;MuwJY ynm&Syd @dwaf wG? t,ljcm;&So d al wG[m onft,l
opfukd vma&mufppkH rf; wD;acgufNyD; racszsuEf kid ?f rzdEydS Ef kid ?f rESyd ef if;
rESyd pf ufEkid b
f J tm;vk;H u bk&m;oQi&f UJ t&d,opömav;yg; or®mt,l
udk rSeu f efygw,f-qdkNyD; 0efcHt½IH;ay;Mu&wm omoemYrSww f rf;rSm
trsm;tjym; awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifY rZÑdra'ou 'dwf
qdkwJY ykPmÖ ;ynm&Sad wG? y@dwaf wGqkdvsif onfvkdppd pfNyD;aemufykdi;f
rSm bk&m;oQi&f UJ Oygoumtjzpf cH,o l mG ;Muwm awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/

148 udk,Yfukd,u
'gayrJY usaemfwYkd tbd"r®moifwek ;f u avmurSm orkwo

d pöm
eJY y&rw¬opöm? opömESpyf g;yJ½Sw d ,f? wwd,jzpfwJYopöm r½Sb d l;
&,fvkdY-
]'ka0opömed 0kwåmed? orÁKa'¨g 0'wH 0a&m?or®Kwð
y&rw¬Ú?ö wwd,H EkyvAÇw}d -vdkY usu&f rSw&f jyefygw,f/
edum,fig;&yfrmS ½SmawmY onfvkad [mcJw Y m b,frmS rS rawGU

cJYygbl;/ bk&mYw&m;vdkY omoemrSww f rf;awGxJrSm ygaevsiaf wmif
onfpum;udk bk&m;oQif b,fvkrd aS jymcJw Y m rjzpfEkid yf gbl;/ te&d,
om0ubmodwawG jzpfygYr,f/ bmjzpfvv kYd q
J kad wmY opömav;yg;xJ
oGi;f vsif r0ifvkdY jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQiw
f kaYd cwfrmS xGe;f um;wJY t0wfrpnf; qif;&Jyifyef;
cHusiw
Yf YJ ]wytusi}Yf (a,m*)eJY t0wf0wfNyD; "mwf?uodkP;f ?aum
|mopwJY avmuDpsmef&apwJY y&rw¬awGukd usiYfwJY orPtusiYf
(a,m*)awG &Syd gw,f/ onftusiYaf wG[m tJonfacwfu t,l
awGjzpfwYJ a0'usr;f t,leYJ OyedoQ'f? tm&nut,lawGukd usiyYf mG ;
wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ onftaMumif;awGukd tdEt ´d awG;tac:rsm;ordki;f
udk avYvmvsif awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
y&rw¬t,l[m uydv0wfNrdKU pwnfcJYwJY ]uydv&aoY}

pwifwDxGicf JYwJY ]ocF,'óe jzpfw,f}-vdkY tdE,
´d tawG;tac:

udk,Yfukd,u
ordki;f rSm rSww

f rf; ½dyS gw,f/ 'gaMumifY ewfjynfrmS ok;H vqufwku
d f
a[m&w,fqkdwJY tbd"r®mrSmygwJY cE¨mawGukd "r®pMuma'oemeJY
tewåvu©Pokwrf mS bk&m;a[mwmudk yÚö0*fawGu tukeef m;vnf
wm jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif ckepf0gusrS wm0wðomewfjynfu qif;NyD; t

aemwwftkdif emewfawmrSm &Sio f m&dykMwmudka[mvdkY olYwynfhawG
qufjzefYwmqdkvsif yÚö0*fawG &[EÅmjzpfrSmawmif r[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY tbd"r®m[m bk&mYw&m; r[kwaf Mumif; a&SUrSm usaemf
pdppfwifjycJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifwkdYacwfrSm y&rwfopöm wGiuf s,af ewm txuf

rSm azmfjycJyY gNyD/ a[m-tck bk&m;oQiu
f wwd,opömjzpfwYJ ]t&d,
opöm}udk a[mNyD/ olYw&m;awGukd y&rw¬opömeJY a&mrSm; ,lrMd urSm
pdk;vdkY xifxif½Sm;½Sm; trsm;em;vnfatmif? olYacwfu orP?jAm
[®PawGt,leJU uGJjym;atmiff olYw&m;udk ]t&d,opöm}-vdkY uifyeG ;f
wyfNyD; a[mcJYaMumif;udkvnf; usaemf wifjycJYNyD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm}-udk usiYfvsif y&rwftjrifeJY usiYfvkdYu
f l; }-vdkY
awmY tusiYftrSe&f rSm r[kwb
usaemf tod0ifvmjcif; jzpfygw,f/

150 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY "r®pMuma'oemrSm a[mwJY ]twåuv d rxmEk

a,m*qdkwm bmvJ¿-vdkY pdpad ygufayguf 0dbZÆvkyv f kduwf JYtcg
txufrSm usaemfwifjycJYovdk bk&m;oQifwkdYacwfu OyedoQ'fenf;?
t&nuenf;eJY w&m;"r®ukd &SmazGtm;xkw&f mrSmusiw Yf YJ y&rw¬tjrif
eJY tJonfacwfu a,m*Dtrsm;pk w&m;usiw Yf YJ tusiaYf wGvkYd rSe;f q
rdygw,f/
onfa,m*DtusifYw&m;awG[m umrtm½kHawG 0ifrvm

atmif &kyt f m&kHwpfckay:rSm pdww f nfaeatmif pdwu f kdcsKyfwD;NyD;
tyifyef;tqif;&JcH usiYyf gw,f/ pdww f nf&m onfcE¨mudk,&f aSd evdkY
qif;&J&w,f qdkNyD; cE¨mudk,uf kv
d nf; enf;rsKd ;pkeH YJ tyifyef;tqif;&JcH
usiyYf gw,f/ 'grS umrudavomw&m;awG 0ifrvmrSm/ pmvdkajym&
vsif ]onm0d&m*}-vdYk qd&k rSmyg/ 'gudk ]½lytusi}Yf -vdYk ac:ygw,f/
'g[m umrtm½kHqkdwJY t½Iyaf wGu uif;atmifaew,f-qdkwJY t"d
yÜg,f jzpfygw,f/
onftusiYf t&Sed &f vmawmY pdww f nf&m ½kycf E¨m&JU woJoJ

wrGrG w&G&GeJY jzKwfceJ-jzKwfceJ tysuaf wGukdjrifNyD;? csKyfaysmufwm
udkjrifygw,f/ ½IwJYpw d u
f kdvnf; onftwdki;f csKyfaysmufwm jrifyg
w,f/ onftcg ]avmurSm bmrSr&Sb d ;l ? jzpfNyD;ysuo
f mG ;Muwmcsn;f
yJ? onfvkyd suof mG ;vdkY bmrSr&Sw
d murS trSe}f -vdkY jrifNyD;? emrf\wnf
&m &kyuf kdyg ]r&Sb
d l;}-vdkY &kyu
f kdy,fjcif; ]½ly0d&m*}-udkjyKygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'g[m umrtm&kqH kw
d YJ t½Iyaf wGu vGeaf tmifaew,fqkw d YJ t"dygÜ ,f
yg/ onftusiYu
f ½kyu f kdy,fwmjzpfvkdY ]t½lytusiY}f -vdkY ac:&yg
w,f/
'gaMumifY onfa,m*tusiYaf wG[m umrtm½kHukd wGe;f vSef

wJt YJ usi?Yf ]r[*¾wtusi}Yf -vdkY ac:&yg
Y wGuf umrxufjrifjY rwfwt
w,f/
bk&m;oQiu f k,
d w
f kid f tJonftusiaYf wGukd bk&m;rjzpfr?D bk&m;
avmif;b0u toufaovke;D yg;wdkiaf tmif jyif;jyif;xefxef ajcmuf
ESpu
f sicYf w
YJ m rZÑrd edum,f r[moD[em'okw?f aAm"d&mZukrm&okw?f
plV'kuu © E© o¨ kw?f r[mopöuokwf tppawGrmS azmfjyxm;wm Muuf
oD;arG;n§i;f xp&m jzpfaeygw,f/
t0wfrpnf;? wpfcsKHuwpfcsKH vljrifrSmpdk;vdkY ajy;yke;f ? qdwf

ausmif;om;? EGm;ausmif;om;awG ESyd pf ufuvl jyKwmcH? EGm;i,fusif
i,feJY rpifpm;? udk,YfusiBf uD;awmifpm; pwJY tusiYfeJY? umrtm½kH-
umrtodawGukd y,fcGgzdkY onm0d&m*(todonmrJYatmif) pdwu f kd
tyifyef;cHusiY&f if; cE¨mudk,uf kdyg ESyd pf ufcJYygw,f/
qufNyD; pdw\
f wnf&m½kyaf MumifY qif;&J&w,f-qdNk yD;? ½kyu
f ykd g
y,fwJY t½lytusiYjf zpfwJY ½ly0d&m*(t&Srd JY) tusiYu
f kdyg qufusiYf

152 udk,Yfukd,u
jzpfygw,f/ ½kyaf wGr&Srd S csr;f omr,f-xifNyD;? ½kyt

f m&kaH wGukd twif;
qGJcGg? tpmrpm;? toufr½SL pwmawG jzpfygw,f/
tJonfvkdusiYNf yD; olvkdcsiw f JY tjrifYjrwfqkH; vlom;*kP&f nf

odu©mw&m;(Owå&rd Ekó"r®)udk r&wJYtwGuf bk&m;tavmif;[m
udk,Yfvky&f yfeJY jzpf&yfukd jyefpOf;pm;wJYtcg-
]olwyg; rusiYfEkdiw f mawGukd igusiYfcJYNyD;NyD/ig-usiYfcJY
wmawG[m tvsiw f ke;f ua&m? tcka&m?aemifrSmyg
igYxuf ydkusiYfEkdiof l ½Srd Sm r[kwb
f l;/ tvGeq f kH;igY
avmufyJ usiYfEkid Mf urSmyg/ onftusiYfawG[m ylyef
pyfcg; tusKd ;rrsm;bl;/ onftusiYfawG[m vlYb0
nI;d ajcmufapwJY twåurd xtusiYfawG jzpfw,f?
Owå&rd Ekó"r® udk b,fvkdrS ray;pGr;f Edkib f l;}-vdkY
qifjcifokH;oyfcJYygw,f/
30/ bk&mYw&m;[m t&d,opömomvsijf zpfw,f
'gaMumifY onfa,m*tusiYaf wG[m vlYukd,pf w d Ef Spyf g; nI;d

EGr;f ajcmufcrf;apNyD; vlt
Y jzpfukd ysuaf p-aysmufapwJw
Y &m;/ 'kuj© zpf
apwJYw&m;/ vltjzpf½IH;apwJYw&m;/ twåuv d rxmEka,m*tpGe;f
rdpämr*¾if vrf;rSm;qdkNyD; y,fzkdY bk&m;tavmif; todaygufoGm;yg
w,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'geJY onftusiYaf wGuxGuf qGr;f cHpm;NyD; rQwaeawmY?

t&nuacwf t,ltwdkif; udk,fpdwf tqif;&Jtyifyef;cHusifYrS
w&m;"r®tm;xkww f ,f-vdkY em;vnfaewJY yÚö0*¾w D ku
Yd bk&m;avmif;
udk ]ur®|mef;vlxuG Bf uD;}-vdkY orkwMf ucg? bk&m;avmif;udk pGecYf gG NyD;
Am&mPoDteD; rd*'g0keaf wmrSm t&nutusiaYf wGukd qufusiaYf eMu
ygw,f/
bk&m;avmif;vnf; rZÑdry#dy'gjzpfwJY or®mvrf;eJYusiYNf yD;

i,fpOfi,faESmif;b0uae ckcsed x f d jzpf&yfawGukd jyefawG;NyD;? onf
jzpf&yfawG&JU taMumif;jyK&yfawGukd txyfxyf jyefqifjcifygw,f/
'g[m taMumif;udk trSjD yKNyD; tusKd ;jzpf&w,f-qdkwYJ y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fukd
txyfxyf tjyefjyef qifjcifjcif; jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd rdr&d JUjzpf&yfawG&JUtaMumif; jyK&yfawGukd jyefajymif;

qifjcif&if; b0ordki;f aMumif;udk jyefjrifwYJ ykaAÁe0d gomEkówd tbd
nmPf?
jyK&yfrmS ;aMumifY b0aumif;awGysuo f kO;f NyD; b0qdk;tjzpfawG
p&wJY jyK&yftusKd ;udk jrifwJY 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf?
jyK&yfrSm;awG&JU taMumif;udkjrifNyD; y,fwJY tmoGu©,
tbdnmPf qdw k YJ t&d,todÓPf ok;H yg;jzpfwYJ ]0dZmÆ ok;H yg;(aw0dZ)Æ }
-udk&NyD; or®morÁK'¨tjzpf a&mufcJYygw,f/ or®mwJYw&m;udk udk,f
wdkix
f kd;azmufojd rifwmvdkY qdkvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/

154 udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQifu onftjzpfukd ]or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁK'¨g}-

vdkYyJ ajymygw,f/ ]or®mwJY t&d,opömw&m;udk igudk,w f kdif xdk;
xGi;f odNyD }-vdkYom jzpfygw,f/ ]oAÁnkoarÁm"ð tbdorÁK'¨g-tvkH;pkH
aomw&m;udk udk,w f kid f xdk;xGi;f odNyD}-vdkY rajymcJyY gbl;/ wu,fom
onftodukd &w,fqkv d sif ]"r®pMuma'oem}-a[mMum;uwnf;u
]oAÁnkoarÁm"ð tbdorÁK'¨g}-vdkY a[mMum;rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY y&rw¬enf;eJY usiYw f mawG[m bk&m;oQifwkdYacwf

u awmxGuu f siY&f wJY t&nutusiYaf wGjzpfvkdY awmxGuo
f rP
jAm[®Pwdki;f &JUtusiYf jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygw,f/
onftusiYaf wG[m tm;xkwu f siY&f wJY ]a,m*tusiY}f -awG

jzpfygw,f/ onftusiYf usiYfolukd ]a,m*D}-vdkY ac:&ygw,f/
onfvkt d m;xkwNf yD; usi&Yf wJY a,m*tusiaYf wGukd bk&m;u y,f&rnfY
tpGe;f wpfcktjzpf jrifNyD; pGeYyf ,fcJYygw,f/ 'gawG[m ½lyg½lytusiYf
awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ y&rw¬tjrifeJY usiYpf OfawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m oluk, d w

f kid f y,fcw YJ YJ y&rw¬tjrif
jzpfwJY ½lyg½lyusiYpf Ofa[mif;awGukd b,fvkdenf;eJYrS jyeftoufoGi;f
rSm r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m olYtusiY[ f m ]a,m*}-
udk y,fwJYtusiYfjzpfvkdY ]y#dy'g}-vdkY okH;EIe;f cJYygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]y#dy'g}-qdkwm ]a,m*rjzpfatmifusi&Yf wJY tusiY}f

-vdkY todayguf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]a,m*tusiYf}-u
tm;xkwu f siYf&w,f qdkvsif ]y#dy'gtusiYf}-u ]tm;xkww f m}-
udk t½IcHxm;NyD; tm;rxkw&f bJeJY tm;xkwaf ewmudkyJ y,fwm
jzpfygw,f/ tm;xkw&f wm[m qif;&Jyifyef;vdYk ]'kuy© #dy'g}-ac:&yg
w,f/ tm;rxkw&f wm qif;&Jrjzpf csr;f omjzpfvkdY ]okcy#dy'g}-
ac:&ygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQi[f m ]ol&Y UJ rZÑrd y#dy'gvrf;}-udk 'kuy© #d
y'gr[kwb f J okcy#dy'gvdkY qdkjcif;jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]bk&mYw&m;[m t&d,opöm}-omvsif jzpfygw,f/
f l;}-vdkY aumufcsuf
]y&rw¬opöm-[m bk&mYw&m; r[kwb
csEkdiNf yD jzpfygw,f/
31/ opömokH;rsKd ;
onfrSm taMumif;qdkuvf mvdkY opömokH;rsKd ;&Sad Mumif; usaemf

wifjyygYr,f/
(1) y&rw¬opöm?
(2) orkwod pöm(ynwåo d pöm)?
(3) t&d,opöm-wdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/

156 udk,Yfukd,u
bmjzpfvkdY usaemf onfvkd 0HY0HY&J&J wifjy&ovJqkdawmY-

(1) onfopömokH;yg;[m t½IcHtm½kH rwlbl;/ jrifwJYe,f?
usupf m;&mcGif rwlygbl;/
(2) onfopömokH;yg;[m obm0vu©Pm qifwlw,fvkdY
xif&ayrJY t&d,opöm&JU vu©Pmt&aumuf[m
y&rw¬opömeJYa&m orkwo d pömeJYyg jcm;em;ygw,f/ t
xl;ojzifY ]'ku©}-t&aumufrSm uGJjym;ygw,f/
(3) onfopömok;H yg;[m wpfyg;eJw Y pfyg; t½Ict
H m½k?H jrifwYJ
e,f? usupf m;&mcGif rwlayrJY wpfckeJYwpfck rqefYusif
bJ opömwpfckeJYwpfck tavsmf jzpfaeMuygw,f/
'gudk qufaqG;aEG;Muygr,f/
]y&rw¬opöm]-rSm y&rwf}-qdkwm y&r+tw¬-yg/ y&r-

qdkwmu tajccHypön;f ? tpdwv f kdY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ tw¬-qdkwm
]tusKd ;}-vdkY teuf&ayrJY onfae&mrSm xif&Sm;w,f-vdkY em;vnf&
ygr,f/
'gaMumifY ]y&rw¬opöm}-udk razmufjyef? rajymif;vJwJY

trSew
f &m;vdkY qdkMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifY y&rwfukdt&aumufvsif
]tpdw}f -awG &ygr,f/
'gaMumifY

udk,Yfukd,u
(1) y&rwftjrif[m-tajccHypön;f jzpfwYJ ]tpdw}f -udk tm

½kH jyKygw,f/
(2) tpdw-f [m y&rwf&JUe,fy,f jzpfygw,f/
(3) tpdw-f [m y&rwfopöm&JU usupf m;&mcGif jzpfygw,f/
(4) y&rwf&JU obm0vu©Pm[m jzpf-wnf-ysuf ygyJ/
wpfrsKd ;ajym&vsif rNrJtedpö(tedpöH c,a|e)? rNrJysuf
wmab;jzpfwJYqif;&J('ku©H b,a|e)? tedpö'ku©jzpfvkdY
tESprf &Swd JY tewå(tewåm tom&ua|e)vdkY tbd
"r®u zGiYfqkdygw,f/
½kyyf &rwfqkv d sif yx0D?awaZmpwJY tpdwaf wG/ emrfy&rwf

qdkvsif pdw?f apwodupf wJY tpdwaf wGjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vlay:
rSm jzpfaewJY wGe;f rIwkd;rI? vIy&f Sm;rI-axmufuefrI--pwJY vlY tZÑwå
oabmawGukd ½Iwt YJ usiw Yf &m;[m ]½kytf pdw}f -jzpfwYJ 0ga,m½kyu
f kd
t½Icx H m; ½IwmjzpfvkYd usaemfu ]y&rwftjrif? y&rwfe,f? y&rwf
cGi}f -vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wl yl-at;? rm-Ek? zGJU-,dkpwJY oabmvu©PmawG

t½IcHxm; ½Iwmvnf; ½kyt f pdwjf zpfwJY awaZm½ky?f yx0D½ky?f tm
ayg½kyuf kd t½IcHxm;wm jzpfvkdY ]y&rwftjrif? y&rwfe,f? y&rwf
cGi}f -vdkY ajym&rSm jzpfygw,f/

158 udk,Yfukd,u
'geJq
Y ufNyD; ]vlay:rSm rGr½G ½G -G jzpfw,f qdw k m y&rwfoabm
awG&JU jzpf-wnf-ysuf oabmawG jzpfaMumif; od&ygr,f/
onfrGrG&G&G woJoJwjzwfjzKwf wvIyv f Iyf jzpfaewm[m
jzpf-wnf-ysuo f abm odae&wmjzpfygw,f/ onfuae aemufqk;H
]ysuf}-csnf;jrifNyD; ]bmrSr&Sdoabm}-udk pdwfeJY odMu&wm
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY y&rw¬opöm[m vltp&Sw d JY taumifj'yfwpfckukd
wnfaqmufxm;wJY tao;pdww f &m; (0g) twGi;f ydki;f ]tZÑwå}-
jzpfwJY tpdwt f m½kH wpfckwnf;udk tm½kHjyKNyD; BudKufrBudKuf ray:&
avatmif pdwu f kd xde;f csKyfwmjzpfvkdY ]tZÑwåwl½ljyKw,f}-vdkY qdk&
rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gudkyJ tZÑwåukd tm½kHjyKw,f ac:&ygw,f/
onfawmY y&rwfqkdwm razmufrjyefwJY t&Sw d &m;vm;¿

onfy&rwfqkdwmvnf; olYxufi,fwJY tpdww f &m;awG
aygif;pkaevdkY jzpfaewJY tjzpfyJvm;¿ pdppfoifYw,f r[kwyf gvm;/
Oyrm-jrifpw d f y&rwfqkdygawmY/
]pu©KpH y#dpö ½layp OyÜZw Æ d pu©K0dnmPH}-vdkY ]rsupf t
d Munf
ESiYf tqif;udkpí
JG jrifpw
d jf zpfay:w,f}-vdkY bk&m;oQif qquúokwåef
rSm a[mxm;ygw,f/
a'oem0dvmot& tjynfhra[mwmudk tjynfh jznfhjrif&
ygYr,f/ jrifpw d w
f pfvkH; jzpfzkdY[m rsupf t d Munfpu©K'Gg&eJY tm½kH

udk,Yfukd,u
jzpfwYJ tqif;½lyg½kw
H kYd wdkuq
f krH t
I jyif? tul"mwfjzpfwYJ tvif;a&mif
(tmavmu)eJY ESvkH;oGi;f (reodum&)wdkY &Syd grS jrifwmjzpfygw,f/
jrifpw
d yf &rwfjzpfzkYd rsupf td Munf?tqif;?tvif;?ESvk;H oGi;f -
vdkygw,f/ onfav;rsKd ;aygif;qkHrS ]jrifpw d yf &rwf} jzpf&ygw,f/
'gaMumifYrkdYvkdY y&rwft½Sw d &m;vdkY qdk&wJY ]pdw}f -qdkwm[m
tpdwaf wG aygif;qkHrSjzpfwJY ]tjzpfw&m;}-yJ r[kwyf gvm;/
onfawmY y&rwfeYJ ynwf[m tjzpfw&m;awG twlwyl gyJ/
jzpf-wnf-ysucf sed f umv taES;tjrefom uGmjcm;wm jzpfygw,f/
'gudk tbd"r®mapwoduyf kdi;f eJY pdppfMunfhvsif pdwqf kdwm

zótp½Sw d JY pdwt
f m;vkH;eJYtwljzpfwJY oAÁpw
d åom"m&Papwoduf
ckepfvkH;eJY tenf;qkH; wGJjzpf&ygw,f/ tbd"r®mtajccH r&So d lrsm;t
wGuf &Si;f jyygYr,f/
pdwq f kdwm MunfvifaewJY a&vdkygyJ/ bmta&mifrS r&Syd g

bl;/ odakY omf a&[m ta&mifr&Sb d ;l qdkayrJY ]olx
Y rJ mS udku tqif;jzpf
wJY ½lyg&k[H m}-ygNyD; jzpfovd?k pdwq f wkd m ta&mifr&Sad yrJY olx Y rJ mS udu
k
apwoduq f kw
d YJ tqif;awG[m wygwnf; ygNyD; jzpfygw,f/ onft
qif;awGukd cGJxkwv f kduvf sif ckepfrsKd ; &Syd gw,f/
tm&kcH tH *FgeJY tm&kw
H kYd awGUxv d ku
d w
f mudk odwYJ zó? tJ'gudk
rSwof m;vdkuw f YJ onm? a&SUurSwo f m;xm;wmeJY csed x f k;d NyD; omrom

160 udk,Yfukd,u
csed q
f wJY a0'em? onftodukd EI;d qGay;wJY apwem? tm&kHukdpl;pdkuf
wJY {u*¾wm? jzpfzufw&m;awGukd &Sio f efaeapwJY ZD0w d ad jE´? jzpfzuf
w&m;awGukd rQaeatmifxed ;f wJY reodum&-onf ckepfrsKd ;yJ jzpfyg
w,f/ onfapwoducf kepfrsK;d [m b,fpw d rf Smrqdk waygif;wnf;
wNydKifwnf; jzpf&ygw,f/
'gaMumifY pdwyf &rwfqwkd m tajccHtpdwaf wG aygif;pkxm;wJY

tpkypön;f yJ jzpfygw,f/ t&Sw
d &m;r[kwb f J tjzpfw&m;om jzpfyg
w,f/ ]jzpf}-w&m;[m ]jzpfNyD;vsif ysu&f wm} "r®wm jzpfygw,f/
'g-obm0 jzpfygw,f/
xdkYwl ½kyyf &rwfqkdwm pdppfvsif ]yx0D½ky}f -qdkwm usew f JY

r[mbkw½f kyo f kH;yg;&JU trSDcH/ usew
f JY tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m½kyf
awGuvnf; yx0Day:rSND yD; jzpf&wJt Y jzpfawGy/J wpfckew
YJ pfck cGcJ gG NyD;
jzpfvkYd&wm r[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY tao;qk;H ½kyf qdkwmuvnf; yx0D(rm-Ekoabm)?

tmayg (zGJU-,dkoabm)? awaZm (yl-at;oabm)? 0ga,m(vIy-f
axmufoabm)?0PÖ(tqif;oabm)?*E¨(teHYoabm)? &o(csKd csOf
pyfzefcg;tief t&omoabm) MoZ(tESpMf oZmoabm)/ tenf;
qkH; onfoabmw&m;&Spcf k aygif;pkxm;wJY t0dead AÇm*½kyf (vkH;0udk
cGJzsurf &wJY tjzpfoabm) jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfoabm&Spcf k aygif;qkrH oS m tyltat;aMumifY azmufjyef

wJY ½kyw
f pfck jzpfwmyg/ onfawmY ]½kyyf &rwf}-vnf; t½Sw d &m;
r[kwyf gbl;? tpdwt f ydki;f awG aygif;qkHrSjzpf&wJY tjzpfw&m;ygyJ/
'gaMumifY y&rwfqkdwm razmufrjyef t½Sw d &m; r[kwyf g

bl;/ olvnf; ynwfvkdyJ tpdwaf wG aygif;vdkY jzpfvm&wJY tjzpfw
&m;ygyJ/ olo Y bm0u jzpfNyD;wmeJY csujf cif;ysuaf y;&ygw,f/ rysuf
vsif a½SU½kyef JYaemuf½kyaf wG wpfckay:wpfck xyfaeNyD; ½Si;f ½Si;f vif;
vif;jrif&wJY ½kyt f jzpf r&awmYbJ txyfxyfjzpfaevdkY bm½kyrf eS ;f rod
wJY½kyf jzpfaeygYr,f/
tvm;wl emrf[mvnf; jzpfNyD;wmeJY ysuaf y;&ygw,f/ r

ysuv f sif emrfawGxyfaevdkY bmrQ odrSm r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifY
a½SU½ky-f a½SUemrfysuaf y;rS aemuf½ky-f aemufemrf jzpf&wmyg/
tjzpftysuaf wGu t½Sed jf refveG ;f NyD; tpm;xdk;wJY aemuf½kyf

aemufemrfeJY a½SU½kyaf ½SUemrf&JU toGi[
f m wqifwnf;jzpfNyD; toGif
ruGmjcm;wJYtwGuf onfcE¨mudk,Bf uD; rjzpfrysuw f nfaew,f xif
&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifY jrpfwpfcktwGi;f a&pD;aewmudkMunfYvsif r

ajymif;rvJbJ onfa&[m onfa&yJ-vdkY jrifMu&ygYr,f/ odkYaomf

162 udk,Yfukd,u
ck jrif&wJY a&ae&mrSm csujf cif;yJ aemufxyfpD;0ifwJYa&u tpm;xdk;

xm;wmjzpfvkYd onfa&[m onfa&yJ xif&ayrJY onfvkrd [kwaf wmY
wm udk pm½IolwkdY odjrifEkdiyf gw,f/
tvm;wl a&SUuysuo f Gm;wJY &kyaf wGemrfawG ae&mrSm? tpm;

xdk;jzpfwJY &kyaf wGemrfawGu tjzpf tysujf refvGe;f vdkY onftjzpfukd
tbd"r®mrSm ]e'Daomawm 0d,(jrpfa&pD;ovdky)J ? 'DyZmvm0d, (qDr;D
tvQHvkdyJ)-vdkY Oyrmay;avY &Syd gw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]y&rwfqkdwmvnf; ynwfenf;wl tpdww f &m;awG
pkaygif;qkHpnf;vdkY jzpfvmwJY tjzpfw&m;}-jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY tajccHjzpfwJY tpdww f &m;awG aygif;pnf;xm;wJY
tpkjzpfwJY taumifj'yf ynwf[mvnf; tjzpfaygif;pkawG jzpfvkdY
y&rwfa&m? ynwfyg jzpfNyD;ysu&f wm "r®wmyg? ed,mryg? obm0
w&m;om jzpfygw,f/
]orkwo d pöm}-taMumif; y&rw¬opöm]-ajym&if; &Si;f jyNyD;

jzpfaeygNyD/ ]orkw}d -qdkwm pkaygif;xm;jcif;vdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
ArmawGuawmY teufrjyefawmYbJ ]orkww f ,f}-vdkY okH;EIe;f Muyg
w,f/ teufu ]pkaygif;NyD; 0dkif;0ef;todtrSwfjyKw,f}-qdkwJY
oabmygyJ/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]orkwo d pöm}-udk t&aumufvsif ]tpk}-awGyJ

& rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY-
(1) orkwt d jrif[m-tajccHypön;f awG pkpnf;xm;wJY ]tpk}
-udk tm½kHjyKygw,f/
(2) tpk-[m orkw&d JUe,fy,f jzpfygw,f/
(3) tpk-[m orkwo d pöm&JU usupf m;&mcGif jzpfygw,f/
(4) orkwo d pöm&JU obm0vu©Pm[m jzpf-wnf-ysuf
vu©Pm&Sw d YJ y&rwfawGeYJ pkpnf;xm;wmjzpfvkYd y&rwf
&JUvu©PmjzpfwYJ jzpf-wnf-ysuyf J jzpfygw,f/ odaYk omf
]wnf}-&mrSm y&rwfxuf umvMum&Snyf gw,f/ ork
wdynwfrSmvnf; rNrJwJYtedpö? tdkrif;&ifYa&mf aqG;ajrU
ysuo f kO;f &vdkY 'ku©/ onftjzpfawG[m rpdk;rydkiw f JYt
wGuf tewåvkdY jrifvkdY &ygw,f/
yrmtm;jzifY tarY0rf;xJy#doaEäeNyD; ao&wJYxd
rNrJwJYtedpö? arG;&mutdkrif;&ifYa&mf rvIyrf &Sm;Edkif qif;
&Ja0'emcHpm; ao&wJY'ku©? onftjzpfawG[m tpdk;
r&awmY tewå jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]orkwo d pöm}-[m tpdww f &m;awG pkxm;wmudk

emrnfwyfNyD; vl? wd&pämef? a&ajrawmawmif? Opömypön;f -pwJY
tpk odkYr[kwf txnfj'yf? taumifjzpfygw,f/ onftaumif? t
xnf? j'yf&ySd grS BudKuf-rBudKufqkdwJY ]umr}-ay:r,f jzpfygw,f/

164 udk,Yfukd,u
onfrSm y&rwfukd pkpnf;vdkuv f kdY ay:vmwJYoP²mefukd vl

trsm; 0dki;f 0ef;owfrSwv f kduv f kdY orkwjd zpfwm b,folrS rjiif;Edkif
ygbl;/ tpktwdki;f rSeu f efaeygw,f/ 'gudkyJ ]orkwo d pöm}-ac:&yg
w,f/ orkwo d pömqdkwm jyifytqif;ykHoP²mefukd jrifNyD; BudKuf-
rBudKuf *kP&f nf ay:aygufjcif;jzpfwt YJ wGuf ]A[d'¨ wl½jl yKw,f}-
ac:&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]orkwo d pöm[m}-tZÑwåukd tajccHjyK pkpnf;
&yfwnf&if; ]A[d'ükd tm½kHjyKw,f}-vdkY qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfawmY ]y&rw¬opömeJY orkwo d pöm}-onfopömESpcf k[m
]tZÑwåw½l }l -eJY ]A[d'w ¨ ½l }l -jzpfygw,f/ onfopömESpcf kukyd J vlawG
odaeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;oQifwkaYd cwfu jAm[®Pa&m? orP
a&m?tmZD0uawGa&m?y@dwyf nm½Siaf wG? bk&m;qdkolawG b,folr
qdk ]opöm}-ar;vsif onfopömESpcf kukdyJ odMu-ajymMujcif; jzpfyg
w,f/
'gaMumifY onfaeYAk'¨bmompmayawGrSm t&d,opömudk o

bm0opömqdkwJY y&rw¬opömxJrSm t0iftyg jyMujcif;[m ]t&d,
tjrif]-r[kwbf J ]te&d,tjrif}-qdkwm od&rSmjzpfygw,f/
onfopömESpcf ktjyif onfopömESpcf k&UJ trIvkyif ef;jywJ?Y (0g)

t&nftcsi;f jzpfwYJ ]trSew f &m;opöm}-wpfck&adS Mumif;/ onf ]opöm
topfwpfck}-udk bk&m;oQifuomvsif azmfxkwcf JYjcif;jzpfaMumif;
odzkdY vdkygw,f/ 'g[m trIupd öjywJY ]t&d,opöm}-jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifu olY&JUw&m;udk topftjzpf olazmf

xkwcf wYJ YJ ]opömw&m;topf}-jzpfaMumif;? ]t&d,}-wdko Y m odEkid w f YJ
]t&d,opöm}-jzpfaMumif;/ te&d,wdkY odtyfwYJ y&rw¬opöm? orkwd
opöm r[kwaf Mumif; "r®pMuma'oemeJY tjcm;tjcm;aom a'oem
ajrmufjrm;pGmawGrSm ]t&d,opöm}-vdkY trnfopfwyf-wyfNyD;}-
a[mMum;jcif; jyKcJYaMumif; od&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm}-[m-
tpdwt f m&kHjzpfwJY y&rw¬opömvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
tpktm&kHjzpfwJY orkwo d pömvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
t&d,opöm-[m y&rwfeYJ y&rwfawG pkaygif;xm;wJY orkwd
awG&UJ t&nftaoG; odkrY [kwf ]vkyif ef;udp}ö -udkom wl½jl yKygw,f/
]trI}-udkom tm½kHxm;ygw,f/
]trI}-qdkwm vky&f yfawG jzpfawmY ]uH}-jzpfygw,f/
]t&d,}-qdw k m ]tjzL}-vdYk t"dygÜ ,f&ygw,f/ pifMu,fwo YJ
abm? rSeu f efwJYoabm? ajzmifYrwfwJYoabm? r,dr;f ,dkiw f JYoabm?
El;nHYwJY oabm? ,Ofaus;jrifYjrwfwJYoabm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]t&d,opöm}-udk t&aumufvsif ]trI}-yJ &rSm

jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY-
(1) t&d,tjrif[m tpdwaf wGeJY? tpdwaf wG pkpnf;xm;wJY
tpkawG&UJ t&nftcsi;f ? udpaö wGjzpfwYJ ]trI-udk tm½kH

166 udk,Yfukd,u
jyKygw,f/ onftrI[m ygVdvkd ]ur®}? jrefrmvdk ]uH}-

jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]t&d,opöm}-[m ]uH}-
udkom y"mejyKjcif; jzpfygw,f/
(2) trI-[m t&d,opöm&JUe,fy,f jzpfygw,f/
(3) trI-[m t&d,opöm&JU usupf m;&mcGif jzpfygw,f/
(4) t&d,opöm&JU obm0vu©Pm[m jzpf-wnf-ysuf
r[kwyf gbl;/ uHawG&JU ysupf D;rI-tedpö? qdk;0g;rI-'ku©?
tokH;rus-tokH;r0ifrI-tewå? rvSry tusn;f wefrI
-tokb jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY -
obm0jzpfwYJ tjzpfw&m; y&rw¬opömjzpfwYJ tpdwef ?YJ onf
y&rwfawGeJY pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJY orkwo d pömjzpfwJY tpkqkdwJY
taumifj'yf&UJ trIupd jö zpfwYJ vkyif ef;? onftrI&UJ wefzk;d ? onftrI&UJ
tokH;0ifykHjywJY t&nftcsi;f jzpfwJY-
]trIur®-&JU trSejf zpfwnfaewJYoabm}-[m
]t&d,opöm}- jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm}-udk bk&m;oQifwpfyg;omvsif udk,w
f kdif
pwifxGi;f azmuf odjrifjcif; jzpfygw,f/}

udk,Yfukd,u
onfawmY opömawGeJY olwkdY&JUtm½kHukd wGJMunfhvsi-f

(1) y&rwfopöm&JU tm½kHu tpdwt f ajccHw&m;awG/
(2) orkwo d pöm&JUtm½kHu tpkokdYr[kwf taumiftxnf
j'yf0w¬KawG/
(3) t&d,opöm&JU tm½Hkukd ½SmMunfhwJYtcg onftm½kHESpcf k
eJY uGv
J &JG ygYr,f/ 'gayrJY onftm½kaH wGev YJ nf; tavsmf
twdki;f jzpfwJY tm½kHvnf; jzpf&ygYr,f/
y&rwfqkdwJY tpdwef JU? tpdwaf MumifYjzpfwJY tpkjzpfwJY t
aumifj'yfrSm olYt&nftaoG;eJY tokH;cswefzkd; &Sad eygw,f/ tvm;
wl y&rwfw&m;awG pkxm;wJ]Y vl}rSmvnf; olu Y k,
d Ef w
I Ef v
S k;H vIy&f mS ;
rIuHaMumifY taumif;-tqdk;eJY aumif;usKd ;-qdk;jypfawG ½Syd gw,f/
xdkYtwl wd&pämefpwJY ouf½eSd JY oufrJYawGrSmvnf; olYt&nf

taoG;eJY tok;H csvkyif ef;awG ½Syd gw,f/ tJ'gu tJonf vl-wd&pämef-
ypön;f awG&JU *kPyf g? wpfenf;tm;jzifY wefzkd;yg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifY
t&nftcsi;f yg/ wpfrsKd ;ajym&vsif ]trIupd ?ö trIu}H -awG jzpfygw,f/
onftrIuHawG[m y&rwfeJYvnf; rqefYusiyf gbl;/ orkwd
eJYvnf; rqefYusiyf gbl;/ bmjzpfvkdvnf;qdkawmY ,if;wdkY&JU t&nft
aoG; trIupd öawG jzpfaeavawmY ,if;wdkY&JU t½IcHtm&kH? ,if;wdkY&JU
e,f? ,if;wdkY&JUusupf m&mcGief JY rwlwJY? ,if;wdkYeJYvnf; rqefYusiw
f JY?
,if;wdkYtxJxJ tavsmt f wdki;f 0ifwJY ]oD;jcm;tjrif? oD;jcm;tm½HkH?
oD;jcm;e,f? oD;jcm;cGi}f -jzpfaevdkY od&r,f jzpfygw,f/

168 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]trI}-[m t&d,opöm&JU tm½Hkom jzpfygw,f/

]wefz;kd }-qdw
k m[m olt Y wdik ;f wdik ;f r&Edik yf gbl;? aqmif&u
G w
f YJ trIupd ?ö
t&nftcsi;f ay: rlwnfNyD; &jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]vlaY vmurSm
vlawGukd wefzkd;jzwfwJYtcg? olYt&nftcsi;f jzpfwJY olYvkyaf qmifwJY
trI}-udkyJ taumif;-tqdk; wefzkd;jzwfMujcif; jzpfygw,f/
ypön;f udk wefzk;d jzwfwmMunfYvsif opfom;awmY opfom;yJ?
uRef;owå½d v Sd sif tusKd ;tjzpf opfom;aumif;/ 'D'l;owåd ½Sv d sif t
jypftjzpf opfom;nHY-ponfjzpfygw,f/
vlrSmvnf; cdk;qdk;vk,ufwJYupd ö(trI)½Sv d sif olYukd vlqkd;ol

qdk;tjzpf wefzkd;jzwfrSmyg/ 'g[m qdk;jypf jzpfygw,f/ ay;urf;vSL
'gef;? apmifraxmufyUH wuYJ pd (ö trI)½Sv
d sif olu
Y kd tusKd ;tjzpf vlaumif;
olaumif;tjzpf wefzk;d jzwfrmS yg/ 'g aumif;usKd ; jzpfygw,f/ qdk;jyp
af &m aumif;usKd ;yg trI&UJ wefzk;d jy t&nftcsi;f awGcsn;f jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY opömokH;yg;&JU tm½Hkukd odyÜHpmoifausmif;awGrSm

oifwJY ]"mwkaA'}-u ½kyaf wGtay: jrifjywmeJY OyrmjyygYr,f/
a&qdkwJY tmayg½kyu f kd vlwkdi;f odygw,f/ a&qdkwm "mwk
aA'tjrifu "mwfaygif;ypön;f (Compound) jzpfygw,f/
"mwfaygif;jzpfwJYa&udk ]a&}-vdkY taumifj'yftjzpf jrifwm
[m ] orkwo d pömtjrif}jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
tJonfa&rSm tajccHypön;f jzpfwJY j'yfpif(Element)ESprf sKd ;

aygif;pyfyg0ifygw,f/[dku'f ½dk*si(f Hydrogen-H)u ESpq f ? atmufpD
*si(f Oxygen-O)u 1qeJY aygif;pyfxm;w,fvkdY jrifjyxm;ygw,f/
onf]a&}-udk a&-r[kwb f J [du
k 'f ½d*k si?f atmufp*D siaf wG-vdYk tajccH
ypön;f awGeJY tpdwaf wGtjzpf jrifwm[m ]y&rw¬opömtjrif}- jzpf
ygw,f/
onfa&[m a&oefYjzpfvsif ]aomufvkdY&wJYt&nftcsi;f }
½Syd gw,f/ a&oefrY jzpfvsif a&csKd ;?zGyaf vsm?f pdkuyf sKd ;a&-ponf wpfrsKd ;
rsKd ; tok;H jyK&ygw,f/ b,fvrkd S ok;H r&atmif npfywfaevsif pGeyYf pf
&ygw,f/ onfvkd a&&JUtok;H cst&nftcsi;f - ]a&&JUtrI}-udk jrifwm?
a&&JUt&nftcsi;f ? a&&JUtrIupd öukd jrifwm[m ]t&d,opömtjrif }-
yJ jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wl a&udkzGJUpnf;wJU atmufpD*siu f kd b,fvkdtokH;cs

Edkiw
f ,f? [dkuNf 'dK*siu
f kd b,fvkdtokH;csEkid w
f ,f-qdkwJY onf j'yfpif
rsm;&JU ]t&nftaoG;}-udkow d mvnf; ]t&d,opömtjrif}-yJ jzpfyg
w,f/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm-[m ]wefzkd;jzwfwJYynm }-jzpfygw,f/
wefzkd;udk? y&rwfeJY orkww
d kdU&JUaqmif½GuEf kdiw
f JY trI
udpö t&nftcsi;f ay: qkH;jzwfwm jzpfygw,f/

170 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY vleJYywfoufwJY vlYwefzkd; qkH;jzwfwJYtcg? vlqkd

wm arG;wmu aowJYtxd udk,t f jyKtrl? EIwt f ajymtqdk? pdwt f
BuHtpnf(vlYtrlt&m) onfvkyif ef;okH;ckyJ &Sv d kdY? vlYwefzkd;udk onf
vkyif ef;okH;ckay:rSmyJ qkH;jzwfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifY-
udk,Ef IwEf SvkH; aumif;vsif ]vlaumif;}?
udk,Ef IwEf SvkH; raumif;vsif ]vlqkd;}-vdkY
wefzkd;jzwfMuygw,f/
udk,Ef IwEf SvkH;aqmif½Guw f JYtrI um,uH?0pDuH?raemuH qdk

wJY ]uHo;kH yg;}-[m vlt Y vkyjf zpfygw,f/ tvkyu f kd ]trI}-vdkY ac:Mu
&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vleJYywfoufwJY t&d,opöm&JU t½IcHtm½kH[m
vlYtpdwef JY vlaumifrsm; r[kwb f J vl&JU ]trI=uH}-yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-vleJYywfoufvkdY t&d,opömtjrif[m-
]tpdw}f -jzpfwJY pdw?f apwodu?f yx0D- tp&So
d nf
vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
]tpk}-jzpfwJY vlaumif? ewfaumif ponfvnf;r
[kwyf gbl;/
]tpdwaf wGpkpnf;xm;wJY tpkjzpfwJY vl&JU ]tajym-
tjyK-tae}-jzpfwJY ]trIuH}-awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
onfawmY opömtoD;oD;&JU tm½kHawGukd EIid ;f ,SOMf unfYvsi-f

udk,Yfukd,u
t&d,opöm[m oD;jcm;trnf&aomfvnf;? y&rwfopömeJaY &m?

orkwo d pömeJYyg ruGJrjym; wom;wnf; jzpfaeygw,f/ onfopöm
ESpyf g;eJY rqefYusib
f J onfopömESpyf g;eJY tavsmt f wdki;f jzpfwJY opöm
jzpfaMumif; a&SUrmS usaemfwifjycJNY yD;twdki;f xif&mS ;aeNyD jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfopömok;H yg;[m wpfckew YJ pfckukd racszsuo f ifY

ygbl;/ bmaMumifv Y q
J kad wmY t½Ict H m½kcH si;f rwlvykYd gyJ/ olwkYd tjrif?
olwkcYd iG f olwkeYd ,fy,fcsi;f rwlvkYd jzpfygw,f/ onfopömok;H yg;[m
t½IcHtm½kH? usiv f nf&me,fy,f? usupf m;&mcGif rwlwJYtwGuf wpf
yg;u wpfyg;udak cszsurf ,fqv kd sif ]e,fausmo f mG ;NyD? cGiaf usmo
f mG ;NyD]-
jzpfw,f-vdkY ajym&rSm jzpfygw,f/
orkwo d pömw&m;udk y&rw¬opömeJY acszsuv f kdY&wm r[kwf

ygbl;/ olYe,feJYol rSeaf ewmyg/ olYcGief JYol rSeaf ewmyg/ onfvkdyJ
t&d,opömudk y&rw¬eJY acsypfvkdY r&ygbl;/ twlwwef;wnf;xm;
vdkY r&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifY t&d,opöm[m y&rw¬opöm r[kwyf gbl;/
y&rw¬opömeJY t&d,opömqdkwm a½TeJYcyfjymvdkyJ? wefzkd;csi;f rwlyg
bl;/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm}-[m y&rw¬opöm? orkwo d pömr[kwf
wJY oD;jcm;trnf&wJY ]trSew
f &m;opömwpfckom jzpf
ygw,f/}

172 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY y&rw¬opöm&JU ½lytjrif[m vlpwJY tm½kHawGukd

tpdwt
f jrifeYJ zsuyf pfazsmufypfNyD; ]vlukd vlr[kwb
f ;l ? vlukcd pJG w
d Nf yD;
yx0DpwJY "mwfoabmawG? ½kyef mrfoabmawGvkdY jrifygw,f/
t½lytjrifu onfyx0DpwJY "mwfoabmawG[m t½Sd

r[kwb f l;? jzpfNyD;ysuof Gm;&wmyJ jzpfw,f/ tJonf t&Srd [kww f JY
]avmurSm bmrSr&Sb d l;qdkwJY oabmurS &Sad ewmtrSe}f -vdkY tajccH
ypön;f jzpfwYJ y&rwfawG}-udk ]r½Sb d ;l }-vdkY azsmufypfwYJ tjrif jzpfyg
w,f/
onfy&rwftusiYaf wGukd usiYw f JYol[m vlukd vlvkdrjrif
awmYbJ t½dk;pkawG? qHyifawGpwJY aum|moawG? ½kyaf wG emrfawG?
"mwfy&rwfawG? aemufqkH; "mwfy&rwfawG csKyfaysmufoGm;wJY
]bmrSr&Sw d JY v[mjyifawG}-udkyJ jrifrSm jzpfygw,f/
olUukd,o f lvnf; onftwdki;f yJ jrifovdk? oleJYqufqHwJY vl

pwJY ouf&t Sd m;vkH;? oufrJYtm;vkH;udk onftwdki;f yJ jrifrSm jzpfyg
w,f/
onfawmY oleJY vlawG&JUqufqHa&;? oleJY vlrSty ouf&Sd
awGeJY qufqHa&;? ypön;f awGeJY qufqHa&;[m ormrQwrI &Srd Smr
[kwaf wmYygbl;/ oljrifaewJY tjrifeJYyJ qufqHrSmqdkawmY onfy&
rw¬tjrifeUJ onftusiu Yf sio
Yf [
l m ]vlpw
d }f -aysmufomG ;NyD; olt
Y usiYf
jzpfwJY ]vlvGet f usiYfpw
d }f -yJ aygufrSm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
ol[m vlr[kwaf wmYwJY ]trEkó=vlr[kww f JYvl=vlysuf

b0}-a&mufoGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ olYpw d [ f m tm&kHtESHY rul;awmYvkdY
]pdwrf ES}YH -awmYygbl;/ olpY w
d [
f m tm&kt
H m;vk;H udk rodawmYbJ wpfck
wpfzJYukdom odawmYwmjzpfwJYtwGuf ]usyrf jynfY}-awmYygbl;/
onftjrifESpcf kvkH;[m vlukd vl-vdkY taumiftaeeJYa&m?

taumif&JUvIy&f Sm;rI trIuHukda&m rjrifapwmjzpfawmY vlukd vlt
jzpfuae usqkH;apygNyD/ vlYtjzpfukd edrYu f sapygNyD/ 'gaMumifY onf
tjzpfukd ]qif;&Jw,f}-ac:&ygw,f/onftjrifawG[m ]vlukd vlY
tjzpfxuf edrYfus&mqDukd &J&J0HY0YH qif;oGm;apw,f}-vdkY t"dyÜg,f&yg
w,f/ 'gaMumifY onftjrifawG[m vlukd wefzkd;rJYypfvkduyf gw,f/
vlw
Y efzk;d udk zsuyf pf?azsmufypfwYJ tjrifawG? tusiaYf wGyJ jzpfygw,f/
32/ t&d,opöm[m ypöKyÜEéur®0g'jzpfw,f
]t&d,opöm}-[m vlukd zsuv f nf;rjrifygbl;? azsmufvnf;

rjrifygbl;/ olYt½Std wdki;f jrifygw,f/ 'gayrJY vlaumifukdt"du
xm; pOf;pm;wJY ]vlt"du0g'(Humanism)}-vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
vluvkyw f YJ trIuu H kyd J t"duxm;NyD; vlw
Y efzk;d udk ydki;f jzwfwYJ
]ur®0g'}-omvsif jzpfygw,f/ onfuHawGudk taumif;tqdk;
taMumif;tusKd ; a0zefykid ;f jcm;jywJY ]0dbZÆ 0g'}omvsif jzpfygw,f/

174 udk,Yfukd,u
onf ]ur®0g'}-[m jAm[®PawG,lovdk ck-aemuf-aemif

arG;ao b0awGjzpfapwJY ]uH}-r[kwb f J? onfypöKyÜet
f ouf&Siq f J
todÓPf&Sw d JY vlay:rSmjzpfaewJY udk,tf rI? EIwtf rIeJY pdwt
f rI?
onftrIo;kH ckukd waygif;wnf;jrifwYJ ]trIu}H -ay:rSmom? taMumif;
tusKd ;? aumif;usKd ;qdk;jypf ponf pOf;pm;qifjcifNyD; wefzkd;jzwfwJY
é r®0g'} jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd ]uH}-tjrifcsi;f uGmjcm;ygw,f/
]ypöKyEÜ u
y&rwf&,f? orkw&d ,f? t&d,opöm&,f tjrifrwl uGJjym;

ykHukd xif&Sm;atmif Oyrm qdkygOD;r,f/
usaemYq f &mBuD;rsm; ajymMum;wJY ]bJvl;'óe}-yJ qdkygpdkY/
taemufwkdi;f om; ESpOf D;[m ql;avbk&m;rSm "mwfykH½kdu&f if;
eJY a*gyuudk ar;w,f/ ]ql;avbk&m;u bmeJY wnfxm;ovJ}-
aygY/]tkw?f t*FawawGe-YJ vdkY ajzygw,f/aemuf-ab;rSm½Sw d tYJ aqmuf
tODeJY tdro f mudkawGUNyD; tJ'gawGvnf; bmeJYaqmufovJvkdY ar;jyef
awmY? 'gawGvnf; tkw?f t*FawawGeaYJ ygY-vdkY a*gyuu ajzMuw,f
vdkY od&ygw,f/
onfawmY olwkdYu ]tkw?f t*FawawGeJY vkyx f m;wJY ypön;f
awGcsi;f twlwl taqmuftODrSmawmY rif;wdkY xdkiv f kdxkdi?f tdyv
f kd
tdyef JY aeMuNyD;? tdro f mrSmawmY tnpftaMu;pGeYw f ,f? ql;avapwD
udkawmY rif;wdkY ½Scd kd;OD;wif jyKMuw,f? tkwyf pön;f csi;f twlwl bm
aMumifY ½Scd k;d OD;wif vkyaf eMuwmu b,fvkv d }J - ar;awmY a*gyuu
trsKd ;rsKd ;ajzayrJY taemufwkdi;f om;ESpOf D;u rausvnfMuygbl;/

udk,Yfukd,u
cPMumawmY ql;avrSm wHjruf0wfNrJwYJ tdE, d´ wdki;f &if;om;

rpöwmbJvl; a&mufvmNyD; onfowif;udkMum;NyD; ol½Si;f ay;yg&ap
cGiYaf wmif;NyD;? taemufwkdi;f om;ESpOf D;udk ar;ygw,f/
]cifAsm;wdkYrSm tar? ZeD;eJY orD;awG ½So d vm; wpfrsKd ;csi;f

ar;awmY ½Syd gw,f ajzMuygw,f/ tJ'gawGu ]rde;f r}awGvm;-vdkY
ar;awmY [kwyf gw,f ajzMuygw,f/ qufNyD;awmY bJvl;u-
]rpöwmwd-kY 'gqdkvsif rde;f rjzpfwYJ ZeD;eJt
Y wl tdyw
f mqdkawmY?
tarvnf; rde;f r? orD;vnf; rde;f ryJ? twltyd yf gvm;}- ajymawmY-
taemufwkdi;f om;ESpOf D;u ]rjzpfEkdiwf m? olae&meJY olaygY}-vdkY ajz
Mujyefygw,f/
'geJY rpöwmbJvl;u taru bmtrIupd ö&Sv d J¿ ZeD;u bm

trIupd ö&Sv
d J¿ orD;u bmtrIupd ö&Sv d J¿ qufar;awmY taru
tav;tjrwfjyK&wJu Y pd ö &Sw
d ,f/ ZeD;u twlae&wJY trIupd &ö w dS ,f/
orD;u tapmifYa½SmufcH&wJY trIupd ö&w Sd ,f}-vdkY ajzMuygw,f/
onfawmYrS rpöwmbJvl;u-
]tarqdkwm tav;tjrwfjyK&wJY wefzkd;(trI) ½Sw d ,f/ZeD;
qdkwm twlae&wJY wefzk;d (trI) ½Sw
d ,f/ orD;qdkwm tapmifaY ½Smuf
cH&wJY wefzkd;(trI) ½Sw
d ,f/ olwkdY&JU trIcsi;f rwlvkdY wefzkd;csi;f
rwlwJYtwGuf tav;tjrwfjyK&ykHcsi;f rwlbl;}-qdkvsif vufcHEkdif

176 udk,Yfukd,u
rSmvm;¿-vdkY ar;wJt
Y cg taemufwkid ;f om;ESpOf ;D u ]vufcyH gw,f}-
vdkY ajzMuygw,f/
onfawmYrS rpöwmbJvl;u-
]tkwt f *FaweJY aqmufvkyx f m;wJY taqmuftODcsi;f twl
wl vlaetaqmuftODqkdwm vlae&wJYwefzkd;(trI)½Sv d kdY vlae&yg
w,f/ tdro f mqdkwm usiBf uD;usiif ,fpGeYfzkdY wefzkd;(trI)½Sv d kdY tnpf
taMu; pGeYf&ygw,f/ ql;avapwDusawmY t½dktaoay;&wJY wef
zdk;(trI)½Sw
d YJ apwDjzpfvkYd OD;nTw½f ku
d sKd ;&Scd k;d &jcif; jzpfw,f}-½Si;f jyawmY
taemufwkid ;f om;ESpOf ;D u ESpNf cdKuf0rf;ajrmufpmG vufco H mG ;ygw,f/
onfOyrmudkMunfhvsif y&rw¬opömtjrif jzpfwJY tkwt f *F

awjzpfwJY ]tpdwo f abm}-&,f? orkwo d pömtjrif jzpfwJY tkwt f *F
aweJY aqmufvkyx f m;wJY taqmuftOD(tpkoabm)&,f? t&d,
opömtjrifjzpfwJY tokH;cswefzkd;jzpfwJY vlaetaqmuftOD? tdro f m?
apwDpwJY (trIoabm)&,f onfopömokH;ckukd tavsmt f wdki;f jrif&
ygr,f/
'gaMumifY onfopömokH;ck[m wpfckeJYwpfck racszsuyf gbl;/

qefYvnf; rqefYusiyf gbl;/ opömwpfckeJYwpfck tavsmt f wdki;f 0ifqHY
wmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ olYe,feJYol wnf&aSd ewm? olYtjrifeJYol
&Sad ewm? olYt&IcHtm½kHeJYol usupf m;aewm awGU&r,fjzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfawmY-
(1) y&rw¬opöm usupf m;&me,fu ]tajccHypön;f }/
(2) orkwod pöm usupf m;&me,fu tajccHypön;f eJY wnf
aqmufxm;wJY ]j'yf0w¬K?txnfukd,?f taumif}/
(3) t&d,opöm usupf m;&me,fu tJonftpdwef JY t
xnfuk,d w
f k&Yd UJ ]trIupd ?ö wefzk;d ? t&nftcsi;f }-jzpfae
wmudk uGuu f Guu f Gi;f jrif&NyD jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY orkwjd zpfwJY vl?yk*¾Kd vf?owå0gudk-

]vlr[kwb f ;l ? yk*Kd¾ vrf [kwb
f ;l ? owå0gr[kwb f ;l -½kyef mrfawG
yJ? "mwfoabmawGyJ? jzpfNyD;ysuaf ewJY tysuo f abmawGyJ? t&Srd
[kwb f l;}-ponfeJY y&rwfopömtjrifeJY acszsuv f kdY r&ygbl;/
bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY opöm&JUtm½kHcsi;f ? opöm&JU vIy&f Sm;&mcGif

csi;f ? opöm&JUusupf m;&me,fy,fcsi;f rwlvkdY jzpfygw,f/
]tm½kHwpfckwnf;tay:rSm jrifwJY½IaxmifYcsi;f u uGJjym;vdkY
jzpfygw,f}/
onfvkdyJ orkwo d pömjzpfwJY taumifj'yf? txnfukd,?f t

aumif&UJ ]trIupd ?ö wefzk;d ?t&nftcsi;f }-awG[mvnf; y&rwfopöm-
orkwo d pöm&JU tm½kHr[kwyf gbl;/ vIy&f Sm;&mcGiv f nf; r[kwyf gbl;/
usupf m;&me,fy,fvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/

178 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]t&d,opöm&JU wnf&mjzpfwYJ trIupd }ö -udk y&rwf

opömeJv
Y nf; rjrifoifyY gbl;? racszsuo f ifyY gbl;/ orkwo
d pöm tjrifeYJ
vnf; rjrifoifYygbl;? racszsuo f ifYygbl;/
onfawmY avmueJY rqefYusiw f JYol? ½dk;om;jzLpif ,Ofaus;

jrifYjrwfol t&d,m jzpfzkdYu tm½kHukd y&rwftjrif? orkwt d jrifeJU
rjrifbJ? ]trIupd ötjrif? wefzkd;tjrif? t&nftcsi;f tjrif}-jzpfwJY
olYt½Swd efzkd;rSeu
f kd t½St
d wdki;f ? tavsmt f wdki;f jrif&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfvkd tavsmt f wdki;f jrifEkdiaf tmif[m-
]t&d,opöm[m y&rw¬opöm r[kwb f l;}?
]t&d,opöm[m orkwo d pöm r[kwb f ;l }-vdkY
tod½Si;f &rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif&JU ]t&d,opömtjrif}-[m-

tajccHjzpfwJY ½kyef mrfpwJY tpdwyf &rwfukdvnf; t½IcHtm½Hk
tjzpf rpOf;pm;ygbl;/ olYe,folYcGif r[kwv f kdYygyJ/
tvm;wl ]vl}tp½Sw d JYowå0g-udk (0g) taumifj'yfjzpfwJY

orkwu
d kdvnf; rpOf;pm;ygbl;/ 'gvnf; t&d,opöm&JU e,fy,f?
t&d,opöm&JUcGif r[kwv
f kdYbJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-

udk,Yfukd,u
]t&d,opöm&JU tjrif[m vlrSmjzpfaewJY vlYqufqH

a&;vrf;aMumif;jzpfwJY udk,-f EIw-f ESvkH;wdkY&JU aumif;
usKd ?qdk;jypfpwJY trIupd öt&nftcsi;f awGukdom t½Sd
xm; qifjcifwm jzpfygw,f/ pOf;pm;wmjzpfygw,f/
wefzkd;jzwfwm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]vleJYvlcsi;f qufqHa&;rSm jzpfay:vmwJY ]um,uH
rI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrIqkdwJY ]uH}-[m vlr[kww f JYt
wGuf orkwt d jrifeJY jrifvkdY r&awmY A[d'¨w&m;
vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ y&rw¬tjrifeJYvnf; jrifvkdYr&
awmY tZÑwåw&m;vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY-
]t&d,opöm}-&JU e,f[m[m ]tZÑwåeJYA[d'¨wkdY&JU
qufoG,rf Ivrf;aMumif;=]uH}om}-jzpfygw,f/}
'gaMumifY uHoo
H &maMumifjY zpfwYJ 'ku[
© mvnf; tZÑwåw&m;
r[kwo f vdk? A[d'¨w&m;vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ uHoHo&mvnfwm
csKyfaysmufomG ;wJY 'ku©ead &m"(=edAÁmef)[mvnf; tZÑwåw&m;vnf;
r[kwo f vdk? A[d'¨w&m;vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ onfw&m;ESpcf kvkH;eJY
ruif;wJ?Y onfw&m;ESpcf kv;kH u vGwaf jrmufaewJY w&m;omjzpfw,f/

180 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY vltp½Swd JY taumifowå0gtm½kH[m ]uHoHo&m

vnfvkYd ay:vmwJY xif&mS ;wJt
Y jzpf vla,mifOyg'geu©Em¨ owå0g}-
r[kww f JYtwGuf t&d,opöm&JU t½IcHtm½kH r[kwyf gbl;/ orkwd
opöm&JU wnf&me,fy,f? orkwo d pöm&JUcGi?f orkwo
d pöm&JU t½IcHtm
½kHom jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY orkwo
d pömtjrifeJY orkwo d pömcGiu
f ar;wJY ]o
wå0gaoNyD;aemuf jzpf-rjzpf}-ar;cGe;f tp&So d nf[m t&d,opömt
jrifeYJ ar;wm r[kwyf gbl;/ onfvkjd zpfvkYd bk&m;oQifu t&d,opöm
tjrif? t&d,opöme,fy,fciG ef YJ rqdkiw
f t
YJ wGuf 'gawGukd t&d,mjzpf
wJY bk&m;oQiu f uwåm;ae&mrSmxm;NyD; pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif; rjyKygbl;/
'gudk uwåm;tjzpf rpOf;pm;vsif ]owå0gaovsif aemuf

b0 jzpfw,f-rjzpfb;l }-pwmawGukd bk&m;oQifu pum;t&mxm;
NyD; ajymrSm r[kwaf wmYygbl;/ t&d,opöm&JU tjrif? t&d,opöm&JU
e,f? t&d,opöm&JUcGijf zpfwJY-]uH}-eJYom ajymrSm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd jzpfwJYtwGuf-
bk&m;oQif[m vl? wd&pämeftp&Sw
d JY owå0gudk uwåm;t&m
xm;NyD;xm; rpOf;pm;awmY-
]owå0gaoNyD;aemuf jzpfovm;?rjzpfbl;vm;}-pwJY tAsm
uxepum; q,fcGe;f udk orkwo d pöme,futjrifeJY ar;wmjzpfvkdY

udk,Yfukd,u
oówrdpäm'd|?d Oapä'rdpäm'd|pd wJY rdpäm'd|ed ,fcGit

f wGi;f 0ifaevdkY
bk&m;oQifu t&d,opöme,ftjrifuae]ig-onfvkdr,lbl;? ig-
onfvkdrajymbl;}-vdkY ajymjcif; jzpfaMumif; usaemf oabmayguf
oGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifu oltJonfpum;awGukd rajymbl;/

olajymwJYpum;u-
]'ku©? 'ku©jzpfaMumif;? 'ku©csKyf&m? 'ku©csKyfaMumif;}
-qdkwJY t&d,opömav;yg;udkom ajymaMumif;}-
a&SUrSm usaemfwifjycJYwJY tAsmuxerajymjcif;&JU tjypfq,fY
wpfyg;eJq
Y efu
Y sib
f uf tusKd ;q,fw Y pfyg;jyNyD;? bk&m;oQif ajymcJjY cif;
jzpfygw,f/
'gudk wpfrsKd ;ajym&vsif bk&m;oQif[m-

]uH? uH&JUtaMumif;? uH&JUcsKyf&m? uH&JUcsKyfaMumif; }-
awGukdom ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifu t&d,opömw&m;&JUtzGiYjf zpfwJY y#dpöorkyÜg'f

a'oemrSm ]uH? uH&JUtusKd ;? tJonfuHtusKd ;&JUtusKd ;jzpfwJY uH&JU
taMumif;}-awG[m wpfcku wpfckukd pGrJ aDS xmufqNyD;? tqufrjywf
qufwkdujf zpfyGm;aewJY oHo&mvnfaewJY w&m;udkom ]'ku©}-jzpf
w,fvkdY a[mcJYwm jzpfygw,f/

182 udk,Yfukd,u
onf ]'ku©}-[m ]uHoHo&mvnfrIaMumifY vlrSm ]xif&Sm;

jzpfay:vmwJY owå0gykH jzpfxeG ;f vmjcif;}-om jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd
owå0gykH jzpfxeG ;f jcif;[m ]Oyg'geu©E¨m}-ay:jcif;om jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m ]t&d,opömtjrif}-eJY t&d,opöm

av;yg;rSm ]t"duydki;f jcm;odjriftyfwYJ 'ku}© -udkom vlwkid ;f udk odjrif
apcsi?f vGwaf jrmufapcsiwf t
YJ wGu?f ]'ku}© -udyk J jrifjyrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]'ku©}-qdkwm tusO;f csKyftm;jzifY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m jzpfw,f}-
vdkY a[mcJYwm jzpfygw,f/
onfYtwGuaf MumifY onft,lonf;tpGJaMumifY onftpGJykH

xif&mS ;ay:aewJY Oyg'geu©Em¨ [m vlukd 'kua© y;wmudk bk&m;oQiu
f
vlwkdi;f odxifatmif oifMum;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
onfvkjd zpfwt YJ wGu]f owå0gaovsif jzpf-rjzpf]-ar;vmwJY

tcg? bk&m;oQi[ f m t&d,opömtjrifjzpfwYJ ]uHowå0g}-udyk J jrifjy
rSm jzpfygw,f/ onfowå0g[m Oyg'geu©E¨mjzpfwJY twGuf ]vlr
[kww f YJ taumif? ya,m*aumif? raumif;qdk;0g;aumif? tyrSaD ewJY
taumif}-jzpfvkdY ]tewåaumif? tewåcE¨m} jzpfaeygw,f/ onf
]owå0g}-udkom bk&m;oQif uwåm;taerSmxm;NyD; pOf;pm;rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ ]tewå}-qdw k m ]twå=ud, k =f vlcY E¨m}-r[kwbf ;l }-vdYk teuf&
ygw,f/ tewåqw kd m yÚöuE© m¨ r[kwf yÚöKyg'geu©Em¨ vdYk qdv
k ykd gw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY onf Oyg'geu©Em¨ jzpfwYJ vlr[kww f YJ tewåaumif

ya,m*aumif uHowå0g[m uH&yd u f Ha&mifyJ jzpfygw,f/ ouf&Sd
owå0g r[kwyf gbl;/ onftaumifukdvnf; or®mr*feJY ry,fowf
rcsi;f ? vlay:u ruRww f oYJ wå0g jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY orkwed ,f
u owå0gudk rpOf;pm;wJt Y wGuf owå0gaovsif jzpf-rjzpf pOf;pm;
p&m rvdkawmYygbl;/
'gaMumifY ]owå0gaovsif jzpf-rjzpf}-pwJY tAsmuxear;

cGe;f awGukd bk&m;oQifu orkwo d pöme,fu oówrdpäm'd|?d Oapä'
rdpäm'd|-d pwJY rdpäm'd|d e,fcGit
f wGi;f 0ifaeNyD;? t&d,opömtjrif
r[kww f t YJ wGuf ]ig-onfvkrd ajymbl;? ig-onfvkrd ,lb;l }-vdkY jiif;
qefpum;ajymjcif; jzpfaMumif; pm½IolwkdY tjrifaygufavmufNyD xif
ygw,f/
txufu usaemf&Si;f jywmawGukd enf;enf;avmuf jzpfjzpf

oabmaygufwmeJY pm½Iorl sm;[m umrtjrif? ½lyg½lyjzpfwYJ r[*¾w
tjrifjzpfwJY tpGe;f ESpyf g;tjrifeJY ajymjyKaevsi?f onftjrifawG[m
bkHokH;yg;tjrif? csJUajymvsif okH;q,fYwpfbkHtjrif jzpfwmaMumifY vl
ay:rSm ok;H q,fwY pfbko H m;ykt
H jzpf xif&mS ;ay:wJtY jzpf[m ]raumif;
qdk;0g; owå0gaumif? vlr[kww f JY tewåaumif}- jzpfygw,f/
onfowå0gaumif[m ]'ku©}-jzpfwJY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m}-awGom
jzpfaMumif; od&rSm jzpfygw,f/

184 udk,Yfukd,u
tpGe;f tjrifawGeJY ajymjyKaewJY uHoHo&mvnfywfvkdY vlay:

rSm okH;q,fYwpfbkHom; ykHoP²mefay:NyD; onf bkHom;b0tjzpfawG
&wmudk tcGiYf&wmeJY aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifu ]ukovmukovH Z[H}-vdkY umreJY

½lyg½lyr[*¾w ukokv d u
f eH YJ tukokvd u
f aH wGukd y,frS ]vGwaf jrmuf
Nidr;f csr;f r,f}-vdkY a[mcJYwm[m usaemfwkdYukd umr½lyt½ly udav
omAGuaf ygufaewJY ok;H q,fw Y pfboHk m;b0uae xGuaf jrmufapcsiv f Ykd
jzpfaMumif; em;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfuHawGukd y,f&rnfYtpGe;f tjzpf cGJjrif&vsif umruk
odkvu f HeJY tukokdvu f HawG[m umrtjrifeJY tpGJonf;udavom
tjrifjzpfwJY umrokcv’u d mEka,m*tpGe;f jzpfygw,f/
½lyukokvd uf HeJY t½lyukokdvu

f HjzpfwJY ½lyg½lyr[*¾wuHawG
[m r[*¾wtjrifeJY tpGJonf;udavomjzpfwJY twåuv d rxmEk
a,m*tpGe;f jzpfygw,f/
onfuHawGtm;vkH;[m tpGJonf;udavomawG OD;pD;NyD;

ajym-jyK-aewmjzpfvkYd tbdocFg&(vGeu f sL;wJtY rI)awG jzpfaeygw,f/
onftrIawGyif ]b0}-jzpfygw,f/ ]b0}-[lorQ rpifeJYwlvkdY?
vlukdzx
d m;vdkY ydaewJY 0efxky0f efykd;eJYwlvkdY bk&m;oQifu y,fckdi;f jcif;
jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY uHawGtm;vk;H y,fckid ;f wm[m vlay:rSm uHoo H &m

vnfywfvkdY xif&Sm;jzpfay:aewJY raumif;qdk;0g;aumif? ya,m*
aumif? okH;q,fYwpfbkHom; owå0g? tewåaumif? Oyg'geu©E¨m
awG[m ]'kut © ppf}- jzpfaevdkY y,fcikd ;f jcif; jzpfaMumif; pm½Iow
l kYd
oabmaygufEkdiNf yDvkdY xifygw,f/
bk&m;oQif[m tpGe;f xdkuw f YJ tajym-tjyK-taeawGukd y,f

cdki;f ayrJY? tpGe;f rxdkuwf JY tajymtjyKtaeawGukd ry,fckdi;f ygbl;/
onfuHawG[m aeYpOf vlrIqufqHa&;rSm tarQmftaMumufryg
tusKd ;udk udk,w f kid o
f w
d YJ jyKumrwå tajym-tjyK-tae oabmawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/
onfoabmrSm t,lonf; tpGJuad vom rygawmY ]trI

uH}-rajrmufwYJ ]jyKumrQoabm=Bud,m}-om jzpfygw,f/]0docFg&}
-awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gudkyJ tbd"r®mu ]Bud,mrwå}-vdkY qdkjcif;jzpf
ygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifu olY&JUt&d,opömw&m;[m aMumif;

usKd ;qufpyfNyD; udk,w
f kdio
f abmayguf em;vnfojd rifEkdiw f JY w&m;
jzpfaMumif;? awG;awmBuHqNyD; ][dv
k jkd zpfEikd w
f ,f-onfvjkd zpfEikd w
f ,f-
vdkY 'G[
d oabm? oHo,oabm?Za0Z0gjzpfwJYoabm wuúm0p&
w&m; r[kwaf Mumif; a[mcJYwm jzpfygw,f/

186 udk,Yfukd,u
onfYtwGuaf MumifY tm½kHig;yg;pGJwJY umrtpGJ? tm&kHawGukd

y,f&Sm;wJY r[*¾wjzpfwJY ½lyg½lytpGJawGeJY todÓPfukd ydwq f kdYxm;
jcif;r&Sw
d JY rm,mr&So d l? tjrif½kd;om;ol qdkvsif oleHeufu oGeo f if
qkH;rvsif naerSm? naeuae oGeo f ifqkH;rvsif aemufaeYeHeufrSm
onft&d,opömtjrifukd odjrifEkdiw f ,fvkdY bk&m;oQif ]tmrcHeJY}-
rdeYfMum;cJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY t&d,opöm[m y&rw¬opöm r[kwyf gbl;/ onf
opömESpyf g;[m t½Ict H m½kcH si;f vnf; rwlygbl;/ ½Iwt YJ jrifcsi;f vnf;
rwlygbl;/ jrifwYJ ½IaxmifcY si;f vnf; rwlygbl;/ e,fvnf; rwlygbl;/
y&rw¬opöm[m-
bk&mYtavmif;awmf od'¨w¬rif;om; rarG;zGm;rD ya0oPDu
pNyD; uydv0w¬KNrdKU wnfaxmifcw YJ YJ ae&mudkneT jf ycJwYJ uydv½Si&f aoY
u ]ocF,'óe}-ac:wJY vlukd ½kyef mrftjzpf tpdwt f pdwef YJ MunfNh yD;
jrifwJY ]y&rw¬opöm}-udk pwifwDxGicf JYygw,f/ tJonfacwfu
tdE´,d rSm a0'acwfuae OyedoQ'facwf tajymif;tvJawGjzpfvkdY
tawG;tac:opfawG pwifay:aygufaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
od'¨w¬rif;om;acwf a&mufawmY onf'óe[m uydv
½Si&f aoY&JU wynhqf ufjzpfwJY umVa'0Dv&aoYu OD;udkijf yKNyD; tdE´d
,ajrmufykdi;f t&nut,l xGe;f um;wJY a'oawGrSm wGiu f s,af e
ygNyD/ OyedoQ'facwfuae t&nacwfukd a&mufaeygNyD/ uydv0w¬K
[m ocF,'óe&JU A[dkvkdawmif jzpfaeygNyD/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY od'w
¨ r¬ if;om;eJwY uG uydv0w¬KeJY 0ef;usiaf 'o
u olawmfpifyk*Kd¾ vfawG[m onfy&rw¬obm0jzpfwYJ ocF,'óe
udk uRr;f usiMf uygw,f/ od'w ¨ r¬ if;om; or®morÁK'¨ bk&m;pifppfjzpf
rS onf'óeudk pwif a[mMum;wm r[kwyf gbl;/ ]onfocF,
'óe(y&rw¬"r®)tay:rSm bk&m;oQiu f ]or®mtjrif}-eJY jrifjycJjY cif;
om jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd y&rw¬tjrif wGiu f s,af ecsed rf Sm bk&m;oQif[m olY

w&m;jzpfwJY ]t&d,opömav;yg;jzpfwJY or®mr*¾iv f rf;? rZÑdry#dy'g
vrf;}-udk r[mouú&mZf 103ckESp?f 0gqdkvjynfh naecsr;f rSm "r®
puúyÜ0wåeokwaf wmfa[m&if; zGiYq
f kdaMujimcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
33/ avmuqdkwm Oyg'geu©E¨mtjzpfawG
'gaMumifY ]"r®pMuma'oem}-tqkH;rSm oH*g,emwif bk&mY

vuf&if;om0ursm;u-
]onfa'oemudk bk&m;oQifa[mMum;tNyD;rSm wpf
aomif;aom avmu"mwf wkev f Iyof Gm;w,f &,f
vdkY ]oHurÜd orÜurÜd orÜa0"d }-vdkY
rSww
f rf;wifxm;wm[m onfurÇmajrBuD; wkev f yI o
f mG ;wm
udk qdkwm r[kwyf gbl;/ rZÑdrwdkuaf 'ot0Sr;f t,la[mif;&SMd uwJY
vlavmuBuD; wkev f Iyo
f Gm;wmudk wifpm;qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/

188 udk,Yfukd,u
a&S;u ]avmu}-qdkvsif ]owåavmu? ocFg&avmu?

Moumoavmu}-&,fvkYd onfavmuok;H ckvkyYd J te&d,tjrifeYJ t&
aumufcJYMuygw,f/
bk&mYw&m;awGrSm onf avmuokH;yg;taMumif; a[mxm;
wm edum,fawGxrJ mS t&d,opöxku d w
f YJ okwåtaeeJY &SmrawGUygbl;/
vlt
Y ajymtjyKtae trIuaH MumifY vlay: xif&mS ;jzpfay:aewJY Oyg'ge
u©E¨mavmujzpfwJY umravmu? ½lyavmu? t½lyavmuqdkwJY
onfavmuok;H yg;udkom bk&m;oQiu f ae&mwdki;f rSm a[mMum;cJwY m
jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;oQif vGeNf yD;prSmvnf; bk&mYvuf&if;om0uawGu
onftwdki;f yJ avmuudk em;vnfMuwm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
"r®pMuma'oemrSm bk&m;oQifu ]or®moarÁm"dÓPfukd xdk;
azmufojd rifaMumif;-bk&m;jzpfaMumif; 0efcaH jymwJY ]Ak'0¨ if}-udk a[m
&mrSm-
]t&d,opöav;vDukd opöÓPf? udpÓ ö Pf? uwÓPfo;kH vD
eJY ÓPf12yg;r&rD? t&[wår*fayguf pifMu,fpGmaom t&d,opö
ÓPftjrif r&cifu? vlwkdY&JU tm;xm;&mjzpfwJY tpdk;&olrsm;jzpfwJY
ewfavmu? vlawGukd n§O;f yrf;zsuq f ;D wJY pdwq f k;d pdwof rG ;f rsm; qdkwYJ
rm&favmu? tJonfewf-vlwkdYukd;uG,&f mjzpfwJY awmxGuu f siYfvkdY
y&rwftusiYf aygufoGm;MuwJY jA[®mvdkYqkd&olwkdY&JUavmu? awm
xGuw f &m;usiYfwJY orP-jA[®Pavmu--tp&Sw d JY-

udk,Yfukd,u
]vlewfavmurSm tjrifYjrwfqkH;w&m;jzpfwJY 'ku©u

vGwaf jrmufaMumif; or®mw&m;udk igxdk;azmuf od
jrifNyDvkdY 0efrcHcJYbl;}-vdkY
],m0uD0Úöar bdua© 0------yÚönmoð}-vdYk a[mtNyD;rSm-
yÚö0*¾DwkdYukd-]
],awm p acg ar bdu©a0 £arokpwlok t&d
, oapöok {0H wdy&d0¥H 'Gg'omum&H ,xmbl
wH ÓP'óeH ok0o d k'¨H ta[mod/
]txm[H bdu©a0 oa'0au avmau o
rm&au ojA[®au o-orP jAm[®P, d m
yZm, o a'0rEkóm, tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð
tbdorÁKa'¨g wd yÚönmoð}-vdkY---
]tck ig-t&d,opöav;vDukd opöÓPf? udpöÓPf?
uwÓPfokH;vDeJY ÓPf12yg;a&mufvkdY? t&[wår*f
ayguf pifMu,fpGmaom t&d,opöÓPfvif;? tjrif
&Si;f wJYtcgusawmYrSom-
vlwkdY&JU tm;xm;&mjzpfwJY tpdk;&olrsm; jzpfwJY
ewfavmu?vlawGukd n§O;f yrf;zsuq f D;wJY pdwqf kd;pdwf
oGr;f rsm;qdkwJY rm&favmu?tJonfewf-vlwkdYukd;uG,f
&mjzpfwJY awmxGuu f siYfvkdY y&rwftusiYf aygufoGm;
MuwJY jA[®mvdkYqkd&olwkdY&JUavmu?awmxGuw f &m;usiYf
wJY orP-jA[®Pavmu tp&Sw d JY ]vl-ewfwkdY&JU

190 udk,Yfukd,u
avmurSm tjrifYjrwfqkH;w&m; jzpfwJY 'ku©u vGwf

ajrmufaMumif; or®mw&m;udk ig-xdk;azmufojd rifNyD} -
vdkY 0efcHcJYwmvdkY em;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfpum;rSm ]avmu}-qdkwmudk bk&m;oQifu vl?ewf(jA

[®m)qdkwJY umravmu? ½lyavmu? t½lavmuudk azmfnTe;f xm;
aMumif; odem;vnfEkdiyf gw,f/
]avmuqdkwm=trIa&mufwJYukd,-f EIw-f ESvkH;vkyif ef;
&JU tysuBf uD;eJY tysuu f av;awG=uHawG&JUvkyif ef;}-
udk qdkvkdjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfa'oemrSma[mwJY-
]or®moarÁm"ð tbdor®Ka'¨gwd}-qdkwm[m
]tjrifYjrwfqkH;w&m;jzpfwJY 'ku©uvGwaf jrmufaMumif;
or®mw&m;udk ig-xdk;azmufojd rifNyD}-
vdkYom bk&m; 0efcHcJYygw,f/
onf0efcHpum;rSm ]oAÁnkoarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨gwd}-vdkY ]t

vkH;pkHaomw&m;udk igxdk;azmufojd rifNyD}-vdkY 0efcHcJYwm wpfvkH;rQ
rawGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifukd oAÁnkwÓPf&Sit f
jzpfeYJ jr§iNYf yD;jrifvsi?f ud,
k u
Yf ;kd uG,&f m aus;Zl;½Siu
f kd cs;D rGr;f ajcausmuf
&m a&mufr,fvkdY txufrSm ½Si;f vif;ajymcJYwm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY bk&mYw&m;eJY pyfvmvsif ]avmu}-vdq kY kv

d ku
d w
f meJY
]umravmu? ½lyavmu? t½lyavmu}-qdkwJY ]uHeJYpyfwJY avmu
okH;yg;}-udkyJ em;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]avmuqdkwm
uHqk;d uHrmS ; vkyif ef;awG}-udk qdv
k w
kd mudk odem;vnf&r,f jzpfygw,f/
uHeJYrpyfwJY owåavmu? Moumoavmu? ocFg&avmu

pwJY avmuokH;yg;[m te&d,tjrif avmu jzpfwJYtwGuf onf
avmuokH;yg;eJY bk&mYw&m;jzpfwJY ]uHtjrif}awGukd t&aumufvsif
teuft"dyÜg,fawG vGJacsmu f keNf yD; ,kww
f rf;=&rf;wkwaf wGyJ jzpfrSm
aocsmygw,f/onfvkd t,ltjrifrSm;vsif 'ku©u vGwaf jrmuf&m
&SmrawGUb?J 'ku0© x
J rJ mS yJ w0Jvnfvnfjzpf aerSm aocsmvSygw,f/
'ku©uvnf; b,fawmYrSvGwrf Sm r[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY ]wpfaomif;aomavmu"mwf wkev f yI o

f mG ;w,f}-
qdkwm wifpm;ajympum; jzpfNyD;? ]omrefval vmu? tkypf k;d ol rif;pdk;
&mZmavmu? vlawGukdvk,ufzsuq f D;olawG&JUavmu? vleJYrif;wdkY
&JUtudk;uG,cf H jA[®mpolwk&Yd UJ avmu? awmxGuw f &m;usio Yf l jzpfwYJ
orP-jAm[®Pavmu--pwJY tdE´, d wdkuf rZÑdra'orSm&So d lawG
tm;vk;H ]bk&mYtjrifopf=t&d,opö'óe}-aMumifY tm;vk;H wkev f yI f
ajcmufjcm;oGm;Muw,f}-vdkY t"dyÜg,f &Syd gw,f/
bmjzpfvkdY onfvkdwkev
f Iyaf jcmufjcm;&ovJ qdkwmudk uG,f

192 udk,Yfukd,u
vGeo f mG ;NyDjzpfwJY tdE,

´d 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; y@pfae½l;u olY&JU q,fY
okH;ESpo f rD;tif'D&mudk axmifwGi;f uay;pm taeeJY a&;cJYwJY yg&*l
bmomjyefwJY urÇmYtaMumif;wapYwapmif;( Glimpses of World
History )rSm Ak'¨bmomudk jAm[®Pbmomu tEkenf;eJY odr;f oGi;f
NyD;? tdE, ´d u aysmufuG,o f Gm;apwJYtaMumif; a&SUrSm usaemf wifjy
cJYNyD; jzpfygw,f/
jAm[®Pbmomopfu a&S;a[mif; a0't,lawGukd jyeft

oufoGi;f wJYtcg Ak'¨bmomu tcsKd Utcsuu f kd ,lcJYw,fvkdY y@pf
ae½l;u azmfjycJYygw,f/ txl;ojzifY jAm[®Pbmoma[mif;jzpfwJY
a0'acwft,lawG[m wd&pämefaoG;eJYomru vlYaoG;eJYyg ,ZfylaZmf
cJYwmudk vltrsm;u rESpo f ufawmY? Ak'¨bmomu oGeo f ifqkH;rwJY
ygPmwdygw (vlYtoufukdrowfeJY)? ,ZfrylaZmf&-qdkwJY tqkH;tr
awGukd vltrsm;u ESpof ufvkdY a&S;a[mif;jAm[®Pt,lukd pGeYyf pfNyD;
Ak'¨bmom0iftjzpfcH,lcJYwmudk jAm[®Pacgif;aqmifawGu oabm
aygufxm;Muygw,f/
'gaMumifY jAm[®PbmomopftaeeJY a&S;a[mif;a0't,l

jzpfwYJ ewfjA[®mawGukd ,Zfyal Zmfwmudk jyeftoufoiG ;f wJt Y cg rnf
onfo Y uf&o dS wå0g&JUaoG;rQ rygap&yJ ]oufoufvw G ef YJ ylaZmf&r,f?
oufvGwpf m;&r,f? taoG;tom;awGukd a&Smif&r,f}-txd Ak'¨
bmom&JU ]vlt Y oufrowfz?kYd vlukrd n§O;f qJz}kYd -pwJY oGeo f ifcsuaf wG

udk,Yfukd,u
udk onfYxufaumif;atmif a'0'wfÓPfeJY tpGe;f a&mufonfY wdkif

atmif yl;uyf0g;rsKd ypfNyD;? Ak'b
¨ mom0if trsm;pkukd olb
Y ufjyefygvm
atmif odr;f oGi;f vdkuyf gw,f/
Ak'b
¨ momeJY xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfatmif ol0Y g'udk ajymif;vJ
vdkuyf gw,f/ onft,l[m tdE´, d [dE´Lbmom? wpfenf;tm;jzifY
jAm[®Pbmom0ifawG ,aeYxd vufukid u f sioYf k;H aewm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkdjzpfvkdY Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;[m ]oufvGwpf m;wm
ukokvd &f w,f-vdkY bk&m;a[mw,f}-xifNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm; avmu
rSma&m vltrsm;avmurSmyg ,aeYusiYo f kH;aeMuwm jzpfygw,f/
«oufvGwpf m;wmeJY ywfoufNyD; bk&m;&Sit f vdkus [kw-f
r[kwf aemiftcgoifYrS aqG;aEG;Muygr,f/»
'gaMumifY c&pfESpf ESpaf xmifjynfYavmufupNyD; &efukef yef;

qdk;wef;vrf;eJY r[mAE¨Kvrf;axmifY aMu;eef;½kH;a&SUu [dE´Lbk&m;
ausmif;rSm a*gwrAk'¨½kyyf mG ;eJY ajrpdkub
f k&m;wpfql ay:aygufvmNyD;
[dE´LAk'¨bmomvdkY trnfcHNyD; Ak'¨bmom0ifawGukd [dE´LeJYAk'¨bmom
twlwlyJvkyNf yD; a[majymodr;f oGi;f aewmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfenf;[m y@pfae½l; &Si;f jycJYwJYtwdki;f ? Ak'¨bmom0if
awGukd jAm[®P[dEL´ bmomu pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f vdu k jf cif; jzpfygw,f/
y@pfae½l;u a&S;a[mif;jAm[®P0g'jzpfwYJ a0't,lukd Ak'¨
u wGe;f vSecf JYwmeJY ywfoufNyD; azmfjy&mrSm? Ak'¨[m-

194 udk,Yfukd,u
(1) ___aumif;rGepf Gmaexdkijf cif; vrf;pOfjzpfwJY r*¾iw f &m;

udk nTeMf um;ajymjyawmfrlw,f/ ouf½Sd owå0gawGukd
owfjzwfNyD; ,ZfewfylaZmfyowJY Avdewfpm rSeo f rQ
udk jypfwif½Iwcf sawmfrlNyD;? tJonfvkdrsKd ; Avdewfpm
ylaZmfyornfYtpm; rdrw d kdY&JU avmb? a'go? arm[?
rmew&m;rsm;eJY raumif;wJY tBuHtpnfrsm;udkom Avd
ewfpm auR;ypfoifYw,f-vdkY rdeYMf um;awmfrlw,f/
(2) Ak'ÿiG Yaf wmfrlwJY tcsed u
f mvwke;f u tdE, d´ jynfrSm a&S;
a[mif;a0'eJY ywfoufwJY bmomt,l0g' vTr;f rdk;ae
cJYw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; tJonf a&S;a[mif;a0'eJY ywf
oufwJY bmomt,l0g'[m ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; jrifYae
wJYtqifYuae (jAm[®PykPmÖ ;awGavmfvnfrIaMumifY)
atmufukd xdk;usoGm;cJYw,f/
(3) ___tJonftcsed rf SmAk'¨[m tvGef xif&Sm;ausmMf um;
wJY acwfjyif yk*Kd¾ vfjrwfwpfO;D tjzpfeYJ ay:aygufvmNyD;?
jAm[®PawG&UJ rw&m;rIeYJ a&S;a[mif; a0't,l0g'rSm
ygwJY tqdk;rSeo f rQudk awmfvSeq f efYusicf JYw,f/ vlawG
udk b0wavsmufrmS pifMu,faumif;rGepf mG aexdkio f mG ;
MuzdkYeJY? aumif;rIjyKzdkY tav;teuf nTeMf um;cJYw,f/
bmoma&; ylaZmf0wfjyKrIeJY tvm;wltvkyrf sKd ; rvkyf
MubdkYukdvnf; tqkH;tray;cJYw,f/___

udk,Yfukd,u
(4) ___ Ak'¨bmom[m Zmwfpepf ZmwfxkH;pHukd4if;? ,Zfyka&m

[dwpf epfukd4if;? ,Zfyka&m[dwf OD;aqmifwJY bmoma&;
"avYukd4if; awmfvSeq f efYusicf JYw,f/
(5) a*gwrAk'¨[m ½kyw f kukd;uG,rf Iukd rvdkvm;bl;/
(6) rdr[
d mbk&m;ocifjzpfw,f? rdru d kd udk;uG,yf laZmf&r,fvkYd
vnf; rawmif;qdkbl;/ a*gwrAk'¨[m ÓPftvif;&&So d l
jzpfw,f/___
tp&So
d jzifY a*gwrAk'ÿGiYaf y:wJY c&pfray:rD ESpaf jcmuf&m
0ef;usiu
f tdE´,
d wdkurf sm udk;uG,rf It,l0g'eJY ywfoufNyD; t,l
tjrif0g'opfawG ay:xGe;f vmykHukd wifjycJYygw,f/
onfwifjycsurf sm;t& bk&m;oQif&JU]rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;}-[m

a&S;a[mif;a0't,l&w Sd JY jAm[®PawG? y&rw¬t,l&w Sd JY orPawG?
jAm[®PawGukd wkev f Iyaf jcmufjcm;oGm;apygw,f/ olwkdYt,leJYolwkdY
&Siof efaewJYb0udk bk&m;oQif&JU w&m;u &dkucf sKd ;ypfovdk jzpfav
awmY wavmuvkH; aqmufwnf&mr& wkev f Iyaf jcmufjcm;oGm;wm
udk omoemrSm ]oHurÜd orÜurÜd orÜa0"d}-vdkY rSww f rf;wifxm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m "r®pMuma'oemudk oly&deAd Ámef

jyKcsed x
f d ola[mrnfh w&m;tm;vkH;&JUyEéu?f tajccHtkwjf rpftjzpf
a[mMum;wJYtcgrSm olUw&m; ]t&d,opöm}-[m tdE, ´d wdkuf rZÑdr

196 udk,Yfukd,u
a'o&Sd rlv'óeta[mif;rsm;ESiYfrwl t,la[mif;rsm;udk acszsuf

ay:xGe;f vmwJY ]'óetopf}-jzpfaMumif; umr-½ly-t½lytusi&Yf w
d S YJ
okH;avmu vlom;tm;vkH;udk azmfxkwaf <u;aMumfwm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&mYw&m;[m tdE, ´d a&S;a[mif; orPjAm[®P

w&m;jzpfwJY y&rw¬w&m; r[kwb f l;vdkY usaemf aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
pm½Iolrsm;cifAsm-
Ak'¨&JU ]t&d,opö"r®}-udk ]y&rw¬opö"r®}-vdkY tbd"r®m
tjrifeJY aumuf,lMuOD;rSmvm;vdkY usaemf tar;jyKvdkuyf gw,f/
'gaMumifY ]bk&mYw&m; t&d,opöm}-rSm bk&m;oQify,fwJY

tpGe;f ESpyf g;udk avYvm&if; y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemudk usaemf pdw0f if
pm;rdjyefygw,f/ txufrSm y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem&JU t&aumufawmf
awmfrsm;udk usaemf BudKMum;BudKMum; wifjycJYygw,f/ tjynfYtpkH
r[kwaf wmif pm½Iolrsm; tweftoifY odaeavmufNyD xifygw,f/
'gaMumifY y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fa'oemudk usaemfcsO;f uyfcw
YJ meJY ywf
oufNyD; enf;enf;jrnf;MunfYygr,f? tus,u f kdawmY aemiftvsO;f
oifYwJYtcg aqG;aEG;wifjyrSm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(6)
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemESiYf usaemf
34/ t&d,opömudk y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemu zGiYfazmf
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem[m bk&m;&Si&f JU ]tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð

tbdorÁKa'¨g}-qdkwYJ ]vlaY vmurSm tjrifjY rwfq;kH jzpfw?YJ 'kuu
© vGwf
ajrmufaMumif; or®mw&m; xdk;xGi;f odjrifjcif;}udk azmfaqmifay;wJY
w&m;-yJ jzpfygw,f/"r®pMuma'oem&JU t&d,opömav;yg;rSm 'ku©
t&d,opömeJY 'ku©ork',t&d,opöm&JU jrifuiG ;f us,f ykHazmfwm[m
vnf; y#dpöorkyÜg'fyJjzpfygw,f/
'ku©ork',t&d,opömudk ydki;f jcm;odvsif 'ku©ork',t&d

,opömudk y,fwma&m? 'ku©ead &m"t&d,opöm qdkuaf &mufwma&m?
'ku©t&d,opöm ydki;f jcm;odzkdY yGm;rsm;wma&m[m wcsed w f nf;rSm w
NydKifwnf; qdki&f mvkyif ef;udpö wvk;H w0 NyD;ajrmufygw,f/ t&d,o
pömav;yg;[m wpfyg;vnfvsif useo f kH;yg;[m wNydKifeufvnfwJY
pufyrm uRJul;a&ygoabmcsn;f jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fa'oemudk t&d,opömudkuf odjrifwm
eJY "r®pMuma'oemvm t&d,opömav;yg;udk *CeP em;vnfod
jrifrSm jzpfygw,f/ "r®pMuma'oemeJY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem[m

198 udk,Yfukd,u
cGrJ &ygbl;/ 'gaMumifY onfa'oemESpcf k[m waygif;wnf; avYvmrS

t&d,opömtjrifukd ½Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odjrif qdkuaf &mufrSm jzpfyg
w,f/
bmYaMumifYvJqkdawmY-
"r®pMuma'oemudk a[mwJYae&mrSm bk&m;oQif[m rlvu
olewYJ uGyÚö0*¾wD koYd x d m;wJ t&nutjrifeYJ usicYf w YJ YJ tusiaYf wG[m
y,f&rSmawGvkYd olb,fvkd todtjrif&cJaY Mumif;? onftodawGet YJ wl
onftusiYaf wG y,fNyD; or®musiYrf S tusiYrf Sejf zpfaMumif;? or®mt
usiaYf wGukd usio Yf k;H NyD;vdkY ]vGwaf jrmufNidr;f csr;f aMumif;}-pwJY ]or®m
orÁK'¨} b,fvkd jzpfvm&w,f-qdkwmudk oufaoxlwJY oabmeJY
]Ak'0¨ if}-udk bk&m;a[mjcif; jzpfaMumif; txufrmS usaemf wifjycJNY yD;
jzpfygw,f/
onf"r®pMuma'oemrSm y,f&rnfYtpGe;f ESpyf g;? onftpGe;f

awGukdy,fvkdurf S &wJYtv,fvrf;? tv,fvrf;udkusiYw f meJY t&d,
opömav;yg;qdkuyf k?H opömwpfyg;pDrmS &wJY ÓPfok;H yg;eJY ÓPfq,fY
ESpyf g;&rS tbdorÁK'¨jzpfaMumif; bk&m; 0efcHcJYwm jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifukd bk&m;tavmif;tjzpfuae or®morÁK'¨tjzpf

udk ydkYcJYwm onfy#dpöorkyÜg'fpufukd tjyefjyeftvSev f Sef qifjcifokH;
oyfNyD; todaygufcw YJ YJ t&d,0dZmÆ ÓPfok;H yg;(aw0dZ)Æ yJ jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
aw0dZÆ&rS or®morÁK'¨ÓPf jzpfw,fqkdawmY yÚö0*¾Dig;OD;

udk bk&m;oQifu y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd &Si;f jyrSm rvGJjzpfygw,f/ 'geJY
r&Si;f vsif t&d,opömav;yg;u 'kut © &d,opöm[m t&aumufvNJG yD;
Owå&rd Ekó"r®ukd yÚö0*¾DwkdY &MurSm r[kwyf gbl;/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd
vnf; t&nuacwfu y&rw¬tjrifeYJ oHo&mrSm owå0gvnfw,f
jrifvsiv f nf; 'ku©t&d,opöm t&aumufrSm;NyD; 'ku©ead &m" rqdkuf
bJ 'ku©wGi;f xJyJ jyefqkduaf erSm aocsmygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;ay:tjrif&Si;f wJY t½Siaf um@n wpfyg;

wnf;om "r®pMuma'oemudk a[mtNyD;rSm t&d,opötjrif &oGm;
jcif; jzpfygw,f/ usewf JY yÚö0*¾D0ifav;yg;udk bk&m;oQif y&rw¬t
jrifuae t&d,opötjrifa&mufatmif aemufxyfav;&uf tcsed , f Nl yD;
acscRwfcJY&wm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemudk y&rw¬opömtjrifeJY usiYf

yGm;vsi?f tjrifrSm;NyD; trSm;jrifvkdY? 'ku©yJqkdurf SmvdkY usaemf qdkcJYjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;u onftjrifu bk&m;oQif y,fcJYwJYtjrif
jzpfvkYyd gyJ/
'gaMumifY onfa'oemudk y&rw¬tjrifjzpfwJY arG;ao-arG;

aoawGeJY a½S;-ck-aemif okH;b0qufvnfwJY oHo&mrSm vltp&Sw d JY
oHo&mudk odzkdYrvdkbJ? txufrSm usaemfwifjycJYNyD; jzpfwJY-

200 udk,Yfukd,u
]bk&m;oQifa[mcJYwJY t&d,opöm&JUwnf&mpdwv
f nf;
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cE¨mrSmjzpfwJY uHawG&JU toGiaf jymif;vJ vnfywfyk H
jzpfwJY ]uHoHo&m}-udk odygrS? uHtoGif ajymif;vJrI
aMumifY vlay:rSm xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmwJY uHowå0g
ykHeJYwuG onfowå0gawG&JU vu©PmudkjrifygrS 'ku©
t&d,opömudk ydki;f jcm;odNyD;? t&d,opömav;yg;puf
wNydKifwnf;vnfvkdY 'ku©u vGwaf jrmuf&m Owå&d
rEkó"r®ukd &MurSm jzpfygw,f/}
onfawmY-
][-udk,Yfvl& igwdkY em;vnfxm;wmu vleJYwuG owå0g
awG twdwb f 0-ckb0-aemifb0awG w0JvnfvnfeJY oHo&mrSm
vnfywfaewm/ ckrif;u vlay:rSm uHoHo&mvnfwm-vdkY ajymae
w,f/ igwdkY ,kH&cufBuD;qdkvsi-f
&SUrmS onfarG;aook;H b0 t,lukd bk&m;r,lwmeJY ywfouf

vdkY usaemf aMumif;-usKd ;awGeJY trsm;BuD; &Si;f jycJYNyD;ygNyD/ usaemfwkdY
aemufaMumif;oGm;vsif onfpmNyD;awmYrSm r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifY
tJ'gawGukd tvsiaf vYvmNyD;rS arG;aook;H b0t,lukd cPab;z,fNyD;
usaemfaqG;aEG;wifjywmudk qufvufavYvmyg-vdkY yefMum;vdkyg
w,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY y#dpöorkyÜg'f*kP&f nfukd azmfxkw&f vsif od'¨w¬

rif;om;b0uae &[ef;jyKwJY orPa*gwrudk or®morÁK'¨ jzpfvm
apwm ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}-yJ jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;jzpfwaYJ eYrmS qifjcifwmvnf; y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;yJ jzpf
ygw,f/ bk&m;oQif aAm"dyifatmufrSm &cJYwJY ykaAÁe0d gomEkówd
tbdnmPfawmf? 'dApÁ u©KtbdnmPfawmf? tmoGu, © tbdnmPfawmf?
yk-'d-tmqdkwÓYJ Pfawmfo;kH yg;jzpfwYJ aw0dZ&Æ ap[mvnf; onfy#dpö
orkyÜg'fw&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/
y#dpoö rkygÜ 'fukd O'geygVd? aAm"d0*¾? yXraAm"dokw?f 'kw,

d
aAm"dokw?f wwd,aAm"dokwaf wGrSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; azmfjyxm;yg
w,f/ onfrSm ],'g[a0 okH;*gxmeJY reom O'gef;usL;wmvnf;
y#dpöorkyÜg'f qifjcifNyD; todÓPfopf&vdkYygyJ/ onftodÓPf[m
t&d,opöÓPfjzpfNyD;? tjrifYjrwfqkH;vlom;*kP&f nfou d ©m (Owå&d
rEkó"r®)-udk ay;pGr;f jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQi[ f m olu

Y kd or®morÁK'¨ jzpfapwJY oltod
ÓPfx;l tbdorÁK'äygufomG ;wJY y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fukd yÚö0*fawGukd enf;
rsKd ;pkHeJY em;vnfatmif a[mrSmvdkY usaemfwifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gqdk y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f[m bk&m;oQif todapcsiq f ;kH jzpfwYJ ]'ku©}
udk tus,cf sJUa[mwmjzpfvkdY y#dpöorkyÜg'f[m okH;b0 jcm;aevsif
vuf&Sb d 0wGi;f udpö r[kwaf wmY oE´|d u d "r® rjzpfawmYygbl;/

202 udk,Yfukd,u
'kuu © kd ykaH zmfwYJ ]aomu? y&da'0? 'ku?© a'greó?Oyg,m

o}-wdk[ Y mvnf; y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fvnfvkYd onfcE¨mwpfckwnf;rSm quf
wdkujf zpfwmrS r[kwb f J? olrsm;rSmjzpfwm udk,cf Hpm;ae&wm? udk,Yf
rSmjzpfvkdY olrsm; cHpm;ae&wmvdkY ,laeMuwm[m oE´|d u d (oH=udk,f
wdkiuf k,
d u f s? 'd|u
d =rsu0f g;xifxifojd rifwm) rjzpfawmY pm½Iow l kYd
t,lonf; y&rw¬qE´prJG ygbJ pdppfvsif trSeu f kd awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd arG;aookH;b0t,l ,lvsif a0'emeJYcHpm;aewm

jzpfvkYd a0'emvGe(f a0'emwduúr)w&m;vnf; rjzpfawmYygbl;/ bk&m;
u olw Y &m;tm;vk;H a0'emr[kww f YJ a0'emvGef a0'emwduúrw&m;
jzpfw,f-qdkcyYJ gw,f/ qdkvkw d mu ]a0'emcsKyfww YJ &m; r[kwyf gbl;/
a0'emvGew f JY w&m;? wpfrsKd ;ajym&vsif a0'emr[kww f JYw&m;}-vdkY
qdkvkdjcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufNyD; olYw&m;awG[m awG;awmBuHqaep&m rvdkwJY
csujf cif; odjrifem;Edkiw
f JYw&m; twuúm0p&w&m;vdkYvnf; a[mcJY
wm ½Sad eygao;w,f/
'gaMumifY y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'frmS ok;H b0t,lqkv d sif awG;q,lae&
wJY wuúm0p&w&m; jzpfaeygw,f/ csujf cif;BuD;udk udk,w f kdirf od
em;rvnfEkdiyf gbl;/ onft,lukd yÚö0*fawG e*dkuwnf;u ,lNyD;
om;qdkawmY bk&m;oQif odyNf yD;½Si;f aep&m rvdkb?J cPav;eJY oabm
aygufMurSm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gqdkvsif bk&m;"r®pMuma'oem a[mNyD;wmeJY wcsed w

f nf;
rSm ig;yg;vkH; t&d,opömtod todqkduMf u&rSm jzpfygw,f/
tckawmY onfvkd t,lr[kww f m aocsmaeygw,f/ rlv
'óea[mif;awGeJYvnf; rwlwmaMumifY aeYrtm;? nOfYrem; ig;&uf
awmif a[mae&w,fqkdwm t,lopf'óeopf jzpfvkdY aerSmyg/
'gaMumifY yÚö0*fawGxJrSm ÓPfta0;qkH;jzpfwJY? a&S;b0u

ae ckb0? ckb0uae aemifb0 arG;ao? arG;aoeJY wpfb0uae
wpfb0 ul;w,f-vdkY t,lonf;cJw Y YJ ½Sit
f óZdukd ypöKyÜecf E¨may:u
uHoHo&mvnfywf&mu jzpfay:vmwJY xif&Sm;wJYtjzpf(uHowå0g)
awGukd em;vnfatmif? onfowå0gykHawG[m tpGJOyg'geu©E¨mawG
jzpfaMumif;? 'ku©om jzpfaMumif;? onf'ku©[m vlay:jzpfaeayrJY
tpGyJ a,m*om jzpfaMumif;? vl r[kwaf Mumif;? bk&m;oQif tBudwt f
e,f acscRwf&wmvdkY od&rSm jzpfygw,f/
O½ka0VawmrSm t&nuacwf y&rw¬tjrifeJY bk&mYt

avmif; OD;aqmifusicYf w
YJ YJ ½lyg½lyw&m;awG[m y,f&rnfY tpGe;f wpf
yg;jzpfaMumif;? ]'ku©}-yJjzpfaMumif;? bk&m;jzpfNyD-vdkY 0efcH&if;
ajymwmudk bk&m;tay:rSm >cif;csurf &Sd ,kHMunfwJY? ½Siaf um@n
wpfyg;wnf;om csujf cif;odjrifNyD;-
bk&mYpum;qk;H wmeJY aqmif&rnht f usiYf t|*Øur*fukd em;vnf
oabmaygufNyD;? olem;vnfNyDjzpfaMumif;-

204 udk,Yfukd,u
]'ku©jzpfaMumif;w&m; (umr-½ly-t½ly tusiYftm;

vkH;)rSeo
f rQ wpfpkd;wpfprd usef (r*¾i½f Spyf g;eJY tukef
y,fowf) csKyfqkH;&rnfY w&m;awGygyJbk&m;- ],H
udÚöd ork',"r®H? oAÁH wH eda&m""r® H}-vdkY
]w&m;udk onfvkdjrifaMumif;} olavQmuf&if;? bk&m;&JU "r®
um,udk olawGUjrif&NyD-jzpfaMumif; avQmufcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
35/ bk&m;oQif bmYaMumifY tAsmuxe y,fwmvJ
onftaMumif; a&SUrSm usaemfqkdcJYxm;ygNyD/ 'gayrJY usaemfY

q&mBuD; ajymjywJY ½k&Spma&;q&m vD,kdawmfp½GKd ifu ola&;wJYpmrSm
pm½Iolukd cdkiNf rJoGm;apcsiw f JYtod ay;vdkwJYtcg -
]onftaMumif;udk oifa&m uREkyf w f kdYtwGuyf g tusKd ;
&Sad prSm jzpfwJYtwGuf xyfajymygOD;r,f}
olrauseyfao;vdkY xyftoday;csijf yefvsif onftaMumif;
t&mwpfckukdyJ- ]oifYtwGuf tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;vdkY xyfajymygOD;r,f }-
eJY ]NrJ&moHywf? Muyf&moyfyif;}-vkycf o YJ vdk usaemfvnf; pm½Ioal wG
udk ]onfa&S;-ck-aemif b0t,lawGu vGwaf pcsiv f eG ;f vdkY bk&m;oQif
tAsmuxepum;awGukd bmYaMumifyY ,fovJ}-xyfaqG;aEG;ygOD;r,f/
rsupf ad nmif; pdw½f Iyrf Smjzpfaomfvnf; rdrw

d kdY udk;uG,q
f nf;

udk,Yfukd,u
uyfwJY bk&m;oQif&JU t,ltqudk odoifYwmjzpfvkYud waMumif;?

rdrw
d kdYb0wavQmufvkH;twGuf t,ltjrif wnfYrwfckdiNf rJomG ;apcsif
wmu waMumif; onf;cHNyD; zwf½Iay;MuygvdkY yefMum;yg&ap/
bk&m;oQif[m owå0gaoNyD;aemuf jzpf-rjzpf--tp½Sw d JY

tAsmuxew&m;awGukd ]ig-onfvrkd ,lb;l ? ig-onfvkd ra[mbl;}
vdkY bmYaMumifY ajym&wmvJvkYd usaemf tajz&Smrdygw,f/ a0zefppd pfrd
ygw,f/
bk&m;oQifwkUd acwfrmS t&nuacwf y&rw¬tjrifeYJ orP?

jAm[®P? wyusiw Yf YJ y&dAkZd af wGtm;vk;H eJY olwakYd cwfu vlawGtm;vk;H
onft,lq,fyg;xJu wpfyg;yg;udkvnf;aumif;? trsm;udkvnf;
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awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQifu onft,lawG wpfckrQ r,lbl;qdkawmY usaemf

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J t*¾0d päeYJ rmvkusykwåwku
Yd bk&m;oQifukd
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,lovJ¿}-jyefar;awmY? bk&m;oQifu-
]ol[m 'ku©? 'ku©jzpfaMumif;? 'ku©csKyf&meJY 'ku©csKyfaMumif;

jzpfwJY ]t&d,opömav;yg;}udk ,laMumif;/ 'gyJ a[majymaMumif;/

206 udk,Yfukd,u
t&d,opömav;yg;udk ,l&wmu rdpäm'd|ad wmcsK-H uEÅm&--ponfu

vGwvf kdY? tusiYjf rwf&JUtpjzpfvkdY? ponfjzifY tusKd ;11csuf (tjypf
11csu&f JU qefYusib f uf)udk a[mawmfrlaMumif; zwf&ayrJY bk&m;
oQif bmudk ajymaewmrSe;f usaemf vkH;0udk rawG;wwfygbl;/
"r®pMuma'oemuajymwJY ]oHcad wåe yÚöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m}-

vdkY qdkxm;wmudk y#dpöorkyÜg'feJYqufpyfNyD; ]'ku©}-udk usaemf
em;rvnfwwfvkdY jzpfygw,f/
(ckawmY aus;Zl;&Sif q&mt&Sief YJ q&mBuD;rsm; aus;Zl;aMumifY
usaemf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;BuD;udk em;vnfoabmaygufvkdY onfrSwf
wrf;pmudk trsm;em;vnfEkdiaf tmif wifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f)/
bk&m;oQifr,lwJY tAsmuxeudk zwf&awmY-

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qdkjyefawmYvnf;-
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udk,Yfukd,u
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ygyJ/
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jAm[®P? y&dAkdZ?f tmZD0u tppeJYwuG vlawGtm;vkH; onf tAsm
uxe t,lq,frsKd ;xJuudk rvGwb f l;? udk,o
f ifY&m ,laeMuwm
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'gYaMumifY t*¾0d päyk&Ad kdZu
f -
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aMumifY orPvkyaf ewmvJ }-vdkUY
tai:wl;NyD;ar;wm jzpfEkdiyf gw,f/
bk&m;oQif bmt,lukd ,lygvdr¿ Yf -aygY usaemf tvGet Yf vGef

udk odcsiaf ecJyY gw,f/ qefu
Y sib
f ufar;cGe;f ESpcf kvk;H udk ]ig-onfvkd
r,lbl;}-ajymwJY bk&m;oQifukd b,fvkdem;vnf&rvJ¿
pm&Iolrsm;aum usaemfYvkd rcHpm;&bl;vm;¿
bk&m;MunfnkdolawGqkdvsif onfvkdcHpm;Mu&rSm used ;f aoyJ
jzpfr,fxifygw,f/ onfokwu f kd zwfwke;f uawmY usaemf rpdppfrd
ygbl;/

208 udk,Yfukd,u
tck &Si;f jyEdkiw

f JY q&mt&Siu
f kd trSDaumif;eJY qnf;uyfrcd grS
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bk&m;oQifu-
]jzpf}-qdkwm olr,lvsif ]rjzpf}-qdkwm ,l&rSmyg/
]rjzpf}-qdkwmolr,lvsif ]jzpf}-qdkwm ,l&rSmyg/
tck jzpf-rjzpfeJY ywfoufwm rSeo f rQ bmrQ r,lbl;qdkwm

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cJYygw,f/ ajcwpfacsmif;ajr§mufyg qdkvsif ajr§mufEkdiaf yrJY ESpaf csmif;
vkH;ajr§muf-qdkvsif bdki;f bdki;f vJyga&m/ usaemf tJonfvkd cHpm;cJY&
ygw,f/
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rjzpf-,ljyefvnf; Oapä''d|u d rvGwjf yefygbl;/
wcsKd Ujzpf-wcsKd UrjzpfusjyefawmY {upöoówrdpäm'd|?d
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rdvEd y´ Ú§m? 0dok'rd¨ *f? tbd"r®mrSm avYvmjyefawmY owå0g

aoNyD;aemuf qufjzpfykHukd yJYwifoHOyrm?t&dyOf yrm? wHqyd af &;
Oyrm pwmawGeJY-

udk,Yfukd,u
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udka&Smif? [dkuzrf;vsif onfbufukda&Smif? ESpb f ufnSyzf rf;vsif
tay:ckew f ufvwkd uf? atmufiyk v
f ikd yk ef YJ a0YvnfaMumifywf vkyv f u
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uHowåed JYyJ qufjzpfjzpf/ bmtaMumif;eJYyJ qufjzpf
jzpf? ]qufjzpfw,f}-qdkwmeJY oówrdpäm'd|jd zpfwm}-
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'gaMumifY cke wifjycJw Y YJ yJw

Y ifoOH yrm? t&dyOf yrmpwmawG
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aemufawmY aus;Zl;&Sif q&mt½Siu f kd usaemf onftajzudk
odcsiv
f kdY csO;f uyfar;jref;wJYtcg-

210 udk,Yfukd,u
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usaemfYÓPfukd zGiYaf y;ygw,f/
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ÓPfaygufvmNyD; q&morm;u bmajymcsiw f ,fqkdwm awG;wwf
vmygw,f/ awG;&wmuawmY tMumBuD; jzpfygw,f/oabmayguf
awmY 0rf;omvGe;f ru 0rf;om&ygw,f/
pm½Iolrsm;a&m usaemfeJYtwl 0dki;f pOf;pm;MunfYvsif ydkaumif;

r,f jzpfygw,f/
pm½Iolrsm; pOf;pm;NyD;MuNyDvm;/ 'gqdkvsif ya[Vd tajznSd
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tajzu-
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EGm;NrKHrudk t½St
d jzpf pOf;pm;rS? om;arG;wJY Bud,m &ygr,f/
EGm;NrKHrudk t½Srd pOf;pm;vsif om;arG;w,fqkdwJY Bud,m rvdk
awmYbl;-jzpfygw,f/
onfawmYrS bmYaMumifY onft,lawGukd bk&m;oQif r,lwm

vJ-vdkY usaemf oabmaygufp jyKvmygw,f/
]owå0g jzpfçrjzpf}-qdkwmrSm-
]owå0g}-qdwk mu ]uwåm;}? ]jzpfçrjzpf}-qdw
k mu Bud,m/
t"duu ]uwåm;}-jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
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om ]jzpfçrjzpf}-udk ]Bud,mtjzpf r,lwm}-vdkY o
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&pämefpwmawGukd ]'ku]© -tjzpfrS bk&m; r,lwm? 'gaMumifY ]igbk&m;
onfvkd r,lb;l ? igbk&m; onfvkrd a[mbl;}-ponfeYJ ajymawmYwm
jzpfw,fvkdY usaemf ,kHMunfojd rif&ygw,f/
bk&m;oQi,f wl YJ ]'ku}© -[m ]vlay:rSm ya,m*vdk vmpGrJ jDS zpf

aewJY Oyg'geu©Em¨ }-udk om ]'ku}© -vdk,
Y wl mvdkY a&SUrmS usaemfajymcJY
wm &Syd gw,f/

212 udk,Yfukd,u
onf tpGJrSDwJYcE¨m[m vlr[kwyf gbl;/ vlr[kwaf wmY a,m

usmf ;-rde;f rvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ touf-ZD0-yk*¾Kd vf-owå0gvnf;
r[kwyf gbl;? ig-olwyg;vnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ ewfy;l aewJo Y rl mS 0ifae
wJY ewfvkd? zkw0f ifaew,fqkdwJY vl&JY zkwaf umifvkdyJ jzpfygw,f/
vlay:rSm onfowå0gykaH wG vmxifaeayrJY onftaumifawG

u vlr[kwaf wmY aovsijf zpf-rjzpf ajymp&m r&Sad wmYygbl;/ onfvkd
]uHoHo&mvnfywfvkdY jzpfay:vmwJY owå0gaumif[m ]'ku©}-
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k m olawmfaumif; q&mt&Sif trSeD rYJ S usaemfocd &YJ wm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY t*¾0d päy&AdkZf tp½So

d lwkdY&JU tar;udk bk&m;oQifu
t&dopö'óetjrifeJYcsn;f ajzwmjzpfawmY onftwdki;f yJ ajzrSmvdkY
pm½Iolrsm; oabmaygufrSm jzpfygw,f/
usaemf ]'ku©}-qdkwmudk uGJuGJjym;jym; rodcifu?

]bk&m;oQifu vltp½Sw d JY owå0gawGukd uwåm;ae&mrSm
pOf;pm;p&m rvdkvsif bmudkpOf;pm;wmvJ¿ qufawG;awmY-]bk&m;
oQifu ig,lwm 'ku©-'ku©ork',-'ku©ead &m"-'ku©ead &m"*grdeD
y#dy'g-qdkNyD; t&d,opömav;yg;udk ,laMumif;ajymawmY bk&m;oQif
,lwYJ ]'ku}© -udk usaemfb,fvu
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emudk odygw,f/ bk&m;oQif ajcmufESpf aovkarsmyg; tqif;&J t
yifyef;cHNyD; onfa0'em'ku©u vGwaf jrmufzkdY ½Smwm r[kwb f l;-
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'óeeJYjrifwJY ]'ku©}-qdkwm[m a0'emr[kww f JY a0'emvGew
f &m;
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214 udk,Yfukd,u
a0'emqdkwm tNrJwrf; jzpfaewJw Y &m; r[kwyf gbl;? a0'em

[m tcsdefumvwpfckxd ray:vGifatmif [efYwm;xm;vdkYvnf;
&ygw,f/ jrifpw d -f Mum;pdw-f ponf rjzpfwt YJ cgvnf; a0'em[m
ray:vGiyf gbl;/ a0'em[m olq Y efu
Y sib
f ufeYJ awGUvsiv
f nf;aumif;?
t½Sed u
f keo
f Gm;vsif vnf;aumif; ajyavsmYoGm;wJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
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rSewf ,fqkdwJY ]opömw&m;} rxdkujf yefygbl;/
bk&m;oQiaf jymvdkwYJ ]'ku}© -qdkwmu r*ferYJ owfrcsi;f t½Sed f
jyif;jyif;eJY vnfaewJY ]0#f'ku©w&m;}-jzpfygw,f/
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owfao;orQ tNrJjzpfaewJY 'ku©/]Oyg'geu©E¨mxdkuf
wJY 'ku©}-vdkY
usaemfavYvmcJYwJY "r®pmayawGt& odxm;&ygw,f/
onfawmY-
bmvJ Oyg'geu©E¨m¿
Oyg'geu©E¨mudk usaemf tvGeu f kd odcsiaf ecJYygw,f/ usaemf
ajymajymaewJY [dk;-udk;ESpq
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u©E¨m/onf Oyg'geu©E¨m[m bk&mYw&m;rSm tcsut f jcm wpfckygyJ/

udk,Yfukd,u
usaemfavYvmwJY yd#uwfjrefrmjyefpmawGxrJ mS jrefrmjyefxm;

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216 udk,Yfukd,u
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tJonf ]uH}-eJY ]'ku©}-udk b,fvkdqufpyf,l&rvJ¿
]uH}-eJY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m}-udk b,fvkd qufpyf,l&rvJ¿
usaemf qufpyfr,lwwfawmYygbl;/ usaemfu rd½kd;zvmAk'¨
bmom oifxm;wJYtwdki;f ]uH}-udk tvsib f 0? tckb0? aemifb0
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onfvkd arG;ao-arG;ao b0tqufqufawG ,lxm;wJY

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(Theosophy)vdkY jrifxm;Mujcif; jzpfygw,f/
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vnf;aumif;? ½kyef mrfcsKyfNyD; bmrQr½Sw d JYtjzpf edAÁmefokdYvnf;aumif;

udk,Yfukd,u
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218 udk,Yfukd,u
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awGukd Munfv h sif 'kua© 0'emudk aji§mifv
Y kYd jrifatmif½?I okca0'emudk
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'ku'© ku-© 0dy&dPmr'ku-© ocFg&'kuv © kYd ]'ku}© -udkt&aumuf

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wpfb0uae wpfb0ul;wJYupd öeJY ywfoufNyD; ti,fqkH;
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ar;wm jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsed w f nf;ar;wm r[kwo f vdk? wpfae&m
wnf;rSm ar;wmvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ taMumif;oifYvkdY pum;quf
&vdkY oD;jcm;pD ar;wmyg? tar;csi;f wlaevdkY aygif;NyD; azmfjyjcif;
jzpfygw,f/

220 udk,Yfukd,u
]tarBuD;-tarBuD;- vlqkw d m b,fupjzpfwmvJ}-ti,fq;Hk

orD;av;u ar;awmY usaemfZY eD;u ]tvsib f 0utaMumif;aumif;?
qkawmif;aumif;vdkY onfb0 vljzpf&wm/ onfb0 aumif;wmawG
vkyNf yD;? qkawmif;aumif;rS aemufb0 vljyefjzpfrSm/ 'gaMumifY
orD;av; rqdk;eJY vdrrf myg}-vdkY vlUtpudk jyefajzovdkeYJ qk;H rygw,f/
orD;u raeygbl;/ ]tarBuD;? 'gqdkvsi-f tvsibf 0uvl&UJ

tvsib f 0u vlua&m b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ-bmawGvkycf JYovJ---p
onfeJY ]tpOD;qkH; taMumif;aumif;? qkawmif;aumif;wm pvkyw
f JYvl
b,fuvmwmvJ }-ar;awmY olYtaru ]jA[®mBuD;av;a,mufu
qif;vmwm}-vdkU Mum;zl;em;0eJY ajzygw,f/
orD;i,fu qufNyD;? ]tJonfjA[®mBuD;av;a,muf&JU tp-

tpu b,folvJ¿}-vdkY ar;jyefa&m? olYtaru pdwrf ½Snaf wmYvkdY
]b,fupwm orD;tvkyv f m;? onfavmufo&d awmfa&maygY}-vdkY
]vl&JUtp}-udk olrodawmYvkdY olYorD;yg;pyfukd tarqdkwJYyg0gjyNyD;
ydwv
f kdu&f ygw,f/
pm½Iolrsm;aum tvsib
f 0u uHaMumifY tckb0? tckb0
uHaMumifY aemufb0-qdkwm vufcHvsif usaemfY orD;ar;wJY yXrOD;
qk;H uHjyKwJo
Y l b,fuvmovJ-qdkwm uav;rsm; aemufxyf txGeYf
rwufEkdio f nfxd ajzay;MuygvdkY yefMum;yg&ap/

udk,Yfukd,u
usaemfwkYd 0dok'rd¨ *feYJ tbd"r®mrSm oifxm;&ovdk r[mjA[®m?

tmbó&mjA[®mawG 0d0¥Xm,DuyfrSm urÇmay:rSm vlpjzpfwm-
vdYk ajymvsif orD;i,ftar;eJyY J ]tJonfjA[®mawG&UJ tptp--b,fu
povJqkdNyD;? ]tpqkH;vl b,fupjzpf}-udkyJ ar;yg&ap/
usaemf uav;rsm;&JUtar;udk rajzwwfwJYtwGuf pm½IolwkdY

udk onfuav;ydpad uG;av;awG&JU tar;udk aMumif;usKd ;qufpyfNyD;
ajzay;MuygvdkY awmif;qdkyg&ap/ wpfckowdjyK&rSmu ,kwård wefwJY
tajzawGeJY uav;av;awG&JU todÓPfukd rydwq f kdYMuygeJY}-vdkY BudK
wif awmif;yefxm;yg&ap/
onftar;&JUtajztjzpf zefqif;½Siq f D a&mufoGm;vsif jAm

[®Pt,l? c&pf,meft,l? tpövmrft,lpwJY zefqif;&Si0f g'? wefck;d
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edrm® ea[wku0g' rdpäm'd|(d wefck;d &Sizf efqif;w,fvk, Yd w
l YJ t,lrmS ;)?
0dora[wku0g' rdpäm'd|d (taMumif;r[kww f mudk taMumif;t"r®
vkyNf yD;,lwJY t,lrSm;)eJY? taMumif;r½Sd olYtvdkvkd obm0twdki;f
jzpfw,fvkdY ,lwJY ta[wku0g' rdpäm'd|x d J a&mufoGm;rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gqdkvsif bk&mYw&m;eJY a0;oxuf a0;oGm;ygvdrYfr,f/
onfurÇmjzpfykeH YJ vljzpfykaH wGukd bk&m;a[mw,f-vdkY t*¾n

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f qdkxm;wmvnf; &Syd gw,f/ bk&m;oQif[m ]t&d,opö0g'D?

222 udk,Yfukd,u
ur®0g'D}-jzpfygw,f/ t&d,opömeJY uHtaMumif;eJY ywfoufvkYd wpf

enf;ajym&vsif ]'ku©}-eJYywfoufvkdY bk&m;oQifavmuf b,fyk*K¾d vf
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rodygbl;? em;rvnfygbl;/ onfe,frSm bk&m;
oQif[m ESpaf ,muf r&Syd gbl;/ twkvygyJ/ twkr&Syd gyJ/
odkYaomf bk&m;&Si[ f m blrad A'ynm&Sif r[kwyf gbl;/ ygP

aA'ynm&Sif r[kwyf gbl;/ rEkóaA'ynm&Siv f nf; r[kwo f vdk
tjcm;tjcm; ynm&Siv f nf; r[kwyf gbl;/ olu uHeJYywfoufNyD;?
'ku©eJYywfoufNyD; ]0dZÆmÓPfokH;ck}-&xm;wJY ]uH0Zd Æm}? ]'ku©0Zd Æm}-
vdkY ajymvsif rSm;rSm r[kwyf gbl;/
usew f JYynmawGeJY ywfoufNyD; bk&m;oQif ruRrf;usiw f m
taxmuftxm;awG &Syd gw,f/ aq;0g;ynmeJY ywfoufvkdY ruRrf;
usiw f JYtwGuf 0rf;csKyfwke;f ua&m? ajcruGJwke;f ua&m ZD0u aq;
q&mudk ac:yif&Y ao;w,f r[kwyf gvm;/ 'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif[m
olruRrf;usiw f JY e,fy,fu w&m;udk b,fawmYrQ ra[mygbl;/
t&d,opömeJYrqdkiw f JY w&m;awGukdvnf; b,fawmYrS ra[mygbl;/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQifukd ],xm0g'D wxmum&D? ,xm

um&D wxm0g'D=t,l&w Sd JYtwdki;f ajymjyKaeol? ajymjyKaewJYtwdki;f
t,l&odS jl zpfw,f]-vdkY udk,Ef w
I Ef v
S k;H wajzmifw
Y nf;&So
d l jzpfaMumif;
wynfYom0uawG tm;vkH;eJY bk&m;oQifeJYqufqHzl;ol tm;vkH;u t
odtrSwjf yKcJYwm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY onfurÇmjzpft,l? vljzpft,lawGukd bk&m;oQif

wu,fyf J a[mNyD;? onft,lawGukd ,lco YJ vm;¿-vdkY usaemf odcsif
vGev
f Ge;f vdkY avYvmcJYygw,f/
onfawmYrS onft,lawG[m jAm[®Pa0'usr;f u vmwm

awGqkdwm od&ygw,f/ ,aeYxd aA'ifynm½Sit f m;vkH; 'gudk oif
ae&wke;f jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY urÇmtp? owå0gtp t*¾nokwf
ut,lukd bk&m;oQif r,lbl;vdkY usaemf tjrif&Si;f aeygw,f/
bk&m;oQifa[mw,f qdkvsiaf wmif ]a½S;uonfvkdt,l ½Scd JY

Muw,f}-vdkY a[mrSm jzpfygw,f/ bmaMumifv Y q
J kad wmY tAsmuxe
pum;awGukd bk&m;oQif rajymvdkYbJ jzpfygw,f/
]zefqif;½Siu
f vlukd zefqif;w,fqkdvsiv
f nf; tJonfzefqif;
f kd b,folu zefqif;ovJ}-vdkY usaemfYEkdYn§morD;u ar;awmY
½Siu
usaemfYyg;pyf tmap;rdoGm;&ygw,f/
onfacwfvil ,frsm;[m usaemfwkYd i,fi,fwke;f uvdk vlBuD;

awGajymorQudk pdppfrrI ygbJ ajymwdki;f ,kw
H aYJ cwf r[kwaf wmYygbl;/
olwkdY&Sw
d JY todÓPfav;eJY aMumif;usKd ;pdppf wwfMuygw,f/ rjzpf
Edkiw
f m ajzvsiv f nf; aMumif;usKd ;,kwå,d kwåmeJY tajzrSef r&rcsi;f
vSnYyf wf ar;wwfMuygw,f/

224 udk,Yfukd,u
qufwnf; EdkYn§morD;u qufar;ygw,f ]tazBuD;-bk&m;

u wm0wðomudk wefckd;awmfeJY <uwm/ wm0wðomeJY vljynfu
,lZem&Spaf omif;av;axmifa0;w,fvkdY uav;tbd"r®moifwef;rSm
oifc&YJ ygw,f/ wpf,Zl emudk 12rdik cf JG 13rdik af vmuf &Sw
d ,fvYkd ausmif;
rSmoif&w,f/ 'gqdk ,lZem &Spaf omif;av;axmifqkdawmY 12rdkicf GJeJY
yJwGufvsif? rdkifaygif; 10odef;cGJ &Sdaew,f/ onfawmifBuD;udk
jrif&rSmaygY/ veJu
Y rÇmu rdkiaf ygif;ESpo f ed ;f av;aomif;yJ &Sw
d m/ onf
aeY N*dK[fwkawGu onfawmifBuD;udk rjrif&bl;vm; tazBuD;&JU¿
aemufwpfcku urÇmajrBuD;tcsi;f u rdki&f Spaf xmifausm?f

t0ef;u rdkiEf pS af omif;ig;axmifausmyf J &Sw d ,ftazBuD;&JU/ rdki1f 0ode;f
cGJ tay:rSmwnfaezdkY tajcrSm onfx Y ufBuD;&rSm? onfjrifrY k&d af wmif
b,frSm oGm;xm;rvJ¿ aemuf onfavmufjrifYwJYawmifukd bk&m;
oQifu bmjzpfvkdY ESpv f Sr;f okH;z0g;eJY <u&wmvJ? bk&m;ajcvSr;f u
tus,Bf uD;vm; tazBuD;? wefc;kd eJ<Y uwm qdv k siv
f nf; wpfcsnw f nf;
ta&muf <uygawmYvm;}-wJY/
pm½Iorl sm;cifAsm? usaemfu Y kd ppfual y;MuzdkY awmif;yefygw,f/
onfawmY onfuaeY Ak'¨bmom0ifawG tm;vkH;avmufeD;eD;

a½S;b0-aemufb0pwJY wrvGe0f g' t,lawGukd ,laeMuvdkY bk&m;
oQif&JU wynfhom0uvkyNf yD; bk&m;y,fwJY? bk&m;r,lwJY? bk&m;oQif
rajymwJY t,lrSm;awG ,laeMuolawGtxJ a&mufaeMuygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY usaemfu onfyk*¾Kd vfawGukd-

]Ak'¨bmom0ifvkyaf eNyD; bk&m;oQif rajymwJY pum;
awGukd bk&m;ajymw,fvkdY vkyaf eMuolawG}-vdkY
omoemYyk'rf wyfNyD; Ak'ömoemYpGJcsuf wifcsiyf gw,f/
38/ bk&m;a[m ]uHeJY0yd guftquf}-ikyaf ew,f
onfavmufqkv d sif a&S;b0? aemufb0 t,lawG[m bk&m;

y,fwJYt,l jzpfaMumif;eJY onft,lawG bk&m;,lw,f ajymvsif
]bk&m;udkpGypf GJ&musaeNyD jzpfaMumif;? t&d,ly0g'uH-qdkwJY olawmf
aumif;udk jypfrmS ;wJpY um; vGeu f sL;&m a&mufaeNyD jzpfaMumif; pm½Iol
rsm; &dypf m;rdaeNyDvkdY usaemf ,kHMunfryd gw,f/ onftjypfawG usL;
vGerf v
d sivf nf; rdrtd jypfukd 0efcsrawmif;yefvsif b,fawmYrQ t&d,
mtjzpf ra&mufEkid af wmYb;l vdkY bk&mYoeG of ifcsu&f ydS gw,f/ 'gaMumifY
bk&m;r,lwmudk r,lbl;yJ usaemfwkdY od&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY a½S;b0-aemufb0t,lawGukd bk&m;oQiu f ]ig-

onfvkdr,lbl;? ig-onfvkdrajymbl;}-vdkY qdkcJYwmawG[m oów
rdpäm'd|?d Oapä'rdpäm'd|d tygt0if b,frpd äm'd|ed rYJ Q rvGwv
f kYd bk&m;oQif
r,lwm-vdkY usaemf oabmaygufro d vdk txufrSm &Si;f jycJYjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
bmYaMumifY onft,lawGxJ ,aeYAk'¨bmom0ifawG a&muf

226 udk,Yfukd,u
aeMu&wmvJ¿ ckwifru vGecf JYwJY ESpaf ygif; ESpaf xmifokH;&mausmf

avmufuwnf;u onft,lawGxJ bmYaMumifY a&mufaeMu&wmvJ¿
vdkY usaemf tar;xGurf yd gw,f/
tajztaeeJY q&mt&Si&f JUtajzudkyJ wifjyyg&ap/
tajzu-
]bk&m;oQifa[mwJY ]uHeJY0yd guftquf}-ikyo f Gm;vdkY ygyJ/
usaemfwkdYu uHqkdwmudk ]twdwf b0BuD; b0i,fawGu

vkycf w YJ YJ aumif;rIraumif;rI}-vdkY ,lNyD;? [dktwdwb
f 0u uHaumif;
cJYvkdY tckb0 uHaumif;aewm/ tckb0 aumif;wmvkyrf S aemifb0
usvsif uHaumif;NyD; aumif;aumif; ae&-pm;&-0wf&wJY b0aumif;
av;awG &rSmvdkY Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdi;f avmuf eD;eD; onft,l ½Sad eMu
ygw,f/ onf uHeJY0yd guftquf[m bk&m;oQifajymvdkwJY wu,fY
uHeJY0yd guftquf tppftrSeyf Jvm;¿
onfvkd,laeMuwmaMumifYvnf; vuf½S&d xm;wJY vlYb0udk

]'ku}© -vdkY t,l½MdS uNyD;? ESpo
f ufjrwfEk;d rI r½Sad tmif pdwåZeJY y,faeMu
ayrJY bk&m;oQifu ]udk,Yfukd,o f mtcspq f kH;=twåorH ayrHew¬}d -vdkY
a[mcJYwmawG &Sad eygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]vuf&Sd touf&Siaf ewJY onfypöKyÜecf E¨m}-udk

]'ku©}-vdkY owfrSwNf yD; ½kyef mrfcsKyfNidr;f zdkY BudK;pm;aeolawG[m-

udk,Yfukd,u
bmjzpfvkdY tpmpm;aeMuwmvJ¿
bmjzpfvkdY t0wfvSvSawGeJY qifaeMuwmvJ¿
bmjzpfvkdY tdr&f m? tokH;aqmifaumif;awG okH;NyD; aeaeMu
wmvJ¿ ruse;f rmvsif aq;0g;aumif;awGeJY ukaeMuwmvJ¿
onfcE¨m onfavmuf 'kuB© uD;vSwm wcgwnf; pGeyYf pfvku d f
vsif ydkraumif;bl;vm;¿
bk&m;oQifvufxufu tusiYv f eG w
f JY&[ef;awGvkd owfao
Muygvm;/ (bk&m;oQiu f onfvko d wfaowmudk wm;jrpfcyYJ gw,f)/
'gayrJY vl[m onfcE¨m b,fpGeYyf pfEkdiyf gYrvJ¿

]onfcE¨mudk,Bf uD;[m 'ku}© -vdko Y m toifMum;cHxm;&wm
jzpfygw,f/ udk,w f u,fow d m r[kwb f JeJY oifMum;cHxm;&wmeJYyJ
'g[mtrSev f Ykd vufc,
H MHk unfaeMujcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY toifcH
&wJYtpGJeJY pdwåZodeJYom odaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJY rdrt d wGi;f
pdwuf ]touf&Sio f efcsiwf JYqE´}-u tjyif;jyqkH; jzpfaeygw,f/
'gaMumifY ]igu udk,u Yf k,

d o
f wfaovdkY rjzpfb;l / tzefig;&m
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ygw,f/ 'gaMumifv Y nf; bk&m;u ]twåorH ayrH ew¬}d -vdkY a[mwm
jzpfygw,f/ ArmawGu 'gudk ydyk jD yifatmif ]urÇmrD;avmif om;awmif
cseif;}-vdakY wmif Oyrm ay;Muygao;w,f/ 'gaMumifY e,fjcm;rSmarG;
NyD; uav;awGukd udk,Yf0rf;0zdkY a&mif;pm;aeMuwm Mum;MurSmjzpf

228 udk,Yfukd,u
ygw,f/
onfvkd vuf&Scd E¨mudk,[ f m 'ku©ygyJ&,fvkdY t,l½Sad ewJY
yk*K¾d vfawG[m vuf½u Sd kd,Yb
f 0 Nidr;f csr;f atmif? b,folawGeJYrQ rxd
rcdkuaf tmifeJY vlYabmifBuD; wdk;wufBuD;yGm; Nidr;f csr;f om,matmif
udk,b f ,fvkd or®matmifaer,fvkYd ]taewwfatmif} pOf;pm;vkyf
udkif aexdkijf cif; r½SMd uygbl;/ udk,b f ,fvkrd Q rodEikd w f YJ aemufb0rSm
csr;f omatmifeYJ aovsif taoajzmifaY tmifqw kd YJ a0;pGmaom taMumif;
jzpfwYJ ]taowwfatmif}-pOf;pm;vkyu f kid f aexdkiw f m[m? taerwwf
bJ taowwfatmif BudK;pm;aewm[m vlaumif;vlrGeaf wG&JUtvkyf
r[kwb f ?J tpGpJ w
d åZeJY OaPSmufwif;jynfu Y syjf ynfY tvkyrf vkyo f al wG&UJ
vkyif ef;awGyJ jzpfw,fqkdwm odxm;oifYygw,f/
onfolawG[m acwfpum;eJYajym&vsif OD;aESmufrrSefwJY

a&m*g (Alzheimer's disease) pGJuyfaeolvkdY qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f/
olwkdY[m &Siv
f suef JY b0aoaewJYvlawG jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY vufiif;b0udk arYNyD; aemufb0jzpfwJY? rodwJY

r&ao;wJYb0udk qmavmifjcif;wPSm[mvnf; tjypf&Syd gw,f/
tvm;wl aemufb0r&Sd csKyfNidr;f wJY ]b0jywfwJYtjzpfukd qmavmif
jcif;wPSm}-[mvnf; tjypf&ydS gw,f/ aemufb0csKyfq;kH &m qdkwmu
b0r½Swd mjzpfawmY onfqmavmifrItjzpf[m 0db0wPSm r[kwf
ygvm;¿

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY onfrsuaf rSmuf twåabmudk,ef JY at;Nidr;f csr;f

omudk r&apwmjzpfvkYd bk&m;oQiaf jymwJY udk,u
Yf k,
d f ylyefqif;&JapwJY
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bk&m;oQifpum;udk y,fvSe&f musaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
39/ bk&m;a[m ]uHtusKd ;0dyguf-qdkwm
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQif ajymwJY ]uHe0YJ yd guftppf}-u bmvJ¿

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]'ku©tppf}-u bmvJ ¿
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uHeJY'ku©? uHeJY Oyg'geu©E¨m b,fvkdqufpyfMurvJ¿
txufrSm usaemf ar;cGe;f xkwcf JYwm tck onftar;udk
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d ½f Sd
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d ,f? 'ku©csKyf&muvnf; onfrSmyJ
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f pGaJ eygw,f? NrJaeygw,f/
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EdkYayrJYvnf; pm½IolwkdY twGuf tusKd ;rsm;rSmjzpfvkdY usaemf

230 udk,Yfukd,u
cPcP wifjyaewmudk a,medaomreodum&eJY ESvkH;oGi;f zwf½I

qifjcifMuapcsiyf gw,f/
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jywf w&pfywfywf oHo&mcsm;&[wf vnfaevdkY
jzpfvmwJY ]oHom&0¥ 'ku©}?csKyfvkduv f sif ]Oyg
'geu©E¨m(tpGJonf;cE¨m)}vdkY-
bk&m;oQifajymwmudkyJ ]vlrSm} usaemf ½SmygawmYw,f}/
vl&JU twGi;f tZÑwåxJrSmvnf; r[kwyf gbl;
vl&JU twGi;f tZÑwåxJrSm &Smvsif 'ku©qkdwmrawGUbJ qHyif?
arT;n§i;f ?tp&Swd JY 32aum|mo? onfYxuftao;pdwv f sif yx0D?
tmaygpwJY "mwfawG-'gawGyJ awGU&r,f jzpfygw,f/
usaemf rjywfajymaewJY udk;ESpq f ,fEpS ½f ,

G f uwnf;u Muuf
wla½G;usuf usuv f mvdkY odvm&wJY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m}-qdkwm bmvJ¿
usaemf½SmNyD jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;u tJ'grS ]'ku©tppf}-vdkYvnf;
usaemf oabmaygufaevdkY jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd½SmawmY-
]'ku©qkdwm tpGJcE¨m(Oyg'geu©E¨m)}-vdkY
]bk&m;oQifu w&m;awmfawGrSm ajymxm;ygvsuf usaemf
zwfwYJ w&m;pmawGrmS a&m? oif,cl wYJ YJ tbd"r®m? 0do'k rd¨ *fawGrmS a&m-

udk,Yfukd,u
]Oyg'geu©E¨mwnf;[laom tpGJ\tm½kHjzpfaom ]vl

(twå)udk 'ku©}-vdkY tm;vkH;u ,laeMuygw,f/
'ku©qkdwm vl&JU ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&&,fvkdY vlukdzsuv f kduMf u

ygw,f/ azsmufvkduMf uygw,f/ txufrSm usaemfajymcJYovdkygyJ?
wu,f zsuv f kdYazsmufvkdY &yg&JUvm;¿
]vl&JU ½kyef mrf"r®ukd ocFg&tjzpf ,lNyD; vlukdzsuyf pf
azsmufypfvkdY vlr½Sv
d sif ]'ku©}-jzpfwnfp&m ae&m
r½SNd yD/ onfawmY uwåm;jzpfwJYvl r½Sv d sif vlay:rSm
jzpfwnf&wJY Oyg'geu©E¨mqdkwJY 'ku©vnf; r½Sad wmY
ygbl;/ 'ku©r&Svd sif 'ku©csKyf&m 'ku©ead &m" jzpfwJY
edAÁmefvnf; b,fvkd ½Sad wmYrSmvJ }-vdkY
usaemf tawG;i,fi,feJY awG;rdvmjyefygw,f/
pm½Iorl sm;taeeJY usaemfonfvkd tawG;ay:wmeJyY wfoufNyD;

onfrw S w f rf;pmrSm onfvl bmawG a&;aeygvdr/Yf igwdkY odxm;wmeJY
wjcm;pD ajymaejyefNyD/ aemufxyfbmawG r[kww f mawG ajymOD;rvdkY
vJ¿-rxifygeJYvkdY today;vdkygw,f/
usaemf wifjyorQawG[m taMumif;-tusKd ;eJY qufET,Nf yD;
jzpfoif-Y rjzpfoif?Y jzpfxkud -f rjzpfxku
d af wGukd ok;H oyfwifjyxm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ usaemfwifjyxm;wmawGukd acgifat;at;av;xm;NyD;
"r®'|d mefusus pdppfMuygvdkY tBudrBf udrf yefMum;vdkygw,f/

232 udk,Yfukd,u
qufNyD; ]uHe0YJ yd guf qufpyfy}kH -udk oyÜL&doolawmfaumif;

xHu&wJY todeJY usaemfqufvufwifjyygYr,f-
y#dpöorkyÜg'f&JU ]uHocFg& t&aumufrSm yknmykn-tmaeÚÆ

tbdocFg&? um,-0pD-raem tbdocFg&? umr-½ly-t½ly tbd
ocFg&vdkY t&aumufxm;wm awGU&ygw,f/
]bk&m;oQif&JU ]ur®0g'}t& ]'ku©t&d,opöm}-u

]'ku©}-qdkwm ]tbdocFg&uHeJY uHusKd ;0dyguf-uH&JUt
aMumif;wdkY wpfckukdwpfck pGJrSDaxmufqNyD;(0#fokH;yg;)
rjywfvnfywfvkdY xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmwJYtjzpf[m Oyg
'geu©E¨m}-jzpfaMumif; usaemfov d m&ygw,f/
usaemfygVdruRr;f bl; 0efcx

H m;NyD;ygNyD/ rSm;vsif trSeuf kd wnfY
ay;Muyg/ 'gayrJY txufrSm usaemfajymcJYovdk ]te&d,tzGiYf}-
awGeaYJ wmY usaemfu
Y kd wnfrY ay;apcsiyf g/ ]t&d,tzGieYf yYJ }J -wnfaY y;
wmudk emcHyg&ap/
onfrSm ygVdrodvkdY ygVdprd ;f aeolawG twGuf Armpum;eJY

]tbdocFg&}-awGukd enf;enf; &Si;f jyyg&ap/
yknmykn=ukokvd ?f tukokv d v f kYd t"dygÜ ,f&ygw,f/ ukokv
d f
qdkwmu tjypfr&Sd aumif;wJYtajymtjyKtaeyg/ tukokdv-f qdkwm

udk,Yfukd,u
u tjypf&w Sd JY raumif;wJY tajymtjyKtaeyg/ tpGJonf;jzpfapwJY

umrokcv’u d mEka,m*tpGe;f xdkuw
f JY umrtjrif 'geoDvpwJY uk
odkvaf wG? twåuv d rxmEka,m*tpGe;f xdkuw f JY ½lytjrif bm0em
ukokdvaf wG[m yknmbdocFg&awG jzpfygw,f/
owfck;d vdr-f pwJY rw&m;vGeu
f sL;rIawG[m tyknmbdocFg&
awG jzpfygw,f/
tmaeÚÆ=avmurSm&S&d o Sd rQ bmrQr&Sb d l;-qdkwJY v[mtjrif

eJY tajymtjyKtae jzpfygw,f/ bmawGvJqkdawmY ]vlqkdwm r&S?d
jzpf-csKyfoabmyJ/ ypön;f Opömqdkwm r&Sd jzpf-csKyfoabmyJ? ay;ol-
,lolr&S?d ay;wJY,lwJYypön;f r&Sd jzpf-csKyfoabmyJ/ obm0avmu
BuD;[m e*dkxJu bmrSr&Sb d l;/ jzpfcsKyfaewmyJ/ 'gaMumifY ]bmrSr&Sd
bl;}-qdkwmyJ trSejf zpfw,f/ ½kkyjf zpfwYJ wk;H wdk?Y wdkiw
f k?Yd vlwk?Yd acG;wdkY
qdkwm r&Sb d l;? emrfu owfrSwv f kdYom? emrfu yvDxm;vdkYom wkH;yJ?
wdkiyf J? vlyJ? acG;yJvkdY emrfukdy"mexm;wJY tjrif[m tmaeÚÆ-yJ jzpf
ygw,f/ onftjrifeJY ajymjyKaevGeu f sL;vsif ]tmaeÚÆmbdocFg&}-
vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'gaMumifY tmaeÚÆmbdocFg&-qdkwm twåuv d rxmEka,m*

tpGe;f xdkuw
f JY t½lytjrifbm0emukokdvaf wG jzpfygw,f/
tbdocFg&-qdkwm t,lonf;tpGJeJY tifeJYtm;eJY vGeu f sL;ap
wJY apwemudk ac:jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gudyk J ]uH}-vdYk ac:ygao;w,f/

234 udk,Yfukd,u
um,-0pD-raemqdkwm odNyD;jzpfygw,f/ udk,-f EIw-f pdwf

jzpfygw,f/ onft*FgawGeJY ajymqdk? jyKrl? aexdkiw f mawGyJ jzpfyg
w,f/ tbdocFg&-qdkwm ½dk;½dk;ajymqdkjyKrlaexdkiw f m r[kwaf wmYbJ
tpGwJ pfckckukd t,lonf;NyD; onftpGu J krd vTwb
f J onftpGu J kd tao
qkyu f kid Nf yD; onftjrifeYJ ajymqdkjyKrlaexdkiw f mudk qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
umr-qdkwm rde;f ra,musmf ;wdkY&JUESpOf D;om;&JU zdkrudpövkdY t

odrsm;aeMuygw,f/ 'g-orkwt d jrif jzpfygw,f/ "r®tjrifrmS umr-
qdkwm tqif;? toH? teHY? t&om? txdtawGUtm½kHawGukd BudKuf-
rBudKufeJY wkHYjyefqufqHjcif;udk qdkwmyg/ onfvkdBudKuf-rBudKufeJY
qufqHwJYtcg tm½kHawG[m vIy&f Sm;&Sio f efvmygw,f/ onftcg
tm&kHawG[m *kPft&nftaoG;awG ay:vmygw,f/ 'gomvsif
]umr}-jzpfygw,f/ onf *kPt f &nftaoG;udk ]umr*kP}f -ac:&yg
w,f/
BudKuf-rBudKuftjrifeJY qufqHwmudk ]umrtjrif}-ac:&yg

w,f/ ajym&vsif taumifvkdu?f j'yfx f nftvdkuf tay:,HukdjrifwJY
tjrif jzpfygw,f/ tqif;udjk rifwmyg/ tcsi;f udjk rifwm r[kwyf gbl;/
Oyrmajym&vsif opfyifBuD;wpfyif&UJ tjyifyef;ykeH YJ tacguftayG;awG
udk jrifNyD;? tESpu
f kd rjrifwyYJ kpH rH sKd ; jzpfygw,f/ onftjrifeYJ vGeu
f sL;
wJYajymjyKaewmudk umrtbdocFg&-vdkY ac:wmyg/ wdkwkdqkd&vsif
umrocFg& jzpfygw,f/ onftjrif[m ouf&jdS zpfap? oufrjYJ zpfap

udk,Yfukd,u
tjyifyef;tjrif tm½kHawGukd t"duxm;wmqdkawmY A[d'¨tm½kHukd

y"mexm;wJYtjrif jzpfygw,f/
½ly-qdwk m umrudk tjypfjrifNyD;? onftm½kaH wGaMumifY pdwyf yk f

pdw, f w
k af wG ay:&w,f/ onfpw d af MumifY BudKu-f rBudKuf jzpf&w,f-
qdkNyD; umrtm½kHawGukd rqufqHrad tmif pdwx f ed ;f csKyfwJYtjrif jzpf
ygw,f/ Cmem'dwå,-vdkY ygVdvkd ac:wJY teHY?t&om? txdtawGU
awGukd OD;aESmufonmrSm ae&may;rxm;bJ? y,f&cufwJY tqif;eJY
toHukyd J OD;aESmufonmxJrmS omrefav;yJ ae&may;xm;wJo Y abm
jzpfygw,f/ ½kyt f m½kHwpfckwnf;ay:rSm pdwu f kd rvIyrf &Sm;atmif
zdESyd f csKyfaESmifxm;NyD; pdwtf &nftaoG;wufatmif vkyw f JYtjrif
jzpfygw,f/
onftjrif[m vlukd ½kyef mrfeJYjrifvkdjrif? "mwfeJY jrifvkdjrif?

tpdwef JY jrifjcif;jzpfygw,f/ tjcm;ypön;f OpömawGukdvnf; tvm;wl
tpdwef JY jrifwJYtjrif[m ]½lytjrif}-yJ jzpfygw,f/ onftjrifeJY
vGeuf sL;wJaY jymjyKaeorQ[m ½lytbdocFg&csn;f jzpfygw,f/ wdkwkd
qdkvsif ½lyocFg& jzpfygw,f/
onf ½lyocFg&[m tm½kHawGukd todtrSwrf jyKwJYtwGuf

onmrJYvmwmjzpfvkdY vdkupf m;wmrsm;vmvsif tarYBuD;vmygw,f/
'gudk pmeJY ]onm0d&m*}-ac:ygw,f/ rSwÓ f Pf onmudk MuOfyg

236 udk,Yfukd,u
w,f/ ]umrudktOD;rlNyD;y,fwm jzpfwt YJ wGuf ]umronm0d&m*}-

jzpfygw,f/ onfyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;[m ½kyu
f kyd J tOD;rlygw,f/ &kyu
f kd y"me
xm;wJY ]½ky0f g'D}-rsm; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY ½lyocFg&[m umrudk onm0d&m*jyKNyD; qefu Y siyf g

w,f/ ouf&jdS zpfap? oufrjYJ zpfap twGi;f bufukd EIu
d Ef u
dI cf RwfcRwf
tao;pdwjf rifwJYtwGuf tZÑwåwl½ljyKwJY tjrifvnf; jzpfygw,f/
t½ly-qdkwm tmaeÚÆeJY twlwlygyJ/ ½kyt f m½kHig;yg;aMumifY

'ku©jzpf&w,f? ½kyaf wG[m jzpf-csKyfoabm&Sw d ,f/ wu,f&Sw d m
r[kwb f ;l / jzpfNyD; ysuaf ewJo
Y abmawGyg/ pdwuf onmay;aevdo Yk m
&Sad ewJYoabmyg/ ]avmurSm bmrSr&Sb d l; qdkwmyJ t&Sw d &m;}-vdkY
vl tp&Sw d JY ouf&rSd sm;eJYwuG eJYwuG ypön;f Opömtp&Sw
d JY oufrJYrsm;
tm;vkH;udkyg r&S'd óe-eJY jrifwJYtjrif jzpfygw,f/
onftjrif[m umrtjrifukad &m? ½lytjrifukyd g ]r&S'd óe}

eJY qefYusijf cif; jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifY &kyt f m½kHukd ]'óe}-eJY
azsmufypfjcif;om jzpfygw,f/ ½kkyrf JY-jzpfvkYd ]t½ly=½kyrf &S}d -vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ ½kyfudk y"mexm;NyD; y,fwmjzpfwJYtwGuf 'gudk
]½ly0d&m*]-ac:&ygw,f/ ½kyu f kdMuOfNyD; emrfeJYyJaewm jzpfygw,f/
onftjrifeJY vGeu
f sL;wJY ajymjyKaewmudk t½lytbdocFg&

udk,Yfukd,u
ac:ygw,f/ wdkwkq d kv
d siaf wmY t½lyocFg& jzpfygw,f/ onf t½ly
tjrif[m emrfukyd J OD;pm;ay; y"mexm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY ]emrf0g'D}
jzpfygw,f/ ouf&jdS zpfap? oufrjYJ zpfap jzpfNyD;ysu&f r,fvkYd twGi;f
tZÑwåoEÅmefukd tm½kHjyKNyD; azsmufypfwJYtjrif jzpfygw,f/
]ocFg&}-udk ,aeYAk'b ¨ momrsm;u ]uH}-vdkY t& aumufMu

ygw,f/ onfut H &aumufuv kd nf; tbdocFg&-vdYk t&aumufwm
rSeaf yrJY wu,fy,f&rnfh tbdocFg&&JUjzpfaMumif; ]udavom}-
udk ry,fbJ? tbdocFg&&JUwnf&m ]vl}-udk zsuyf pfazsmufypfNyD;?
'ku©ukd y&rw¬ a0'em'ku©buf ,lomG ;MuvdkY t&d,opöm&JU 'ku©ppf
aysmuf&wm jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨&JUuHtppfeJY 0dyguftppfawG aysmuf&
aMumif; ,aeY oyÜL&doq&maumif;eJaY wGUrS usaemf odvm&jcif;jzpfyg
w,f/
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f srS usaemf&UJ q&mBuD;rsm; ½Si;f jyvdkY Oyg'geu©Em¨
udk usaemfa&;a&; oabmaygufrjd cif; jzpfygw,f)/
40/ ,aeYw&m;tm;xkwaf eMuwm t½IcHrSe&f JUvm;
'gudk usaemfwkYd 0dyóem vky&f yfawGeYJ a0zefppd pforI jyKMu

rSm jzpfygw,f/
usaemf w&m;½IrSwzf l;wmeJY ajymygYr,f/ taMumif;u onfY
jyif usaemfrodwJY w&m;enf;awG &Sad evdkY jzpfygw,f/

238 udk,Yfukd,u
usaemfwkdY w&m;tm;xkwaf wmY t½IcHtm½kHtjzpf vl&JUtpdwf

tydki;f jzpfwYJ 0ifav-xGuaf veJY cE¨mudk,af y:rSm ½So
d rQ tpdwtf pdwf
tm;vk;H awG? &yfxkid af vsmif;oGm; £&d,mykwaf wG? cHpm;awG;BuHaqmif
&ef ponftm;vkH;&JU jzpfykHysuyf kHawGukd ½IMu&ygw,f/
"r®mEkyóem qdkygpdkY/ onfxJrSm um,mEkyóem? a0'em

Ekyóem? pdwåmEkyóem tuket f pkH ygoGm;NyD/ ydeaf zmif;a&m? &SL
½Iu
d af &m? auG;w,f-qefYw,fa&m?wdk;wm vIyw f ma&m? ylwm at;
wma&m? ½SL;&SaJ wGa&m--pwmawG tuket f pkH yg0ifomG ;NyD jzpfygw,f/
''gaMumifY onftm½kHawG[m-
]'ku©tm½kHtppfaum [kw&f JUvm;¿
vky'f ku©BuD;rsm; jzpfaeavovm;¿
vky'f ku©qkwd m a0'em'ku© r[kwyf gvm;¿
onf'ku©[m wu,f 'ku©t&d,opöm xdkuyf g&JUvm;¿
bk&m;oQifu vl(twå)udk 'ku©vkdY a[mcJYygovm;¿
vl&JUtpdwt f ydki;f jzpfwJY usaemfwkdY t½IcHtm½Hktjzpf ½IaewJY
yx0D?awaaZm?0ga,m-pwJY tpdwt f pdwaf wG[m b,f ork',
udavom taMumif;aMumifY jzpf&wmygvJ¿
ouf&rSd Sma&m oufrJYawGrSmyg 'gawG ½Sad eMuwmyJ/ 'gawG
a&m b,fork',wPSm taMumif;cHvkdY jzpfvm&wmvJ¿-vdkY
usaemf tawG;aygufvmygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfork',jzpfwJY wPSmudk y,fEkdiyf grS 'ku©uvGwrf Sm

jzpfaMumif;? wPSmr[kww f mudk wPSmork',vdkY txifrmS ;y,fvsif
'ku©uvGww f JYcsr;f om r&bJ 'ku©xJrSm 'ku©xyfykd; jzpfaer,fqkdwJY
taMumif; usaemfawG;rdjyefygw,f/
onfrmS bk&m;oQiu f ]'kut

© ppf}-udk t½Icx
H m;NyD; vu©Pm
wif okH;oyf½IyGm;vdkY oHa0*ÓPfxufoefNyD; NiD;aiGUysi;f rke;f vmwJY
tcg onf'ku©jzpfaMumif; udavomawGukd y,fowfckdi;f wmvdkY us
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ysi;f rke;f NiD;aiGUrSmyJ jzpfygw,f/ onfawmY b,frSmvJ y,fp&mjzpfwJY
'ku©taMumif;jzpfwJY wPSmork',/ onftaMumif;jzpfwJU wPSm
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qdkurf Sm r[kwyf gvm;¿vdkY usaemfjrifvmygw,f/
ckawmY "mwfoabmawG&JU taMumif;wPSmork', qdkwm

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f Juae owfrSwv f kduw f JY taMumif;
awGukd owfaeawmY okcr&bJ 'kux © rJ mS yJ 0Jvn
S aYf eMuwm jzpfw,f
vdkY tjrif&Si;f vmygw,f/

240 udk,Yfukd,u
onft½Icx H m;wJY vlcY E¨mud,

k q
f w
kd YJ ½kyf jzpfaMumif;udk ]Owke?D
*EäAÁm? oH0gaom taMumif;ok;H csuaf MumifY tarY0rf;xJrmS y#doaE¨
aeNyD; xrif;-rkepYf wJY tm[m&aMumifY BuD;xGm;vm&w,f}-vdkY rZÑrd
edum,f? r[mwPSmocF,okwrf Sm bk&m;oQif twdtus tus,f
w0ifY a[mxm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifY tararG;wJY onfvlYcE¨m[m b,f wPSmudav

om wdku&f ku
d t
f aMumif;aMumifrY S jzpfwm r[kww f m xif&mS ;ygw,f/
bk&m;oQif&JU vlYcE¨m jzpfay:jcif;taMumif;jzpfwJY onftjrif
[m ,aeY aq;odyÜHeJYvnf; rqefYusib f J uGuw
f u d saeygw,f/ oE´d
|du"r®? tumvdu"r® jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY vleJYvlYtpdwtf ydki;f jzpfwJY 0ifavxGuaf veJY cE¨m

udk,af y:rSm ½So
d rQ tpdwt f pdwf tm;vkH;awG? &yfxkdiaf vsmif;oGm;
£&d,mykw?f cHpm;awG;BuHaqmif&ef ponfawG[m tararG;vdkY &wJY
tjzpfawG jzpfaMumif; od&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY 'gawG[m tpGJuad vom ork',aMumifYjzpfwJY

]'kut
© &d, opöm}xdu k w
f YJ ud,
k ?f EIw?f ESv;Hk vGeuf sL;rI(tbdocFg&)tpkpk
awG r[kwaf Mumif; xif&Sm;vSygw,f/
pm½Iorl sm;taeeJY onfae&mrSm tcsed , f Nl yD; apYapYpyfpyf a0zef
qifjcifMuzdkY vdktyfr,f jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
bk&m;oQifY w&m;awmfawGukd avYvmvsif rormwJY udk,f

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S ;kH jzpfwYJ uHo;kH yg;udk or®matmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJY wefqmqifNyD;
a[mwmcsn;f awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
om;awmf &m[kvomraPudkawmif vdrrf ajymzdkY? udk,Ef Iwf

ESvkH; or®mzdkY/ olqif;&JaprnfY tajymtjyKtae/ udk,q f if;&JaprnfY
tajymtjyKtae? ESpOf D;vkH; qif;&JaprnfY tajym tjyKtaeawGukd
a&SmifMuOfNyD;? ESpOf D;vkH;csr;f omaprnfY or®mwJY tajymtjyKtaeawG
udk usiyYf mG ;zdkY plV&m[kavm0g'okwef YJ tjcm;aom w&m;awmfawGrmS
oGeof ifqkH;rwmudk awGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/
bk&mYw&m;awGtm;vkH;rSm onfvkd a[majym nTeMf um;wm

awGcsn;f usaemf zwf½IavYvm awGU&Scd JY&ygw,f/
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]rormwm 'ku©? or®mwm okc}?
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vdkY jzpfygw,f/
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f uf[m rorm=rdpäm?
f uf[m or®m}/
rorm=rdpäm&JU qefYusib
wpfrsKd ; ajym&vsi-f

242 udk,Yfukd,u
]w&m;qdkwm rdpäm&JU qefYusibf uf?

rdpämqdkwm w&m;&JUqefu
Y sib f uf}-vdkY jrifrw
d t
YJ cg oyÜL&do
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246 udk,Yfukd,u
tusKd ;awmif ay;ygw,f/ tvm;wl wajz;ajz;BuD;&ifv

Y mwJ orkwd
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tjzpfuawmY ]'ku©}tppfjzpfygw,f/ vlY0wå&m;ysuf
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248 udk,Yfukd,u
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onftpdwaf wG&JU jzpfysutf jrifeJY udk,af umifBuD;&JU

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250 udk,Yfukd,u
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254 udk,Yfukd,u
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cdki;f vdkY t½l;uowfwmudk awGU&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifY vlowfw&m;cH[m
t½l;jzpfwYJ vlr[kwb f ?J pdwaf zmufjyefapwJY t½l;a&m*gyJ jzpfygw,f/
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rsKd ; rvkyb f J t½l;a&m*gaysmufatmif ukocdki;f wmyJ w&m;olBuD;rsm;
u pD&ifcsuf csrSwaf vY &Sjd cif; jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wl udavom[m vlukd vlpw d uf ae t½l;pdwaf yguf

NyD; azmufjyefapwmjzpfvkdY bk&m;oQifu ]ykxkZÆaem Or®wåaum}-
vdkY oem;u½kPm jzpfjcif; jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd tpGo J nf;udavom
BuD;wJYtcg vl[m udavomu jrifapwJYtwdki;f udavom wdrf
ov’mzkH;NyD; trSeu
f kd trSet
f wdki;f rjrifawmYvkdY bk&m;oQifu ]tE¨
blawm t,H avmaum}-vdkY NiD;wGm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY tpGJonf; udavomaMumifY jzpfay:vmwJY tpGJ

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256 udk,Yfukd,u
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yg,fbo kH m;awGyv J m;-qdkNyD; udk,jf zpfcaYJ vovm;-vdkY ]twdwb f 0}-
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262 udk,Yfukd,u
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jzpfaeMuygw,f/ 'gawGtm;vk;H [m udk,x f kid x
f kid x
f x? oGm;oGm;ae
ae? ajymajymqdkqkd? vkyv f kyu
f kdiu
f kdi?f ae&mwdki;f rSm puúeYfred pfrvyf
udk,rf Sm usiYfyGm;ae&rSmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY vltrsm; em;vnfatmif bk&m;oQifu olYw&m;&JU

t&nftcsif;awGudk b,fvdkowfrSwfcJYw,fqdkwm odMu&atmif
aqG;aEG;wifjyrSm jzpfygw,f/
d "r®-qdkwm oH+'d|u
oE´|d u d =udk,w
f kdi+f csujf cif;odjrifem;
vnfwm jzpfygw,f/
Oyrm-usaemf rvdrw f wfrjyKwwf b0uae yXrOD;qk;H vdrrf d
w,f-qdkygpdkY/ usaemfYukd,uf saemf b,fvkd ae&rSe;f rodbl;/ b,fol
usaemfvrd wf mudk odoGm;ygvdrY?f vdrw f may:vsif cufNyD--ponfeJY
vlvrd w
f pfOD;&JUtjzpfawGukd usaemf cHpm;ae&ygYr,f/ onfawmY us
aemf vdrvf kduw
f meJY vdrof ljzpfwm? vdro f l&JUtaetxm;udk usaemf
cHpm;ae&wmudk usaemfukd,w f kdif odaeygw,f/
onfawmY vdrw f JYtrI=uHukd usaemfjyKvdkuw f meJY oH=usaemf

udk,w
f kdi?f 'd|u
d =vdro
f ltjzpf jrif&NyDqkdwmudk odEkdiyf gw,f/ 'g
bk&m;&JU t&d,opömeJYavsmw f JY ]oE´|d u
d "r®}-ygyJ/

266 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY onf vdro f ltjzpfukd ab;uodonfjzpfap rod

onfjzpfap usaemf tm;xkwv f rd v
f kduw
f meJY usaemfvlvrd jf zpfwm
ajy;rvGw J YJ trSew f &m;jzpfygw,f/ bk&mYw&m; oE´|d u d qdkwm onf
vdkrsKd ;yJ jzpfygw,f/ awG;awmBuHqaep&mrvdkbJ csujf cif;udk udk,f
udk,w f kid f odEkid w
f YJ w&m;jzpfygw,f/ awG;qBuHpnfNyD;rS od&wJw Y &m;
r[kwyf gbl;/ awG;awmBuHqrIukd vGeaf jrmufwJYw&m;? awG;qBuHq
aep&mudkrvdk aMumif;usKd ;pyfNyD; csujf cif;udk odEkdijf rifEkdif em;vnf
wJYw&m;/ pmvdk ajymvsif ]twuúm0p&w&m;}-jzpfygw,f/
tck-usaemfvrd v f kduvf kdY tawmfMumrS tjypfay;cH&wmwdkY?

aemifb0usrS i&Ja&mufwmwdq kY kw
d m csujf cif;odEkid wf mvnf; r[kw?f
BuHqNyD;odMu&wmrsKd ; jzpfwmawG qdkawmY oE´|d u d w&m; r[kwyf g
bl;/ twuúm0p&w&m; r[kwyf gbl;/ BuHqrSoEd kdiw f JY ]wuúm0p&
w&m;}-jzpfaeygw,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY usaemf ta&Smiftwdr;f aumif;vsif
usaemf tjypfay; rcH&Edkib f l;/ aemifb0qdkwmvnf; usaemfYckb0
ud,k v
f nf; r[kwb f ;l / 'gaMumifY a&S;b0uuHaMumifY ckb0-tusKd ;&?
ckb0uHaMumifY aemifb0-tusKd ;&qdkwm oE´|d u d w&m; r[kwb f l;
qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygNyD/ csujf cif;vnf; rodEkdi?f udk,w f kdio
f v
d nf;
r[kww f w
YJ &m; jzpfaeygNyD/ 'gwifru awG;awmBuHqae&wJY ]wuúm
0p&w&m;}-jzpfaeawmY onfw&m;[m bk&mYw&m; vkH;0udk r[kwf
wm xif&Sm;aeNyD jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
tumvdu"r® -t=r&S+d umvdu=twdw-f ypöKyÜe-f tem*wf

umvokH;yg;/ 'gaMumifY t"dyÜg,fu tcsed t f wdki;f twm rvdkbl;/
tcsed wf kid ;f rSm rSew
f ,f/ tcsed t f wdkut f pm; cHEkid wf w
YJ &m; jzpfygw,f/
txufu wifjycJw Y YJ ]usaemfvrd vf ukd wf meJY vdro
f jl zpfw,f}-
qdwk m bk&m;oQif yGix Yf eG ;f wJY umvuae onfuaeYxv d nf; rSew f ,f/
bk&m;oQif ryGiYfrDuvnf; onfpum;rSew f ,f? tckvnf; rSew f ,f/
aemif ESpaf ygif;b,favmufrsm;rsm;? onfurÇmBuD; rysuo f kO;f rDxd
]vdrv f ukd v f sif vdro
f jl zpfw,f}-qdw k m tNrJreS af ewJw Y &m; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY tcsed t f wdkut f pm; cHEkid wf w YJ &m; jzpfygw,f/ tcsed w f kid ;f rSm
rSeaf ewJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd tcsed rf a&G;? umvra&G;? a'ora&G;? ya,m*ra&G;

rSew
f mjzpfvkYd ]tm;pdkujf yKvdkuw
f meJY jyKvkyo
f t
l jzpf&w,f}-qdkwmom
vsif bk&mYw&m; ]t&d,opöm} jzpfygw,f/
'gonfyif ]uHeJY0yd guftquftpyftrSef}-jzpfygw,f/
onfuHeJY0yd guftquf[m ]oE´|d u d "r®? tumvdu"r®}-

jzpfaeawmY usew f JY t&nftcsi;f jzpfwJY *kPaf wmfav;yg;[mvnf;
wvkH;w0wnf; jynfYpkHr,f jzpfygw,f/
usewf JY *kPaf wmfawG ravYvmrD a&S;b0u uHaMumifY? ck
b0tusKd ;jzpf? ckb0uHaMumifY aemufb0 tusKd ;&-qdkwm tumvd
u"r® jzpf-rjzpf pdppf&vsi-f

268 udk,Yfukd,u
a&S;b0uuHukd udk,o f w
d mr[kwyf gbl;/
a&S;b0uHaMumifY onfb0&wJY tusKd ;udk udk,f aocsm*e
odwmvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/
onfb0u uHukv d nf; udk,o f wdjyKEdkirf S odwmjzpfygw,f/
onfb0uHaMumifY aemifb0&rnfY uHtusKd ;udk udk,b f ,fvkdrS rod
Edkiyf gbl;/ onfawmY onfw&m;[m tcsed rf a&G;rSew f JY w&m; r[kwf
awmYygbl;/ tcsed tf wdkut f pm; cHEkdiwf JYw&m; r[kwaf wmYygbl;/
onfawmY bk&mYw&m; r[kwaf wmYygbl;/ bk&mYw&m; r[kwaf wmYb;l
qdkawmY ]t&d,"r®}-r[kwyf gbl;/ tjyefaumufvsif ]te&d,"r®}-
yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onft,l&o dS [
l m ½dk;om;ajzmifrY wfo?l pifMu,fo?l
,Ofaus;ol? jrifYjrwfol-qdkwJY ]t&d,tjzpf} vkH;0udk r&Edkiyf gbl;/
bmYaMumifYvJqkdawmY-
]udk,rf odwmudk todvkyaf eNyD;?
udk,o f ad ewmudk rodvkyaf erd }-vdkY jzpfygw,f/
&Si;f &Si;f ajym&vsif udk,Yfukd,f jyefvrd af eol jzpfvkdYygyJ/
{[dyódu"r®-{[d=vmyg+yódu=pl;prf;MunfyY g/ olwyg;
udk vmpfaMumvSnYvf kdY ac:jyvdkY&wJY t"dyÜg,f jzpfygw,f/ tjycH
&wJYoluvnf; rjiif;Edki?f racszsuEf kdi?f tjypfrwifEkdib
f J ]at;-
[kwwf ,f}-vdkY vlwkdi;f vufcHEkdiw
f JYw&m; jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
txufu usaemfwifjywJY ]vdrv f kduv

f kdY vdro
f ljzpfw,f}-
qdkwm us;D ajcmufMuufEiS f tod&NdS yDjzpfwYJ uav;av;udkyJ ajymajym?
vli,fvl&, G v f lvwfukdyJ ajymajym? vlBuD;vltkdukdyJ ajymajym? b,f
vlrsK;d udkrqdk ajymajym? b,fbmom0ifukdrqdk ajymajym? bmomrJY
udkyJ ajymajym? b,fvkd tom;ta&mif&So d lukdrqdk ajymajym? b,f
a'orSmrqdkaeolukd ajymajym? b,fred ;f r b,fa,musmf ;udkrqdk
ajymajym? b,ftvTm&So d lrqdkukd ajymajym? omreftod&w Sd JY vlwkdi;f
u rjiif;rqef vufcHEkdiw f JYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]vkyv f sif vkyo
f ltjzpf&w,f}-qdkwm bk&mYw&m;jzpf
wJY ]uHeJY0yd guf tquftpyfrSew f &m;}-jzpfygw,f/
a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0 uHeJYuHusKd ;awGuawmY oE´|d u d

jzpfraeawmY olrsm; jyvdkrY &wJw Y &m; jzpfygw,f/ tod&w dS oYJ al wGu
aMumif;usKd ;eJY a0zefppd pf jiif;qefvsif ]trSe}f -vdYk &yfwnfEikd wf w YJ &m;
r[kwyf gbl;/ tacszsuf cH&Edkiyf gw,f? tjypfwif cH&Edkiyf gw,f/
'gaMumifY onfw&m;[m bk&mYw&m; r[kwyf gbl;/ te&d,awG&JU
w&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY y#dpöorkyÜg'f&JU uHeJY0yd guftquf[m ]cdk;vsif cdk;
oljzpf? vdrv f sif vdrof jl zpf? owfvsif owfojl zpf? ay;vsif ay;oljzpf?
ur®|mef;tm;xkwv f sif ur®|mef;tm;xkwo f ljzpf-tp&Swd JY jyKvkyw f JY
twdki;f wdki;f xyfwljzpfwJYtjzpfukd &&Sjd cif;yJ jzpfygw,f/

270 udk,Yfukd,u
Moyae,su d "r®=ud,k ef rYJ uGm aqmifEikd af omw&m;-jzpfygw,f/

f sif jyKoltjzpf&w,f}-qdkwYJ trSew
]jyKvdkuv f &m;[m b,foYl
udkrqdk? b,fae&m b,fa'orSmrqdk b,ftcsed rf SmyJ ajymajym rSef
wmjzpfNyD;? udk,wf kid o
f ad ewJY trSewf &m;jzpfawmY udk,rf mS aqmifxm;
vdkY &wJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmY b,folrS acszsuf
vdkYr&vdkYbJ jzpfygw,f/
onfw&m;[m udk,u f kd,wf kdirf Smvnf; cHpm;Edkiv
f kdYygyJ/ 'g
aMumifY onfw&m;[m udk,ef JYruGm aqmifxm;Edkiw f JYw&m; jzpfyg
w,f/
onfvkdjzpfvkdY-onfuHeJYuHusKd ;&JU t&[m-

]aumif;wmvkyv f sif aumif;oljzpfw,f?
raumif;wmvkyv f sif raumif;oljzpfr,f}-vdkY
oabmaygufaeawmY w&m;jyKvsif w&m;oljzpfr,f? rw&m;jyKvsif
rw&m;oljzpfr,f-qdkawmY onftod[m vlukd w&m;ol? rw&m;ol
tjzpf? vlaumif;-vlqkd;tjzpf? cGJjcm; oday;Edkiw f JYtwGu?f onfvkd
uHe0YJ yd gufqufwYJ w&m;[m ]t&d,opöm}w&m; jzpfygw,f/ bk&mY
w&m;tppf jzpfygw,f/
a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0jzpfwJY okH;b0 arG;aouHeJY uHusKd ;

[m udk,wf kdiv
f nf;rod? olrsm;tpdppfvnf; rcHEkdi?f tcsed -f ae&m-
a'ora&G; ajymvdkYvnf; rSew
f mr[kwwf m qdkawmY b,folu udk,f

udk,Yfukd,u
rSm aqmifxm;csirf mS vJ/ onfawmY onfw&m;[m usiyYf mG ;vdkY roifY

wJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/ usiYyf Gm;vsif t&d,tjzpfr&bJ te&d,tjzpf
udkom ay;rSmused ;f ao jzpfygw,f/
onfrSm ,aeY rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmomawG ajympum;wpfck &Sd

ygw,f-
]aumif;wmvkyv
f si=f aumif;wmjzpfr,f?
raumif;wmvkyvf si=f raumif;wmjzpfr,f}-vdkYyg/
onfacwfxJrSm aumif;wmvkyw f kdi;f aumif;wmrjzpfbJ?
tqdk;eJYawGUaeMu&wm tykHBuD;ygyJ/ onfvkdyJ raumif;wmvkywf kdi;f
raumif;wmrjzpfbJ atmifjrifBuD;yGm;aeMuwm trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ 'gqdk
onfpum;rrSefwm b,fvdkvkyfrvJ¿ 'gudk ]bk&mYw&m;}-vdkY
rSwxf m;MuwmqdkawmY ]bk&mYw&m; rSm;aeNyD}-vdkY oHo,0ifp&m
jzpfaeygw,f/
onfvkd ]uHeJYuHusKd ;}-tquftpyf[m tNrJwrf; rSerf aewJY

twGuf ]tumvdu"r®}-r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifY onft,l[m
bk&mYw&m; r[kwyf gbl;/ te&d,wdkY&JUw&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif&JUw&m;u onfvkdr[kwyf gbl;-

]aumif;wmvkyvf sif aumif;oljzpfw,f?
raumif;wmvkyv f sif raumif;oljzpfr,f}-qdkwmygyJ/

272 udk,Yfukd,u
'gudk-
]aumif;wmvkyv f si=f vlaumif;jzpfw,f?
raumif;wmvkyv f si=f vlqkd;jzpfr,f}-vdkY
em;vnfay;&ygYr,f/ onftod[m vlwdkif;udk,feJYruGm
aqmifxm;Edkiw
f JYw&m;? aqmifxm;tyfwJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
ypöwåHa0'dwAÁ 0dnl["d r®=omreftodÓPf&o

dS w
l kid ;f tusKd ;udk
udk,w f kdio f Ed kdiw
f ,f-vdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
onfae&mrSm rd½kd;zvmAk'¨bmomu ]0dnl}-udk r*fynm&S?d
zdkvyf nm&S-d vdkY bmomjyefavY &Syd gw,f/ 'gqdkvsif ]{[d yódu
"r®}-*kPf b,f&Edkiaf wmYrvJ/ omreftod&o Sd l usD;ajcmufMuufESif
tod&w dS YJ uav;awmif bk&mYw&m;udk odEkid yf gw,fvkYd bk&m;oQifu
tmrcHxm;wm jzpfygw,f/
bmjzpfvkv Yd -J qdkawmY bk&mYw&m;udk usiyYf mG ;Edkiw

f YJ t&G,u f kd
owfrSwaf y;cJYwm &Sv d kdYygyJ/ bk&mYomoemrSm 0efaqmifrnfY &Sio f m
raPi,fawG&UJ ti,fq;kH toufukd ]us;D ajcmufMuufEiS Ef kid w f YJ tod
&So
d l t½G,}f -udk owfrSwaf y;vdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&m;oQio
f moemrSm ig;ESpo f m;&G,?f ckepfEpS o
f m;
&G,&f [EÅmawG trsm;tjym; &Scd JYygw,f/ 'gaMumifY bk&mYw&m;[m
onfvkd uav;oli,ft&G,af wmif odem;vnfEkid w f mjzpfvkYd ]0dnL}-

udk,Yfukd,u
qdkwmudk taumif;tqdk;cGJjcm;Edkiw
f JY omreftodÓPf&So
d lvkdY-t&
aumuf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkduav;t&G,&f [EÅmawGeJY ywfoufNyD; yg&rDeJY acsy

MuOD;rvm; rodygbl;/ yg&rDukd teufaumufvsif y&r+þ=y&r-
u tajccHypön;f ? þ-u &Sw d m/ 'gaMumifY yg&rD qdkwm tajccHeJY
jynfYpkHapwJYtvkyaf wGyJ jzpfygw,f/
ckacwf em;vnfaeMuwJY b0tqufquf jznfYqD;&wJY yg
&rDeJYywfoufNyD; bk&m;oQifa[mxm;wm b,feu d m,f wpfckrSmrS
&SmrawGUygbl;/
ZmwfawmfawG qdkwmuvnf; ykw H kyd wfpeJY bk&m; qk;H rcJw

Y m
rsK;d jzpfygw,f/ ]a½S;wke;f u ynm½Sad wG onfvkd jzpfcJYw,f}-qdkwJY
tcsDrsKd ;eJYyJ a[mwmrsK;d jzpfygw,f/ 'gawG[m igYtjzpfawGvkdY ed'gef;
poG,af [mwJY Zmwu wpfyk'rf Q rawGU&ygbl;/ ZmwfawmfawG[m
vnf; bk&m;oQifY&JU twdwb f 0awGu tjzpfawG r[kwyf gbl;/
onfacwfZmwfawmfawG[m edum,fvmr[kwb f J omoem

av;&mpkESpaf vmufrSm ]Zmwuw¬0PÖemusr;f }-udk oD[kdVu f Ref;u
&[ef;wpfO;D u zGEYJ UJG azmfjywJY Zmwfuu
G af wGyJ jzpfygw,f/ Zmwfawmf
awGeJY ywfoufNyD; aemiftvsO;f oifYrS qufvufaqG;aEG;r,f jzpfyg
w,f/

274 udk,Yfukd,u
wpfckawmY em;vnfatmifajym&vsif ]owå0gaovsif jzpf-

rjzpf}-pwJY t,lawGukd ]ig onfvkrd ajymbl;? ig onfvkrd ,lv;l }-
vdkY tAsmuxepum;ajymwJY bk&m;oQif[m ]vGecf JYwJYESpaf ygif; av;
toacsFeJYurÇmwpfoed ;f u okar"m&Si&f aoY igjzpfcJYw,f}-vdkY a[m
r,frsm; xifygovm;¿-vdkY usaemf ar;csiv f Sygw,f/
txufu usaemf&iS ;f jycJwY tYJ wdki;f uHeu YJ u

H sKd ;(0dyguf)awGukd
a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0tquftpyf[m bk&mYw&m; r[kwb f l;-
vdkvY nf; t&aumufcMYJ uygNyD/ 'gaMumifY b0tqufquf yg&rDjznfY
cJY&w,f-qdkwJY t,l[m bk&m;t,l r[kwyf gbl;/ tajymrsm;vmNyD;
]trSm;MumawmY trSejf zpf}-oabmyJ jzpfygw,f/ jAm[®P0g'DwkdY&JU
olwkdYt,l oGwo f Gi;f rIawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ olwkdYt,leJY Ak'¨bmom&JU
ck-aemuf-aemifb0 r,lwmawGukd ,lwt YJ jzpfa&mufatmif yl;owf
jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY bk&mYw&m;rSev f sif t&G,rf a&G; taumif;tqdk;

taMumif;tusKd ; odEkid w f YJ omreftodÓPf&o dS l b,fvrl qdk ajymvsif
em;vnfEikd yf gw,f/ oifvsif wwfv, G Ef ikd yf gw,f/ ]vGeu f sL;vkyvf sif
vkyw
f JYtwdki;f wdki;f vkyo f ltjzpf&w,f}-qdkwJY ]aumif;wmvkyv f sif
vlaumif; jzpfw,f? raumif;wmvkyv f sif vlqk;d jzpfr,f}-qdkwYJ uHeYJ
uHusKd ;udk omreftod&o Sd lawG csujf cif; udk,w f kdio
f Ed kdiw
f m jzpfyg
w,f/ 'g udk,w f kdif tusKd ;odjcif; jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
oGum© w"r®=pv,fqk;H aumif;rGeaf omw&m;=olwyg; tacs

zsucf HEkdi?f tpkHprf;cHEkdi?f jyóemtwifcHEkdi?f tESyd ef ,fcHEkdiw f JYtwGuf
a[molemolESpjf zm repfemwJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
txufrmS wifjycJw Y YJ udk,w
f kid cf sujf cif;odEkid w f YJ oE´|d u
d "r®?
tcsed rf a½G;rSev f kdY tcsed t f wdkut f pm;cHEkdiw f JY tumvdu"r®? olrsm;
jyvdk&Y wJY {[dyódu"r®? udk,rf mS aqmifxm;vdk&Y wJY Moyae,su d "r®?
omref todÓPf&w dS o
YJ al wGawmif udk,w f kid f tusKd ;xifEkid w f YJ ypöwåH
a0'dwAÁ 0dnl["d r® jzpfaeawmY ]tp-tv,f-tqkH;}-rSev f nf;rSef
acszsuv f v kYd nf;r&wJY w&m;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY a[molua[mvdkY
emolu vdkuef musiyYf mG ;EdkiNf yD; usiyYf mG ;wJt Y wdki;f vnf; udk,af &molyg
tusKd ;&S-d csr;f omNyD;? vlYavmu&Sio f efaeatmif-Nidr;f csr;f aeatmif
apmifaY &SmufEikd wf t YJ wGuf 'g-oGum© w"r®*P k ef YJ jynfpY w
Hk m jzpfygw,f/
bk&m;oQif[m w&m;&JU*kPt f &nftcsi;f ajcmufyg;udk a[m

cJYygw,f/ onf ]w&m;*kPaf jcmufyg;vkH;eJY jynfYpkHrS olYw&m;}-vdkY
pHEeI ;f aywH owfrw S jf cif;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY w&m;*kPif g;
yg;eJY jynfpY aHk omfvnf; wpfyg;wavav; vdak evsiaf wmif bk&mYw&m;
r[kwyf gbl;/ Oyrmtm;jzifY-
]a&T}-vkkdYowfrSwEf kdiw
f JY t&nftaoG;udkMunfYvsif ta&mif
0g? tnSrd wuf? eef;qGJEkdi?f tufqpfwpfrsKd ;wnf;eJY rpm;Edkif qdkwJY
*kP&f nfav;yg; &Syd gw,f/ ok;H yg;eJjY ynfpY NkH yD; ta&mifr0gbJ jzLaewm

276 udk,Yfukd,u
qdkvsif a&Tr[kwyf gbl;/ tvm;wlygyJ ]w&m;*kP&f nfajcmufyg;vkH;

jynfYpkHrS bk&mYw&m;}-vdkY ajymEdkirf Sm jzpfygw,f/
onftwGu-f
usaemfwkYd bk&mYw&m;&JU wdki;f wm&rnfpY EH eI ;f aywHukd aqG;aEG;
&if; bk&m;oQif y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fa'oemrSm a[mwJY ]uHeu YJ u
H sKd ;(0dyguf)}
tquftpyftrSe[ f m-
]pdwv
f nf;&S?d onmvnf;&Sw d JY þypöKyÜefwpfvHrQ
avmufcE¨mudk,af y:rSm tpGJuad vom t,lonf;rII
aMumifY-]jyKvkyv
f sif jyKwJYtwdki;f wdki;f jyKoltjzpfukd
&w,f}-
qdkwmyJ bk&m;a[muHeJYuHusKd ;(0dyguf)tppftrSef jzpfw,f
qdkwm xif&Sm;NyD jzpfygw,f/
44/ uHusKd ;0dyguf&JUtm½kH
onfawmY ]uHjyKvYkd &&Swd YJ uHusKd ;0dyguf[m ]jyKwu YJ t

H wdik ;f wdik ;f
wom;wnf; wlnDwJYtjzpfukd &jcif;}-yJ jzpfygw,f/ uHeJY wpfqHjcnf
rQ rvGJygbl;/ odkYaomf uHusKd ;0dyguf[m vlay:rSm wifuseaf eayrJY
tm½kuH topf r[kwyf gbl;/ rlvtm½kH r[kwb f ;l -vdkY qdkvkyd gw,f/
pdwxf rJ mS wifuseaf ewJY tm½kjH zpfvkYd pdwåZtm½kyH J jzpfygw,f/ uHtrI
jyKpOfu tm½kHa[mif;udk jyeftrSw&f aejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onftm½kH[m vwfvwfqwfqwf tm½kHt&Sif r[kwaf wmY

bJ tdyaf ewJYtm½kHyJ jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;pkHrS Edk;xvmwJYtm½kH jzpf
ygw,f/ 'gukyd J ]tEko,=tEk(tavsmt f wdik ;f )+o,=(tdyaf ewm)-
vdkY qdkygw,f/
'gaMumifY yXrqkH;tpGJuad vom t,lonf;rIaMumifY ajymjyK

aewJYuHu jzpfvmwJY ajymjyKaeolrSm tusKd ;xifvmwJY tm½kH[m
tdyaf ewJYtm½kH jzpfygw,f/ onftm½kH[m tm½kH rxif&Sm;aomfvnf;
udavomtpGJ t,lonf;rIu xif&Sm;jzpfaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifYonf
udavomudk tdyaf ewJYuad vom(tEko,udavom) ac:ygw,f/
uHusKd ;0dyguf[m uHeJYwom;wnf; wlwmukd bk&m;oQifu

t*Fgig;&yfeYJ a[mcJyY gw,f/ 0dnmOf?emrf½ky?f oVm,we?zó?a0'em-
qdkwJY t*FgawG jzpfygw,f/ qdk&vsif wpfvHrQavmuf ypöKyÜecf E¨m
ay:rSm jzpfaewJY tjzpfygyJ/ rlvuHeJY wom;wnf;wlwJY uH&ifYusuf
wJtY jzpfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 0dygu-qdkwm &ifjY cif;?usujf cif; t"dygÜ ,f&dS
ygw,f/ rQp&f ifv Y mvdYk 0g;tjzpf &wmrsK;d ygyJ/ y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fukd tus,f
aqG;aEG;awmYrS onft*FgawGukd tao;pdwf od&atmif aqG;aEG;Mu
r,f jzpfygw,f/
uHeJY0yd guf[m b,fvkd wom;wnf;wlwmvJ¿
Oyrmay;&vsif ]o&ufyifpkduv f sif o&ufoD;yJ oD;ygYr,f/
ydEéJoD; roD;Edkiyf gbl;/ tJ'g uHeJY0yd guf&JU t&aumuftrSeyf gyJ/ 'g

278 udk,Yfukd,u
udkyJ],m'doH 0yaw ADZH? wm'doH [&aw zvH}-vdkY pdkuw f JYrsKd ;apY

twdki;f wdki;f toD;oD;w,f-vdkY bk&m;oQifa[mcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlygyJ/ ]uvsmP um&Dp uvsmPH? ygyum&D p ygyuH}-
vdYk a[mcJw
Y m[m ]aumif;wmjyKvsi=f aumif;oljzpfw,f? raumif;wm
jyKvsi=f raumif;oljzpfr,f}-qdkwmygyJ/
'gwifru ]o'doH yguH Zaewd}-vdYk ]uHew YJ al om tusKd ;ay;

w,f}-qdkwm aumufyifpkduv f sif pdkuw
f JYtwdki;f wdki;f aumufief;
&dw&f w,f-qdkwJY OyrmeJY twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gqdk uHe0YJ yd guf wom;wnf;wlw,f? uHrmS tm½kuH udav

omeJY &Sio
f efaeaomfvnf;? 0dygufrSmu rlvtm½kHeJYwlwJY tm½kHao
yJ jzpfw,f/ tm½kHu aoaeayrJY udavomu &Sio f efaeygw,f/
onfuHusKd ;0dygufrSm a0'emcHpm;rIu ta&;ygvSygw,f/

vGeu f sL;rIuHu raumif;ayrJY a0'emu aumif;aewwfyg
w,f/ vGeu f sL;rIuHu aumif;ayrJY a0'emu qdk;csif qdk;aewwfyg
w,f/ aumif;wJY a0'emjzpfap? qdk;wJY a0'emjzpfap bma0'em
yJjzpfjzpf? 0dygufrmS wifuseaf eygw,f/ pl;&SwaYJ 0'emqdkvsif ydkawmif
wifuseaf ewwfygw,f/ (]0dyguf}-qdkwm vlYcE¨m b,fae&mrSm
jzpfwmvJ-qdkwmudkawmY aemif taMumif;oifYwJYtcg aqG;aEG;rSm
jzpfygw,f)/

udk,Yfukd,u
onfvkd wifuseaf ewmu vGeu f sL;vdkuw

f JY uHeJYtm½kHukd o
abmus? b0ifusvkdY jzpfygw,f/ onftjzpfukd om,mNyD; pGJNidoGm;
wJYtwGuaf MumifY jzpfygw,f/ 'gudk "r®pMuma'oemrSm ]eE´D&m*}-
vdkY qdkygw,f/
onfvkdpGJNidawmY jyefcHpm;csiaf eygw,f/

onfawmY rlvvGeu f sL;cJw
Y YJ ]uHet YJ m½k}H -udk jyefqmygw,f/
tJonfwke;f u vIy&f mS ;jyKrlBuHpnfcw YJ YJ ykyH ef;taetxm;? toH-teH-Y
t&om-tawGUtxdawGukd jyefwrf;wygw,f/ onfvkd rlvvGeu f sL;wJY
uHeJYtm½kHudk qmavmifwmrsdK;udk ]wPSm}ac:ygw,f/ 'gudk
]tEko,wPSm}-vdkYvnf; ac:wwfMuygw,f/
jyefqmawmY tdyaf ewJYtm½kHav;udk EI;d ygw,f/ onftm&kHu

vnf; umv&SnMf umwmeJYtrQ rlvtm&kH&JUt&omudk wif;jynfYusyf
jynfY ray;pGr;f Edkiaf wmYygbl;/ MumavavsmYav jzpfvmygw,f/rlv
tm½kH t&omtwdki;f rcHpm;&awmY ydkiwfvmygw,f/ iwfvmawmY
ydkwrf;wygw,f/ wrf;wwmeJt Y rQ ,if;xrI ay:vmygw,f/ tjzpf
aumif;onfjzpfap-raumif;onfjzpfap onftjzpfukdyJ wwrf;
wweJY r&rae cHpm;csiw f JY tpGJonf;rI jzpfvmygw,f/
onfawmY rlvvGeu f sL;wke;f u tm½kHeJYwlwJY tm½kHrsKd ;eJY awGU
wmeJY rlvvGeu f sL;rIuHeJYwlwJY uHukd xyfvGeu f sL;ygw,f/ onftcg
rSmvnf; vGeu f sL;rIuHeJY wom;wnf;wlwJY tjzpfukd xyf&ygw,f/

280 udk,Yfukd,u
onftcg tdyaf ewJq Y mavmifr[ I m t&Sed &f vmNyD; aemufxyf

onfvGeu f sL;wJYuHawGukd txyfxyf jyKapygw,f/ tirf;r& jzpf
vmapygw,f/ 'gudk "r®pMuma'oemrSm ]wMwwMwmbdeEéd D}-vdkY
qdyk gw,f/ y#dpo
ö rkygGÜ 'fa'oemeJY ajym&vsif ]Oyg'gef(t,lonf;tpG)J }
jzpfygw,f/
onftcg onfuHeJY wom;wnf;wlwJY uHusKd ;awG txyf

xyf jzpfvmawmY ]tpGJonf;udavom b0ykH} xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:
vmygw,f/ uH&kyf ykHay:vmygw,f/
'gudkyJ ]ur®H oawå 0dbZÆw}d -vdkY a[mygw,f/
]jyKwJYuH twdki;f wdki;f xif½Sm;wJYtjzpf-udk a0zefwu jyK
w,f}-qdkygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
onf xif&Sm;wJYtjzpf[m uH&JU ykH&yd yf J? vlrSm jzpfae
wJY uH&JUtjzpfyJ? vlr[kwyf gbl;/ vkyw f JY vkyif ef; t
avsmuf vl&JUtjzpfoepfyJ jzpfygw,f / uH&kyyf J jzpf
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY uH&kyu f H&yd [
f m vlr[kwb f l; qdk
wm odem;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
yrmtm;jzifY ntarSmifrmS rD;puav;udk txyfxyfvn S v
Yf sif
puf0kdi;f ykH? tay:atmuf txyfxyf0kduv f sif &Snaf rsmarsm MuufO
iSuOf ykaH y:wmrsKd ; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY txyfxyfjzpfymG ;vsif ]xif
&Sm;wJYykH ay:vmjcif;}-jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onftjzpf[m ]vGeu f sL;wJYuHukd t,lonf; tpGJtNiduad v

omeJY txyfxyfjyKvdkY xif&Sm;vmwJYtjzpf}-yJ jzpfygw,f/
tckvkyf tckyJ xif&Sm;aewJY tjzpfawGukd &rSm jzpfygw,f/
ypöKyÜerf Sm txyfxyf vGeu f sL;wJYuH[m onfuHeJY wom;wnf;wlwJY
xif&Sm;wJY uHusKd ;ykHukdyJ ypöKyÜerf Smay;w,f-vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemifb0 rul;ygbl;/ aoNyD; b0ajymif;rS onftjzpfawG &wm r
[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY txufrSm orx? 0dyóem txyfxyf usiYyf Gm;

vsif aemifb0usrS jA[®mjzpfrSmvm;¿-qdkwm usaemf tar;jyKcJYyg
w,f/
tajzu-
]udk,jf yKwJY vGeu
f sL;rIuHtwdki;f wdki;f eJY wom;wnf;wl
wJY b0tjzpfawGukd onfypöKyÜecf PrSmyJ &rSmjzpfyg
w,f}/
onftjzpfawGu rIerf eI 0f g;0g; r[kwyf gbl;/ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;

BuD;udk ay:vGiaf ewm jzpfaeygw,f/ b,frSm ay:vGiaf eovJqkd
vsif olYukd,Ef IwEf SvkH;okH;yg; vIy&f Sm;rIjzpfwJY EIwt
f ajymtqdk? udk,f
tjyKtrl? pdwt f rlt&m taetxdkiaf wGrSm xif&Sm;ay:vGiaf erSm
jzpfygw,f/

282 udk,Yfukd,u
yrmtm;jzifY vdrw f JYtrIukd tqufrjywfvkyo f l[m ]vlvrd f

tjzpf=vlvrd bf 0}- olrY mS xifxif&mS ;&Sm; ay:vmygw,f/ cdk;wJt Y rI
tqufrjywfjyKaeol[m olc;kd tusit Yf BuHawG ay:ygw,f/ olt Y MunfY
u olck;d Munf/Y bmudk b,fvkcd k;d &rvJ us;D MunfaY MumifMunfY tMunfY
awGyJ jzpfaeygr,f/
olt
Y ajymu cdk;zdpkY um;awGyJ ajymaeygw,f/ olt Y aeu olck;d
wdkb
Y m0 t,lvufjrefajcjref? t0Sujf refwmuav;awG jzpfaeygr,f/
vlvpfvsif vpfwJYcPav;rSm olYvufu vSr;f ,l0SuNf yD;om; jzpfae
ygr,f/ ud,
k af &mpdwyf g olc;kd pdwo
f cl ;kd ud,
k jf zpfaewmudk odEikd yf gw,f/
'gaMumifY cdk;wJYtrI txyfxyf vGeu f sL;vsif ]olckd;tjzpf=

olckd;b0}/ vlowfvsif ]vlowform;b0}-tp&Sw d JY olvkyw f JY t
vkytf wdki;f wdki;f ? olYtrIupd ö twdki;f wdki;f olYb0 olYykHay:rSm rvGJyg
bl;/ olckd;u olawmfaumif; rjzpfygbl;/ cdk;vsif olckd;ygyJ/
onfvkdyJ taumif;tqdk; tusKd ;tjypfrodbJ awmif;vm

orQ ay;urf;usi&Yf odS [l m ]'ge&Sib f 0}/ taumif;tqdk; tusKd ;tjypf
rodbJ oDvapmifYxed ;f vsif ]oDv&Sib f 0}/ orxtm;xkwv f sif
]orxtm;xkwo f bl 0}/0dyóemtm;xkwv f sif ]0dyóemtm;xkwf
olb0}/ vkyw f JYvkyif ef;eJYavsmw
f JY tjzpfawG? b0awGukd ypöKyÜebf 0
rSmyJ &MurSm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onftjzpfawG b0awG[m ]xif&Sm;jzpfay:aewm jzpfvkdY

pmvdk ]owå0g}-ac:jcif;jzpfygw,f/ onftjzpfb0udkyJ "r®okH;
]owå0g}-vdkY od&ygYr,f/ vl?wd&pämefpwJY taumifyavmif owå0g
awG r[kwyf gbl;/ ]uHowå0g}-yJ jzpfygw,f/ udavomt&dyyf kH
xif&mS ;ay:wm jzpfygw,f/ xif½mS ;wJt Y jzpf-udk pmtac: ]owå}-
jzpfygw,f/ onfxif&Sm;tjzpf ]&Sw d m}-udk ]0Hwk}-ac:ygw,f/
ESpyf k'af ygif;awmY ]owå0g}-vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'gaMumifY orxusiYw f mrsm;vsif usiYw f JY psmeft*FgeJY vdkuf

avsmnDwJY ½lyjA[®mykHawGukd ypöKyÜeb
f 0rSmyJ jzpfaeygYr,f/
]orxtusiYf}-[m ]umronmawGukd y,f&Sm;wGe;f
vSewf JY umronm0d&m* tpGJjzpfwJY ½lywPSmtjrif
eJY usiYfvkdY jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlygyJ 0dyóemusiYv f siv

f nf; usiYw f JYtqifYukdvkduf
NyD; ]½kyjf zpfysu?f emrfjzpfysu?f jzpfysuqf ;kH vsif edAmÁ ef}-vdkY tjrifeu
YJ siYf
aewmjzpfvkdY ]jzpfysurf &S&d monf oknw v[mtmumo}-jzpfwJY
twGuf t½lyjA[®myko H P²mefukd onfypöKyÜeb f 0rSmyJ &rSm jzpfygw,f/
t½lytusiYf[m ]½lypsmef&JU uodkP;f ynwf½kyaf wGukd
]r&S}d -qdkNyD; ]'óeeJY acszsux
f m;vdkY usecf JYwJYae&m

284 udk,Yfukd,u
tmumoudkpGJNyD;usiYfwJY tusiYfjzpfvkdY t½lywPSm jzpf

vdkYygyJ/
onft½lytusiY[ f m ]½kyef mrfcsKyfqkH;vsif edAÁmef-}vdkY,lwJY
0dyóemtusiYef JY xyfwlyJ jzpfae vdkYygyJ/
'gaMumifY ½lywPSmpGJeJY usiYvf sif vlY½lyjA[®mtjzpf? t½lyw
PSmpGeJ u
YJ siv
Yf sif vlt
Y ½lyjA[®mtjzpf ypöKyÜeb f 0rSmyJ &rSm jzpfygw,f/
onfawmY t,lonf; tpGJuad vomaMumifY ajymjyKae pwJY

uHawGukd tqufrjywfveG u f sL;vdkY xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmwJY owå0g[m
]vl}- r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gudk ]tewå}-vdYk qd&k ygw,f/ onfowå0g[m
vlrSm jzpfaomfvnf; ] vluvkyv f kdYjzpfvmwJY owå0g} r[kwyf gbl;/
45/ Oyg'geu©E¨m jzpfay:ykH
onftjzpf[m vlurvkyv f sif b,fvkdenf;eJY jzpfay:vm

wmvJ¿vdkY tar;&Sv d mygw,f/
onftjzpf[m-
]tpJoG nf;udavom-vGeu f sL;rIu-H uHusKd ;}-onfo;Hk yg; vlrmS
wpfckukdwpfck pGJrSDaxmufqNyD; tqufrjywf vnfywfjzpfyGm;aevdkY
ykHay:vmwJY udavomykH&yd -f yJ jzpfygw,f/ vlay:rSm taMu;tn§d
wifaewJY ya,m*aumif (0g)vla,mifyJ jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onftjzpf[m xif&Sm;jzpfay:aevkYd ]owå0g}-vdkY ac:jcif;

jzpfygw,f/ onf]owå0g}tjzpfuykd J ]Oyg'geu©Em¨ }-vdYk ac:ygw,f/
onftjzpf[m raumif;qdk;0g; jzpfygw,f/ ya,m* jzpfyg

w,f/ raumif;qdk;0g; ya,m*[m vluku d yfrv d si?f onfraumif;qdk;
0g; ya,m*u cdki;f wJt Y wdki;f vlu vkyaf ewmjzpfv?kYd onfya,m*u
cvkwEf ySd w
f JYtwdki;f vIy&f Sm;aewJY puf&kyOf yg'geu©E¨m jzpfaevdkY-
vlukd vltjzpfuae usqkH;apygw,f/ vltjzpfuae qkH;½IH;

apygw,f/ olvkyaf eorQudk udk,v f kyaf ewmvdkYvnf; txifa&muf
apygw,f/ onftxif[m ]rme}- jzpfygw,f/ onfraumif;qdk;0g;
tyaumif 'kuu © kyd J ]igY[m}-vdkY rSwxf m;vdkuyf gao;w,f/ onfo
nmtrSm;[m ]wPSm} jzpfygw,f/ onftyya,m*raumif;qdk;0g;
tjzpf&wmudkyJ ]igYtjzpfvkdY} tjrifrSm;[m ]'d|}d jzpfygw,f/ onf
wPSm-rme-'d|t d pGJawG[m vlukd 'ku©awmxJ armif;oGi;f ygw,f/
onftjzpf vlrSmvmpGJwmjzpfawmY vlYtjzpfukd aysmufqkH;

apygw,f/vl[m vlr[kwaf wmYwJY(trEkó) ]owå0gtjzpf}-udk
a&mufaeygw,f/ 'g[m tyrSaD ejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ onfvkd vlukrd DS
aewJY raumif;qdk;0g; tyaumif owå0gaumiftjzpf a&mufaevdkY
onfowå0gu vlukrd NDS yD; ajymjyKaewmjzpfawmY vl[m 'kua© &muf&
jcif; jzpf&ygw,f/

286 udk,Yfukd,u
'gayrJY onf'kuu
© kd vlu rodbJ 'kue© &YJ ifqkid af wGUae&wmudk
'ku©vkdYrxifbJ onf'ku©ukdyJ ]igtjzpf}eJY aysmaf rGUaeygao;w,f/
'gaMumifY onf'ku©xJudkyJ &J&J0YH0YHBuD;udk oufqif;aeMujcif;
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
onfowå0gaumif vlay:jzpfaewmudk y,fowf&rSm jzpfvkYd
a&S;ynm&Srd sm;u ]owå0g vlcRwfruS Rwfr,f}-vdkY t&d,opöm tjrifeYJ
qdkcJYMujcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gudk ,aeYAk'¨bmomrsm;u orkwed ,fu
tjrifeJY taumifyavmif owå0gawGukd vluowfay;rS uRwfr,f
vdkY t,lrSm;aeMujcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfOyg'geu©Em¨ [m vlukd 0efxyk 0f efy;kd jzpfapyg

w,f/ onftjzpf[m vlYtwGuf pufqkwzf G,f rpifbifykyyf J jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m[m 'ku©}-vdkY "r®pMuma'oemrSm
bk&m;oQif tusO;f tm;jzifY a[mwm jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd vlukdrSDNyD; vlay:rSm pGJrSDjzpfay:aewJY vlr[kww f JY

vla,mif Oyg'geu©Em¨ udk ]'g[migYtjzpfy}J -vdYk Oyg'geu©Em¨ eJY igqdwk YJ
(vl=twå)udk wxyf wnf;,lvku d w
f mudkyJ ]vlr[kww f OYJ yg'geu©Em¨
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pwkr[m&mZfpwJY ewftjzpfomru txufewf tjzpfawGyg ykH&yd f
xifaewm jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ vlYavmurSm OD;pD;acgif;aqmif vky&f olawG[m

vnf; olYvkyif ef;awGaMumifY olY0ef;usirf Sm xGe;f vif;awmufyol?
ud;k uG,tf m;xm;&mvl(=emx)jzpfvmygw,f/ 'gawGukd ]orkwed wf}-
vdkY ac:Muygw,f/ 'gvnf; vlY&JUumrukokdvu f H&kyyf J jzpfygw,f/

298 udk,Yfukd,u
onftjzpfawG[m vlpifppfu ewfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨mykH

xif&Sm;ay:vmwmyg/ udk,Yfvky&f yfay:rlwnfNyD; ewftqifYqifYykH
ay:rSm jzpfygw,f/
ewfqkdwm ygVdpum; ]emx}-yg/ ]udk;uG,t f m;xm;&m}-
vdkY teuf &Syd gw,f/ ewfukd aemufwpfrsKd ; ]a'0}-vdkY ac:ygw,f/
]a'0}-qdkwm ]'dAÁ=xGe;f vif;awmufyjcif;} teuf&ySd gw,f/ onf
ewftjzpfawG[m tpGJonf;udavomawGaMumifY xif&Sm;wJYtjzpf
jzpfaewmaMumifY onftjzpfawG[m vltppf r[kwyf gbl;/
onfvkdr[kwb f J pnf;pdrcf sr;f om tvQHy,faygrsm;vdkY onf

pnf;pdraf wGukd cHpm;aeolawG[mvnf; pnf;pdrcf Hpm;&wJY tpGJonf;
udavomaMumifY pnf;pdrcf sr;f omudk vSvSBuD;cHpm;wJY tajymtjyK
taeawGeJY ajymjyKaewJYtcg? wm0wðom? ,mrm? wkow d mpwJY
ewftjzpfawGew YJ w
l YJ xif&mS ;wJt
Y jzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©Em¨ ay:vmyg
w,f/ onfowå0gawG[mvnf; vlYewfawGygyJ/ vlr[kwyf gbl;/
onfvkyd J pnf;pdrcf sr;f omudk cHpm;&mrSm ae&mwum udk,u f

udk,pYf w
d Bf udKufjyKjyifcpH m;wJY tpGo J nf; udavomaMumifY pnf;pdrcf sr;f
omudk udk,w f kdiu
f kd,u f s jyKjyifcHpm;wJY tajymtjyKtaeawGeJY ajym
jyKaewJt Y cg? edrm® e&wdewftjzpfew YJ wl YJ xif&mS ;wJt
Y jzpf owå0gOyg'ge
u©E¨m ay:vmrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gvnf; vlr[kww f JY vlYewf jzpfyg
w,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
edrm® e&wd-qdw
k m edrm® e=ud,
k w
f ikd pf w
d Bf udKuf zefqif;NyD;+t&wd
=arGUavsmwf ,fvkdY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ pnf;pdrcf sr;f omudk cHpm;&mrSm wpfyg;olawGu

udk,pYf w d Bf udKuf zefw;D jyKjyifcpH m;wJY tpGo
J nf;udavomaMumifY pnf;
pdrcf sr;f omudk udk,Yfpw d w f kdi;f us wpfyg;olu zefwD;jyKjyifcHpm;wJY
tajymtjyKtaeawGeJY ajymjyKaewJYtcg? y&edrw ®d 0o0wåDewftjzpfeJY
wlwYJ xif&mS ;wJt Y jzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©Em¨ ay:vmygw,f/ 'gvnf;
vlr[kww f YJ vleY wftjzpfygyJ/ (y&=wyg;ol? edrw d® =zefqif;tyfaom)
vdkY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
'gaMumifY ewftjzpftm;vk;H [m umrukokv d u

f &H kyaf wGyJ jzpf
ygw,f/ umrukokv d u
f ad vom&JU yko
H P²mefawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ onf
ewfOyg'geu©E¨mawG[m tpGJonf;udavomaMumifY vlay:jzpfaewJY
vlr[kwwf JY tjzpfawGcsn;f jzpfygw,f/
onfvkdygyJ/ vl-ewftjzpfawGukd oHa0*,lNyD; umrtm½kH

awGukd pufqkw&f GH&SmvdkY awmxGuw f &m;usiYw f JY orPjA[®PqdkwJY
yk*K¾d vfawG[m rdrw
d kdYusiYfwJY tusiYfvky&f yf tm;avsmpf Gm ½lyjA[®mt
jzpfawGeYJ t½lyjA[®mtjzpf xif&mS ;wJt Y jzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©Em¨ awG
aygufMuygw,f/ 'gawGvnf; vl&JUumrukokdvu f H&kyaf wGyJ jzpfyg
w,f/ umrukokdvu f ad vomawG&JU ykHoP²mefawGyJ jzpfygw,f/

300 udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifv
Y nf; tm½kw H pfckwnf;ay:rSm pdwu
f kcd sKyfw;D NyD; pdwf
rNidrNf idraf tmif xde;f aewJY t,lonf; udavompGJeJY ajymqdkjyKrl
aexdkio f l[m onftusiYf vky&f yfeJY wom;wnf;nDwJY xif&Sm;wJY
tjzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨mykH ay:ygw,f/
onfvkd pdwu f kd tqifYjrifYpw

d x
f ed ;f ynmeJY csKyfwD;rIjyKwJYtcg
psmeft*Fgig;&yf ay:ygw,f/ tm½kHay: pdwrf aeaeatmif wifay;wJY
tvkyf 0dwuf? tm½kHay:pdwf wnfaeawmY onfpw d uf kd tm½kHay:u
rusatmif cyfMumMumaeatmif ok;H oyf&wJ0Y pd m&? pdww f nfwm Mum
vmawmY tm½kHay: pdww f nfaewmudk auseyfESpo f rd YfaewJY yDw?d
tm½kHukd auseyfESpo f rd Yfae&muae udk,af &mpdwyf gat;jrwJY cHpm;rI
okc? usew f tYJ m½kaH wGukd bmrQcpH m;rI r&Sad wmYbJ udk,, f x l m;wJt
Y m½kH
eJY ½IwJYpw
d f wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;wJY {u*¾wm/ onft*Fgig;&yf
jzpfygw,f/
onftusiYaf wG[m uodkP;f ? tokb? tEkówd tp&Sw d JY

avmuDur®|mef;awGukd ½IyGm;rIawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ onfuaeYw&m;
pcef;awGrSm usiYfBuHaeMuwJY ydeaf zmif;-½SL;½SJawG? av0ifxGu-f
auG;qefaY wG? oGm;&yfxikd af vsmif;awG tp½So
d nfrmS pdwt
f m½ku
H kd ESpx
f m;
NyD; pdwwf nfNidraf tmifxm;wJY tusiYfawGeJY xl;rjcm;em;ygyJ/

udk,Yfukd,u
usiYw
f JYtusiYf t&Sed &f vmvsif t*Fgig;&yfukd wpfckNyD;wpfck
ausmNf yD; usiYvf mEdkiyf gw,f/ onftusiYftm;avsmpf Gm yXrpsmef? 'k
wd,psmef? wwd,psmef? pwkw¬psmefawG &vmEdkiyf gw,f/ onfpsmef
tpGJonf;udavomeJY ajymjyKaeol[m onfpsmefeJYwlwJY xif&Sm;wJY
tjzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨m &rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gudk tbd"r®mrSm-
]£w¬ r[*¾wH yknH? ,xmblrd 00w¬w d H? Zaewd
o'doH yguH? y#doE¨d y0wå, d H/}-vdkY
qdkxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
onftjzpfawG[m ½lyjA[®m16bkHu jA[®mtjzpfawGeJY wlwJY
tjzpf? b0awG jzpfygw,f/ tusiYt f m;avsmpf Gm vlrSm xif&Sm;wJY
tjzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨mykH ay:ygw,f/ onftjzpfawG[m umr
ok*wdyk*¾Kd vfawGxuf jrifYjrwfwJYoltjzpf ]jA[®mOyg'geu©E¨mykH}-
awG aygufaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY psmeftusiYf usio

Yf rl sm;[m raorDuwnf;u usiYf
wJY tusit Yf wdki;f jA[®mowå0gtjzpfukd &aeygw,f/ onftjzpfawG
[mvnf; ]vl}-r[kwyf gbl;/ vlay:jzpfaewJY tpGyJ a,m* tjzpfawG
yJ jzpfygw,f/ rdrjd yKwJY uHtm;avsmpf Gm owå0gykH aygufaejcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY onftjzpfawGukd &nfvkdY ]ur®H oawå
0dbZÆwd=jyKwJY uHtwdkif;wdkif; owå0g(xif&Sm;wJYtjzpf)udk
a0zefw,f}-vdkY bk&m;oQif a[mxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/

302 udk,Yfukd,u
t"dyÜg,fu-]touf&Siv f suf ypöKyÜecf E¨may:rSm usiYw

f JYtrI
vky&f yfawGtwdki;f xif&Sm;wJYtjzpfowå0gykH Oyg'geu©E¨m &r,f}-
vdkY qdkjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY psmefusiYv
f kdY aovsi?f onfpsmefrysuv
f sif psmefeJY
avsmw f YJ jA[®mbkaH &mufr,f-vdkY tbd"r®mu qdkxm;wmudk ausmv f mT ;
EdkiNf yD jzpfygw,f/
onfpsmeftusiYx f JrSm &So

d rQ tqif;-toH-teHY-t&om-
tawGUtxd-tawG;tBuHpwJY tm½kHawGukd OD;aESmufrSm ae&mray;
awmYbJ umronmtm;vkH;udk zsuyf pfwJYtxd usiYfwm &Syd gw,f/
onftusit Yf m;avsmpf mG onmrJw Y jYJ A[®mtjzpf xif&mS ;wJt
Y jzpf owå0g
Oyg'geu©E¨mykH usiYwf JYolrSm ay:ygw,f/
onfyk*K¾d vfrSm rsupf -d em;-ESm-vQm-udk,-f pdwq f kdwJY tm½kHcH

t*Fgtm;vk;H &Sad eayrJ?Y olu 'gawGtm;vk;H udk tok;H rcszYkd zsux f m;av
awmY olYOD;aESmufu tvkyrf vkyaf wmYygbl;/ OD;aESmuf tvkyrf vkyf
awmY &Siv f suef JYaool jzpfaeygNyD/ onfyk*K¾d vfukd ]tonowå=
onmrJaY omowå0g}-vdkY ac:ygw,f/ onmr&Sad wmYwt YJ jzpf a&muf
olvkdY qdk&ygr,f/ touf&Siv f suf OD;aESmuf tvkyrf vkyaf wmYvkdY
b0aooltjzpf a&muf&Sad eolvkdY ajym&r,fjzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
onftjzpfawGtm;vkH;[m ½lyudavomeJYajymjyKaewJY vlY½ly

uH&kyaf wG jzpfygw,f/ ½lyudavom&JU ykHoP²mefawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
½kyt
f m½kHrSm pdwuf kdwnfNidraf tmifxm;wJY psmeftusiYjf zpfwJY
½lyjA[®mowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨mudk azmfjyNyD;aemuf? ]avmurSm bmrS
r&Swd myJ t&Sjd zpfw,f}-qdkwmudkyJ odwJY emrftm½kH}-rSm pdwu f kd
wnfNidrfatmifxm;wJY t,lonf;tpGJudavomeJY ajymjyKaewJY
yk*K¾d vfawG&JU xif&Sm;wJYtjzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨m[mvnf; onfo
abmeJY twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/
rdrw
d kYd t,lonf;tpGJ udavomeJY jyKusiw Yf YJ udk,Ef w
I Ef v
S k;H &JU
tajymtqdk? tjyKtrl? taetxdkief JY wom;wnf;wlnDwJY xif&Sm;
wJtY jzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©Em¨ udk rdr&d UJ onfusiq Yf yJ pöKyÜecf E¨m tay:
rSmyJ &rSmjzpfygw,f/ onftjzpf[m ½kyu f kdy,fwJYtusiYf jzpfvkYd
]t½lytusi}Yf -jzpfygw,f/ t½ly tpGo J nf;udavomaMumifY jzpfwYJ
xif&Sm;wJYtjzpfowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨m[m t½lyjA[®mav;bkHom;eJY
wlwYJ tjzpfukd ay:aygufaprSm jzpfygw,f/ onftjzpfawG[mvnf;
vlr[kwyf gbl;/ vlYt&lyuH&kyf odkYr[kwf t½lyudavomykHoP²mefyJ
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemfwifjycJYwJY tpGJonf;udavomaMumifY jyK

&yf-jzpf&yfawG tqufrjywfjzpfwJYtcg jyK&yfeJY wax0wnf;wlwJY

304 udk,Yfukd,u
jzpf&yfowå0gykH[m onfypöKyÜeu
f kd,rf SmyJ xif&Sm;ay:ygw,f/ aemif
b0usrS ay:wm r[kwyf gbl;/
'gaMumifY umrbkoH m;? ½lybko H m;? t½lybkoH m;qdw

k YJ ok;H q,fY
wpfbkHom;awG[m vltjyifbufu bkHom;awG r[kwyf gbl;/ tpGJ
onf;udavomaMumifY vlrSmxif&Sm;jzpfvmwJY owå0g tjzpfawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ Oyg'geu©E¨mawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gawGukd ]uH&ky}f -wpfenf;tm;jzifY ]udavomyko H P²mef}-
vdkY usaemf azmfjycJYwmudk pm½IolwkdY rSwrf Md ur,f xifygw,f/
'gaMumifY-
]umr t,lonf;tpGJuad vomeJY ajymjyKaevsi-f
umrq,fYwpfbkHom;/ umr b0? umravmuom;/
½ly t,lonf; tpGJuad vomeJY ajymjyKaevsi-f
½lyq,fYajcmufbkHom;/ ½lyb0? ½lyavmuom;/
t½ly t,lonf;tpGJuad vomeJY ajymjyKaevsi-f
t½lyav;bkHom;/ t½lyb0? t½lyavmuom;/
qdkwJY xif&Sm;wJYowå0gtjzpf trIjyKqJ onfypöKyÜecf E¨may:
rSmjzpfwJY uH&kyf odkYr[kwf udavomykHoP²mefjzpfwJY ]Oyg'geu©E¨m}
udk &rSmjzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY ]okH;q,fwpfbkHcE¨m[m onfypöKyÜecf E¨may:rSm

t,lonf;tpGJudavomaMumifY xif&Sm;jzpfay:aewJYtjzpfawG?
owå0gtjzpfawG[m Oyg'geu©Em¨ tjzpfawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;oQif
[m okH;q,fYwpfbkHukd onfvkd vuf0g;ay:wif jrifoGm;jcif;jzpfyg
w,f/
onfokH;q,fYwpfbkHom; jzpfwJY Oyg'geu©E¨mawGukd bk&m;

oQifu ydki;f jcm;odtyfwJY 'ku©wkH;'ku©cJBuD;tjzpf jrifvkdY-
]'ku©H awblruH 0¥H}-vdkY a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
onfvkdjzpfvkdY "r®pMuma'oema[mtNyD;rSm}-bkHokH;yg;rSm
usiv f nfaeorQ 'ku©urvGwb f l;}-vdkY todaygufoGm;wJY yÚö0*¾DwkdY
&JU acgif;aqmif t&Siaf um@n[m ]'ku©jzpfaMumif; awblru
bkoH k;H yg;w&m;awG[m wpdk;wpdrusef csKyfNidr;f &rnfw
Y &m;awGygvm;
bk&m;}-vdkY bk&m;oQifukd olw&m;udk odNyDjzpfaMumif; ],H udÚöd
ork ',"r®H oAÁH wH eda&m""r®H}-vdkY avQmufwifjcif; jzpfygw,f/

306 udk,Yfukd,u
tcef;(8)
udk,Yfukd,u
f kd jyefvnfawGU&Sjd cif;
47/ bk&mY"r®ppfukd odjrifNyD

onfawmY usaemf[m-
(1) uHukd ½dk;½dk;ocFg& r[kww f JY tbdocFg&jzpfwJY umrt
jrif? ½lyg½lyr[*¾wtjrifeJY vGeu f sL;wJYapwem (tbd
ocFg&)eJY ajymjyKaewJY trIa&mufwJYuH (uH=ur®=trI
=udpö)vdkY oabmaygufomG ;ygw,f/ ]uH}-qdkwm a&SU
b0 aemufb0uHawG r[kwb f J? ypöKyÜebf 0rSm tpGJ
onf;udavomeJY ajymjyKaewJY trIa&mufwv YJ kyif ef;jzpf
aMumif; todjzpfygw,f/
(2) uHeJY 'ku©wkdU&JU qufEG,yf kHukd y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemeJY
touf&iS q f J pdwv f nf;&Sd onmvnf;&Sw d YJ onfypöKyÜef
udk,rf Sm uHoHo&mvnfvkdY xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmwJY o
wå0gykH? tpGJya,m*aumif? vla,miftjzpf jzpfay:vdkY
vlYtjzpfu usqkH;oGm;&wJY owå0gtjzpf[m ]'ku©}-
vdkY uHe'YJ kut© qufukd em;vnf oabmayguf&ygw,f/
(3) onfypöKyÜef udk,af y:rSm tpGJonf;udavom? onf
udavomvGeu f sL;rIeJY ajymjyKaewJY uH? onfuHeJY w
om;wnf;wlwt YJ jzpf &wJY uHusKd ;wdkY wpfckukd wpfcku
axmufqrSDpGJNyD; tqufrjywfoHo&mvnfvkdY xif&Sm;

udk,Yfukd,u
jzpfay:vmwJY owå0gaumif? vlr[kww f tYJ ewåaumif

udk Oyg'geu©E¨m-vdkY em;vnf&ygw,f/ onf Oyg'ge
u©Em¨ [m vlrmS jzpfwYJ uH&ky(f uH&yd u
f eH rd wd )f 'grSr[kwf
tpGJuad vom&JU toGiyf kHoP²mefukdazmfjyaewJY jzpf&yf
awGyJ jzpfaMumif;eJY? onftjzpf[m bk&m;oQif vlawG
udk odapvdkYwJY ]'ku©}-vdkY em;vnf&ygw,f/
(4) 'gaMumifY umrtjrifeJY ajymjyKae rjywfvkdupf m; vGef
usL;wJYuH umrokcv’u d mEka,m*tpGe;f ? ½lyg½ly r[
*¾wtjrifeJY ajymjyKae rjywfvkdupf m; vGeu f sL;wJYuH
twåuv d rxmEka,m*tpGe;f awG[m vlukd vlYtjzpf
u usqkH;apaMumif;/ onftpGe;f awG rjywfvkdupf m;
vsif umr?½ly?t½ly bkHokH;yg;b0jzpfwJY okH;q,fYwpf
bkHom; owå0gtjzpfawG vl&JUajymqdkaexdkiq f ufqHwJY
ykH[efawGrSm ay:aerSmjzpfaMumif; usaemf em;vnfo
abmaygufoGm;ygw,f/ tjrif&Si;f oGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifY usaemf[m tpGe;f w&m;awGukd vdkupf m;wJYtwGuf

vdkupf m;wJu Y H twdki;f wdki;f uHusKd ;jzpfwYJ ]uHvtl jzpf}-udk &aMumif;/
onfuHusKd ;udk auseyfoabmusvkdY om,modr;f ydkurf v d kdY
vdkupf m;cJYzl;wJY uHeJYtm½kHukd jyefqmavmifvkdY t,lonf;tpGJuad v
omudk tm;jznfYay;wJYNyD;? xyfNyD;vGeu f sL;rIuH wzefjzpfatmif t&Sed f
jr§iYaf y;wJYtwGuf uHoHo&mvnfrI jzpfaMumif;/

308 udk,Yfukd,u
onfuHoHo&mvnfawmY t,lonf;tpGJ udavomeJYwlwJY

xif&mS ;wJt
Y jzpf]owå0g}-ykH vlrmS jzpfaeaMumif;/ onfowå0gyko H nf
yif Oyg'geu©E¨m jzpfaMumif;/
onfowå0g tjzpf&jcif;onfyif vlt Y jzpfu usqk;H oGm;jcif;
jzpfaMumif;/vlt
Y jzpfu usq;kH wmonfyif ]'ku}© -jzpfaMumif; usaemf
oabmaygufomG ;wJY twGuf uH-uHusKd ;-eJY uH&UJ taMumif;awGtay:
rSm a&S;b0-ckb0-aemifb0 t,lawGu usaemf vGwaf jrmufomG ;yg
w,f/ tjrif&Si;f oGm;ygw,f/ tjrifrSeu f kd qkyuf kdirf yd gw,f/
onfawmY tpGJonf;udavomtjrifawG &Si;f oGm;wJY us

aemf[m ]t&d,opömtjrif }-qdkuo
f Gm;ygw,f/
48/ tusiYfrSm;vdkY aysmufoGm;wJYukd,Yfukd,u

f kd jyef&NyD
onfawmY-
usaemf[m uHusKd ;udk auseyfoabmusvkYd om,modr;f ydkurf d
vdkY vdkupf m;cJYzl;wJY uHeJYtm½kHukd jyefqmavmifvkYd tpGJonf;udavom
jyefjzpfaMumif;? 'g[m uH&JUtaMumif;jzpfaMumif; tjrif&cJYygw,f/
onftaMumif;[m xyfcgjzpfwmeJYtrQ rlv uHYtaMumif;
udk tm;jznfYay;wJYoabm jzpfaewmqdkwJY udavo0#fukd taMumif;
tusKd ;eJw
Y uG &Si;f &Si;f BuD; odjrifomG ;wJt
Y wGuf uH&UJ taMumif;r&Sb
d ;l -
vdk,
Y w l YJ ta[wku0g' ed,wrdpäm'd|ed YJ zefqif;&Si?f wefck;d &Siaf MumifY

udk,Yfukd,u
ajymjyKaeuHjzpfw,fvkdY ,lwJY £ó&edr®mea[wkued,wrdpäm'd|d

t,l usaemfYrSm rjzpfawmYygbl;/
wzef ur®0#fukv d nf; taMumif;tusKd ;eJw

Y uG tjrif&iS ;f oGm;
vdkY jyK&yftrIuHr&Sbd l;vdkY ,lwJY tud&,
d 0g'ed,wrdpäm'd|u d kd usaemf
y,fEkdiNf yD jzpfygw,f/
aemuf 0dygu0#fukd taMumif;tusKd ;eJYwuG &ifxJtjrif&Si;f

oGm;wJYtwGuf uHusKd ;r&Sb d l;-vdkY,lwJY ew¬u
d 0g'ed,wrdpäm'd|u d kd
vnf; usaemfy,fEkid Nf yD jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY onfe,d wrdpäm'd|ad wG
u usaemfvGwaf jrmufoGm;wJYtwGuf ]Ak'¨tmabm*us ur®óu
wm or®m'd|td jrif}-[m usaemfYrSm ay:xGe;f vmygw,f/
tpGe;f w&m;awG vdkupf m;vdkY uHoo

H &mvnf;NyD; usaemfu
Y k,
d f
EIwEf v S ;Hk tajymtqdt k jyKtrl taetxdik f trlt&mawG[m t,lonf;
tpGJuad vomykHtwdki;f xif&Sm;jzpfay:wJYowå0g Oyg'geu©E¨m[m
vl-r[kwaf Mumif;? igr[kw-f olr[kwf tp&Sw d mawG r[kwaf Mumif;?
uHoHo&m vnfaewJY ykH&yd af wGomjzpfaMumif;? ]uH&ky}f -awGomjzpf
aMumif;? udavomawG&JU toGiyf kHoP²mefrQom jzpfaMumif; usaemf
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; oabmayguf odjrifomG ;wJt Y wGuf tJonfowå0g
udk ]ig}-vdkY xyfwl,lrrd Sm;wJY ]twå'|d }d ? ]tJonfxif&Sm;jzpfaewm
igyJ}-vdkY ,lrrd Sm;wJY ]ouúm,'d|}d -usaemf uGmoGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/

310 udk,Yfukd,u
onf owå0gaumif Oyg'geu©Em¨ [m ]vl}-ponf r[kwb f ;l

vdYk odjrifwtYJ wGuf ]owå0gaovsif jzpf-rjzpf}-pwJY t,lq,fcuk
aevnf; usaemfvGwaf jrmufoGm;ygw,f/ onft,lq,fcku vGwf
ajrmufwm[m ]qufjzpft,l oówrdpäm'd|ed JY jywft,l Oapä'
rdpäm'd|}d awGukd usaemf y,fowfvkdujf cif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY twdwb
f 0awGeJY ywfoufNyD; oHo,ig;csu?f
ckb0eJY ywfoufNyD; oHo,ajcmufcsu?f aemiftem*wfb0eJY ywf
oufNyD; oHo,ig;csuf usaemfYrSm rjzpfawmYygbl;/
'gaMumifY ]usaemfr[kwwf YJ usaemfaY ,mifaqmifaewJ?Y t,l

onf; tpGJuad vomawGeJY usaemfYukd zrf;pm;xm;NyD; usaemfYtjzpf
ajymjyKaewJY raumif;qdk;0g; ya,m*jzpfwJY owå0gaumif Oyg'ge
u©E¨mudk usaemfjrifvmwJYtcg onftaumif[m raumif;qdk;0g;
aumif? 'ku©ay;wJYtaumifjzpfw,f-vdkY jrifNyD; usaemfYukd,af y:u
cGgcszkdY usaemfBudK;yrf;ygw,f/
txl;ojzifY usaemfu pdwaf t;csr;f csiv f kdY usiYyf Gm;cJYwJY t

Ekówdur®|mef;awGjzpfwJY orxw&m;awG? ½kyef mrfukdjzpfysuw f if
½IwJY 0dyóemur®|mef;awG[m pdwåZtpGJ t,lonf;eJY vkyaf ewJYjyK
&yf ½ly½lywPSmawGeJY ajym-jyK-aewJY jyK&yfeJYjzpf&yfjzpfaMumif; us
aemf vif;vif;xifxifBuD; oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
'gaMumifY usaemf&JU½lytvky&f JU tusKd ;tjzpf onm0d&m*qdk

&wJY udk,Yftrnfemrawmif arYavsmYoGm;awmY jznfYusiYf&rnfY b0
0wå&m;jzpfwJY pm&dwåoDvu a0vma0;cJYwJY jzpf&yfawG/ tvm;wl
½lytvkyu f ae qufvsuf ½kyef mrfukdjzpfysu½f INyD; ½kyef mrfcsKyfwmudk
edAÁmefxifNyD; vkyaf ewJY usaemfYtvkyaf wG[m t,lonf; tpGJpw d åZ
tvkyq f kdwmudkvnf; oabmayguf&ygawmYw,f/
onfawmY usaemf½lygtusiY/f t½lytusiYaf wG tusiYrf Sm;vdkY

usaemfYukd,af v; aysmufcJY&wmvdkY tck t&d,opömtjrifeJY xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; usaemf odjrif&ygw,f/
onfawmY tpGe;f jzpfapwJY tjrifrSm;eJY t,lrSm;awG? oHo,

awG[m t&d,rjzpfapbJ te&d,yJ jzpfapw,fvkdY usaemf oabm
aygufoGm;ygw,f/
tpGe;f jzpfapwJY tpktpkeJYjrifwJY orkwtd jrif? y&rwftjrif
jzpfwJY tpdwftpdwfeJYjrifwJY ½lytjrif? tpdwftpdwfudkazsmufNyD;
]bmrSr&Sb
d ;l }-jrifwYJ t½lytjrifawGeYJ tjriftjzpf? BuHawG;NyD; ajymjyK
aeawG rjyKrSm;zdkY usaemf owdxm;NyD;? 'gawGrjzpfawmYwJY or®mpdwf
xm;av;eJY ajymjyKaeEdkiaf tmif BudK;pm;aecJYygw,f/
onftcg usaemfYukd,Ef IwEf SvkH; trIawGjzpfwJY tajymtqdk

tjyKtrl taetxdkif trlt&mawGaMumifY jzpfay:aewJY tpGJonf;

312 udk,Yfukd,u
udavomykHeJYwlwJY owå0gaumifOyg'geu©E¨m usaemfYxHu uGmoGm;

NyD; usaemfYrlvcE¨mjzpfwJY ½dk;om;jzLpifwJY]rlvudk,}f -av; jyef&yg
w,f/
onftjzpfukd pmeJY ajymvsif ]tEkyg'geu©Em¨ }-vdYk qd&k ygr,f/
onftcgrSm usaemf[m t,lonf;tpGt J csKd UumG oGm;wJY aysmuf

qk;H oGm;wJY usaemf&Y UJ ]vltppf}-jzpfwYJ ]usaemfrY v l udk,}f -udk jyefvnf
&&Scd JYygw,f/
onftjzpfukdyJ usaemfu-
]udk,Yfukd,u f kd jyefvnfawGU&Sjd cif;}-vdkY
acgif;pOfwyfvkdujf cif; jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd ]udk,Yu f kd,uf kd jyefvnfawGU&jSd cif;}-jzpfwmuvnf;

]bk&mYw&m;tppftrSeu f kd &SmazG&if; &vmwJYtusKd ;quf}-jzpfwJY t
wGuf ]Ak'¨"r®ppf t&d,opö"r®]-udk t&aumufrSepf GmeJY b,fvkd
&SmazGojd rif&w,fqkdwmudk rSww f rf;jyKwJYpm jzpfvkdY onfpmwrf;udk
usaemfu-
]Ak'¨"r®ppf &SmawmfykHrSww f rf;pm}-vdkYvnf;
uifyGe;f wyfvkdujf cif; jzpfygw,f/
onfvkd ]t&d,opöm"r®tod}-udk usaemf&cJYwm[m udk,f

awmfvrkYd [kwyf gbl;/ udk,[
Yf mudk,f &SmvdkY &cJw
Y mvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/

udk,Yfukd,u
]t&d,opömtjrif}-aygufNyD;wJY aus;Zl;½SiAf k'e¨ nf;us MoVm&duokckr

wdki;f &if;aq;ynm&Sif q&mBuD;OD;&efatmifeJY q&mOD;ausmjf rifYwkdY&JU
oGeof ifqkH;r vrf;jyrIaMumifYom usaemf onftodukd xGi;f azmuf
odjrifEkdijf cif; jzpfygw,f/
usaemf[m onfb0rSm um,du'ku©? pdwå'ku©? apwodu

'ku©awG tvIid ;f BuD;cHpm;&vdkY onfb0uvGwaf jrmufatmif rd½kd;z
vmAk'b ¨ mom&JU toGeo f if tqk;H rcHNyD; ukokv
d 'f geawGukv
d ky?f a½Smif
MuOfapmifYpnf;&wJY ig;yg;? ½Spyf g;? udk;yg;oDvawGukd apmifYxed ;f NyD;
½kyef mrfuGJatmif orxbm0em pD;zse;f cJYygw,f/ ½kyef mrfcGJjrifawmY
½kytf pdwf emrftpdwu f kd tedpö? 'ku©? tewåvu©PmwifNyD; oknw
qdkuaf tmif 0dyóembm0emudk xdxcd kducf kduf yGm;rsm;cJYygw,f/
usaemfYukd,rf Sm avwdk;wJY tjzpfawG? at;ueJ jzpfoGm;wm

awG? avxJrmS 0JysoH mG ;ovdk jzpfwm? rGr½G ½G aG wG jzpfwmawGukd usaemf
u rNrJ-qif;&J-tESprf & ponfeJY pdwx f ifeJY vu©Pma&;okH;yg;
wifcJYygw,f/ tedpövu©PmeJY tewåvu©Pmudk wifvkYd&cJYayrJY
'ku©vu©PmeJY tokbvu©Pm b,fvkdrS vu©PmwifvkdY r&cJYyg
bl;/
usaemf a&SUykdi;f rSm wifjycJYovdk Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emyGm;vdkY

&cJYwJY pdwMf unfvifNyD; rSwÓ f Pfaumif;wJY tjzpfawG[m wpwp

314 udk,Yfukd,u
qkw, f kwv
f mNyD;? udk,Yfemrnfawmif wpfcgwpfav jyefpOf;pm;&wJY
tjzpf/ udk,Yrf b d eJY ZeD;om;orD;? rdwaf qGo*F[ polawG&JU emrnf
awGukyd g vk;H 0 jyefpOf;pm;vdkY r&wJY tjzpfa&mufNyD; usaemfrY mS onmrJY
vmygw,f/usaemf vljzpf½IH;vmygw,f/ usaemf ½lyg½lyr[*¾w t
usiaYf wG usiv Yf kYd udk,u
Yf k,
d u
f kd taysmufqk;H BuD; aysmufqk;H jcif; jzpfcYJ
ygw,f/
usaemfYrlvvlaumif;b0 vkH;0udk aysmufqkH;cJY&ygw,f/
txufrmS usaemfwifjycJw Y tYJ wdki;f ]umrokcv’u d mEka,ms*

umrtjrifeJYvkdupf m;vdkY udk,Yfukd,f ysupf D;aysmufqkH;&wJYtjzpf/
½lyg½lyr[*¾wtm½kHjzpfwJY twåudvrxmEka,m*tpGef;
vdkupf m;cJvkYd onmrJNY yD; udk,u
Yf k,
d f vk;H 0aysmufysuo
f mG ;wJt
Y jzpfawG
&cJYygw,f/
aus;Zl;&SiBf uD;rsm;&JU Oyedó,eJY ]bk&mY"r®ppf t&d,opö"r®}-

udk t&taumufrSepf GmeJY odjrifusiYyf Gm;vm&mu onftjzpfawG[m
vlvkyt
f jzpfawG r[kwaf Mumif;? uHoHo&mvnfaevdkY udk,Yfay:rSm
ya,m*tjzpf uyfaewm jzpfaMumif;? udk,t Yf jzpfawGukd em;vnfo
abmaygufNyD; or®mtjrifeJY awG;BuH? ajymjyKae? BudK;pm;Edk;Mum; pdwf
xm;wJYtwGuf tNyD; aysmufqkH;oGm;wJY udk,Yfukd,f tppfuav;udk
,cktcg jyefvnfawGU½Sv d mNyD jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
yrmtm;jzifY EGHykyef pfaewJY udk,Yu f kd,u f kd jyefq,fwif&mrSm

EGHykyrf Sm epfaewJYtjzpfukd b,fvkd epfaew,fqkdwmudk EGHykyef pfzl;vdkY
jyefvGwzf l;wJYyk*K¾d vf&JU oifMum;rIeJY rod odatmif BudK;pm;&ygw,f/
odwt YJ cg olay;wJeY nf;vrf;twdik ;f EGyH yk u f aevGwaf tmif owd 0D&, d
ynmeJY BudK;yrf;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY usaemf[m EGYHykyu f vGwv
f mwJY
olawmfaumif;tuleYJ udk,b f ,fvkd EGyH kyrf mS epfaew,f qdkwmudk *C
ePodNyD;? EGHykyu f &ke;f vdkY pwifvGwaf jrmufwJY tajctaeyJvkdY udk,Uf
udk,u f kd xifxifjrifjrif od&ygw,f/
onfvkd pwifvw G af jrmufNyD; a&pifeYJ qufvufaq;ausmNyD;

EGyH ky&f UJ teHaY wG ukepf ifatmif vkyaf qmifzv kYd kyif ef; useaf eygao;w,f/
EGyH ky&f UJ teHUawGu pifMu,fwt YJ cg EGyH kyrf [kwb f J EGrH eS ;f rodbJ pifMu,f
wJYa&toGif aqmifaewJY EGHukd a&SmifwwfzkdY qufvuf BudK;yrf;&rSm
jzpfygw,f/
onftvkyaf wGvky&f if; udk,Yv f kd EGHykyx

f Juae vGwaf jrmuf
vdkwo
YJ al wGukd vlyo
D pGm udk,0Yf wå&m;jzpfwYJ onfEx HG u
J vGwaf jrmuf
vmwJY udk,YftawGUtBuKHukd vlawGxH today;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'g
aMumifY EGHykyu
f vGwv f mwJY usaemfYtjzpftysujf zpfwJY onfrSww f rf;
pmudk EGHykyu f vGwv f kdolrsm;twGuf wifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f/

316 udk,Yfukd,u
49/ ed*kH;
usaemfY&JUrSww
f rf;pmudk jyefcsKyfvkduv
f si-f
(1) bk&mYw&m;qdkwm bmvJ¿ &JUar;cGe;f tajztjzpf-
]bk&mYw&m;qdkwm t&d,opömav;yg;jzpfygw,f}/
wqufwnf;rSmyJ w&m;qdkwm&JU t"dyÜg,f[m-
]vlvlcsi;f qufqHa&;rSmaqmifxm;tyfwJY or®m
rQwwJY trI&Spcf kvkdY ac:qdk&wJY or®mr*¾i&f Spyf g;
jzpfw,f }-vdkY oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f/
'geJYtwl w&m;udk twdkcsKyfem;vnfvkduw f mu-
]w&m;qdkwm rw&m;&JUqefYusib f ufjzpfw,}f -
qdkwm jzpfygw,f/
(2) bk&mYw&m;qdkwm w&m;*kP&f nfajcmufyg;vkH;eJY wvkH;
w0jynfpY w
kH YJ w&m;jzpfaMumif? wpfyg;yg;csKd UwmeJY bk&mY
w&m;r[kwaf Mumif;? bk&mYw&m;[lorQ t&d,opöm
twGi;f 0ifaMumif;? 'gaMumifY w&m;*kPaf wmf wpfyg;
yg;eJY rudkun f Dwm jzpfap? t&d,rjzpfapvsif jzpfap
te&d,"r®omjzpfNyD; bk&mYw&m;r[kwaf Mumif; tod
a&mufr,fvkdY xifygw,f/
(3) bk&mYw&m;[m umr½lyg½lytjrifrSm;qdkwJY tpGJuad v
omt,lonf;vdkY y#dpöorkyÜg'f0#fokH;yg; tqufrjywf
vnf&mu onfypöKyÜecf E¨mrSm xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmwJY

udk,Yfukd,u
owå0gjzpfwYJ vlr[kww f YJ tewåaumifval ,mifjzpfwYJ

]Oyg'geu©E¨m}-udk ydki;f jcm;od&rnfY ]'ku©}-vdkY yDyDjyif
jyif odNyD;? 'ku©? 'ku&© UJ taMumif;? 'ku&© UJ csKyf&m? 'ku&© UJ
csKyaf Mumif;awGukd wvk;H w0odjrifww YJ &m; jzpfygw,f/
(4) uHeu YJ uH sKd ;0dyguf tqufukv d nf; tvsib f 0uHaMumifY
tcktusKd ;jzpfw,f-ponf a,mifwad ,mif0g;? a,mif
uef;uef;eJY r[kwb f J onfypöKyÜecf E¨mrSmyJ-
]aumif;wmvkyv f si=f vlaumif;jzpfw,f?
raumif;wmvkyv f si=f vlqkd;jzpfr,}f -vdkY
uHusKd ;xifwmudk jyufjyufxifxif em;vnf&wJw Y &m;
jzpfygw,f/
(5) bk&m;oQif[m owå0gaovsif jzpf-rjzpfpwJY t,l
q,fyg;udk olYt,lr[kwb f l;? ol onfvkdra[mbl;-
qdkNyD; y,fcw YJ mjzpfvkYd onft,lwpfrsKd ;rsKd ;xJ a&mufae
vsif Ak'¨bmom trnfcHomjzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨bmom
0iftppf r[kwaf Mumif; uGJuGJjym;jym; ydki;f jcm; odem;
vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
(6) bk&mYw&m;[m y&rw¬r[kwaf Mumif;? t&d,opöm om
vsijf zpfaMumif;? y&rw¬tjrifjzpfwJY tpdwpf w d tf jrif
[m t&d,rjzpfapbJ te&d,om jzpfapaMumif;?
]trIupd }ö -qd&k wJY ]uH}-udo k jd rifrS t&d,jzpfapaMumif;
t&d,opöm&JUtjrif? t&d,opöm&JUe,f? t&d,opö&UJ ciG f

318 udk,Yfukd,u
udk od&rSm jzpfygw,f/

(7) bk&m;oQif[m ]or®moarÁm"d}-w&m;ukd udk,w f kdixf kd;
xGi;f odjrifjcif;}tbdorÁK'}¨ -jzpfwYJ aw0dZÓ Æ§ Pf&iS jf zpfNyD;
tvk;H pkaH omw&m;udkojd rifol oAÁnkwÓPf&iS f r[kwf
aMumif;? a&rD;tpkt H pkw
H efck;d jyjcif;udk rjyKbJ? tqk;H tr
wefckd;(tEkomoeDjym#d[m)udkyJ udk,w f kdiv f nf; usiYf
ok;H ? wynfo Y m0uawGukv d nf; usio Yf ;kH apNyD;? ajrvQKd ;
rdk;yswH efck;d pwmawGukd wm;jrpfcaYJ Mumif; pdppf odjrifEkid f
rSm jzpfygw,f/
(8) bk&mYw&m;[m b,ft,l0g'udkrqdk rsupf rd w dS ,
f MkH unf
wmudk vufrcHbJ ]t&m&mudk a0zefqef;ppfwJYtjrif
=0dbZÆ}eJY qef;ppfa0zefNyD; rSev f nf;rSe?f tjypfvnf;r&S?d
ta0zeftppfaq;vnf; cHEkdi?f vltrsm;vnf; tusKd ;&S?d
vltrsm;vnf; csr;f om? avmuudkvnf;apmifYa&Smuf
Edkirf S vufcH,kHMunfzkdY oifMum;wJYw&m; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifY onfrw S w f rf;pm½Iorl sm;[m udk,b Yf 0&JU vrf;nTef

&mjzpfwJY rnfonfYbmomw&m;udkrqdk tppfaq; ta0zefr&Sd
w&m;ao,kHrSww f JY {uHo0g'eJY ]rsuu f ef;,kHMunfrI]-[m ]'ku©}-
vdkY oabmaygufNyD; udk,pf ;D wJjY rif;udk txD;traocsmatmif cGjJ cm;a0
zef pdppfwJY 0dbZÆtjrif ay:aygufaprSm jzpfygw,f/

udk,Yfukd,u
pm½Iolrsm;cifAsm?
usaemfY ]yefMum;csu}f rSm azmfjycJw
Y YJ rd&k;d zvmAk'b
¨ mom todeYJ
odc&YJ wJY uH-yg&rD-b0-avmu-"r®-opöm--ponfrsm;[m ]t&d,
opö'óetjrif}-eJY jrifvkduw f JYtcg qefYusib f ufrsm;txd usaemf
todtjrifajymif;oGm;wmudk wifjyNyD; jzpfygw,f/ pm½Iolrsm;vnf;
usaemfESiYf wxyfwnf; todvkduyf gvmw,fqkdvsif usaemf0rf;om
&rSm jzpfygw,f/ onfvkdr[kwaf o;vsif usaemfYwifjycsuf rjynfY
rpkHjzpfwm? tjrif&Si;f atmif rwifjyEdkiw f mjzpfvkdY usaemf aemufxyf
BudK;pm;ygOD;r,f/
usaemfYrSww
f rf;pm yXrydki;f udk onfrSm tqkH;owfygYr,f/
usaemfwifjycJYwmawG[m "r®tpDtpOfusrSm r[kwyf gbl;/ usaemfY
"r®&SmykHawmfc&D;rSm usaemfYrSm ay:aygufvmwJY tawG;awGeJY onft
awG;awG&UJ tajzudk vdku½f mS wJt
Y cg ay:aygufvmorQudk wifjycJjY cif;
om jzpfygw,f/
"r®tpDtpOfuswm qdkvsif usaemftESpf NcdKufqkH;jzpfwJY

bk&m;oQif&UJ w&m;OD;]"r®pMuma'oem}? onfa'oemudk tus,zf iG Yf
wJY y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oem? aemufqufa[mwJY tewåvu©Pa'oem?
aemufykid ;f a[mwJY r[mowdy|mea'oem}-awGukd pm½Iorl sm; udk,f
wdkif zwf½IavYvmr,fqkdvsif usaemfulnDEkdiyf gw,f/

320 udk,Yfukd,u
usaemfuawmY usaemf tjrif&Si;f aewJYtwdki;f onfa'oem

awGukd aemifrSm tvsO;f oifYovdk wifjyoGm;ygYr,f/ 'gwifru
usaemfjrifwYJ bk&m;oQi?f bk&mYw&m;eJyY wfoufNyD; tjrifrmS ;t,lrmS ;
aewmawG? t&d,wdkYtusiYjf zpfwJY r*Fvokw?f t&d,wdkY&JUtaejzpfwJY
arwåokwef JY rEkójzpfaMumif;w&m;? Owå&rd EkójzpfaMumif;w&m;
awGukd &Si;f vif;wifjyoGm;r,f jzpfygw,f/
pm½Iolrsm; t&d,opö'óe "r®tjrifukd aumif;pGmoabm

ayguf em;vnfí udk,üf usiYyf Gm;í 'ku©rSvGwaf jrmufol udk,Yu
f kd,f
ydkipf kd;olrsm; jzpfEkdiMf uygapownf;/
ypöKyÜeu
f r®0g'Ak'¨bmom Oygoum
1366ckESp?f 0gacgifvqkw9f &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY

urÇmokH;ESpf 2004ckESp?f pufwbFm 8 &uf
E:\BHL\Sym_Dma\New Retrieve of Mylife.pm6

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pm½IolwkdYtwGuf tusKd ;iSm-

f pfO;D jzpfaom q&mBuD;OD;pd;k atmif\ ]t&d,a0g[m&w¬
«usaemf\ "r®aus;Zl;&Siw
uxmed'gef;}ESiYf 2004ckESpf 'DZbFmv 9&ufaeYrS 11&ufaeYxu d si;f yaom
]urÇmYAk'¨bmomnDvmcHBuD;}odkY ay;ydkYaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkiif Hawmf? Edkiif H
awmfoC H em,utzGUJ Ouú|q&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'uxmwdku Y kd "r®vufaqmif
tjzpf azmfjytyfygonf»
t&d,a0g[m&w¬uxm
ed'gef;
]t&d,a0g[m&w¬uxmed'gef;}-tjzpf uREkyf w f k\
Yd ,kMH unfcsuf
udk wifjy&rnf/
uREyfk w
f \Ykd q&mawmfonf uREyfk w f t
Ykd m; t&d,opömw&m;udk vrf;
nTejf yocJYonf/ q&mawmf\ vrf;nTerf IjzifY uREkyf w f kdYonf ]avmuudk
odjrifEikd o
f nfo Y pömrsupf }d yGiv
Yf mcJo
Y nf/ t0dZmÆ wdrwf ku
d rf sm; vGipYf ifomG ;
onfYtwGuf avmuokH;yg;taMumif; aumif;aumif;odjrif vmonf/
odkt
Y wGuf uREkyf w f k\ Yd q&mtay:ü tm;udk;,kMH unfrrI sm;? tHMY ocs;D rGr;f zG,f
rsm; wdk;yGm;vmcJYonf/
uREfkyw
f kq
Yd &mawmfonf odp&m&So d rQudk vHk;0ukepf if odjrifcNhJ yD;?
y,fp&m&Sod rQudk t<uif;r&Sd y,fowfNyD;NyD? yGm;p&m &So d rQ yGm;rsm;NyD;í
qdkupf &mudkqkduaf &mufNyD;cJhNyD [k uREfkywf kdY rrSw
d rf okef ,HkMunfcJh&NyD/

322 udk,Yfukd,u
q&mawmfonf udk,w f kdiaf vQmufzl;aomvrf;? udk,w f kdif qdkuf

a&mufco hJ nfyh ef;wdkiuf kd wynfo
h m0uwdt kY m;vnf; xdkvrf;twdki;f avQmuf
vSr;f apí yef;wdkit f xd atmifjrifpGm qdkuaf &mufapcJhNyD/ wynfhom0u
wdkYonfvnf; xdkvrf;twdki;f avQmufvSr;f um yef;wdkit f oD;oD;odkY qdkuf
a&mufcJhMuNyD/
xdkvrf;um; tjcm;r[kw?f vrf;½dk;vrf;a[mif;BuD;om jzpfonf/
a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;-yapöuAk'g¨ -t&d,mom0uwdkY avQmufvrS ;f cJMh uonfh
]rZÑrd y#dy'g}ac: ]tv,fvrf;tusi}fh -om jzpfonf/ tv,fvrf;tusihf
um; t&d,mjzpfaponfhvrf; jzpf\/ vlomrnrEkówdkYxuf omvGef
jrifhjrwfaom udk,Ef IwEf SvHk; jzLpifajzmifhrwfonfh ]Owå&rd Ekó avm
ukwå&mvlom;vrf;} jzpf\/ bk&m;oQif avQmufvrS ;f apvdo k nfh tjrwfq;kH
vlom;vrf; jzpf\/
tjrwfqHk;vlom; jzpfap&eftwGuf bk&m;oQifonf Owå&rd Ekó
"r®ac: t&d,opömw&m;udk av;q,fYig;0g umvywfvHk; rem;rae
a[mMum;cJh\/ xdkt&d,opömw&m;um; avmuw&m;rsm;xuf xl;jcm;
vGeu f Jaom avmukwå&mw&m; jzpf\/
avmuw&m;rsm;um; umr? ½ly? t½ly [laom bHkokH;yg;w&m;?

Oyg'geu©Em¨ w&m;wdYk jzpf\/ t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef udavorm&f aESmifzUJG
cH&aom avmuDw&m;wdYk jzpf\/ udavo0#f? ur®0#f? 0dygu0#f pufvnf
íjzpfonfh oHo&m0#f'ku©w&m;wdkY jzpf\/ taMumif;w&m;wdkYukdpGJí
tusKd ;w&m;wdkY tqufqufjzpfMuonfh ork',w&m;wdkY jzpf\/ 'ku©
w&m;wdkY jzpfymG ;yHkjy y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f tEkvkHw&m;wdkY jzpf\/ 'kuc© sKyfykHysuyf kH
jyonfum; y#dpöorkyÜg'f y#dvHkw&m;wdkY jzpf\/
udk,Yfukd,u
xdkYaMumifh ]jzpf-ysu}f [lonf ½kyef mrfw&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f? XD?

bif jzpfysujf zpfí xdkjzpfysuu f kd ½Irw
S &f rnfr[kwbf J t&d,mwdkY tjrift&
y#dpöorkyÜg'f oHo&m0#f'ku©wkdY\ jzpf-csKyfukd ½IrSw&f rnf jzpf\/ jzpf-
ysujf rif [lonfvnf; ],HuÚd öd ork', "r®H oAÁHwH eda&m""r®H}-
]oHo&m0#f'kuw © \
kYd jzpfrrI eS of rQ csKyfatmif jyKí&\}-[k odjrifrjI zpf\/
au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó ork'a,mESihf eda&ma"mwdkY jzpf\/
y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f usKd ;aMumif;qufukd odaomÓPfonf "r®|w
d Ó
d Pf
jzpf\/ w&m;üwnfaomÓPf? w&m;udkoad omÓPf jzpf\/ t&d,mwdkY
odjrifonfÓ
h Pf jzpf\/ a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;paom t&d,m olawmfaumif;
wdkYonfvnf; þÓPfjzifh edAÁmefokdYqkduaf &mufMu\/
xdkYaMumifh ]w&m;udkov d Qif bk&m;udko\ d / w&m;udkjrifvQif

bk&m;udkjrif\}/ wHcg;wpfaygufom 0ifxGuo f Gm;vm&ef&o Sd nfh NrdKUxJokdY
0ifxu G o
f mG ;vmaeolrsm;onf þwHcg;aygufro S m 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmaeMu
onf/ 0ifxGuo f Gm;vmEdki&f ef tjcm;vrf;r&S[ d k odbo d uJhokdY edAÁmefokdY
qdkuaf &muforl sm;onf þr*¾iv f rf;rSwpfyg;? tjcm;vrf;r&S[ d k odjrifonfh
ÓPfonf "r®mEG,ÓPf rnf\/
þodkY "r®|w
d Ó
d PfEiS hf "r®mEG,ÓPfukd &&So d jd rifNyD;aom olonf
Ak'¨bmodw"r®ESihf tnbmodw"r®wkdYukd uGJjym;pGm odjrifEkdi\ f / ]bk&m;
a[mw&m;ESihf bk&m;ra[m w&m;wdu Yk kd cGjJ cm;Ekid \
f }-[k qdv k \kd / rrS0D rJ yGm;
rsm;tyfaom w&m;ESihf rSD0JyGm;rsm;tyfaom w&m;wdkYukd ydki;f jcm;Edki\ f /
rrS0D rJ yGm;rsm;tyfaom w&m;wdku Y m; tEÅtpGe;f w&m;rsm; jzpfí? rS0D yJ mG ;rsm;
324 udk,Yfukd,u
tyfaom w&m;um; rZÑdry#dy'g ac: tv,fvrf;w&m;om jzpf\/

tpGe;f w&m;wdkYu 'ku©jzpfí tv,fvrf;w&m;um; 'ku©ead &m"w&m;
jzpf\/
"r®pMuma'oemawmft& tpGe;f w&m;ESpyf g;um; umruH rsm;ESihf

r[*¾Kwfuw H kYd jzpf\/ opömtm;jzifh orkwo d pömESihf y&rw¬opömwdkY jzpf\/
t&d,rjzpfapEdkio f nfh te&d,w&m;? r*fzkdvef Ad ÁmeftusKd ;udk rNyD;ajrmuf
apEdkio
f nfh tew¬oH[w d w&m;wdkY jzpf\/ oHk;q,fhwpfbHk 0#f'ku©ukdom
jzpfapEdkio
f nfh Oyg'geu©E¨mw&m;wdkYomjzpf\/ avmukwå&mr*¾\ t½IcH
tm½Hk 'ku©w&m;wdkY jzpf\/
tuREfkyw f kdY\ q&mawmfonf "r®|w d Ód PfESihf "r®mEG,ÓPf

wdkuY kd tqHk;wdkif aygufa&mufojd rifNyD; jzpfí bk&m;oQif a[mawmfro l nfh
w&m;awmfESihf bk&m;oQifra[monfh w&m;wdkYukd cGJjcm;em;vnfonf/
bk&m;ra[mcJo h nfh w&m;wdku Y m; tpGe;f w&m;rsm;ESihf tAsmuxew&m;wdkY
jzpf\/
tAsmuxew&m;q,fyg;[lonf avmuBuD;NrJ-rNrJ? owå0gao
NyD;aemuf jzpf-rjzpf ponft h ,l0g'rsm; jzpf\/ tukov kd w
f &m;? rdpämtjrif
rSm;rsm; jzpf\/ r*¾jA[®p&d,\ tppGmaom or®m'd|rd Qyif rjzpfonfh
w&m;wdkY jzpf\/ þw&m;wdkYukd bk&m;oQif ra[mMum;ay/
bk&m;a[monfhw&m;um; opömav;yg;w&m; jzpf\/ r*f zdkvf

edAmÁ ef tusKd ;&Sad omw&m; jzpf\/ t0dZmÆ arSmifukd cGi;f Edkio
f nfh ÓPfa&mif
tvif;w&m;om jzpf\/ rarG;zGm;rD a&S;b0t,l ykAÁEÅmEk'|d Ed Sihf aoNyD;
udk,Yfukd,u
aemufb0t,l ty&EÅmEk'|d d rzuf ypöKyÜeo f ufouf ½IuGux f m;um

yGm;rsm;&onfw
h &m; jzpf\/ þuJo h kYd uREkyf w
f kYd q&mawmfonf Ak'b
¨ modw
"r®ESihf tnbmodw"r®wkdYukd cGJjcm;um wynfhwkdYtm; jyocJh\/
xdkYjyif pum;wefqmqifrI o'´gvuFm&ESihf pum;eufwefqm

qifrI tw¬mvuFm&wdükY uRr;f usiEf kid ef if;onf/ taMumif;t&m trsKd ;rsKd ;udk
tao;pdwf cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmí em;vnfonf/ om0uwdkY em;vnfatmifvnf;
xkwaf qmif a[majymEdkio f nf/ y#dorÇ'd gÓPfoabmudk aemaMuatmif
odjrifonfh ]tHhzG,Of wå&rd Ekówpfyg;}-[k uREfkyw f kdY tHhMoMu&onf/
uREykf w
f o
Ykd nf ygVdy#d uwf rwwfí pdwyf sut f m;i,fz,
G f rvdak y/
uREkyf w
f q
kYd &monf bk&m;a[mcJo h nfh "r®uuG af ygif; ig;axmifrQukd tjynfh
t0 od&Sdem;vnfNyD;NyD/ xdkw&m;uGufrsm;udk wynfhwdkYem;ESifhwef½Hk
jrefrmjyefí ]r[mayg|u}-trnfjzifh wynfhwkdYtm; jzefYa0cJhNyD? w&m;
awmf\ t"dyÜg,frSeu f kd em;vnfEkdiaf p&ef yl;0ifuyf,SOaf eonfh tarSmifh
ya,m* rdpäm0g'rsm;udk z,f&Sm;um Ak'¨bmodwppfppf t&d,pum;rsm;
udkom zGihfazmfay;cJhonf/
þ]t&d,a0g[m&w¬uxm}usrf;pmüvnf; uREfkyfwdkYonf
t&d,pum;oefo Y ef?Y bk&m;pum;oefo
Y efu
Y ko
d m Mum;em&rnf jzpfayonf/
bk&m;&Siw
f kdYonf t&d,mrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh vlwkdi;f t&d,mjzpfatmif
t&d,opömudkom a[mMum;awmfrlMuonf/

326 udk,Yfukd,u
opömonf-
]orkwo d pöm? y&rw¬opöm? t&d,opöm}[lí oHk;rsKd ;
&Syd gonf/ ]orkwo d pömESihf y&rw¬opöm}-wdkYonf
a&SmifMuOf&rnfh tpGe;f w&m;rsm;jzpfí ]t&d,opöm}-
om usihfyGm;&rnfhopöm jzpfygonf/
,cktcg y&rw¬opömom t&Sw d &m;jzpfí y&rw¬opömudk odu
t&d,opömudk odNyD;jzpfawmhonf[k ]'ka0opömedtu©mod}-*gxmudk ,Hkí
opömESpyf g;om&Sad Mumif; odaeMuygonf/f
odkY&mwGif y&rw¬opöm[laom a0g[m&udk tbd"r®m

usr;f pmrsm;rSwyg; tjcm;edum,fig;&yf okwåeyf #d u
wdkYwGif avhvmaomf &SmawGUzkdY&ef rvG,af y/
]y&rw¬opöm rodu w&m;r&Edki}f -[laom tbd"r®m t|uxm

q&mwdkY\ pum;onfvnf; bk&m;oQif\ rdeYfcGe;f awmfESihf rnDay/
bk&m;oQifu-
]pwkEéHbu d ©a0 t&d,opömeH teEkaAm"m tyÜ#ad 0"m} -
]cspo f m;wdkY opömav;yg;wdkYukd tavsmtf m;jzifh rod
jcif;? xdk;xGi;f í rodjcif;aMumifh igbk&m;onfvnf;
aumif;? oifcspo f m;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;?þ&Snv f sm;
vSpGmaom umvywfvHk; oHo&m0#fqif;&Jüwajymif;
jyefjyef usiv f nfcJh&\}-
[k a[mawmfrlcJhygonf/ y&rw¬opömudk rodjcif;aMumifh [k
a[mawmfrrlay/
udk,Yfukd,u
]ig-olwyg;-a,musmf ;-rde;f r r&S?d ½kyef mrfom&So

d nf}-[laom
tjrifonf ]y&rw¬opömtjrif}-jzpfygonf/ þtjrifukd tbd"r®musr;f rsm;
teuf uxm0w¬Kusr;f wGif pwifawGU&S&d ygonf/ þusr;f udk wwd,
o*Fg,em tBuD;rSL;jzpfaom t&Siaf rm*¾vyd kwåwó d rax&f a[mMum;
cJah omfvnf; bk&m;oQiaf y;aom enf;udkr;DS í a[mMum;aomaMumifh bk&m;
a[musr;f [kyif od&Sad eMuygonf/
xdkusr;f ü ]opöu d | y&raw¬e yk*¾avm EkyvAÇw}d

]y&rw¬ opömtm;jzifh yk*¾Kd vfukd r&tyf}-[lí jzpfygonf/
yk*Kd¾ vfr&aomf ]ig-ol}vnf; r&tyf? ]a,musmf ;-rde;f r} ponf
udkvnf;r&tyf-[lí jzpfygonf/
]ig-ol}-aysmufaomf igESihfol-wdkY\ qufqHa&; um,? 0pD?
raem?okp½dku'f kp½dkurf sm;vnf; aysmufí vlYtajccHoDv ,Gi;f ysuaf wmh
onf/ oDvr&So d tl jzpfokYd a&muf&o dS mG ;ygonf/ r[*¾Kwfw&m;rsm;ü oDv
apwoduaf c: 0d&wDapwoduw f kYd r,SOEf kid yf ku
H kv
d nf; tbd"r®wo
¬ *F[ü-
]e 0dZÆaEÅw¬ 0d&wD Buda,okp r[*¾aw}-
[k qdkygonf/
r[*¾KwfyGm;u oDvrJhaMumif; þodkY od&S&d ygonf/
bk&m;&Siu f t*Fg&Spyf g;&Sad om t&d,r*f[k a[mMum;cJhaomf

vnf; ]or®m0gpm?or®mur®EÅ?or®mtmZD0}-oDvr*¾io f Hk;yg; rygaom
yÚö*u
Ø r*fjzifh r[*¾Kwfw&m;wdkYukd yGm;rsm;MuaMumif; od&S&d ygonf/

328 udk,Yfukd,u
]t&d,r*¾i&f Spyf g;}-wGif vlYtonf;ESvHk;ESihf wlonfh

oDvr*¾io f Hk;yg;udk Ekwí f yÚö*u Ø r*fjzifh yGm;rsm;Mu
aomaMumifh avmuü oDvysuo f lOD;a& wdk;vmaeyg
onf/ tajccH vlYusihf0wfoDvrsm; ysujf ym;í opf
ikw-f ausmuf½kyEf Sihfwlaom ouf0if&Sio f efrIr&So
d nfh
vlYb0rsm;udk þyk*¾Kd vfwkdY &&Sad eMuygonf/
"r®y'ü-
]r*¾geHt|*Øaum ra*¾g}=r*ftaygif;wGif t*Fg&Spyf g;
&Sad om t&d,r*f?]opömeH pwka&my'g}=opömwdkYwGif
tydk'af v;ydk'&f So
d nfh t&d,opöm}-wdkY tjrwfqHk; }-[k
bk&m;oQif a[mxm;ygonf/
y&rw¬opömESihf yÚö*u Ø r*fwkdYukd tjrwfqHk;[k ra[mMum;ay/
tjrwfqHk;w&m;udkom uREfkyw f kdYusihfBuHyGm;rsm;&rnf jzpfayonf/
t*¾'d wåjAm[®P0w¬Küvnf;-
]vlwkdYukd;uG,rf I trsKd ;rsKd ;jyK&mü ab;ruif;onfh
udk;uG,rf Irsm;omjzpfí t&d,opömav;yg; tm;xm;
yGm;rsm;rIuom ab;uif;onfh udk;uG,&f mtppf jzpf
aMumif; } a[mxm;ygonf/
þodYk t&d,opöm\ *kPaf us;Zl;rsm;udk okwåy#d uwftESUH awGUjrif
Edkiyf gonf/
vlom;wdkY udk,Ef IwEf SvHk;ajzmifhrwfí ½dk;om;jzLpifonfh t&d,m

jzpfap&ef a[mMum;cJhonfh t&d,opömw&m;awmfukd ,cktcg y&rw¬
udk,Yfukd,u
opömjzifh vJv, S u
f m ½IMunfah pcJo
h nft h wGuf t&d,opöm tjrifaysmufum
y&rw¬opömtjrif aygufaeMuygonf/ ]ig-olwyg;-a,musmf ;-rde;f r}
txift&Sm; &Sad eygvsuf ]ig-olwyg;- a,musmf ;-rde;f r r&S?d ½kyef mrfom
&S\d }-[k txifa&mufapcJhygonf/
½Irw
S pf OftwGi;f vlaysmufzo
kYd mta&;BuD;í vlaysmufatmif ½Irw S f
Mu&ygonf/ odk&Y mwGif tpOftNrJ vlaysmufatmif r½Irw S Ef kid &f um; ½Irw
S f
cdkuof m vlaysmufí r½IEkid af omtcg ig-ol-a,musmf ;-rde;f r yk*¾Kd vf-
owå0gum; &SNd rJ&adS eMuygonf/ orm"dEak o;í tpOfraysmuf [k ,lqum
BudK;pm;½IrSwMf u&ojzifh yifyef;vSygonf/
]ig-ol-a,musmf ;-rde;f r-yk*Kd¾ vf-owå0g} [lonf orkwo d pöm

trSewf &m;jzpfí ½kyef mrfcE¨m"mwfy&rwfjzifh twif;acszsuf aomfvnf;
]wx}vu©Pm&Sif orkwo d pömudk tNyD;wdkif racsreI ;f Ekid af y/ orkwad ysmuf
vdkuf y&rw¬a&mufvku d jf zpfum vif;EdkjY zpfvkud f <uufjzpfvku d f yHkjyifxuJ
vdk jzpfaeMuygonf/ jcaoFhpdwf&Sdol? &J&ifholvludk o½kyfazmf&mü
rEkóoD[ (rEkó[ D ) zifEpS cf yG kHrsm;jzifh o½kyaf zmfouJo h kYd tNrD;tarmuf
rwnfh jzpfaeygonf/
t&d,opömtkwjf rpfwiG f tajccsí wnfaqmufxm;onfh bk&m;

w&m;awmfreS o
f rQukd y&rwåtjrifjzifh o½kyaf zmfaomtcg "r®\oabmrSef
udk {uefrodaomaMumifh [kwo f avm? r[kwo f avm[k a0cJGr&onfh
oHo,0dpu d pd äm ESvHk;ESpcf G jzpfMu&ygonf/ tjrif&Si;f atmif rodMu&
onfhtwGuf 'd|?d 0dpu d pd äm rjyKwfbJ &SMd uygonf/

330 udk,Yfukd,u
avmukwå&mr*¾"r®u oGmu©mw ponfh *kPaf wmfajcmufyg;ESihf

jynfph ko
H nfh "r®jzpfonf/ þwvHrQaom ouf&u dS k,
d af umifüom ½Ijriftyf
aom w&m;jzpfonf/
]ypöKyÜEéÚö a,m "r®H ww¬ww¬ 0dyówd}
0dyóem ½IrSw&f mü ypöKyÜe½f IuGuo
f mqdkí ypöKyÜe½f IrSwMf uaomf
vnf; r½IrSwaf omtcg a&S;twdwb f 0tpGJ? aemifb0tpGJrsm; ay:ayguf
vmMuonf/
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350 udk,Yfukd,u

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