၀၇.အဘယ္ - ကို - ေပးလႉရမွာလဲ PDF

tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿
(uð''okwåef w&m;a'oemawmf)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
" u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm (ausmif;tvSL ) ....................... *
AdrdÁom&rif;BuD;\ awmifhwcsufig;yg; ............... q
a0VK0efausmif;awmfudk vSL'gef;jcif; .................. Z
a0VK0efausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf .......... Ú
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef w&m;a'oemawmf) .. 1
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol ........................... 4
touf&Snfjcif; .............................. 6
tqif;vSjcif; ............................... 7
csrf;omBuD;jcif; .............................. 7
cGeftm;BuD;jcif; .............................. 9
y#dbmefÓPfynmBuD;jcif; ...................... 10
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif; ........................... 12
½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol ........................ 15
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ......................... 21
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol .......................... 24
oDw0ed,rax&f ............................ 26
0e0pärax&f .............................. 28
Owåd,rax&f .............................. 30
rsufpdukd ay;vSLol ........................... 32
t&SiftEk½k'¨g .............................. 33
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol .......................... 37
uk#d0d[m&dax&f ............................ 41
okar"max&D .............................. 44
c " tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
trw'ge ................................ 46
pdwåol<u,f ............................... 46
rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf od&rnfhw&m; ...... 51
0dyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½Hk ..................... 57
ynma&mif = ÓPfa&mif ....................... 59
tmemygeusifhpOf ............................ 61
"mwfur®|mef;rS 'ku©opömokdY ..................... 65
taMumif;ork',opöm ........................ 66
0dyóem ................................. 68
eda&m"opömESifh r*¾opöm ....................... 68
trw'ge ................................ 69
w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH; ........................ 71
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; .................. 73
! *
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
ed'geuxm
ausmif;tvSL
þa*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü xif&Sm;onfh
yxrOD;qHk;aom ausmif;tvSLum; a0VK0efausmif; tvSLyGJyif
jzpfayonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;aemuf yxrOD;qHk;aom0gudk
Am&mPoDNrKd U\ teD;tyg;ü wnf&adS om om;aumifwu Ydk kd ab;rJah y;&m
jzpfonfh rd*'g0kef awm&*Htk wGi;f ü 0gqkd 0guyfawmfral vonf/ yÍö0*¾D
&[ef;awmf ig;yg;wkt Yd m; "r®pMumw&m;a'oemawmfç tewåvu©P-
okwåef w&m;a'oemawmfwkdYjzifh t&[wåzkdvfayguf acscRwfawmfrl
Ny;D aemuf t&Si,f oESiwhf uG taygif;tazmf rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f a[mif;
(54)a,mufwkdYudkvnf; tvm;wlyif xdk0gwGif;ü t&[wåzkdvfayguf
w&m;a&at; tNrdKufaq;udk wkdufauR;awmfrlavonf/
yÍö0*¾D&[ef;awmfwkdYESifh twlwuG tm;vHk;aygif;vkdufaomf xkd
0gtwGif;rSm bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0u &[EÅmrax&fjrwfaygif;
ajcmufusdyfwdwdwkdY jzpfMuayonf/ bk&m;&SifESifhwuG &[EÅm rax&f-
jrwf ajcmufusdyfwkdYonf xkdrd*'g0kefawmtwGif;rSmyif oDwif;oHk;
awmfrlMuayonf/ xkdokdY oDwif;oHk;zkdY&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaom
C ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
ausmif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sad umif;&Sv d rd rhf nf[k ,lq&ayonf/ atmuf-
xpfqHk;tm;jzifh zufrdk; zufum ocFrf;ausmif;uav;rsm; &Sdvdrfhrnf[k
cefYrSef;&ayonf/ aemufykdif;umvwGifum; cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfü
vm&Sad om qEéow k eå f (oH?2?108/)ESihf t|uxm tzGirhf sm; (oH?|?2?291)
t& xkdrd*'g0kefawmtwGif;ü rd*'g0kefausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckum;
wnf&SdcJhzl;ayonf/ okdYaomf xif&Sm;aom ausmif;tvSL&Sifrsm;udkum;
rawGU&Sd&ay/ trsm;'g,umwkdYu pGrf;tm;&Sdovkd vSL'gef;xm;aom
ausmif;rsm;yif jzpfzG,f&m &Sdayonf/
0guRwaf omtcg bk&m;&Siu
f &[EÅmrax&f jrwf ajcmufusyd w f -Ydk
tm; wpfaMumif;wnf;aomvrf;udk ESpyf g;twl r<ubJ wpfyg;wnf;om
<ua&mufum w&m;pnfawmfBuD;udk ½dkufwD;zkdY&ef omoemjyKc&D;udk
apvTwfawmfrlcJhavonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwidk u
f m; rdrt
d avmif;awmfb0u 'ku&ú p&d,m
ajcmufESpfMumatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;onfh O½k-
a0vawmtkyfokdY <ua&mufawmfrlum O½ka0vuóyç e'Duóyç
*,muóy
*,muóytrSL;&So d nfh &aohnaD emif &Siw
f pfaxmifwu Ydk kd t&[wå-
zkdvfayguf acscRwfay;oem;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xkd&[EÅmrax&fjrwf
wpfaxmifwkdY jcH&Hum omoemjyKc&D;udk qufvuf <ucsDawmfrlvwf-
aomf xkdESpf jymokdvjynfhaeYwGif &mZN*dK[fNrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrl
avonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'w ¨ r¬ if;om; awmxGuv f mawmfrcl phJ Ofu
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUtwGif;okdY qGrf;cH<u0ifawmfrlcJhzl;\/ AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;ESifh-
vnf; qHkpnf;cJhzl;\/ xkdtcsdefu r*"wkdif;&Sif bk&ifAdrÁdom&u --
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...awmif;yefpum; wynfhawmf avQmufxm;yg
onf/ t&Sifbk&m;onf bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyD;aomtcg
ed'geuxm ! i
a&S;OD;pGm wynfhawmf\ EdkifiHodkY <ucsDawmfrlygukefbk&m;}} --

[lí þodkY avQmufxm;cJhzl;\/ AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;\ ,if;okdY
avQmufxm;awmif;yefru I kd ajyvnfaprI ESv;kH awmfjyKum &aohnaD emif
&Siw
f pfaxmifwYdk jc&H u
H m &mZN*Kd [Nf rKd UokYd <ucsaD wmfrvl mjcif; jzpfayonf/
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUteD;ü wnf&Sdonfh BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSaom xef;yifysKdpif
awmO,smOftwGif;okdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmaomtcg ,if;O,smOf-
awmftwGi;f 0,f jyefu Y s,af om t&dyt f m0govnf;&Sí d vltaygif;wkYd
jrwfE;kd aumfa&mf ylaZmf&mvnf;jzpfaom okyw Ü |d trnf&o dS nfh yanmif-
yif&if;ü oDwif;oHk; aexkdifawmfrlavonf/
xkt
d cg O,smOfrLS ;\ oHawmfO;D wif avQmufxm;csut
f & bk&m;&Sif
\ &mZN*dK[fNrdKUokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmaMumif; owif;aumif;ukd
Mum;od&onfhtwGuf AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;onf wpfodef;ESpfaomif;aom
ykPÖm;ol<u,fwkdYESifh twlwuG bk&m;&SifxHawmfokdY oGm;a&mufum
zl;ajrmfuefawmhavonf/ xkdy&dowfwkdYtm; bk&m;&Sifu O½ka0v-
uóyrax&fjrwfBuD;udk qkdqHk;rEkdifrIESifh qufpyfum r[mem&'-
uóyZmwf (ZmwuygVd? 'kwd,wJG-257-275/)awmfudk a[mMum;ay;
awmfrlavonf/ *gxmaygif; (192)*gxm yg0ifaom Zmwfa'oem-
awmf jzpfayonf/ xkdy&dowfwkdY\ oEÅmef0,f ]]bk&m;&Sifu q&mjzpf
awmfrlavoavmç O½ka0vuóyu q&mjzpfavoavm}}[laom
,Hrk mS ;oHo, uif;pifomG ;aMumif;udk apawmy&d,tbdnmPf ÓPf-
awmfjrwfjzifh ykdif;jcm; odjrifawmfrlaomtcg AdrÁdom&rif;BuD; trSL;
jyKaom xkdykPÖm;ol<u,faygif; wpfodef;ESpfaomif;wkdYtm; r*fzkdvf
edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom w&m;vrf;pOfjzpfonfh --
(1) 'geuxm = 'geESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;ç
(2) oDvuxm = oDvESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;ç
(3) o*¾uxm = ewf&Gmok*wdESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;ç
p ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
(4) umrmeH tm'De0uxm = umr*kPw f \Ydk tjypfEiS hf pyfaom w&m;
pum;ç
(5) aeu©ar® tmedoo H uxm = umr*kPrf S xGuaf jrmufjcif; aeu©r-®
"mwfü &&SdEkdifaom tusKd;tmedoifESifh pyfaom w&m;pum; --
þw&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlav
onf/ þ aeu©ar® tmedoo H uxmykid ;f wGif t&d,opömav;&yf w&m;
jrwfwkdYudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xGif;azmufodjrifa&;twGuf --
yAÁZÆm yXrH psmeH? edAÁmeÍö 0dyóem/
oaAÁyd ukovm "r®m? aeu©rE® dÅ y0kpaö &/ (£wd0w
k ?f |?331??)
[laom t|uxmtzGiEhf iS thf nD orxpsmefyidk ;f qkid &f musiphf OfEiS hf
'ku©opömç ork',opömtrnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk tedpö-'ku©-
tewå vu©Pma&;oH;k wefwifum ½IymG ;oH;k oyf&onfh eda&m"opömokYd
qku
d af &mufonfwidk af tmifaom 0dyóemykid ;f qkid &f musiphf Ofrsm;vnf;
yg0ifMuayonf/
xkduJhodkY t&d,opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfwkdYESifh qufpyfaeonfh
r*¾uxmw&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;r
awmfrv l udk af omtcg Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D ESiw
hf uG xkyd P
k mÖ ;ol<u,faygif;
wpfoed ;f ESpaf omif;wk\
Yd oEÅmefü t&d,opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfwu Ydk kd
xGif;azmufodjrifEkdif&ef cHhnm;aompdwfç El;nHhaompdwfç ydwfyifjcif;
eD0&Puif;aompdwçf wuf<u0rf;ajrmufaompdwçf Munfvifaompdwf
&Sd Muonfukd od&adS wmfral omtcg bk&m;&Siw f \
Ydk EIwaf wmfrS wku
d ½f ukd f
xGufay:awmfrlvmonfh omrkuúHodua'oem[k ac:qkdtyfaom
t&d,opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfwu Ydk kd a[mMum;ay;awmfrv l wfavaomf
rnf;npfjcif; uif;aom jzLpifaom t0wfykqkd;onf qkd;&nfukd
aumif;pGm cH,lEkdifouJhokdY tvm;wlyif AdrÁdom&rif;BuD; trSL;jyKaom
ed'geuxm ! q
wpfodef;wpfaomif;aom ykPÖm;ol<u,fwkdYonfvnf; xkdae&müyif

aomwmywådzdkvfü wnfMuavonf/ usefwpfaomif;aom ykPÖm;
ol<u,fwu Ydk m; o&P*Hw
k nfonfh Oygoumrsm; jzpfomG ;Muavonf/
(Ak'¨0Ho?|?25/)
AdrdÁom&rif;BuD;\ awmifhwcsufig;yg;
1/ ighukd r*"wkid ;f ol vltaygif;wku Yd &mZtbdou d f oGe;f zse;f Muygrl-
um; aumif;avpG ...
2/ ig rif;jzpfaomtcg ig\ EkdifiHawmfokdY ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmf
rlxkdufaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf <ucsD qkdufa&mufawmfrlvmyg-
rlum; aumif;avpG ...
3/ igonf ig\ EkdifiHawmfokdY <ua&mufawmfrlvmaom xkdjrwfpGm-
bk&m;udk ½dkaoav;jrwf qnf;uyf&ygrlum; aumif;avpG ...
4/ ig\ Ekid if aH wmfoYdk <ua&mufawmfrv l maom xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;onf
ightm; edAÁmefokdYa&mufaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom w&m;pum;
awmfudk a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rawmfrlygrl aumif;avpG ...
5/ igonf xdkjrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rawmfrltyfaom
w&m;awmfudk ykdif;jcm;xifxif odjrif&ygrl aumif;avpG ...
]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfh-
awmf\ oEÅmef0,f a&S;,cif rif;om;jzpfcphJ Ofu þig;rsK;d aom awmif-h
wcsufwkdYonf jzpfcJhzl;ygukef\/ xkdawmifhwcsuf ig;rsKd;vHk;wkdYonfyif
,cktcg0,f wynfah wmf\ oEÅmefü jynfph MkH uygukeNf yD jrwfpmG bk&m;}}[k
AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; wifjy avQmufxm;avonf/
w&m;awmfudkvnf; tvGef ESpfoufjrwfEkd;aMumif;wkdYudk qufvuf
avQmufxm;um rysufpD;Ekdifaom avmukwå&mo&P*Hk wnfNyD;jzpf-
aomfvnf; &wemoH;k yg;wkt Yd ay:ü MunfnKd jrwfE;dk aom tjcif;t&mudk
Z ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
xif&Sm;jyvkdonfhtwGuf EIwf>rufum o&P*Hk aqmufwnfusifhoHk;
avonf/ bk&m;&Siftm;vnf; &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdYESifh twlwuG
aemufwpfaeY0,f eef;awmfoYdk <ua&mufum qGr;f bkO;f ay;awmfryl g&ef
½dak opGm yifzh w
d f avQmufxm;vku
d af vonf/ bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; vufcH
awmfrlvkdufygayonf/
a0VK0efausmif;awmfudk vSL'gef;jcif;
AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;onf bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfudk aemuf
wpfaeY jymokdvjynfhausmf wpf&ufaeY eHeufykdif;wGif eef;awmfokdY
ta&mufyifhaqmifNyD;aemuf rGefjrwfaom cJzG,fabmZOfwkdYjzifh ukd,f-
wkdifukd,fus om[w¬du'geajrmufatmif ½dk½kdaoaojzifh vufa&muf
MunfjzL qufuyfvLS 'gef; ylaZmfavonf/ qGr;f pm;jcif;udpö Ny;D qH;k vwf
aomtcg tjypfajcmufyg;vGwí f oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom wpfae&m-
ü xkdifNyD;um AdrÁom&rif;BuD;u bk&m;&Siftm; þodkY avQmufxm;
avonf/
]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfh-
awmfonf &wemoH;k yg;ESihf uif;uGmí raeEkid yf g? oifw h ifah vsmufywf
aomtcgç roifw h ifrh avsmufywfaomtcg rnfonft h cgrqkd bk&m;-
&Sif\ xHawmfarSmufokdY vma&mufMunfndKvdkygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
,ck &Siaf wmfjrwfb&k m; oDwif;oH;k awmfr&l m EkysKad om xef;yifi,fwjYdk zifh
a0qmjyefYajymvsuf&Sdaom xef;awmO,smOfonfum; NrdKUESifhvnf;
tvGefa0;uGmvSygonf jrwfpGmbk&m; ...}}
]]wynfah wmfw\ Ydk 0g;awmywf&o
H nhf a0VK0efO,smOftm&mrfrmS rl
1/ NrdKU&GmESifh ra0;vGef;jcif;ç
2/ NrdKU&GmESifh reD;vGef;jcif;ç
3/ oGm;vrf; vmvrf;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;ç
ed'geuxm ! ps
4/ vlwkdif;vlwkdif; tvkd&Sdaomtcg oGm;vmzkdY&ef vG,fuljcif;ç

5/ tm½Hkig;wef NrdKUoHç &GmoHç vloHwkdYrS qdwfNidrfjcif;ç
6/ t&dyftm0go a&rdk;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;ç
7/ at;jraom ausmufzsmtjyifjzifh tnDtñGwf wefqmqifxm;-
jcif;ç
8/ vGefjrwfaom arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom ajrtzkdY&Sdjcif;ç
9/ aumif;aom&eH&Y o dS nfh yef;wkjYd zifçh EkysKad om opfyifysKw
d jYdk zifh tMum;
tvyfr&Sd qufpyfvsuf&Sdjcif;ç
10/ arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom txGwfwyfonfh jymom'faqmifç
txGwfrygaom jymom'fOD;jynf;ç bkHAdrmefç av;bufrkd;ausmif;ç
ESpb
f ufr;kd ausmif;ç r@yfuem; ponfwjYdk zifh wefqmqifxm;jcif;ç
þodkY ponfht*Fg&yfwkdYESifhvnf; jynfhpHkygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
bk&m;&SifwdkYESifh xkdufwefaom ae&mvnf; jzpfygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf þa0VK0efO,smOfawmfudk ausmif;tm&mrf
tjzpf tvSLcH,al wmfral pcsiyf gonf jrwfpmG bk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;um
a&Tu&m;ü yef;&eHYwkdYjzifh xHkrGrf;xm;tyfaom a&Munfudk xnfhNyD;vQif
a0VK0efO,smOfawmfudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfvkdojzifh --
{om[H baEÅ a0VK0eH O,smeH Ak'ÿÜrkcó bdu©KoHCó 'r®d/
= ]]bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m; ... wynf-h
awmfonf þa0VK0efO,smOftm&mrfudk bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom &[ef;
oHCmawmftm; vSL'gef;yg\ jrwfpGmbk&m; ...}}
þokYd EIw>f rufqu
dk m vSL'gef;ylaZmfNy;D vQif jrwfpmG bk&m;\ vuf-
awmfay:ü a&pufukd oGe;f avmif;csvu dk af vonf/ xkad 0VK0efausmif;
O,smOftm&mrfudk tvSLcHaomtcgü ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmf
tjrpfonfum; wG,af vNy}D }[k ajymqku d m ESpo f ufMunfE;l 0rf;ajrmuf-
Ú ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
jcif;yDwd\ tvkdEdkifiHokdY vkdufyguckefaom trsKd;orD;yrm þr[m-
yx0DajrBuD;onf w,drf;,drf; wEGJUEJGU wkefvIyfavonf/
ZrÁK'aD y ye XaywGm a0VK0er[m0d[m&H tnH yx0d H uarÜwmG
*[dwaoemoeH emr ew¬d/ (Ak'¨0Ho?|?25/)
= þZrÁL'dyu
f Re;f tjyif0,f a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmfBu;D udk xm;í
tjcm;wpfyg;aom ajrBuD;ukd wkefvIyfapí tvSLcHtyfaom ausmif;
wkduftm&mrf[lí r&SdcJhpzl;ay/ (Ak'¨0Ho?|?25/)
a0VK0efausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf
xkt
d cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a0VK0efausmif;wku d af wmfBu;D udk tvSL
cH,lawmfrlNyD;vQif r*"wkdif;&Sif bk&ifAdrÁdom&rif;BuD;tm; ausmif;
tvSLESifh qufpyfonfh 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m tEkarm'emw&m;pum;-
awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ ,if;w&m;awmfrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfayonf/ ---
1/ tm0go'geó yemedoHoH? aum emr 0wåKH yk&daom oraw¬m/
tnMw Ak'¨g ye avmuemxm? ,kawåm rkcgeH e[kawe pmyd/
2/ tm,kÍö 0PÖÍö okcH AvÍö? 0&H yow¬H y#dbmear0/
''gwd emrmwd y0kpöaw aom? a,m a'wd oHCó ea& ea&mm 0d[m&H/
3/ 'gwm ed0goó ed0g&Pó? oDwm'daem ZD0dwky'´0ó/
wrm[kk oaEÅm/
ygavwd tm,kH ye wó ,o®m? tm,kyaÜ 'g a[mwd wrm[
4/ tpöKPSoDaw 0oawm ed0gao? AvÍö 0aPÖm y#dbm e a[mwd/
wo®m [d aom a'wd 0d[m&'gwm? AvÍö 0PÖH y#dbmear0/
5/ 'ku©ó oDwkPSo&Doyg p? 0gwmwyg'dyÜb0ó avmau/
ed0g&Pm aeu0d"ó edpöH? okcyÜa'g a[mwd 0d[m&'gwm/
ed'geuxm ! #
6/ oDwkPS0gwmwy!Ho0k|d? o&Doyg0gVrd*g'd'ku©H/
,o®m ed0ga&wd 0d[m&'gwm? wo®m okcH 0dE´wd aom y&w¬/
7/ yoEépdawåm b0abm*a[wkH? raembd&mrH rk'dawm 0d[m&H/
a,m a'wd oDvm'd*kaPm'dwmeH? oAÁH 'a'g emr y0kpöaw aom/
8/ y[m, rapä&rvH oavmbH? *kPmv,meH edv,H ''gwd/
cdawåm0 aom ww¬ ya&[d oa*¾? ,xmbwH Zm,w
Zm,wdd 0Dwaomaum/
9/ 0a& pm½k½al y 0d[ma& OVma&? ea&m um&a, 0goa, ww ww¬¬ bduL© /
'a',sEéygeÍö 0w¬Íö aeoH? yoaEée pdawåe ouúpö edpöH/
10/ wo®m r[m&mZ ba0ok abma*? raem&ar ypöEkbk,s bda,sm/
0d[m&'geó zave oEÅH? okcH taomuH t"d*pä ypäm/
(Ak'¨0Ho?|?25-27/)
1/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ...jA[®mewfvl oH;k bHo k w
l \Ydk uk;d uG,f
tm;xm;&mtppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfawmfrlaom oAÁnKxGwfxm; or®m-
orÁK'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk MuOfz,fa&Smif&Sm; tvGwfxm;í ausmif;t&dyf
tm0go tvSL'ge\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoifudk cHwGif;aygif; wpf-
aomif;ESifh ,SOfpyfíaomfvnf; tb,frnfaom a,mufsm;onf
jynfjh ynfph pkH kH a[mjyjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik yf gtHeh nf;? bk&m;&Sirf w
S pfyg; pGr;f tm;&S-d
aom vlom;onf r&Sdonfom jzpfayonf/
2/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... vlom;wpfOD;onf aexkdifzkdY&ef
ausmif;Adrmefukd oHCmawmftm; o'¨g&Tiv f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;\/
o'¨gMunfjzL ausmif;udv
k LS aom xdv k o l m;ukd ]toufuvkd nf;aumif;ç
½kyftqif;udkvnf;aumif;ç csrf;omokcudkvnf;aumif;ç cGeftm;udk
vnf;aumif;ç omvGejf rifjh rwf cs;D rGr;f tyfaom ÓPfynm y#dbmefukd
vnf;aumif; ay;vSLolrnf\}[lí qkdtyfayonf/
X ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
3/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... tcsr;f tyl tp&Sad om touf\
tEÅ&m,f toG,o f ,G u
f dk azsmufviT yhf ,f&mS ; jrpfwm;Ekid af om pGr;f tm;
&Sad om aexkid zf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefukd o'¨g&Tiv f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;-
aomolonfum; xkdausmif;ü udef;atmif;arGUavsmf aepHaysmfaom
&[ef;oHCmawmftaygif;\ toufudk ab;ra&mufatmif umuG,f
apmifah &Smufonfrnf\/ xkaYd Mumifh xkad usmif;tvSL&Siu f dk ]touftvSL
ay;vSLaomol} [lí bk&m;tp&Su d ek af om ynm&So d al wmfaumif;wku Yd
csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;EIwfcsKd rdefYqkdawmfrlMuavukefonf/
4/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... ylonfhtcg tvGefylvGef;í at;-
onfhtcg tvGefat;vGef;aom [if;vif;tjyif vGifwD;acgifpaom
ae&mü Owk'Pfcsuf ESyd pf ufjyif;xef cHae&aom &[ef;awmf\ oEÅmef-
0,f cGeftm;Avonfvnf;aumif;ç ½kyftqif;onfvnf;aumif;ç
y#dbmefÓPfynmonfvnf;aumif;ç ausmif;t&dyt f m0gownf;[l-
aom tm;BuD;aom rDS&m taMumif;taxmuftyHh ,kwfavsmhaeonfh
twGuf MuUH MuUH ckid cf idk f rjzpfEidk /f xkad Mumifh ausmif;udk aqmufvyk f vSL-
'gef;aom xkt d vSL&Sif ausmif;'g,umonf ]](ausmif;t&dyt f m0goudk
trSDjyK&ygrS xkdausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;aom &[ef;awmf\ oEÅmefü
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;ç ½kyftqif;\ wifhw,fjcif;ç y#dbmefÓPfynm
BuD;jcif;qkdonfh tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk &&SdEkdifaomaMumifh) cGeftm;udk
vnf;aumif;ç ½kyt f qif;udv k nf;aumif;ç y#dbmefÓPfynmudk vnf;-
aumif; ay;vSLolrnfayonf/}}
5/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;
aexkid zf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaom ausmif;'g,umonf
]]vlUavmu0,f tcsrf;ç tylç a>rç uif;ç oef;wnf;[laom ab;
tEÅ&m,f toG,foG,faMumifh jzpfay:vmaom qif;&J'ku© t00udk
vnf;aumif;ç avMurf; aeylMurf; ponfwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
ed'geuxm ! !
rsm;vSaomif;aomif; qif;&J'ku©taygif;ukdvnf;aumif; oDwif;oHk;-

aom &[ef;awmf\ oEÅmefü rusra&mufatmif xkad usmif;u umuG,f
apmifah &Smuf wm;jrpfwwfaomaMumifh ]csr;f omokc tvSL'geudk ay;-
vSLaomol}vnf; rnfygayonf/}}
6/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ...&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;
aexkdifzkdY&ef ausmif;ocFrf;udk aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;aom ausmif;'g,-
umonf ]]oDwif;oHk; aexkdifMuaom &[ef;awmfwkdY\ oEÅmef0,f
tcsrf;ç tylç avç aeylç rSufç jcifç tcgrJhrkd;ç a>rqkd;ç uif;ç oef;ç
Murf;wrf;aomom;aumif ponfwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vmwwfaom
qif;&J'ku© t00ukd rjzpfyGm;atmif xkdausmif;u [efYwm;y,f&Sm;
wm;jrpfay;wwf\/ xkaYd Mumifh xkad usmif;'g,umonf wrvGeaf vmu
xkb d 00,f um,-pdwå ESpjf zmaom csr;f omokcudk ajrBu;D vufcwfrvJG
ykdifykdifEdkifEdkif &,lEkdifayonf/}}
7/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ...tMuifolonf o'¨g&Tef;pkd MunfndK
aompdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpfí ESpfouf&Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm
b0orÜwådç abm*orÜwådESpfyg;udk &&Sdjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uef
jzpfayaom ½Ijrif&olwkdY\ pdwfESvHk;aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufarGUavsmfzG,f
&mjzpfaom &[ef;oHCmawmfwYdk aexkid o f w D if;oH;k zk&Yd ef ausmif;Adrmefukd
oDvpaom *kPfaus;Zl;tpkwkdYjzifh wkd;yGm;pnfyif &[ef;oHCmawmf
t&Sijf rwfwt Ydk m; o'¨g&Tiv
f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;ylaZmf\/ xkad usmif;
'g,umukd ]]cGeftm;Avç ½kyftqif;ç csrf;omokcç rsufpdtjrif
wnf;[laom tvHk;pHkudk ay;vSLaomolrnf\}}[lí tqlqlaom
bk&m;&SifwkdYonf a[mMum;csD;rGrf;awmfrltyf\/
8/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... tMuifolonf rdrdykdifqkdifonfh
vSL'gef;zG,f0w¬K tpkpkukd cHkrifwyfruf rpGefY&ufjcif;wnf;[laom
avmbw&m;ESifhwuGaom 0efwkdap;eJjcif; rpä&d,tnpftaMu;udk
¡ ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
y,fpeG NYf y;D aemuf oDv-orm"d-ynm tpjzmonfh *kPaf us;Zl; tpkpw k -Ydk
\ wnf&m &[ef;oHCmawmf t&SifjrwfwkdYtm; udef;atmif;arGUavsmf
aepHaysmzf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefudk o'¨g&Tiv f ef; aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;ylaZmf-
\/ 0efxrf;orm; olwpfyg;wko Yd nf o,fy;dk aqmif,v l maom 0efxyk f
0efy;dk udk vk&d mXmeü ypfcsxm;ouJo h Ydk tvm;wlyif o'¨g&Tiv f ef; ausmif;
vSL'gef;onfh xkdausmif;'g,umudk rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh 0efxrf;
orm; uH-ocFg&w&m;wku Yd ewf&mG ok*wdoaYdk &mufatmif o,faqmif
ykdYcstyfonf jzpf&um; wifhw,favsmufywf aumif;jrwfonfh tm½Hk
ig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdY\ pkyHkwnf&Sd&m xkdewfwkdY&Gmü pm;0wfaea&;
ylaqG;pkd;&drf&jcif; tvsOf;uif;rJhonfjzpfí b0y#doaE¨ uyfa&muf
jzpfyGm;&avonf/
9/ 'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... xkaYd Mumifh uk, d u f sK;d pD;yGm; axmuf-
xm;ajrmfjrif ynm&Sifa,mufsm;onf csD;rGrf;tyf rGefjrwfvSukefaom
ESpo f ufpzG,f wifw h ,fjcif;oabm&Su d ek af omç jyefaY jymcHx h ,f Bu;D us,f
ukefaom oDv-orm"d-ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifhjrwfudk usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf &Ydk ef ausmif;Adrmefwu Ydk dk aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;
av&m\/ xdw k nfaqmufNy;D aom ausmif;Adrmefü bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;-
awmfwkdYü oifod usifhod þESpfodjzifh tMum;tjrifA[kókw jynfh0
pHkvif &[ef;awmft&SifjrwfwkdYudk oDwif;oHk;zkdY&ef awmif;yefpum;
avQmufxm;yefxGm aexkdifap&m\/ oDwif;oHk;aysmf&Tif xkdausmif;ae
t&Siw f t Ydk m; o'¨g&Te;f pkd MunfnKd aom pdw"f mwfjzifh tjrrJ jywf ½kad oorI
tav;*½k jyKí pm;zG,f aomufzG,f toG,foG,fukdvnf;aumif;ç
t0wfouFef;udkvnf;aumif; o'¨g&Tifvef; vSL'gef;axmufyHhav&m
onf/
10/ 'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... xkdYaMumifh oif'g,umawmf
rif;BuD;onf o'¨gMunfjzL ,ckvSLtyfaom ausmif;tvSL'ge ukodkvf
ed'geuxm ! P
apwem\ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf tmEkabmfaMumifh ok*wdac:qkd aumif;jrwf

onfh b0xkx d w
dk üYdk pdwEf v
S ;kH \ &Tijf yKH ;arGUavsm&f mjzpfuek af om pnf;pdrf
rsm;ajrmif toHk;taqmifwkdYudk qwufxrf;ydk; wkd;í wkd;í BudrfBudrf
zefzef cHpoH ;kH aqmifNy;D vQif wpfcak omb0 aemufq;kH umvü (aomwm-
yefjzpfNyD;aom) oif'g,umrif;BuD;onf pdk;&drf& jcif; tvsOf;r&Sdaom
udavomtylr;D [lorQwrYdk S tNird ;f Bu;D Nird ;f tat;Bu;D at;&mjzpfaom
edAÁmefcsrf;omBuD;okdY {uefxkwfacsmuf qkdufa&muf&ayvwåHU/
þokv Yd Qif jrwfpmG bk&m;onf Adro Ád m&rif;w&m;tm; 0d[m&tEk-
arm'em = ausmif;vTwftEkarm'emw&m; a[mMum;csD;ajr§mufawmf
rlNyD;vQif ae&mrS xawmfrlum aemufyg&[ef;wpfaxmif jcH&Hawmfrl-
vsuf a0VK0efausmif;wku d tf m&mrfoYdk <upH oDwif;oH;k awmfral vonf/
þum; Ak'0¨ o
H t|uxm (Ak'0¨ o H ?|/25-27/)ü vm&S d aom a0VK0ef-
ausmif; 0d[m&tEkarm'emw&m;awmf jzpfayonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;-
&Siof nf Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D \ a0VK0efausmif;wku d af wmf O,smOftm&mrfudk
vSL'gef;ylaZmfaom taMumif;0w¬Kü w&m;pum; a[mMum;awmfrl
NyD;vQif &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; ausmif;wkduftm&mrf tvSLcHrIukd pwif
cGijhf yKawmfral vonf/ xkad emif &mZN*Kd [o f al X;uvnf; ausmif;rsm;udk
aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;jyef\/ xkad usmif;wku Yd vkd nf; tvSLcH,zl &Ydk ef &[ef;
oHCmawmftm; cGijhf yKawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ (0d?4?290-292/ aoemoeu©Eu ¨ ??)
þum; omoemawmfü ausmif;wkdufrsm; pwifjzpfay:vmyHk
tusOf;csKyf taMumif;t&myif jzpfayonf/
,aeY 1367-ckESpf? wydkYwJGvqef; (1)&uf we*FaEGaeYrSmvnf;
xkdtxufyg tvSL'geyJGwdkYudk twk,lum --
1/ &efuek Nf rKd UrS uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aom 'g,dumrBu;D a':½Iciftm; &nf-
pl;í 'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwfrdom;pkwkdYu ausmif;wpfausmif;ç
w ! tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
2/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU? odrfukef;&yf? atmufvrf;rBuD;? trSwf (541)
'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;+a':wifvSrdom;pkwkdYu ausmif;wpf-
ausmif;ç
3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU? NrdKifom,m&yf? (22)vrf;? trSwf (384) 'g,um
Bu;D OD;pk;d xGe;f +a':,Ofoed ;f ? nDrjzpfol a':oef;pdef rdom;pkwu
Ydk
ausmif;wpfausmif; --
tm;vH;k ausmif;oH;k ausmif;wku
Yd dk zm;atmufawm& pdwv å awmif-
ausmif;ü oHCmawmftm; qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuayonf/ qGrf;ç
ouFef; tp&Sdaom vSLzG,f0w¬K tpkpkwkdYudkvnf; qufuyfvSL'gef;
ylaZmfMuayonf/ omoemawmfudk cs;D ajrm§ ufaxmufyo hH nfh tvSL'ge-
yJGyif jzpfayonf/
xkt
d vSL'geyJüG 0rf;ajrmufz,
G f tEkarm'emw&m;wpfy'k u f kd a[m-
Mum;ay;cJh\/ o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfü vm&Sdaom uð''okwåef
(oH?1?29/)ukd tajcwnfum t&yf&yfaom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum
pum;&yfwkdYukd vkd&mvdk&mü oGwfoGif;vsuf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif;
jzpf\/ xkwd &m;awmfudk em,lc&hJ aom ausmif;'g,umBu;D OD;vSxeG ;f u
xkw
d &m;awmfukd usr;f pmtjzpf ½du k Ef ydS u
f m vSL'gef;ylaZmfvykd gaMumif;ukd
wifjyavQmufxm;vmojzifh ]vkdwkd; ykdavsmh}pepfukd toHk;jyKum
w&m;a[m pD'aD cGrS usr;f pmtoGio f Ydk jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;vdu k yf gonf/
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG omoemawmfBu;D t&S ncf idk cf hH wnfwahH tmif tm;ay;
axmufyHh csD;ajr§mufEkdifygapaom0f[k arwåmjzifh yw¬emjyKvsuf --
zm;atmufawm&q&mawm
wm&q&mawmf
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef) ! 1
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿
(uð''okwåef w&m;a'oemawmf)
1367-ckESpf? wykdYwGJvqef; (1)&uf? c&pfouú&mZf 2006-ckESpf?
ZEé0g&Dv (29)&uf? we*FaEGaeYrSm &efukefNrdKUrS uG,fvGefoGm;aom
'g,dumrBuD;a':½Iciftm; &nfpl;NyD;awmh 'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwf
rdom;pkwu Ykd ausmif;wpfausmif;ESiw hf uG qGr;f ç ouFe;f ponfh vSLzG,-f
0w¬K tpkpkwdkYudk qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/ tvm;wlyif
armfvNrKd iNf rKd U? odru f ek ;f &yf? atmufvrf;rBu;D ? trSwf (541)rSm aexkid f
MuwJh 'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;+a':wifvS rdom;pkwkdYuvnf; ausmif;
wpfausmif;ESifh qGrf;ç ouFef;tp&Sdaom vSLzG,f0w¬K y&du©&m tpkpk
wdkYudk oHCmawmftm; &nfpl;NyD; qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ uG,v f eG of mG ;aom rdbrsm;tm; &nfp;l Ny;D awmh armfvNrKd i-f
NrKd U? NrKd io
f m,m&yf? (22)vrf;? trSwf (384)rSm aexkid Mf uwJh 'g,umBu;D
OD;pdk;xGef;+a':,Ofodef;ç nDr a':oef;pdef rdom;pkwdkYuvnf; ausmif;
wpfausmif;ESiw hf uG qGr;f ç ouFe;f ç ausmif; tp&S w d hJ vSLzG,0f w¬K tpkpk
wdu Yk kd qufuyfvLS 'gef; ylaZmfMuygw,f/ xkt d vSL'geyGt J wGuf bke;f Bu;D
bufu 0rf;ajrmufz, G f tEkarm'emw&m;pum;wpfy'k f a[mMum;ay;zkYd
wm0ef qkdufa&mufvmygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D a[mzdYk &nf&,
G xf m;wmuawmh o*gxm0*¾o, H w k f ygVd-
awmfrmS vm&Sw d hJ uð''okweå f a'oemawmfwpfck jzpfygw,f/ jrwfpmG -
2 ! zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
bk&m;ocif ud, k af wmfjrwfBu;D om0w¬jd ynfreG f aZw0efausmif;wdu k -f
awmfrSm oDwif;okH; pHaeawmfrlckduf nOfhoef;acgif,mrf tcsdeftcgrSm
taygif;tazmfawGEiS w hf uG ewfom;wpfO;D u jrwfpmG bk&m;xH csO;f uyf
Ny;D awmh olov
d wkd hJ ar;cGe;f uav;awGudk ar;jref; avQmufxm;ygw,f/
olu b,fvkdar;cGef;uav;awGukd bk&m;&Siftm; ar;jref; avQmuf-
xm;ovJ¿ emMunfhMu&atmif --
uð'a'g Ava'g a[mwd? uð'a'g a[mwd 0PÖa'g/
uð'a'g okca'g a[mwd? uð'a'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g/
aum p oAÁ'a'g a[mwd? wH ar tu©m[d ykpädawm/
(oH?1?29/)
uð'a'g = tb,fukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf/ Ava'g = cGetf m;udk
ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ uð'a'g = tb,fudk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ 0PÖa'g = tqif;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/
a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ uð'a'g = tb,fukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf/
okca'g = csr;f omokcudk ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd¾ vo
f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/
uð'a'g = tb,fudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ pu©Ka'g = rsufpdudk
f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ aum p = tb,fuo
ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd¾ vo hJ -Ykd
aom tvSL'geudk ay;vSLavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfonfum;/ oAÁ'a'g =
tvkH;pkHudk ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygoenf;/ ykpädawm =
ar;jref; avQmufxm;tyfonfjzpfaom &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;onf/ wH
= xdkar;cGef;\ tajzudk/ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmftm;/ tu©m[d =
ajzMum;awmfrlyg/
ewfom; ar;jref;avQmufxm;wJh ar;cGef;uav;awGu (5)ck
&Sdygw,f/ bmajymvdkovJ¿
eHygwf (1)u tb,ft&m0w¬Kudk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf cGet f m;-
udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygovJ¿
eHygwf (2)u tb,ft&m0w¬Kukd ay;vSLaewJh yk*¾dKvfonf

½kyftqif;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygovJ¿
eHygwf (3)u tb,ft&m0w¬Kudk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf csr;f om
okcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygovJ¿
eHygwf (4)u tb,ft&m0w¬Kudk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf rsupf u d kd
ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygovJ¿
eHygwf (5)u tb,ft&m0w¬KrsKd;ukd ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf
tukev f ;Hk udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vf jzpfygovJqNkd y;D awmh 'Dar;cGe;f (5)ckukd
vma&mufNyD; ar;jref;avQmufxm;ygw,f/
'Dvdk ar;jref; avQmufxm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu olU
ar;cGef;eJY avsmfnDpGm tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
tEéa'g Ava'g a[mwd? 0w¬a'g a[mwd 0PÖa'g/
,mea'g okca'g a[mwd? 'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g/
aom p oAÁ'a'g a[mwd? a,m ''gwd Oyó,H/
trwH 'a'g p aom a[mwd? a,m "r®rEkomowd/
(oH?1?29/)
f nfum;/ Ava'g = cGet
tEéa'g = qGr;f udk vSL'gef;wJyh *k Kd¾ vo f m;udk
ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ 0w¬a'g = t0wfouFe;f udk
f nfum;/ 0PÖa'g = ½kyt
vSL'gef;wJyh *k Kd¾ vo f qif;udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ v-f
onf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ ,mea'g = ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d udk ay;vSLwJyh *k Kd¾ vf
onfum;/ okca'g = csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd
= jzpfyg\/ 'Dya'g = qDrD;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ pu©Ka'g =
rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfyg\/ a,m = tMuif
tvSL&Sifonfum;/ Oyó,H = ausmif;ocFrf;udk/ ''gwd = ay;vSL\/
aom p = xdkausmif;ocFrf;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ oAÁ'a'g =
tukefvkH;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/ a,m p
= tMuifyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ "r®H = y&d,wåd"r®ç y#dywåd"r®ç y#da0""r®udk/
tEkomowdd = tzefzef txyfxyf qkdqkH;rí aeay\/ aom p =
xkduJhodkY y&d,wåd"r®ç y#dywåd"r®ç y#da0""r®udk tzefzef txyfxyf
qkdqkH;ríaeaom yk*¾dKvfonfum;/ trwH 'a'g = rao&m tNrdKuf
edAÁmefudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
jrwfpmG bk&m;uvnf; olar;jref;avQmufxm;wJh ar;cGe;f eJY avsm-f
nDpGm jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkd
tajzay;awmfrlovJ¿
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol
1/ tEéa'g Ava'g a[mwd/ (oH?1?29/)
tEéa'g = qGrf;udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJhyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ Ava'g =
cGeftm;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
eHygwf (1)uawmh qGr;f udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJyh *k ¾Kd vo
f nf cGetf m;udk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf rnfygw,f/ tvGef tm;aumif;armif;oefaewJh
a,mufsm;yJ jzpfcsijf zpfygap? tm[m&awGukd rpm;ok;H &awmhb;l qkv d Qif
cGeftm;awGu qkwf,kwf ysufpD;oGm;ygw,f/ tm;EGJUaewJh yk*¾dKvfyJ
jzpfcsijf zpfygap? tu,fírsm; qGr;f uav;udk rS0D J pm;ok;H Ekid cf rhJ ,fqv dk Qif
xkdyk*¾dKvf[m xvnf; xEdkifw,fç oGm;vnf; oGm;Edkifr,f/ tm;r&SdwJh
yk*Kd¾ vu
f cGet f m;awGeYJ jynfph v
Hk mwwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGr;f udk ay;vSL
aewJyh *k Kd¾ vo
f nf cGet
f m;udk ay;vSLwmeJY wlw,fqNdk y;D awmh 'Dvkd bk&m;-
&Sifu jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
qGr;f ukd ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Si[
f m cGet f m;ukd ay;vSLaewJt h wGuf
bmtusKd;w&m;rsm;ukd &&SdEkdifrvJvdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tvSL&Sif
awGtzkYd aemifooH &mc&D;qkwd m xif&mS ;&Sad er,fqv dk Qif ,ck qGr;f vSL-
'gef;vdu
k wf hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGuvnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGihf oifv h m
NyDqkdvQif aemiftem*wfb0rSm rdrd&JU cE¨mtdrfrSm cGeftm;awG jynfh0
vmatmif 'DqrG ;f vSL'gef;vkud w
f hJ ukov dk u
f u
H &Guaf qmifay;rSm jzpfyg-
w,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl;? rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;wJh cGeftm;AvawG ysufpD;
roGm;atmifvnf; 'DqrG ;f vSL'gef;vku d w
f hJ ukov dk u f aH wGu apmifah &Smuf
ay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f t*kw F Kdå &yf gVdawmf yÍöuedygwf
abmZeokwåef rSm qGrf;tvSLESifh ywfoufvkdY tusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ b,fvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
abmZeH bdu©a0 ''rmaem 'g,aum y#d*¾g[umeH yÍö Xmemed
a'wd/ uwrmed yÍö¿
(u) tm,kH a'wd?
( c ) 0PÖH a'wd?
( * ) okcH a'wd?
(C) AvH a'wd?
( i ) y#dbmeH a'wd/ (tH?2?35/)
bdua© 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd abmZeH = qGr;f abmZOfu/dk ''rmaem 'g,-
aum = ay;vSLwJh tvSL&Sio f nf/ y#d*g¾ [umeH = tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vw
f t
Ydk m;/
yÍö Xmemed = ig;rsKd;aom t&mXmewkdYukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
uwrmed yÍö = tb,fig;rsKd;wkdYenf;[lrlum; ---
(u) tm,kH = toufukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( c ) 0PÖH = ½kyftqif;ukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( * ) okcH = csrf;omokcukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
(C) AvH = cGeftm;ukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
( i ) y#dbmeH = ÓPfynmukd/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfrnf\/
qGrf;ukd ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Sif[m tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; ---
(u) toufukd &Snfatmif tm,kac:wJh tvSL'geukd ay;vSL-
onfrnfw,f/
( c ) ½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
( * ) uk,d \f csr;f omjcif;ç pdw\
f csr;f omjcif;qkw d hJ csr;f omokcukd
ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
(C) cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
( i ) ÓPfynmawG xufjrufatmif ÓPfynmukd ay;vSLonf
rnfw,f/
tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfawG&JU oEÅmefrSm 'DtusKd;w&m; ig;rsKd;ukd &&Sdatmif
qGrf;tvSL&Sifu ay;vSLwmjzpfwJhtwGuf tvSL&SifrSm bmtusKd;
f vJ¿ tvSL&Sif &&SEd idk w
w&m;awGudk &&SEd idk o f hJ tusK;d w&m; ig;rsK;d ukv
d nf;
bk&m;&Sifu qufvufum a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
touf&Snfjcif;
(u) tm,kH acg ye 'wGm tm,kó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g
rmEkoó 0g? (tH?2?35/)
tm,kH = toufukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/ 'dAÁó 0g =
ewfürlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEkoó 0g = vlürlvnf;jzpfaom/ tm,kó
bm*D = touf&SnfrIukd &jcif;\ tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
owå0gawG[m tm[m&tay:rSm rSDwif;NyD; aexdkifMu&ygw,f??
xrif;touf ckepf&uf (0dok'¨d?2?251/)qkdwJhtwdkif;yJ xrif;tm[m&
qGrf;tm[m&ukd rrSD0J rpm;okH;&bl;qkdvQif touf&SnfzdkY&ef tvGef
cufcJygw,f/ tpmtm[m&ukd pm;oHk;&ygrSomvQif touf&SnfEkdif
MurSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGr;f tm[m&ukd ay;vSL jcif;onf tvSLcH
yk*¾dKvfawG touf&SnfoGm;atmif toufukd ay;vSLaeonfvnf;
rnfygw,f/ 'Dvdk tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; touf&Snfatmif toufudk
ay;vSLaeonft h wGuf tvSL&Sit f zdYk oHo&mc&D;qkw

d m xif&mS ;&Sad eOD;
r,fqkdvQifawmh ewfyJjzpfjzpfç vlyJjzpfjzpf b,fb0rSmrqdk 'DqGrf;
vSL'gef;vku
d w
f hJ ukov
dk u
f aH wGu tusK;d ay;wJb
h 0rSm touf&Snfrq I w
dk hJ
tusKd;w&m;ukd &&SdrSm jzpfygw,f/ okdYaomf touf&Snf½kHwGifvm;
qkdawmh ruao;ygbl;/
tqif;vSjcif;
(c) 0PÖH 'wGm 0PÖó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g?
(tH?2?35/)
tm[m&udk rSD0Jvkduf&wJhtcg 'Dtm[m&ukd jynfhjynfh00 yHkrSef
pm;oHk;EkdifvmNyDqkdvQif tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU tom;ta&awG[m pkdjynfvm-
w,f? jynfhNzdK;vmw,f/ ½kyftqif;awG[mvnf; Munfh½IcsifpzG,f
wifw h ,fvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh tpmtm[m&ukd ay;vSLjcif;[m tvSLcH
yk*K¾d vaf wG&UJ oEÅmefrmS ½kyt f qif;awG wifw h ,fomG ;atmif ½kyt f qif;ukd
ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/ 'Dvdk ½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLvkdufwJh
twGuf tvSL&Sit f zkYd 'Duo k v
dk u
f aH wGu tusK;d ay;wJh b0wkid ;f rSm vlyJ
jzpfjzpfç ewfyjJ zpfjzpf ½kyt f qif;&JU vSywifw h ,fjcif;qkw
d hJ tusK;d w&m;ukd
&&SdEkdifygw,f/ aemuftusKd;wpfckuawmh bmvJ¿
csrf;omBuD;jcif;
(*) okcH 'wGm okcó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g?
(tH?2?35-36/)
tpmtm[m&awGudk txl;ojzifh rGejf rwfwhJ cJz, G af bmZOfawGukd
rSD0Jvkduf&wJh tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfawG[m tm[m&awG&JU tm;ay;axmufyHhrI
aMumifh cE¨muk,d [
f m MuUH ckid v
f mw,f/ uk,
d &f UJ csr;f omjcif;qkw
d hJ um,du
okc t00awGESifh jynfhpHkvmw,f/ cE¨mukd,fu w&m;bm0emawGukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf t Ykd wGuf MuUH ckid v
f mwJt h cg orx-0dyóembm0em
awGudk tm;xkwzf &Ykd eftwGuf tcefo Y ifh jzpfvmwJth wGuf pdwcf sr;f omrI
awGvnf; &Sdvmjyefw,f/ 'Dvkd ukd,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omokcawG
jzpfaewke;f rSm w&m;bm0emawGudk yGm;rsm;vku d v
f Qif orxykid ;f rSmvnf;
atmifjrifraI wG &&SEd idk w
f t
hJ wGuf orxykid ;f qkid &f m pdwcf sr;f omrIawGu
ykdNyD; tm;aumif;vmwwfygw,f/
tu,fí 0dyóembm0emawGudkvnf; qufvufNyD; yGm;rsm;
Ekid v
f Ydk atmifjrifraI wGudk tqifq
h ifh &&Scd rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif 0dyóemykid ;f qkid &f m
csrf;omokc t00awGukdvnf; cHpm;&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dxuf wpfqifh
wufNyD;awmh r*fcsrf;omç zkdvfcsrf;omtxd qkdufa&mufEkdifr,fqkdvQif
tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH csr;f omokcvkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ rao&mtNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;&JU tNidrf;"mwft&om csrf;omokctppfBuD;ukd
cHpm;Mu&rSm jzpfw,f/ w&m;bm0emawGudk wu,fvufawGU usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vf rsm;xkx d w
kd &Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS
tvSL&SifjzpfwJh rdrdu vSL'gef;ylaZmfvkdufwJh qGrf;tm[m&ukd trSDjyK
NyD;awmh csrf;omokc t00awGukd ,ckvkd &&SdMuw,fqkdvQif qGrf;
tm[m&ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;[mvnf; csrf;omokcukd vSL'gef;ylaZmf-
wmeJY wlygw,f/
'Dvkd csrf;omokcukd ay;vSLwJhtwGuf tvSL&SifjzpfwJh olawmf-
aumif;twGuf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&SdaeOD;r,fqkdvQif xkdqGrf;
tm[m&awGukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh aumif;rIukokdvfuHu tusKd;ay;-
rnfh bHb
k 0awGrmS ewfyjJ zpfjzpf vlyjJ zpfjzpf uk,
d \
f csr;f omjcif; pdw\
f
csrf;omjcif;qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd &&SdrSm jzpfygw,f/ tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf
awGukd csrf;omapvkdwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh uHawGukd xlaxmifrdwJhtwGuf
'DuHu tusKd;ay;wJh bHkb0awGrSm csrf;omokcawGu tvSL&SifjzpfwJh
rdrdxHokdY qkdufa&mufvmjcif; jzpfw,f/ ]ewfwdkYzef a&ueftoifh
Mumtoifh}qkdovkd rdrd xlaxmifcJhwJhuHu tcefYoifhjzpfatmif &Guf-

aqmifay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku bmvJ¿
cGeftm;BuD;jcif;
(C) AvH 'wGm Avó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g?
(tH?2?36/)
AvH = cGet
f m;uk/d 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumif/h 'dAó
Á 0g = ewfürl-
vnf;jzpfaom/ rmEkoó 0g = vlürlvnf;jzpfaom/ Avó = cGet f m;
Avukd/ bm*D = &&SdzdkY&ef tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
tvSL&SifwpfOD;u rGefjrwfaom qGrf;tm[m&awGukd tvSLcH
yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; ay;vSLvkdufwJhtcg rQwwJhtm[m&awGukd bkOf;ay;oHk;-
aqmif&wJh tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfawG&JU oEÅmefrSm cGeftm;AvawGu wkd;yGm;
vmMuygw,f/
{u'd0oH y&dbkwåm[ma&m owåm[rÜd Oyw¬arÇwd/
(0dok'¨d?2? 251/)
]]wpfaeYwm pm;vkdufwJh tm[m&awGu pm;oHk;wJhyk*¾dKvfawG&JU
oEÅmefrSm ckepf&ufywfvHk;aomfvnf; tm[m&Z½kyfawGukd tquf
rjywf qufwu dk f jzpfapjcif;jzifh cE¨muk,
d Bf u;D ukd awmifw h if;ckid rf moGm;-
atmif cGet f m;awG jynf0h vmatmif tm;ay;axmufyv hH suf &Syd gw,f}}-
vdYk 0do'k rd¨ *ft|uxmu zGiq hf x
dk m;ygw,f/ tm[m&Z½kyaf wGu ckepf-
&ufwidk w f idk f tqufrjywf tm;ay;axmufyx hH m;wJt
h wGuf 'DcE¨muk, d f
Bu;D xJrmS &S&d if;pJjG zpfaewJh ur®Z½kyu f vmyfawGrmS yg0ifaewJh ur®ZMoZmç
pdwZå ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS yg0ifaewJh pdwZå MoZmç OwkZ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS
yg0ifaewJh OwkZMoZmç uvmyfjym; tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfawGrmS yg0if
aewJh tm[m&ZMoZm 'DMoZmtoD;oD;uvnf; ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU tul
tnDESifh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd xyfrHNyD; jzpfap
Mujyefw,f/ 'Dvdk ½kyu
f vmyfawGu rsm;pGm wk;d yGm;vmrIaMumifh tm[m&
ukd rSD0JoHk;aqmifMuwJh tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfwkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm cGeftm;awGu
jynfhNzdK;vmMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh qGrf;tm[m&awGukd ay;vSL jcif;[m
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd cGet
f m;ukd ay;vSLwJt
h wGuf cGet
f m;ukd ay;vSLvdu k w f hJ tvSL-
&SifwkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm aemiftem*wf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&Sdaer,f
qkvd Qif 'Dvkd cGet
f m;awGudk ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Siwf &Ydk UJ ukovdk uf aH wGu
vljzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygapç ewfjzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap? b,fb0rSmrqkd
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfaprSm jzpfygw,f/
aemuftusKd;wpfckuawmh bmvJ¿
y#dbmefÓPfynmBuD;jcif;
(i) y#dbmeH 'wGm y#dbmeó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g
rmEkoó 0g/ (tH?2?36/)
y#dbmeH = ynmÓPfy#dbmefukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/
'dAó
Á 0g = ewfürlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEkoó 0g = vlürlvnf;jzpfaom/
y#dbmeó = ÓPfynmy#dbmefukd/ bm*D = &jcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
ÓPfynmy#dbmefqkdwmu b,fvkdÓPfynmrsKd;vJvdkYawmh
ar;p&m &Syd gw,f/ 'DtcsuEf iS hf ywfoufNy;D awmh oH,w
k #f u
D muawmh
'Dvkd &Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f ---
0d0d"mum&H uwGm "r®H uaxwkH y#dbmwDwd
wd y#dbmeH? a'oem-
yum&ÓPH/ (oH?#D?1?289/)
,ckumv EkdifiHausmf"r®uxduq&mawmfawGvkdyJ bk&m;&Sif&JU
w&m;awmfawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh wefqmqifNyD;awmh w&m;em
y&dowfawG em;vnfoabmaygufatmif a[mMum;Ekid w

f hJ ÓPfynm
ukdyJ y#dbmeÓPfvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfjzpfwJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;ç cJzG,fç
abmZOfawGukd rQrQww rSD0Jpm;oHk;vkduf&wJhtcg cGeftm;AvawGu
cE¨muk,
d xf rJ mS wk;d yGm;vmygw,f/ xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm xktd vSLcHy*k Kd¾ vuf
pmayy&d,wådawGukd avhvmqnf;yl;r,fqkdvQifvnf; ÓPfynm
xufxufjrufjrufEiS hf avhvmqnf;yl;Ekid w f ,f/ 'Dvq dk nf;yl;Ekid w
f hJ ol&UJ
oEÅmefrSm y&d,wådÓPfynmawGvnf; wkd;yGm;vmjyefw,f/
wpfzef 'DtvSLcHyk*¾dKvfu ,ckvkd tm;tifawG jynfhaewkef;rSm
orx-0dyóembm0emusifhpOfawGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfr,fqkdvQifvnf; tm;tifjynfhjynfh00ESifh tm;oGefcGefpkduf
BudK;yrf;EkdifwJhtwGuf wpfaeYxufwpfaeY orm"dawG ÓPfawGu
&ifhoxuf&ifhvmwJhtcg y#dywådÓPfynmawGuvnf; 'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU
oEÅmefrSm wkd;wufvmjyefw,f/
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*Dolawmfaumif;awGu ajymMuw,f --
]rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfuav;awGukd rQrQww rSD0J pm;oHk;vkduf&wJhaeYrSm
w&m;xkdifvdkY odyfaumif;wmyJ}vdkY ajymMuw,f/ w&m;xkdifvkdY odyf-
aumif;w,fqkdwmu orm"dawG wkd;wufvmw,f? ÓPfynmawG
wkd;wufvmw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmjzpfw,f/ y#dywådÓPfynmawG wkd;yGm;
vmjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tu,fí xko d al wmfaumif;u twdwu
f vnf; jyKpyk sK;d axmifcwhJ hJ
yg&rDvYdk ac:qktd yfwhJ 0dyóemÓPfawGuvnf; &ifu
h sucf rhJ ,fqv dk Qif
aomwmywådr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfpwJh t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwkdYjzifh
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;ukd rsufarSmufjyK
EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
,ckvkd rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifNyDqkdvQif xdk
olawmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefrSm y#da0"ÓPfynmawGvnf; wdk;yGm;vmNyD
jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk qGrf;tm[m&ukd trSDjyKNyD;awmh y&d,wådÓPfynmç y#dywåd
ÓPfynmç y#da0"ÓPfynmawG wk;d wufvmNyq D vdk Qif xku
d o
hJ aYdk om
tqift h wef; jrifrh m;aom ÓPfynm&Sad eol olawmfaumif;wpfO;D u
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh a[mMum;jyor,f
qkdvQif w&m;emy&dowfawGukdvnf; em;vnfatmif a[mjyEkdifpGrf;
&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYuJhokdY
(tbd?|?1?4-6/32/) w&m;a[maumif;wJh y#dbmefÓPfynm pGrf;tm;
BuD;rm;wJh yk*¾dKvfawG jzpfEkdifygw,f/
'gaMumifh rGefjrwfaom qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfawGukd oDv&SdwJh
t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfawGtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;onf ]tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ v-f
wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefrmS y#dbmefÓPfynmawG &ifo h efvmatmif vSL'gef;ylaZmf-
jcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f}/
'Dvykd #dbmefÓPfynmudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfwhJ tvSL&Siaf wG[mvnf;
oHo&mc&D;u rqHk;Muao;vkdY aemiftem*wf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm
xif&mS ;&Sad eOD;r,fqvdk Qif ckvkd rdrd jyKpyk sK;d axmifvu
dk w
f hJ ukov dk u
f aH wG&UJ
pGr;f tm;aMumifh xktd em*wf oHo&mc&D;u xdt k vSL&Siu f dk pdwo å <l u,f
ausmif;'g,umBu;D wku Yd o
hJ Ydk w&m;a[maumif;wJh y#dbmefÓPfynm&Sd
olwpfOD;tjzpfESifh qD;BudKaerSm jzpfygw,f/
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf yÍöuedygwf abmZeokwåef (tH?2?35-36??)rSm
bk&m;&Siuf qGr;f tusK;d ig;yg;ukd ckajymcJw
h t
hJ wdik ;f a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlcJhygw,f/ okdYaomf cka[maeqJjzpfwJh uð''okwåefrSmawmh bk&m;-
&Siu
f xktd usK;d ig;yg;xJu Av = cGet
f m;Bu;D rm;jcif;qkw
d hJ tusK;d w&m;
wpfckukdyJ OD;pm;ay;NyD;awmh qGrf;vSL jcif;&JU tusKd;w&m;tjzpfESifh
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
taMumif;uawmh 'DtusKd;w&m;ig;yg;xJrSm cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;
qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;uawmh teD;uyfqHk; wkduf½kdufodjrifEkdifwJh y"me =
jy"mef;wJh tusK;d w&m;wpfck jzpfaeygw,f/ 'Dvkd jy"mef;wJh tusK;d w&m;
wpfckukd wkduf½kduf,lum a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufwJhtwGuf rjy"mef;wJh
useftusKd;w&m;awGvnf; xdkufovkd tusKH;0ifoGm;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfawGukd tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf
wkdYtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmf&wJh aumif;rIukokdvfuHu cGeftm;BuD;rm;rIukd
jzpfaprIEiS hf ywfoufvYdk xif&mS ;wJh om"uwpfcu k awmh t&Sit f *Fv
k -d
rmv tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DtrsKd;-
aumif;om;u aemufqHk;b0jzpfwJh t&Sift*kFvdrmvb0rSmom
cGeftm;BuD;rm;wm r[kwfygbl;? [kdtwdwfb0 ayg&dom' jzpfcJhpOfu
vnf;yJ cGet f m;Av tvGeBf u;D rm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,muf jzpfczhJ ;l ygw,f/
bmaMumifh 'Dvdk cGeftm;BuD;rm;&ovJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdygw,f/ r[m-
okwaomrZmwft|uxmrSm 'Dvkd azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
aom [d uóy'oAvó umav cD&ovmubwåH y|ayod?
awe r[mxmarm ta[mod/ (Zmwu?|?5?515/)
aom = xkdayg&dom'onf/ uóy'oAvó = ukd,fawmftm;
q,fyg;ç ÓPfawmftm;q,fyg;ESihf jynfph akH wmfral om uóybk&m;&Si-f
\/ umav = vufxufawmftcgü/ cD&ovmubwåH = EGm;EkpYd ma&;wH
qGr;f uk/d y|ayod = 0wfwnfxm;cJah vNy/D awe = xkd aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f
uHaMumifh/ r[mxmarm = BuD;rm;aom pGrf;tm;&Sdonf/ ta[mod =
jzpfcJhavNyD/
uóybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif; tcsdeftcgumvrSm xkd
ayg&dom'tavmif;tvsm (= t*Fv k rd mvtavmif;tvsm)jzpfwhJ trsK;d
aumif;om;[m EGm;EkpYd ma&;wHqrG ;f 0wfudk oHCmawmftm; wnfxm;cJ-h
zl;w,f/ EGm;EkdYpma&;wHqGrf;0wfwnfNyD;awmh oHCmawmftm; EGm;EkdY-
qGr;f ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfczhJ ;l w,f/ 'Daumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f &H UJ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf
tmEkabmfaMumifh ayg&dom'b0rSma&mç aemufqHk;b0jzpfwJh t*kFvd-
rmvb0rSma&m tvGef cGeftm;AvpGrf;tm;ESifh jynfhpHkwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;
vmjzpf&w,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl;? olu tjcm;tvSL'geawGukdvnf;
uóybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm &[ef;oHCmawmftm;
vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhzl;jyefw,f/ bmawG vSL'gef;cJhovJ¿
t*¾domvÍö uma&wGm bdu©KoHCó oDw0daem'ew¬H t*¾dÍö
'g½led p 'g½kapä'e0godÍö z&okÍö t'god? awe awZ0g ta[mod/
(Zmwu?|?5?515/)
t*¾domvÍö = rD;wif;ukyfudkvnf;/ uma&wGm = aqmufvkyf
apí/ bdu©KoHCó = &[ef;oHCmawmftm;/ oDw0daem'ew¬H =
tat;ukd (= tcsrf;)ukd y,fazsmuf&eftvdkYiSm/ t*¾dÍö = rD;ukdvnf;-
aumif;/ 'g½led p = xif;wkdYudkvnf;aumif;/ 'g½kapä'e0godÍö = xif;
d nf;aumif;/ z&okÍö = ykqed u
jzwf&ef yJcyG f (= "m;)ukv f v
dk nf;aumif;/
t'god = ay;vSLcJhzl;avNyD/ awe = xkdaumif;rIukokdvfuHaMumifh/
awZ0g = wefcdk;BuD;rm;wJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/
olu rD;wif;ukyfwpfckudkvnf; aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;cJhzl;w,f/
OD;wnfcsuu f awmh tvGef at;csr;f wJt h cg tat;"mwfudk y,fazsmuf
Ekid zf &Ykd efqw
dk hJ OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf vSL'gef;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dr;D wif;ukyqf -dk
wmuvnf; tylaiGUukd &,lzq Ykd w
dk hJ OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;
xm;wJh taEG;cef;wpfcak wmh jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ 'DtaEG;cef;xJrmS toH;k jyKz-Ykd
&ef rD;ç xif;ç xif;jzwf&ef"m;ç ykqdefwkdYukdvnf; vSL'gef;cJhygw,f/ 'D
aumif;rIukokdvfuHaMumifh bkef;wefckd; tmEkabmfBuD;rm;wJh yk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;vnf; jzpf&jyefw,f/ ayg&dom'qkdwJhtoHç t*kFvdrmvqkdwJh
toHudk Mum;vku
d ½f rHk QEiS hf Mum;&olawG[m aMumuf';l awG wkeu
f ek Mf u-
w,f/
f ]tEéa'g Ava'g a[mwd = qGr;f ukad y;vSLwJh
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu
yk*¾dKvf[m cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygw,f}vkdY uð''okwåefrSm
bk&m;&Siu f a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (2)udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkd ajzawmfrlovJ¿
½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol
2/ 0w¬a'g a[mwd 0PÖa'g? (oH?1?29/)
0w¬a'g = t0wfouFef;udk vSL'gef;wJhyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ 0PÖa'g
= ½kyftqif;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
tvGef vSywJyh *k Kd¾ vw f pfO;D jzpfcsijf zpfygap? 'Dy*k Kd¾ vrf mS t0wftpm;
r&Sbd ;l qkv
d Qif Munf&h wm tifrwef t½kyq f ;dk oGm;ygw,f/ t½kyq f ;dk aewJh
yk*Kd¾ vwf pfO;D yif jzpfcsijf zpfygap? oifw h ifah vsmufywfwhJ t0wfwefqm
uav;awGukd qifjref; 0wfqifvu dk wf t hJ cgrSm xdyk *k Kd¾ v[f m ½Icsipf zG,f
jzpfvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh t0wfouFef;awGudk ay;vSLaejcif;onf
½kyftqif;udk vSywifhw,fatmif ay;vSLaeonfrnfw,fqkdNyD;awmh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u jyeftajzay;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;wJh om"uwpfckuawmh OyÜv0Pfax&Dr&JU
tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh Or®m'EÅDtrsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD;&JU taMumif;
t&myJ jzpfygw,f/ Or®m'EÅDtavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;
uav;[m wpfckaom twdwfb0rSm tvGef qif;&JolwpfOD; jzpfcJhzl;
ygw,f/ 0wfyef;ykq;dk wpfxnf &&Szd &Ykd eftwGuf (3)ESpu
f Recf zH &Ykd ef cH0ef-
csufjzifh olaX;wpfOD;xHrSm oGm;a&mufum uRefcH&ygw,f/ okdYaomf
'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;&JU 0wå&m;aus>yefrIaMumifh (3)ESpf rjynfhrDrSmyJ
olaX;u auseyfojzifh wpfceJ uf xlxyfwhJ 0wfyef;ykq;dk ESihf twlwuG
t0wfyu dk ydk g aqmif;Ny;D ay;vku
d yf gw,f/ rdwaf qGtaygif;tazmfawGEiS hf
twl jrpfqdyfwpfae&mrSm a&oGm;csKd;Muw,f/ a&csKd;NyD;ygu tvGef
0wfcsifaeonfh 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd 0wf&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufESifh a&oGm;-
csKd;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm t0wfouFe;f jywfawmufaewJh opfcufopf&u G f
wkdYukd 0wfqifvmwJh uóybk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;ukd awGUjrifvu dk &f wJt h cg rdr&d &Sx
d m;wJh 0wfyef;ykq;dk ukd xuf0uf
ykid ;f um vSL'gef;r,fqw dk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh a&xJrS wufum t0wftpm;
vJNyD; 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd xuf0ufykdif;um vSL'gef;vdkufygw,f/
&[ef;awmfu olvLS 'gef;vku d wf hJ t0wfyq k ;kd ukd oifwh ifw
h hJ wpf-
ae&mokdY oGm;a&mufum 0wfqifNyD; <uvmawmfrlygw,f/ xkd&[ef;-
awmfudk MunfNh y;D tvGef yDwad wG jzpfomG ;w,f/ a&S;,cif t0wfr&Spd Of-
u xk&d [ef;awmfrmS Munf½h v I Ydk rwifw h ,faomfvnf; t0wfouFe;f ukd
qifjref;NyD;wJhtcg tvGefwifhw,foGm;wmukd MunfhNyD; tvGefESpfouf
0rf;ajrmufomG ;wJt h wGuf useaf ewJh t0wfyidk ;f udyk g xyfqifNh y;D vSL'gef;
ylaZmfvu dk yf gw,f/ xk&d [ef;awmfuvnf; oifw h ifah vsmufywfwhJ wpf-
ae&mukd oGm;Ny;D awmh opfcufopf&u G t f m;vH;k ukd pGeyYf ,fum t0wfyidk ;f
wpfcu k dk oif;ykid t
f jzpf 0wfqifum t0wfyidk ;f wpfcu k kd uk,
d 0f wfouFe;f
tjzpf 0wfqifum xGufcGmvmcJhygw,f/
xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm xk&d [ef;awmf&UJ oEÅmefrmS 0wfyef;ykq;kd t0wf&UJ
ta&miftqif;aMumifh wufopfp aevkvifuJhokdY wpfukd,fvHk;rSm
tom;a&mifESifh ouFef;a&mif[m wpfa&mifwnf; jzpfoGm;w,f/ xdk
trsKd;orD;u xkd&[ef;awmfukd ,ckvkd zl;awGUvkduf&wJhtcgrSm ]igY&JU
t&Sifjrwf[m yxruawmh rwifhw,fwm rSefw,f? 'gayr,fh ,ck-

tcgrSm olUukdMunfhvkdufawmh wufopfp aevkvifuJhokdY wifhw,f
aew,f} qkwd mukd awGUvku
d &f awmh 0rf;tomBu;D omum tMunfE;l Bu;D
MunfEl;aeygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu uð''ok
f 'Duð ''okweå rf mS -- 0w¬a'g a[mwd 0PÖa'g
= t0wfouFe;f ukd ay;vSLaewJyh *k K¾ v
d [
f m ½kyt
f qif;ukd ay;vSLaeonf
rnfw,fvkdY a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ½kyftqif;ukd
ay;vSLvkdufwJhtwGuf bmtusKd;&SdovJ¿
0PÖH 'wGm 0PÖó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g?
(tH?2?35/)
0PÖH = ta&miftqif;udk (0g) ½kyftqif;ukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;
aMumifh/ 0PÖó = ½kyftqif;ukd/ bm*D = &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
'Dvdk ½kyftqif;wifhw,foGm;atmif ½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJh
twGufaMumifh 'Daumif;rIukokdvfuHu tusKd;ay;vdkufwJh b0rSm
½kyt
f qif;&JU vSywifw
h ,fjcif;ukd tvSL&Siu
f wpfzef jyef&&SEd idk yf gw,f/
Or®m'EÅt D avmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ trsK;d aumif;orD;uav;ukyd J jyef-
Munfyh g? olvLS 'gef;ylaZmfvu
dk w
f hJ 0wfyef;ykq;dk ukd qifjref;awmfrv
l u
dk w
f hJ
&[ef;awmf&JU oEÅmefrSm ½kyftqif;&JU wufopfp aevkviftvm;
wifhw,f pHy,foGm;yHkukd MunfhNyD;awmh MunfEl;0rf;ajrmufpGmESifh olu
qkawmif;yefxGmjyefw,f/ b,fvkd qkawmif;yefxGmovJ¿
baEÅ t[H ba0 ba0 0dp&EÅD Owår½ly"&m ba0,sH? rH 'doGm
aumpd yk&daom oubma0e oP²mwkH rm tou©d? r,m tbd½ly-
w&m emr tnm rm a[mwk/ (Zmwu?|?5?223/)
baEÅ = t&Sijf rwfb&k m;/ t[H = bk&m;wynfah wmfronf/ ba0
ba0 = b0BuD;i,f toG,foG,fü/ 0dp& EÅD = Muifvnf usufpm;cJh&-
onf&Sdaomf/ Owår½ly"&m = tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh ½kyftqif;ukd
aqmifEkdifwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;onf/ ba0,sH = jzpf&ygvkd\/ rH =
bk&m;wynfah wmfruk/d 'domG = awGUjrifc&hJ onf&daS omf/ aumpd yk&ad om
= wpfpkHwpfa,mufaoma,mufsm;onf/ oubma0e = rdrd&JU yifukd
obm0twkdif;/ oP²mwkH = &yfwnfjcif;iSm/ rm tou©d = rpGrf;Ekdif
ygapownf;/ r,m = bk&m;wynfah wmfrxuf/ tnm = tjcm;wpfpkH
wpfa,mufaom/ tbd½yl w&m emr = omvGeí f ½kyt f qif;vSyaom
trsKd;orD;rnfonf/ rm a[mwk = rjzpfygapom;/
'guawmh 'DtrsK;d orD;uav;&JU qkawmif;cef;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ol&UJ
qkawmif;cef;rSm qkawmif;yHk oHk;rsKd; yg0ifaeygw,f/
eHygwf (1) qkawmif;cef;rSm -- ]b0BuD;i,ftoG,foG,frSm usif-
vnfc&hJ r,fqv dk Qif tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ ½kyt
f qif;ukd aqmifxm;
EkdifwJh trsKd;aumif;orD; jzpfyg&ap}vdkY qkawmif;w,f/
eHygwf (2) qkawmif;cef;rSmawmh -- ]olUukd jrif&wJhtcg b,f
a,mufsm;rqkd rdr&d UJ yifuo
dk abmxm;twkid ;f &yfwnfaezd&Yk ef rpGr;f Ekid f
ygapom;}vdkY qkawmif;w,f/
eHygwf (3) qkawmif;cef;rSmawmh -- ]olUxuf omvGew
f hJ ½kyt
f qif;
vSywifhw,fwJh tjcm;trsKd;orD;qkdwm r&Sdygapom;}vdkY qkawmif;
w,f/
cefYrSef;Munfh&wmuawmh 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;[m tJ'D
b0rSm -- tvGev f nf; qif;&JErG ;f yg;Ny;D ½kyt
f qif;uvnf; odyv f yS [ef
rwlb;l / qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI ½kyt
f qif;&JU rvSyrIwaYdk Mumifh tjcm;tjcm;aom
trsK;d orD; trsK;d om;awGEiS fh qufq&H wJt h ykid ;f rSm b0ukd emMunf;csuf
uav;awGu &Sad eyH&k ygw,f/ trsK;d orD;tcsi;f csi;f tzufrvkycf siw f hJ

oabmç ypön;f *kPf tvS*P k af wG armufaeolwu Ydk armufarmufrmrm
tay:pD;u qufqHrIukd tBudrfrsm;pGm cHae&wJh oabmuav;awG-
vnf; &Sdaumif; &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ wpfzef trsKd;om;awGuvnf; tzuf
rvkycf siw f o hJ abm *½krpku d wf o hJ abmjzifh olUukd jyKrq l ufqyH akH wGvnf;
&Sdaumif; &SdEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd &SdEkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh b0ukd emMunf;-
csufawGeJY 'DqkoHk;rsKd;ukd awmif;aejcif; jzpfyHk&ygw,f/ 'DvkdqkdvQif
olawmif;wJhqkawG[m jynfhvmrSmvm;vkdYawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/
wÍö acg oDv0awm 0'grd? aem 'kóDvó/ £ZÑwd bdu©a0
oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm/ (tH?3?71/)
wÍö acg = xdak wmifw h onfq k jynfph jkH cif;onfvnf;yJ/ oDv0-
h \
awm = oDv&SdwJhyk*¾dKvftm;/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;
awmfryl gay\/ 'kóv D ó = oDvr&Sw d yhJ *k Kd¾ vtf m;/ aem 0'grd = a[m
Mum;awmfrrlyg/ bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ oDv0awm = oDv&SdwJh
yk*¾dKvf\/ 0dok'¨wåm = oDvpifMu,faeonfhtwGufaMumifh/ apawm-
yPd"d = pdwf&JUawmifhwcsuf[lorQonf/ £ZÑwd = rcRwf{uef NyD;pD;
jynfhpHkwwfay\/
]]oDv&Sw d yhJ *k Kd¾ vtf m;omvQif 'Dvkd awmif;wJq h [k m jynfph EkH idk w
f ,f-
vdkY igbk&m; a[mawmfrlygw,f/ oDvr&SdwJholtwGuf 'Dvkd jynfhpHk
r,fvYkd ra[mygbl;/ oDvawG pifMu,faewJt h wGuaf Mumifh oDv&Sw d hJ
twGufaMumifh oDv&SdwJhaumif;rI&Sif&JU pdwf&JUawmifhwcsuf[lorQ
awG[m rcRw{f uef Ny;D pD;jynfph w kH wfw,f}}vkYd 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlwJhtwkdif;yJ 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;[m a*gwrbk&m;-
&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;okdY a&muf&SdvmwJhtcgrSm trsKd;orD;wynfh
om0uwkw Yd iG f bk&m;&Si&f UJ vuf0&J H {w'*fbUGJ xl;ukd &&Srd ,fh om0dum
tavmif;tvsmwpfO;D jzpfwt hJ wGuf ud, k u f sio hf v D awGu jzLpifaeyg-
w,f/
wpfzef [kd 'u©Pd 0db*Fow k eå f (r?3?300/)enf;t& ajymr,fqv
dk Qi-f
awmh tvSL&SifjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;uav;&JU oEÅmefrSm --
1/ ukd,fusifhoDvjzLpifjcif;ç
2/ oHk;ESpfeD;yg; uRefcHum w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazG pkaqmif;
xm;wJh 0wfyef;ykqdk;qkdwJh vSLzG,f0w¬Kypönf; jzpfjcif;ç
3/ ay;vSLaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm &m*ç a'goç arm[ç rmefrmepwJh
udavomw&m;qk;d wkYd 0ifa&muf aESmif, h u S rf I r&So
d jzifh Munf&iT f
0rf;ajrmufaewJh yDwdaomreó jy"mef;aewJh ukokdvfpdwftpOf
awGom jzpfaewJh Munfvifaom pdwfxm; &Sdjcif;ç
4/ uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;ukd ouf0if,kHMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m; &Sd jcif;
qkdwJh ---
'Dt*Fg (4)csufESifh jynfhpHkaeygw,f/ wpfzef tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfukd
Munfhvkdufawmh uóybk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uwpfOD;jzpfwJh oDv
&Sw
d hJ t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwf jzpfaejcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dt*Fg&yfEiS vhf nf; jynfph kH
aejyefw,f/
tvSLay;wJhyk*¾dKvfbufu t*Fgav;csufç tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfbufu
t*Fgwpfcsuf? aygif;vkdufawmh t*Fgig;csuf pkHnDaewJh tvSL'gewpfck
jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvdk tvSL'gersKd;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu -- ]0dykvzv =
jyefYajymBuD;us,f jrifhjrwfwJh tusKd;w&m;&SdwJh 'gersKd;jzpfw,f}vkdY
wpfzef y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fa'oemawmfenf;t& ajymr,fqv
dk Qif t0dZmÆ ç
wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;ig;cku pHknDoGm;NyD
jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;
y&rw¬awm t0dZÆrmaeok £w¬dyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZÆrmae-
okyd cE¨m'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZÆm/ (0dok'¨d?2?157/)
1/ t0dZÆm - 'Dt|uxmzGifhqkdxm;wJhtwkdif;yJ bk&m;&Sif a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh y&rw¬opöme,fu ajymr,fqkdvQif a,mufsm;ç
rdef;rç yk*¾dKvfç owå0gqkdwm r&Sdygbl;/ ½kyftqif;vSolç ½kyftqif;
rvSolqkdwmvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ bmawGom &SdovJ¿ ½kyfw&m;tpktykHç
emrfw&m;tpktyHak wGom &Sw d ,f/ tedpw ö &m;tpktyHçk 'kuw
© &m;tpk
tyHkç tewåw&m;tpktyHkawGom &Sdw,f/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG-
aom ,if;½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awG[m tm;vHk; tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå
w&m;awGcsnf;om jzpfMuw,f/
'gaMumifh tedpöç 'ku©ç tewåawGom jzpfaeMuwJh tJ'D½kyfemrf
"r®ocFg&w&m;awGukd tedpöç 'ku©ç tewåjzpfwJh ½kyfemrfawGyJvkdY
odcJhvQifawmh tJ'DtodÓPf[m rSefaeygw,f/ or®m'd|dyJ/ 'gayr,fh
tedpöç 'ku©ç tewåtpktyHkawGom jzpfMuwJh ½kyfemrftpktyHkawGyJvkdY
rodbJ tvGefvSywJh tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; ½kyftqif;ukd aqmifEkdifwJh
trsKd;orD;vkdY odcJhvQif ,if;todukd todrSm;vkdY qkd&w,f/ tJ'D tod-
rSm;rIukd t0dZÆmvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
2/ wPSm --- ,if;tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; ½kyftqif;ukd aqmifxm;
Ekid w
f hJ trsK;d orD;b0ukd wG,w
f mwyfrufwo hJ abmu wPSm jzpfw,f/
3/ Oyg'gef --- ,if;trsKd;orD;b0ukd pdwfuyfpJGaewJhoabmu
Oyg'gef jzpfw,f/
4/ ocFg& --- 0wfyef;ykqkd;ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh ukokdvfapwem
tkyfpk emrfw&m;awGu olarQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh trsKd;orD;b0ukd
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm; &Sad ewJt
h wGuf ocFg&w&m;-
awG jzpfMuygw,f/
5/ uH --- 'DocFgw&m;awG[m 0dygufemrfw&m;awGvdk ysuo f mG ;wJh
tcg owåw d pfpw kH pf&m rxm;cJb h eJ YJ csKyaf ysmufomG ;wmrsK;d awmh r[kw-f
bl;/ aemifwpfcsdefrSm olarQmfvifhawmifhwxm;wJh ½kyftqif; vSy
wifwh ,fwhJ trsK;d orD;b0ukd jzpfapEkid w f hJ pGr;f tifur®owåud dk ½kyef mrf
tpOfrSm jr§KyfESHNyD;rS csKyfysufoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tifowådukd uHvkdY
ac:qkdygw,f/
aygif;vkdufawmh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqkdwJh
taMumif;w&m; ig;ck pHknDoGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk t0dZÆmç wPSmç
Oyg'gefawG jcH&H NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;cJhwJh ocFg& uHuawmh &ifhusuf
vmwJh wpfaeYrSm tusKd;ay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ xdktrsKd;aumif;orD;
uav;[m wpfcsdefrSm od0dwkdif; t&d|yk&NrdKUrSm uka#&Spfq,f <u,f0
csr;f omwJh wd&#d 0d pätrnf&w dS hJ olaX;Bu;D &JU orD;&wemwpfO;D jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f/ olUukd Or®m'EÅDqw dk hJ emrnfudk ay;xm;ygw,f/ oljyKpyk sK;d axmif
cJw
h hJ qnf;yl;cJw
h hJ uHawGu tusK;d ay;vmNyD jzpfw,f/ (16)ESpt f &G,-f
avmuf a&mufvmwJhtcg olu b,fvkd jzpfvmovJ¿
om aomVo0óduumav twduEú rÅ mEko0PÖm a'0pä&m 0d,
tbd½yl g 'óeD,m ygom'dum y&rm, 0PÖaygu©&wm, orEém*-
wm ta[mod/ (Zmwu?|?5?222/)
om = xkdtrsKd;orD;onf/ aomVo0óduumav = wpfq,fh-
ajcmufESpft&G,fokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom tcsdeftcgumvü/ twduúEÅ-
rmEko0PÖm = vlwdkY\ ½kyftqif;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufaom ½kyf-
tqif;&Sod nfjzpfí/ a'0pä&m 0d, = ewforD;uJo h /Ydk tbd½yl g = tvGef
tqif;vSonf/ 'óeD,m = ½Icsipf zG,&f o dS nf/ ygom'dum = MunfnKd
zG,f*kPfukd aqmifxm;Ekdifonf/ y&rm, 0PÖaygu©&wm, = vGef-
jrwfaom ½kyftqif; vHk;&yfoP²mefESifh/ orEém*wm = jynfhpHkonf/
ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/
wpfq,fah jcmufEpS t f &G,o f Ydk a&mufvmNy?D ½kyt f qif;awGu ody-f
Ny;D awmh vSywifw h ,faeNy?D vlw\ Ykd ½kyt f qif;ukd vGeo f mG ;Ny?D ewforD;
uJhokdY ½kyftqif;u tvGef vSywifhw,faeNyD? b,fvkdyJ MunfhMunfh?
Munf½h &I olwYdk rsupf rd mS tvGeMf unfv h aYdk umif;aeNy?D jrif&olw&Ykd UJ pdwu
f dk
MunfvifapwwfwhJ MunfnKzd , G *f P k u f kd aqmifxm;Ekid w f hJ ½kytf qif;-
rsKd;uvnf; jzpfaejyefNyD? cE¨mukd,ftaetxm;uvnf; tvGeftcsKd;-
usNyD; vGefjrwfaom ½kyftqif; vkH;&yfoP²mefESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaeNyD
jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu -- ]0w¬a'g 0PÖa'g a[mwd = t0wf
ouFef;ukd vSL'gef;jcif;onf ½kyftqif;ukd vSL'gef;onfrnfw,f}vkdY
a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/
]0PÖH 'wGm 0PÖó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g =
½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvf[m ewfüjzpfwJh ½kyftqif; vlüjzpfwJh
½kyftqif;ukd &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdw,f}vdkYvnf; a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qkdawmh ruao;bl;/ olU&JU qkawmif;ESifh
avsmfnDpGm aemufxyf tusKd;awGvnf; &&Sdjyefao;w,f/
a, a, ykxkZÆem wH yóEÅd? aw aw oubma0e oP²mwkH
toauúmEÅm ok&myger'rwåm 0d, udavora'e rwåm [kwmG owð
ypöKy|maywkH orw¬m emr ema[okH/ (Zmwu?|?5?222/)
a, a, ykxkZÆem = tMuif tMuif ykxkZefvlom;wkdYonf/ wH
d rsK;d orD;uk/d yóEÅd = awGUjrifMu&uke\
= xkt f / aw aw = jrifawGU&wJh
xdx
k kd ykxZk efirdu
k o Yk nf/ oubma0e = rdrw
f m;wdo d \ Ykd yifuo dk abm
tm;jzifh/ oP²mwkH = &yfwnfaejcif;iSm/ toauúmEÅm = rpGrf;Ekdifukef
onfjzpfí/ ok&myger'rwåm 0d, = t&ufr;l orm;wku Yd o hJ /Ydk udavo-
ra'e rwåm = udavom,pfrl;jcif;jzifh ,pfrl;ukefonf/ [kwGm =
jzpfMuukefí/ owð = owdw&m;ukd/ ypöKy|maywkH = a&S;½Iwnfap-
tHhaomiSm/ orw¬m emr = pGrf;EdkifaomolwdkYrnfonf/ ema[okH =
rjzpfMuavukef/
'guawmh olU&JU qkawmif;ESihf avsmn f pD mG uHqw
kd hJ w&m;rif;Bu;D u
pD&ifcsucf say;vdu
k jf cif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;t&muawmh 'Dae&m-
rSm ajymvkd&if;awmh r[kwfygbl;/ tusKd;w&m;csif;u qufoG,frI
&SdaevkdYom xnhfajymaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ bmajymvdkwmvJ¿
b,fykxkZefvlom;yJjzpfjzpf 'DtrsKd;orD;ukd jrifawGU&olawG[m
rdrd&JU yifukdoabmtwdkif; &yfwnfaezdkY&ef rpGrf;EkdifMuawmhbl;/
t&ufr;l orm;awGvdk jzpfNy;D awmh owdawG vufvw G jf zpfuek Mf uw,f/
rdrw
d &Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS owdw&m;ukd a&S;½Iwnfaeatmif xm;zd&Yk ef rpGr;f Edik f
jzpfukefMuw,f/
'DtusK;d w&m;awGuawmh tJ't D rsK;d orD;&JU qkawmif;ESihf uHtm;-
avsmfpGm jzpfay:vm&wJh tusKd;qufawGygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm ajymvdk&if;
tcsuu f awmh ]]t0wfouFe;f udk ay;vSLjcif;onf ½kyt f qif;ukd ay;vSL-
onfrnfw,f/ ½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonf ½kyftqif;&JU vSy
wifhw,fjcif;ukd &&Sdjcif; tzdkYbm*&Sdw,f}}qdkwJh tcsufyJ jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck eHygwf (3)ar;cGef;&JU tajzu bmvJ¿
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol
3/ ,mea'g okca'g a[mwd/ (oH?1?29/)
,mea'g = ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d udk ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vo
f nfum;/ okca'g
= csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwdd = jzpfygay\/
,ckacwftajymeJY ajymvQifawmh c&D;a0;wpfckukd oGm;awmhr,fh
yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,mufudk armfawmfum;wpfp;D eJY vdu k yf rYkd ,fqvkd Qif ajcvsif
q,f&ufavmuf oGm;&r,fhc&D;udk wpf&uftwGif; csrf;csrf;omomeJY
a&muf&o dS mG ;Edik w
f ,f/ c&D;oGm;vmaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGukd csr;f omvG,u f -l
atmif &Gufaqmifay;aewJh vkyfief;cGifwpfck jzpfwJhtwGuf ,ckvdk
,mOfudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;onf csrf;omokcudk ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/
odkYaomf qif,mOfç jrif;,mOftp&SdwJh 'Dvdk wd& pämefawGudk uyf,SOf
tokH;jyKxm;wJh ,mOfawGudkawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u &[ef;awmfrsm;udk
tokH;rjyKzkdY&eftwGuf odu©myk'fawmfjzifh ynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/
odu©myk'fjzifh ynwfxm;awmfrlawmh 'Dae&mrSm qdkvdkwJh,mOfuawmh
atmufxpfqkH;yrmPtm;jzifh zdeyfjzpfygw,f/
'DaeYtvSL&Siaf wG Munfv h u kd rf ,fqv
kd Qif rGejf rwfaom qGr;f ç cJz,
G çf
abmZOfawGudkvnf; bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfwdkYESifhwuG &Sif-
a,m*Dç vla,m*D y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYudk vSL'gef;ylaZmf
Muw,f? <ua&mufvmMuukefaom y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;
wdkYudkvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f? t0wfouFef;awGvnf; vSL'gef;
ylaZmfMuw,f? rdrw d Ykd pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf zdeyftp&Sad om ,mOftrsK;d rsK;d
awGuv kd nf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/ 'Dvkd vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;[m wpfzuf-
om; tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vaf wGtay:ü csr;f omokc trsK;d rsK;d awGukd &Guaf qmif
ay;aeonfESifh wlw,f/
],mOfukd ay;vSLjcif;onf tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; csrf;omokcukd
ay;vSLonfrnfw,f}qkad wmh tvSLay;wJyh *k Kd¾ vrf mS bmtusK;d &Syd govJ
vdkYawmh ar;p&m &Sdygw,f/
okcH 'wGm okcó bm*D a[mwd 'dAÁó 0g rmEkoó 0g/
(tH?2?35-36/)
okcH = csrf;omokcukd/ 'wGm = ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh/ 'dAÁó 0g =
ewfürlvnf;jzpfaom/ rmEkoó 0g = vlürlvnf;jzpfaom/ okcó
= csrf;omokcukd/ bm*D = &&Sdjcif; tzdkYbm*&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
csrf;omokcukd ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh tvSL&Sif[m ]vlUcsrf;om ewf
csrf;omac:wJh csrf;omokc t00ukd &&Sdjcif;tzdkYbm*&Sdygw,f}vdkY
bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
xif&mS ;wJh om"uwpfcu
k awmh ax&*gxmygVdawmfrmS vm&Sw
d hJ
orÇLwrax&f okdYr[kwf oDw0ed,rax&f tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh
trsKd;aumif;om;&JU ,mOftvSL'gewpfck jzpfygw,f/
oDw0ed,rax&f (ax&*gxm?|? 55-57/)
tw¬'óD trnf&Sdawmfrlaom bk&m;&SifESifhtwl rsm;pGmaom
wynfh&[ef;oHCmawmfwkdY **Fgjrpfurf;yg;okdY <ucsDawmfrlvmwJhtcg
xkt d rsK;d aumif;om;u bk&m;&Siu f dk zl;awGUvku
d &f awmh tvGef MunfnK-d
aom pdwx f m;&So
d jzifh bk&m;&Six
f aH wmfoYdk csO;f uyfum tvGef ½kad opGm
&Sdcdk;NyD;aemuf ]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ...
xkdrSmbufurf;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlvdkygovm;bk&m;}}vkdY ar;jref;
avQmufxm;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkdrSmbufurf;okdY <ucsD
awmfrlvdkaMumif;ukd jyefvnf rdefYMum;awmfrlvkdufaomtcg wpfcP
twGif;rSmyif avStkyfpkwpfckukd zGJUcsnfum bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCm-
awmfwkdYukd xkdrSmbufurf;okdYta&muf rdrdukd,fwkdif OD;aqmifvkdufydkY
ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 'DtrsKd;aumif;om;ukd oem;apmifha&Smuf-
awmfrlvdkojzifh csD;ajr§mufay;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ csrf;csrf;omom
ryifryef;bJ vG,v f ,
G u f u
l l acsmacsmarmarm vsiv f sijf refjrefjzifh xkrd mS
bufurf;okdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf 'kwd,ajrmufaeYrSm bk&m;
trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfwkdYtm; BuD;us,faom r[m'geyJGBuD;wpfckukd
jyKpkysKd;axmif vkdufjyefw,f/
'Daumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f aH Mumifh uG,v
f eG Nf y;D aemuf vlUjynf ewfjynf
awGrSmyJ pkefqefusifvnfum vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omç pMu0aw;rif;

csrf;omwdkYukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum cHpm; pHpm;cJh&ygw,f/
vGefcJhaom (91)urÇmxufu 0dyóDbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmf
wGif;rSmvnf; omoemabmifodkY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf
"kwifusifh0wfy#dywfwdkYukd aqmufwnfusifhoHk;um orP"r® trnf
&wJh oDvusiphf Ofç orm"dusiphf Ofç ynmusiphf OfvYdk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ &[ef;
w&m;awGukd ESpfaygif;wpfodef;cefY tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
cJhygw,f/ r*fzdkvfedAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh p&PrsKd;aphaumif;
0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyif uóybk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfrmS vnf; omoem-
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf orP"r®trnf&wJh
oDv orm"d ynm odum© oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfwhJ
&[ef;w&m;awGukd ESpfaygif; ESpfaomif;wdkifwkdif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
a*gwrbk&m;&Si\f omoemawmfwiG ;f a&muf&v Sd mwJt h cgrSmvnf;
rdwaf qGo;kH a,muf wkid yf ifnñ
D w
G u
f m omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D
&Sif&[ef;jyKMujyefw,f/ &mZN*dK[fNrdKU okomefteD;tyg;rSm wnf&SdwJh
oDw0e 0etrnf&wJh awm&ausmif;wpfausmif;rSmyJ oDwif;oHk;um
&[ef;w&m;awGukd tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlojzifh ykaAÁ-
ed0gomEkówdÓPfç 'dApÁ u©KÓPfç t&[wår*fÓPfqw dk hJ 0dZmÆ oH;k yg;ukd
&&SdawmfrlwJh &[EÅmrax&fjrwfwpfyg; jzpfoGm;awmfrlygw,f/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?55-57/)
'Dvdk p&PrsKd;aphaumif; 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd atmifatmif
jrifjrif xlaxmifcwhJ t hJ wGuf vlcsr;f omç ewfcsr;f omawGxuf rEIid ;f ,SOf
Ekid af vmufatmif twkr&Sd tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ csr;f omokcBu;D ukd
&&SdoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f ]],mOftrsK;d rsK;d ukd ay;vSL jcif;onf csr;f om
okcukd ay;vSLonfrnfw,f/ csr;f omokcukd ay;vSL jcif;aMumifh vlewf
edAmÁ ef oH;k wefaom csr;f omokcvdYk ac:qkt d yfwhJ csr;f omokc t00ukd
&&Sdjcif;tzdb Yk m*&Sw
d ,f}}vdYk a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ t&[wå-
zdv
k o f rmywfjzifh tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAmÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D -
\ udavomtylrD;wdkYrS tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;at;aeonfh tNidrf;"mwf
csrf;omokcBuD;ukd tm½kH,lum t&[wåzdkvformywf tNidrf;"mwf
t&omBu;D udk oH;k aqmifcpH m;&jcif;xuf Bu;D us,jf rifjh rwfaom csr;f om
okcum; tb,frSm &SdEkdifygawmhrvJ? r&SdEkdifonfom jzpfygw,f/
0e0pärax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?71-74/)
t&Si0f e0pärax&f&UJ tavmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;[m-
vnf; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSawmh wpfckaomb0rSm avSi,f
yrmP&SdwJh vdyfBuD;wpfaumif jzpfcJh&zl;ygw,f/ wpfaeYrSm tw¬'óD
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 0dewtrnf&SdwJh jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mokdY <ua&muf
awmfrv l mygw,f/ bk&m;&Siu f jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mrSm &yfwnfawmfrl
aeygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mrSm &yfwnfawmfrlae
wmukd jrifawGUvkduf&wJhtcg ]]bk&m;&Sifuawmh wpfzufurf;okdY
ul;awmfrlvkd[efwlw,f}}[k oabmaygufum rdrd&JU ausmufukef;
ay:ukd wifaqmifum wpfzufurf;odYk ydaYk qmifvw dk thJ wGuf bk&m;&Si&f UJ
ajcawmf&if;rSm 0yfpif;ay;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkdvdyf&JU
tZÑmo,"mwfudk od&adS wmfro l nft
h wGuf xkv d yd u f dk oem;apmifah &Smuf
csD;ajr§mufawmfrlvdkojzifh ukokdvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef &nfoef
awmifhwawmfrlum vdyf&JU ausmufukef;ay:odkY wufa&mufawmfrl
vku d yf gw,f/ vdyu f vnf; ESpof uf&iT v
f ef; 0rf;ajrmufaom pdw"f mwf-
jzifh av;n§KdUrS vTwfvkdufwJhjrm;uJhokdY tvGef vsifjrefwJh t[kefjzifh
wpfzufurf;okdY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;vdkufygw,f/
xdkaumif;rIaMumifh vlUjynfç ewfjynfawGrSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm usif

vnfNyD;awmh vlUcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omawGukd &&SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ okdYaomf
rdrd&&SdwJh vlUb0ç vlUcsrf;omukd tcsnf;ESD; rjzpf&atmif tusKd;&SdwJh
wefzdk;&SdwJh vlUb0wpfckjzpfatmif tBudrfrsm;pGm b0aygif;rsm;pGm
&aoh&[ef;jyKum awmxGufNyD; &[ef;w&m;awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
cJhygw,f/ uóybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSmvnf; omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD; oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmuf&m
yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;awGukd pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhygw,f/ pifMu,faom
oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfum orx-0dyóembm0em
wdu Yk dk tjyif;txef ESpaf ygif; ESpaf omif;cefY BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f/
,ckvdk qnf;yl;cJhwJh p&PrsKd;aphaumif; 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif; yg&rD
wd&Yk UJ pGr;f tifawGu tm;ay;axmufyv hH u
dk w
f t
hJ wGuf aemufq;kH b0rSm
uydv0wfaejynfawmf0,f bke;f Bu;D wd&Yk UJ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf-
ESifh ajrrIefYupm;bufwpfOD; vmjzpfcJhygw,f/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf
od'¨w¬rif;om; awmxGufawmfrlwJhtcgrSm olvnf; awmxGufNyD;
&aoh&[ef;jyKum [dr0EÅmt&yfrmS oDwif;oH;k aexkid cf yhJ gw,f/ awm-
xJrmS yJ arGUavsmaf ysmyf u dk f ESpNf cKd uw hJ wGuf 0e0pä[k xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f/
f t
a*gwrbk&m;&Sifvnf; bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyDvdkY odvkduf-
wJhtcg bk&m;&Sif&JU xHawmfarSmufokdY ta&mufoGm;um &Sif&[ef;
jyKNy;D aemuf bk&m;&Si&f UJ xHawmfrS ur®|mef;w&m;awGudk oif,u l m awm
twGi;f okyYd if wpfzef jyef<uNy;D orx-0dyóembm0emawGukd tjyif;
txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlvkdufwm t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefukd
rsufarSmufjyKoGm;awmfrlchJygw,f/
tw¬'óDbk&m;&Siftm; ,mOfvSLcJhzl;wJh ukokdvfukd tajccHum
tqifqh ifah om orx-0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukov dk w
f &m;awGudk pHcsed rf D
pkaqmif;qnf;yl;EkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omwGif
omru t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefcsrf;omtxd qkdufa&mufoGm;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/
Owåd,rax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?110-112/)
t&SiOf wå,
d rax&f&UJ tavmif;tvsmjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;[m-
vnf; a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm oHo&m0#frS
xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh 'geç oDvç orxç 0dyóem tpjzmwJh
aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd qnf;yl;&if;jzifh oHo&mc&D;ukd jzwfoef;vm
vkdufwm wpfckaomb0rSm uHraumif; taMumif;rvSavawmh
rdausmif;Bu;D oGm;jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ pE´bm*gjrpfwiG ;f rSm usupf m;cJyh gw,f/
xdktcsdeftcgrSm od'¨w¬bk&m;&Sifvnf; avmurSm yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJh
ygw,f/ wpfaeYrmS od'w ¨ b
¬ &k m;&Siv f nf; pE´bm*gjrpfurf;okYd <ua&muf
awmfrlvmygw,f/ xdkrdausmif;uvnf; wpfzufurf;odkY ul;zkdY&ef
<ujref;awmfrlvmaom bk&m;&Sifukd zl;awGUvkduf&wJhtcg Munfvif
&Tijf yaom pdw"f mwfjzifh bk&m;&Siu f dk wpfzufurf;okYd ykaYd qmifvo
kd jzifh
jrpfurf;yg;rSm 0yfpif;ay;vkdufygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; rdausmif;ukd
tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufawmfrv l okd jzifh ausmufuek ;f xufrmS ajcawmf
tpHk Mumy'kHwdkYukd wnfxm;ay;awmfrlvdkufygw,f/ rdausmif;uvnf;
tvGew f uf<u &Tiv f ef;0rf;yef;womjzpfum ESpq f wufNy;D BuKd ;pm;um
wpfzufurf;okdY tjrefa&mufatmif ydkYaqmifay;vdkufygw,f/
bk&m;&Siu f vnf; rdausmif;&JU Munfvif&iT jf yaeaom pdw"f mwfudk
Munfh½Iawmfrlum ]]þrdausmif;[m rdausmif;b0rS pkawNyD;aemuf
ewfjynf ewfavmurSm jzpfayvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dewfb0u pNyD;awmh
vlUjynfç ewfjynfqw dk hJ ok*wdbb kH 0awGrmS om usiv f nfae&vdrrhf ,f/
'DurÇmrS a&wGuv f u kd v
f Qif (94)urÇmajrmuf a&mufwt hJ cgrSm rao&m
tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef csr;f omBu;D ukd &&Sad yvdrrhf ,f}}vkYd Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;-
awmfrlum tvdk&Sd&mt&yfodkY <ujref;oGm;awmfrlygw,f/

twdwfu pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhwJh rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefokdY a&muf-
aMumif; yg&rDw&m;taygif;wkdY&JU vIHUaqmfrIaMumifh tm;ay;axmufyHh
rIaMumifh bkef;BuD;wdkY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhxGef;awmfrlwJh tcsdef
tcgrSm om0w¬djynf jAm[®PtrsKd;tEG,frSm trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD;
vmjzpfygw,f/ Owå, d vkYd rdbawGu emrnfay;xm;Muygw,f/ t&G,f
a&mufvmwJt h cgrSm twdwu f yg&rDw&Ydk UJ vIUH aqmfraI Mumifh tdraf xmif-
a&;avmuukd pdwfr0ifpm;bJ ]]trwH trwH y&da,odómrd = rao&m
tNrKd uef Ad mÁ efuo dk m ig&SmazGr,f}}qkw d hJ pdw"f mwfawGom jzpfay:aewJh
twGuf rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefw&m;udk ig&atmif &SmazGr,fqkdwJh
OD;wnfcsufjzifh y&dAkdZfwpfOD; jyKvkyfvdkufygw,f/ wpfaeYrSmawmh
bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ bk&m;&SiEf iS hf awGUqHck iG hf &&Scd yhJ gw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ xHawmfrS
w&m;awmfrsm;ukd Mum;emcGifh &&SdwJhtwGuf omoemabmifokdY 0if-
a&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKawmfrlvkdufygw,f/
okdYaomf orx-0dyóembm0emawGudk tjyif;txef BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfaomfvnf; t&[wåzdkvfokdY rqkdufa&mufEkdif jzpfaeygw,f/
taMumif;uawmh ]]oDvm'DeH t0daom"dwwåm = (ax&*gxm?|?1?111??)
oDvpwJh usi0hf wfy#dywfawGudk pifMu,fatmif raq;aMum rokwo f if
EkdifwJhtwGuf}} rpifMu,fwJh oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJh orx-0dyóembm0emawG[m tpGrf;
rxufwJhtwGuf t&[wåzdkvfyef;ukd rqifjref;Ekdif jzpfaew,f??
wpfaeYrSmawmh bk&m;&SifxHawmfokdY csOf;uyfum tusOf;csKyf
tqHk;trMo0g'ukd toem;cH avQmufxm;awmif;yefygw,f/ bk&m;-
&Sifuvnf; ---
wo®mwd[ wGH Owåd, tm'dar0 0daoma"[dd/ (oH?3?144/)
oifu edAÁmefukd wu,f vkdvm;awmifhww,f? rao&mtNrdKuf
edAÁmefukd wu,f tvdk&Sdw,fqkdvQifawmh omoemawmf&JU tpjzpfwJh
oDvukdyJ pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifyg/ pifMu,fwJh oDv
wnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD;awmh owdy|mefw&m;awGukd --
1/ tZÑwåoEÅmefrSmç
2/ A[d'öEÅmefrSmç
3/ tZÑwåoEÅmefç A[d'öEÅmef ESpfrsKd;vHk;rSm --
tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg ponfjzifh wkdufwGef;ay;awmf
rlvkdufygw,f/ oDvawGukd pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifNyD;
aemuf pifMu,faom oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfvsuf
wpfyg;xD;wnf; qdwNf ird &f mt&yfoYdk csO;f uyfum tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfvkdufwm olvkdvm;awmifhwaewJh rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmef-
BuD;udk t&[wår*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdYjzifh &SmazGawGU&SdoGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f ]],mOfudk vSL'gef;jcif;onf csr;f omokcukd vSL'gef;
onfrnfw,f/ csr;f omokcukd vSL'gef;jcif;aMumifh vlewfeAd mÁ ef oH;k wef-
aom csr;f omokcukd &&Sdjcif; tzdb Yk m*&Swd ,f}}vkYd a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;
jzpfygw,f/ ,mOfvSLwJh aumif;rIukokdvfwpfckwnf;aMumifh rao&m
tNrKd uef Ad mÁ efBu;D ukd &&So
d mG ;w,fvaYdk wmh rqkvd ydk gbl;/ tJ'D ukov
dk u
f
tm;ay;axmufyHhyHkukdom ajymvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh
ruao;bl;/ aemufwpfcu k eHygwf (4)ar;cGe;f ukd b,fvdk ajzMum;awmf
rlovJ¿
rsufpdukd ay;vSLol
4/ 'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g/ (oH?1?29/)
'Dya'g = qDrD;udk ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ pu©Ka'g = rsufpdudk
ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
qDrD;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf rsufpdudk ay;vSLaewJh yk*¾dKvf

jzpfw,f/ 'DrsufpdtvSLuawmh txl;ojzifh t&SiftEk½k'¨grax&fjrwf
wdkYuJhodkY 'dAÁpu©KuJhodkYaom rsufpdtqifhtxd tvGef tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;aewJh rsufpdawGudk &nfñTef;NyD; ajymqdkaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
nOfth cg arSmifraJ ewJah e&mrSm qDr;D a&mif &Scd rhJ ,fqv kd Qif tvSLcH
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu qDr;D a&mifatmufrmS awGUoifh awGUxdu k çf jrifoifh jrifxu
dk f
wJh t&m0w¬KtrsKd;rsKd;awGudk jrifMu&w,f/ 'Dvdk jrif&wJhtwGuf qDrD;
vSL'gef;vku d w
f yhJ *k Kd¾ vu
f tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ rsupf td jrifukd ay;vSLae-
wmeJY odyNf y;D wlw,f/ 'DaeY tvSL&Siaf wGudk Munfv h u kd vf Qif vkad vao;
r&Sdatmif qDrD;awGvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuygw,f/
t&SiftEk½k'¨g (tH?|?1?143-145/)
'Dae&mrSm t&Sit f Ek½'k g¨ rax&fjrwf&UJ qDr;D vSLwJxh ;kH ukd ajym&r,f
qkdvQifawmh t&SiftEk½k'¨gtavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;[m
vGecf whJ hJ urÇmwpfoed ;f xufu y'krw k &å bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfwiG ;f -
rSm 'dApÁ u©KtbdnmPft&mü {w'*fbUGJ xl; &&Szd &Ykd ef &nfoef awmifw h
vsuf aumif;rIuo k v
dk jf yKum qkawmif;yefxmG cJo h l jzpfygw,f/ y'krw k &å
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfjrwftwGif;rSm
'dApÁ u©KtbdnmPft&mrSm {w'*fbUGJ xl;ukd &&Srd nfjzpfaMumif; ed,w-
Asm'dwfyef;ukd qifjref;ay;oem;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sif\
omoemawmf[m vlwo Ydk ufwrf; tESpwf pfoed ;f wrf;rSm yGix hf eG ;f awmf
rlwJh omoemawmf jzpfygw,f/ ,if;ESpfaygif; wpfodef;twGif;rSm
pGr;f tm;&So d avmuf yg&rDaumif;rI ukov dk af wGudk qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJh
ygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifvnf; y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrloGm;
ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU "mwfawmfawGukd XmyemzdkY&ef ckepf,lZem&Sdaom
a&TapwDawmfBuD;wpfqlukd wnfaqmufMuygw,f/ apwDawmfBuD;
NyD;qHk;oGm;wJhtcg t&SiftEk½k'¨gtavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;u
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;xH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh ]]'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfÓPf
&&SdzdkY&ef y&duHaumif;rIukokdvfu b,fvkdukokdvfrsKd;ygvJbk&m;}}qdkNyD;
ar;jref;avQmufxm;ygw,f/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; qDr;D vSL&ef
tMuHjyKawmfrlMuygw,f/
tJ't D cgrSm 'DtrsK;d aumif;om;u opfyif wpfyif wpfyifrmS qDr;D
wkdifaygif; wpfaxmifpD wpfaxmifpD yg&SdwJh qDrD;wkdifxGef;nd§xm;wJh
opfyifBuD;aygif;u wpfaxmifç qDrD;wkdifxGef;nd§xm;wJh opfyifvwf
aygif;u wpfaxmifç qDrD;wkdifxGef;nd§xm;wJh opfyifi,faygif;u
wpfaxmiftm;jzifh qDr;D wkid x f eG ;f ndx
§ m;wJh opfyifaygif; oH;k axmifwu
Ydk dk
jyKvyk af pum vSL'gef;ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ tjcm;tjcm;aom ra&rwGuEf idk f
avmufatmif rsm;jym;wJh qDrD;awGukdvnf; vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ uóybk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmftcgrSmvnf; ol<u,f
wpfOD;yifjzpfum uóybk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrloGm;wJhtcg
wpf,lZem&SdwJh a&TapwDawmfBuD; wnfxm;NyD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; qDrD;
ylaZmf&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufeJY a&TcGufaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYukd oGef;cwfjyKvkyf
apw,f/ tJ'aD &Tcu G Bf u;D awGxrJ mS axmywfawG tjynfx h nfv
h u dk w
f ,f/
a&Tcu G &f UJ tv,fwnfw h nfrh mS wifvcJ u
J dk xnfNh y;D awmh apwDawmftm;
qDr;D ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ a&Tcu G t
f a&twGuf b,favmufrsm;ovJqv dk Qif
wpf,Zl emywfvnf&Sw d hJ a&TapwDawmfBu;D ukd ywfvnfvn S uhf m yHpk wH l
a&TcGufawGukd a&TcGuftem;a&;csif; xdpyfatmif xm;NyD;awmhrS qDrD;
ylaZmfcyhJ gw,f/ a&TcuG af wG b,favmufrsm;r,fqw dk m 'g,umBu;D awG
cefYrSef;om tm½Hk,lMunfhyg/
olu 'DavmufeJY tm;r&ao;bl;/ rdrdtwGuf a&TcGufBuD;BuD;
wpfv;kH jyKvyk u
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h nfv
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BuD;&JU tem;a&;ywfywfvnfrSm qDrD;pmaygif; wpfaxmifukd xGef;n§d

vkdufw,f/ tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm ykqdk;Murf;wpfckukd uspfum qDrD;pm
jyKvkyfum xGef;n§dvkdufw,f/ 'Dvdk qDrD;awG xGef;n§dxm;wJh a&TcGuf
Bu;D ukd OD;acgif;ay:rSm &Guo
f ,fum nOfo
h ;kH ,mrfywfv;kH wpf,Zl em&Sw
d hJ
apwDawmfBuD;ukd vSnfhywfum ylaZmfjyefw,f/ tvGef jyif;xefpGm
wuf<u&Tifvef;aewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh yg&rDukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd pkaqmif;
&SmazGcJhjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
y'krwk &å bk&m;&Sif uóybk&m;&Sipf wJh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ
omoemawmfwGif;rSm 'Dvdk qDrD;vSL'gef;ylaZmfwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawG
omru t&[wår*f t&[wåzdkvfukd arQmfrSef;um 'geç oDvç orxç
0dyóem tpjzmwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGukdvnf; qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJh
ygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gÓPfav;yg;wkdYukd &&Sdr,fholawmfaumif;wpfOD;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh y#dorÇd'gÓPfukd &&Sdr,fh olawmfaumif;wkdY jznfhusifh
&r,fh t*Fg&yfawGukd jznfhusifh qnf;yl;cJhygw,f/
1/ y&d,wåd = bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;pum;awmfwkdYukd oif,ljcif;ç
2/ o0e = bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfwu Ydk dk t½kt
d aojyKum em,l-
jcif;ç
3/ y&dypk mä = ygVdawmfEiS hf ygVdawmf&UJ teuft"dygÜ ,fwu Ykd dk zGiq
hf -dk
aMumif;jzpfwhJ t|uxm ponfwüYdk cufcw J hJ txH;k
tzGJUç teufç yk'ftqHk;tjzwfawGukd oif,ljcif;ç
4/ ykAÁa,m* = a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm
qGrf;cHtoGm;tjyefwkdYü ur®|mef;ukd aqmifvsuf
ocFg½kayu©mÓPfokdYwkdifatmifaom 0dyóem
bm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;jcif;? (0dok'¨d?2?72/)
'Dt*Fg&yfawGu y#dorÇ'd gÓPfwu Ydk dk &&Srd ,fh olawmfaumif;awGu
a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw f &Ydk UJ omoemawmfwiG ;f rSm jznfu h si&hf r,fh t*Fg-
&yfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?72/)
t&SiftEk½k'¨g tavmif;tvsm trsKd;aumif;om;[mvnf; y#d-
orÇ'd gÓPf&&Srd ,fh olawmfaumif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;-
&Siw
f &Ydk UJ omomemawmfwiG ;f rSm 'Dt*Fg&yfawGudk jznfu
h sichf w
hJ hJ olawmf-
aumif;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ aemufqHk;b0rSmvnf; t"d*rrac:wJh
t&[wår*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwkdifatmifaom avmukwå&mw&m;wdkYukd
&&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
t&[wår*f qku d af &mufomG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm olarQmv f ifh awmif-h
wcJw h hJ ewfrsupf u
d dk (= ta0;teD;&So d rQ ½lyg½kt
H rsK;d rsK;d awGukd jrifEidk w
f hJ
'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfÓPfrsufpd)ukd &&SdcJhygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siuf ]]'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g = qDr;D ukd ay;vSLwJh
yk*¾dKvf[m rsufpdukd ay;vSLwJhyk*¾dKvfjzpfw,f}}vkdY rdefYMum;awmfrljcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd rsupf u d dk ay;vSLwJt
h wGuf yuwdrsupf d Munfvif½k-H
wGifomru 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfÓPfuJhokdYaom ÓPfrsufpdukdyg &&Sd-
atmif aus;Zl;jyKay;EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm a,m*DwpfOD;taMumif;ukdvnf; ajymjyOD;r,f/ a,m*D
wpfOD;u y#dpöorkyÜg'fykdif;½IuGufawGukd ½IvkdufwJhtcg twdwfu rdrd
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHawGudk &SmazG
vkdufwJhtcg olu bmuHawGudk xlaxmifcJhovJqkdawmh apwDawmf
wpfqrl mS qDr;D vSL'gef;cJzh ;l olwpfO;D jzpfw,f/ vGecf ahJ om yxrtwdwf
b0rSm oHCmawmftm; xD;ç zdeyfç ouFef;wkdYukd vSL'gef;cJhzl;w,f/
tJ'DukokdvfuHu 'Db0rSm vmNyD; tusKd;ay;aeygw,f/ 'guawmh
'Da,m*D&UJ y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fyidk ;f ukd ½Iwt
hJ cgrSm olU&JU awGU&Scd suf jzpfygw,f/
okaYd omf 'kw,
d twdwb f 0rSm apwDawmfwpfqt
l m; qDr;D vSLcJzh ;l -
w,f/ tJ'D qDrD;vSLcJhwJhukokdvfuHu ,ckb0rSm 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;wJhtcg vmNyD; axmufyHhaewmukd 0dyóem½Iwkdif;

vkv
d dk vmawGUae&w,f/ 0dyóemawG ody½f aI umif;vmNyq D v
dk Qif olU&JU
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tcgrSm 0dyóemquf½IaevQif 0dyóemÓPfawGuvnf; tvGef
xufvmNyD; 0dyóem½IvkdY ykdykdaumif;vmw,f/ 0dyóemÓPfaMumifh
jzpfay:vmwJh ÓPfta&miftvif;awG[mvnf; awmufyvmwmukd
awGU&w,fvdkY qkdw,f/ edAÁmefukd &nfrSef;um vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhwJh 'Dvkd
qDrD;tvSL[m yuwdrsufpdtMunf"mwfwGifomru 0dyóemÓPf
rsufpdtjrifukdyg pl;&Sxufjruf oGufvufatmif tm;ay;axmufyHhae
wmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qDrD;ukd vSL'gef;wJhyk*¾dKvf[m rsufpdukd
ay;vSLaewJh yk*¾dKvfyJ jzpfw,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu rdefYMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (5)ar;cGef;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; b,fvkd
ajzawmfrlovJ¿
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol
5/ aom p oAÁ'a'g a[mwd? a,m ''gwd Oyó,H/ (oH?1?29??)
a,m = tMuiftvSL&Sifonfum;/ Oyó,H = ausmif;ocFrf;udk/
''gwd = ay;vSL\/ aom p = xkdtvSL&Sifonfum;/ oAÁ'a'g =
tvkH;pkHudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
,ckvkd ausmif;ocFr;f aqmufvyk Nf y;D awmh vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/
'Dvdk ausmif;ocFrf; aqmufvkyfNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfwJh tvSL'geonf/
oAÁ'ge = tukev f ;Hk udk ay;vSLaeonfrnfw,f/ tukev f ;Hk udk ay;vSL-
w,fqdkwmu bmudk qdkvdkovJ¿
oaAÁoHa,0 Avm'DeH 'g,aum a[mwd/ (oH?|?1?78/)
oaAÁoHa,0 Avm'DeH = cGeftm;tp&Sdukefaom tvkH;pkHwdkYudk
omvQif/ 'g,aum = ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif;ç ½kyftqif;vSyjcif;ç csrf;omBuD;jcif;ç rsufpd
tjrifaumif;jcif; tp&SdwJh vSLzG,f0w¬K tpkpk tm;vkH;udk ay;vSLae-
onfESifh wlw,f/ b,fvdkaMumifhvJqdkawmh &[ef;awmfu ,ckvdk
ausmif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifNyD qkdMuygpdkY? oDwif;okH;aexkdifwJh tcsdef
tcgrSm uHtm;avsmfpGm bkef;BuD;wkdY qGrf;cHpm;wJhyk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmh
'Davmu"HawGudk MuHKawGUwwfygw,f/
wpfcgwpf&H tcefrY oifb h ;l qdv
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jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk r&&Sb
d ;l / &Gmi,fuav;awG ESp&f mG oH;k &Gm vSnv hf nfNy;D awmh
qGr;f cHaomfvnf; qGr;f u jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk r&cJb h ;l qkv
d Qiv
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f
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twGi;f rSm acwåcP0ifNy;D em;vku d vf Ykd tarmajyoGm;Nyq D v
dk Qif cGet f m;-
awG wk;d wufvmovdk jzpfomG ;w,f/ 'gYaMumifh ausmif;ocFr;f ukd ay;vSL
jcif;onf tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf odkYr[kwf aexkdifoDwif;okH;aewJh oHCmawmf
awG&JU cGeftm;udk ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/
aemufwpfcku cPacwåavmuf anmifapmif;rSm tdyfpufvkduf
NyD;awmh xvkdufr,fqdkvQif tpmrpm;&wJhyk*¾dKvfyJ jzpfcsifjzpfygap
tdyf,mrS cPacwå ig;rdepf q,frdepfavmuf tdyfpufNyD;rS Ekd;vmwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm rdrd&JU cE¨mudk,fudk vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif rdrd&JU cE¨mudk,f
xJrmS cGet
f m;awGukd oGe;f avmif;xnfah y;vku
d of vdk 'Dausmif;uav;u
&Gufaqmifay;aewmudk tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf odkYr[kwf acwå oDwif;okH;
aexkdifawmfrlwJh &[ef;awmfu awGU&SdEkdifw,f/
aemufwpfcku tjyiftyrSm vSnfhvnfusufpm;aer,fqdkMupkdY?
aeylxJudk oGm;r,fç rkd;&GmxJudk oGm;r,fç tBudrfrsm;pGm oGm;aecJhr,f
qkvd Qivf nf; tom;&JU ta&miftqif;awG[m ysupf ;D oGm;wwfygw,f/
0dobm*vdaYk c:qdtk yfwhJ rnDrQwhJ &moDOwk'Pfcsuaf Mumifh cE¨mud,k -f
rSm jzpfay:vmwJh ½kyo
f EÅwtd pOfawG[m ajymif;vJomG ;w,f/ wif;wdy-f
uJo
h aYkd om a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d awG ta&jym;ay:rSm pGu
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txd a&muf&SdoGm;w,f/
odkYaomf yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu ausmif;twGif; 0ifNyD;awmh psmef-
ormywfawGudk 0ifpm;Ny;D aer,f/ 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;awG pD;jzef;
NyD;aer,f/ psmefcsrf;omç r*fcsrf;omç zkdvfcsrf;omç edAÁmefcsrf;omqdkwJh
'Dcsrf;omokcawGudk cHpm;NyD; aexkdifvdkufr,fqdkvQifawmh ausmif;
twGif;rSm acwåcPyJ aexkdifonfjzpfap xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm ½kyf-
tqif;awGu MunfvifawmufyoGm;w,f/ ausmif;ocFr;f u xkyd *k Kd¾ v-f
&JU ½kyftqif;udk Munfvif oefY&Sif;oGm;atmif &Gufaqmifay;EkdifwJh
pGrf;tm;vnf; &Sdw,f/ rnDrQwJh &moDOwkaMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh
tom;ta&mif&UJ ysupf ;D rIawGukd 'Dausmif;ocFr;f u umuG,af y;w,f/
½kytf qif; tom;ta&ta&miftqif;awG&UJ Munfvif awmufyrIukd
'Dausmif;ocFr;f uav;u oGe;f avmif;Ny;D xnfah y;vdu k o f vdk aus;Zl;jyK
ay;oGm;w,f/ t&dyx f rJ mS csr;f csr;f omomjzifh orx-0dyóembm0em
awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd w f thJ wGuf xko d al wmfaumif;&JU tom;ta&-
awG[m MunfvifawmufyoGm;wJhoabm &Sdvmw,f/
aemufwpfcu k ausmif;ocFr;f &JU tjyifbufrmS txl;ojzifh nOf-h
tcgrsK;d rSm vSnv hf nfNy;D oGm;vmMur,fqv kd Qif cvkww f u dk rf cd sivf nf;
wku
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ab;tEÅ&m,fawGev YJ nf; awGUcsiaf wGUr,f/ 'DaeY ausmif;'g,umawG
Munfv h udk rf ,fqv kd Qif oDwif;ok;H wJah usmif;rSm aexkid wf yhJ *k Kd¾ vaf wG 'Dvkd
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ususee jyKjyifNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfw,f/ ausmif;wGifomru vrf;awGç
wHwm;awGudkvnf; aoaocsmcsm jyKjyifNyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/
vrf;awGuv dk nf; ususee jyKvyk yf al Zmfay;awmh 'Dvrf;udk avQmufomG ;
ae&wJh &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf ab;tEÅ&m,fawGrSvnf; uif;oGm;
w,f/
tvm;wlyJ a>rç uif;tp&SdwJh ab;tEÅ&m,fawG[m ausmif;
twGif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifaewJh xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm b,fvdkrQ
usa&mufNyD; rvmEkdifbl;/ ab;tEÅ&m,fawG rusa&mufatmif
'Dausmif;uae umuG,fay;w,f/ tvm;wlyJ 'Dausmif;twGif;rSm
oDwif;okH;aexkdifwJhyk*¾dKvfu jcifç rSuftp&SdwJh ab;tEÅ&m,fawG&JU
awGUxdrI 'Pfcsuaf wGrS uif;a0;aewJt h wGuf csr;f omokctrsK;d rsK;d awG
olUoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh ruao;bl;/ 'D
ausmif;twGif;rSm oDwif;okH;aexkdifawmfrlwJh yk*¾dKvfu bk&m;&Sif&JU
w&m;awmfawGudk &Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fw,f/ xkd&Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,faewJh
tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGudk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh
csr;f omaewJh yDwo d ck OD;aqmifaewJh ukov
dk w
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oEÅmefrSm wkd;yGm;NyD; vmEdkifygw,f/
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pGr;f tm;&Sv d Ykd xkad usmif;twGi;f rSm orxbm0emawGukd atmifatmif-
jrifjrif usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd cf rhJ ,fqv dk Qif psmeformywf
awGudk 0ifpm;EdkifvQif psmefcsrf;omawGudk olUoEÅmefrSm cHpm;EkdifwJh
oabmawG &Sdw,f/ 0dyóembm0emawGudk pepfwus usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd cf rhJ ,fqv kd Qiv
f nf; 0dyóemcsr;f omawGukd
olUoEÅmefrmS cHpm;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm;awG &Svd mw,f/ 'Dxuf tqifjh rifv h Ykd
rdrdu r*fcsrf;omç zdkvfcsrf;omtxd qkdufatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
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oEÅo d ck *kPu f kd tm½k,
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pGrf;tm;vnf; &SdvmEkdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh csrf;omokctrsKd;rsKd;awGudk
'Dausmif;u xkd&[ef;awmftm; &Gufaqmifay;aeygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tjyifty aeylxJrSm oGm;vmNyD;awmh aeylxJuae

jzKef;ceJ ausmif;t&dyfxJudk 0ifvdkufvQif rsufpdawGu rIefoGm;w,f/
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f -J
udk 0ifvmwJhtwGuf ausmif;twGif;&SdwJh ukwif anmifapmif;awGudk
vG,fvG,fulul rjrif&bl;xm;? cPacwåavmuf NidrfaevdkufNyD;rS
rsufvkH;ukd zGifhMunfhvdkufvQifawmh ukwif anmifapmif;awGudk oJoJ
uGJuGJeJY jrifEkdifw,f/ qdkvdkwmu 'Dausmif;ocFrf;onf &[ef;awmf&JU
oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:aewJh rsufpdtjrifudkvnf; MunfvifoefY&Sif;oGm;-
atmif &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdaew,f/
'gaMumifh ausmif;ocFr;f udk ay;vSLjcif;onf cGet f m;udk ay;vSLonf
rnfw,f/ ½kyt f qif;awGukd vSywifw h ,fatmif ay;vSLaeonfvnf;
rnfw,f/ csrf;omokctrsKd;rsKd;udk ay;vSLaeonfvnf; rnfw,f/
rsupf t d jrifukd ay;vSLonfvnf; rnfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmvnf; a&S;xH;k -
a[mif;wpfckukd ajymMu&atmif ---
uk#d0d[m&dax&f (ax&*gxm?|?1?161-162/)
t&Sifuk#d0d[m&drax&ftavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;
wpfOD;uawmh vGefcJhwJh urÇmwpfodef;xufu yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhwJh
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Siftm; aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <uvmwmukd jrif&wJhtcg
bk&m;&Siu f dk aomufa& odyv f LS csio
f mG ;w,f/ 'geJY olu tvGeMf unfvif
at;jrwJh a&ukd ,laqmifum tvGef ESpfouf&Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufwJh
pdwfxm;eJY aumif;uifbufukd rsufESmarmhum ajr§mufypfNyD; vSL'gef;
vkud yf gw,f/ bk&m;&Siu f vnf; olU&JU tZÑmo,"mwfcu H dk od&adS wmfrwl hJ
twGuf MunfndKrI o'¨gw&m; wk;d yGm;apvkw d hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh aumif;-
uifrSm &yfwnfawmfrlum vufcHawmfrlvkdufygw,f/
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usifvnfum vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omawGukd tBudrfrsm;pGm cHpm;
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xufawmf a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm orP"r®ac:wJh orx-0dyóem
tpjzmwJh &[ef;w&m;awGudk ESpfaygif;ESpfaomif;cefY usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
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udkvnf; atmifatmifjrifjrif MuJcspkdufysKd;cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D wkYd a*gwrbk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfa&mufvmwJt h cgrSm
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f ahJ b;ç
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ay;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ ab;'kuB© u;D awG Nird ;f at;oGm;cJw
h ,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ
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ygw,f/ 'DavmufBuD;rm;vSwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU bkef;wefckd;tmEkabmfukd
MunfndKo'¨gyGm;um tJ'DtrsKd;aumif;om;u omoemabmifokdY 0if-
a&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKcJhygw,f/
&Si&f [ef;jyKNy;D aemuf oDvukd jzLpifatmif aq;aMumokwo
f ifjcif;ç
pdwt f pOfrmS eD0&Pac:wJh udavomtnpftaMu;awG uif;pifomG ;-
atmif orxbm0emawGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;
qkdwJh 0dyóem&JU a&SUajy; ykAÁudpö t00ukd jyKvkyfcJhygw,f/ wpfzef
orm"dudk tajccHum 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;awGudk tywfwukwf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf v,fawm
wpfc&k UJ teD;uae jzwfausmu f m c&D;vrf;wpfcuk dk oGm;aewke;f tcsed rf mS
jzKe;f ceJ rd;k &GmcsvmwmeJY v,fawmteD;rSm&Sw
d hJ v,fapmifah ,mufsm;&JU
aumif;rIuok v
dk jf zpfwhJ jrufr;dk xm;wJh ausmif;ocFr;f uk#w
d pfcu
k dk jrifawGU
vkdufawmh 0ifNyD;awmh rkd;ckdvdkufygw,f/
tJ'Djrufrdk;wJausmif;twGif;rSm&SdwJh jruftcif;ay:rSm xkdifNyD;
oDwif;oH;k vku d wf ,f/ wJausmif;uav;xJrmS xkid v f u dk wf meJY wpfNyKd i-f
eufwnf; rQwwJhOwkukd rSD0Jvkduf&wJhtwGuf 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;ukd qufvufpD;jzef;awmfrlvkdufwm t&[wåzdkvfwdkifatmif
qkdufa&mufoGm;cJhygw,f/ tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;jzpfwJh csrf;omokcukd
&&So
d mG ;cJyh gw,f/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;tvSL[m tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ
r*fcsr;f omç zdv k cf sr;f omqkw
d hJ csr;f omokcBu;D awGudk &&Sad tmif tm;ay;
axmufyHhaewJhtwGuf omoemawmfrSm tvGeftqifhjrifhrm;vSwJh
csrf;omokcBuD;ukd ay;vSLaewmeJYvnf; wlygw,f/
'DtvSL&Sijf zpfwhJ v,fapmifah ,mufsm;[mvnf; 'Daumif;rIaMumifh
vlrif;ç ewfrif;ç pMu0aw;rif; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGukd tBudrfrsm;pGm
cHpm;&NyD;aemuf yapöuaAm"dÓPfawmfukd &&m&aMumif; yg&rDw&m;
taygif;ukd jznfhusifhEkdifwJhtwGuf yg&rDawGu &ifhanmif;vmaom
wpfcsed wf iG f &weuk#dtrnf&adS wmfral om yapöuAk'b
¨ &k m;&Sif jzpfvrd -hf
r,fqkdNyD;awmh bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU a*gwrbk&m;&Sifuvnf; Asm'dwfpum;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?161-163/)
'gaMumifh ausmif;ukd ay;vSLjcif;onf cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLjcif;ç
½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLjcif;ç csrf;omukd ay;vSLjcif;ç yuwdaom rsufpd
tjrif ÓPfrsufpdtjrifwkdYukd ay;vSLjcif;ç rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefukd
ay;vSLjcif;qkdwJh tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLonfESifh wlw,f/ 'Dvdk tm;vHk;ukd
ay;vSL&ma&mufwJhtwGuf oHo&mc&D;qkdwm xif&Sm;&S daeao;vkdY
qufvuf usifvnf&r,fqkdvQif vlyJjzpfjzpf ewfyJjzpfjzpf jzpfav&m
b0wdik ;f rSm cGet
f m;Bu;D rm;jcif;ç ½kyt
f qif;vSyjcif;ç yuwdrsupf t
d jrif
ÓPfrsufpdtjrifaumif;jcif;ç csrf;omBuD;jcif;pwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd
&&S½d w
Hk iG o
f mru aemufq;kH b0rSm rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ efBu;D ukd &onfh
wkdifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Ekdifygw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
okar"max&D (ax&D*gxm?|?278-300/)
okar"max&D&JU tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;[m-
vnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ed,smeduw&m;
aumif;awGukd a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGif;awGrSm
pkaqmif;&SmazGcJhwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ aumPm*kH
bk&m;&Sif&JU vufxufawmfrSm rdwfaqGtrsKd;aumif;orD;awGESifh wkdif-
yifum wlnDaom tZÑmo,"mwfjzifh tvGef BuD;us,fcrf;em;wJh
ausmif;wkduftm&mrfBuD;wpfckukd wnfaqmufum bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh
oHCmawmfwkdYtm; vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhMuygw,f/ ,aeY ausmif;tvSL&Sif
jzpfwhJ 'g,umç 'g,dumrwku Yd o
hJ yYdk J jzpfMuygw,f/ edAmÁ efudk &nfarQm-f
um qnf;yl; ylaZmftyfwJh p&PrsKd;aph yg&rDw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
xkad umif;rIuo k v
dk u
f aH wGaMumifh ewfjynf ewfavmurSm wpfb0
NyD;wpfb0 jrifhoxufjrifh jrwfoxufjrwfwJh ewfcsrf;om trsKd;rsKd;
awGukd cHpm;&NyD;aemuf uóy uóybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;okdY
a&muf&SdvmwJhtcg vlUjynfokdY wpfzefjyefNyD; vljzpfvmcJhw,f/ tvGef
csrf;om<u,f0wJh olaX;orD;wpfOD;yJ jzpfcJhygw,f/ odMum;vdr®mwJh
t&G,fokdY a&mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh edAÁmefukd &nfrSef;um jyKpkysKd;
axmifcw hJ hJ yg&rDw&m;taygif;wk&Yd UJ vIUH aqmfraI Mumifh omoemawmfü
tvGefouf0ifMunfndKwJh o'¨gw&m;ukd &if0,fykdufaxG;um &wem
oH;k yg;ukd &nfñeT ;f vsuf 'geç oDvç orxç 0dyóem tpjzmwJh jyefaY jym
BuD;us,fwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhjyefw,f/ edAÁmef
a&mufaMumif; p&PrsK;d aphaumif; 0dZmÆ rsK;d aphaumif;qkw d hJ yg&rDrsK;d aph
awGukd qnf;yl;&SmazG pkaqmif;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
toufxufqHk; w&m;awmfukdom trSDjyKNyD;awmh touf&SifcJh-

w,f? ukokdvfw&m;awGrSmyJ arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk
aumif;rIukokdvfawGaMumifh vlUjynfç ewfjynfqkdwJh aumif;wJhok*wd
bkHb0awGrSmyJ usifvnfvm&muae bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU jrwfpGmbk&m;
yGifhxGef;awmfrlvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rEÅm0wDNrdKU aumÍöbk&ifBuD;&JU
orD;&wemwpfOD; vmjzpfygw,f/ okar"m = rGefjrwfaom ynm&Sdol
vdkY emrnfay;xm;Muw,f/
edAÁmefukd &nfrSef;um pkaqmif;qnf;yl;cJhwJh yg&rDwkdYu vIHUaqmf-
rIaMumifh i,f&G,fpOftcgu pNyD;awmh t&G,fwl rif;orD;awG uRef-
trIvyk af wGEiS t
hf wl bduK© eaD usmif;awmfoYdk oGm;a&mufum bduK© erD wdYk
xHü w&m;awmfukd em,lygw,f/ w&m;bm0emawGuv dk nf; pGr;f tm;&Sd
oavmuf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
(32)aum|mowkdYukd &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvkH;
oGif;&onfh orxur®|mef;ukd OD;pm;ay;um tm;xkwfygw,f/
twdwfoHo&mu a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmf
wGif;rSm qnf;yl;cJhwJh p&Pw&m;ç 0dZÆmw&m;qdkwJh t"dum&aumif;rI
ukov dk w
f &m;awGu vIUH aqmfwu dk w
f eG ;f rIaMumifh oHo&mrSm aMumuf&UHG
wkefvIyfwJh xdwfvefYwJh oHa0*ÓPfawGu &ifhoefvmcJhwJhtwGuf
rif;orD;pnf;pdrfukdyif pGefYvTwfum omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD;
&Sif&[ef;jyKcJhygw,f/ t&[wåzkdvfÓPfjzifh edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyK-
EkdifwJh tqifhtxd a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygw,f/ (ax&D*gxm?|?1?278-300/)
ausmif;tvSLonf tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLonfrnfaomaMumifh xkd
ausmif;tvSL'geaumif;rIukokdvfuHawGu trsKd;rsKd;aom vlcsrf;omç
ewfcsrf;omawGukd &Gufaqmifay;½kHomru t&[wåzdkvf edAÁmefcsrf;-
omBuD;ukdyif &&Sdonfwkdifatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyedó,ypö,
owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;vkdufygw,f/ okdYaomf ,ckajymcJhNyD;wJh 'geawG-
xuf ykdaumif;wJh'geawmh r&Sdbl;vm;vdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdvmygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uaf wmfrw
l hJ 'gewpfrsK;d vnf; &Sad eygao;w,f/ b,fvkd
'gersKd;vJ¿
trw'ge
6/ trwH 'a'g p aom a[mwd? a,m "r®rEkomowd/
a,m p = tMuifyk*¾dKvfonfum;/ "r®H = y&d,wåd"r®ç y#dywåd"r®ç
y#da0""r®[kac:qdktyfwJh okH;jzmaom o'¨r®w&m;udk/ tEkomowdd
= tpOfwpdu d ;Hk ríaeay\/ aom p = xkyd *k Kd¾ vo
k f qkq f nfum;/ trwH
'a'g = rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefudk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ a[mwd =
jzpfygay\/
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu y&d,wåd"r®ç y#dywåd"r®ç y#da0""r®ac:wJh
usiphf Oft&yf&yfawGukd pepfwus qkq d ;Hk rNy;D awmh "r®tvSLBu;D ay;ae-
w,f/ 'Dvkd "r®tvSLBu;D ay;aewJyh *k Kd¾ vu f awmh rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef
ac:wJh trw"mwfBu;D udk ay;vSLaeonf rnfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ay;vSLEdik w f hJ
xkH;wpfckuawmh emrnfausmfjzpfwJh pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;
jzpfygw,f/
pdwåol<u,f
bkef;BuD;wdkY omoemawmfrSm pHxm;xkdufwJh ausmif;'g,um-
awGuawmh temxydPfausmif;'g,umBuD;eJY pdwåol<u,fausmif;-
'g,umBuD; (2)OD; jzpfMuygw,f/ temxydPfausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
Munfhvdkufawmh aomwmyeft&d,molawmfaumif;jzpfwm rSefaomf-
vnf; olu 'gembd&w = 'gerSm arGUavsmfaysmfykdufwJh ESpfNcdKufwJh
olawmfaumif;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
Munfv
h u
dk v
f Qiaf wmh trÁm#um&mrac:wJh ausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D wpfck wnf-
axmifNyD;awmh bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfawGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfxm;

ygw,f/ trÁm#um&mrausmif;wdkuftwGif;rSm oDwif;okH;awmfrlwJh
&[ef;awmfawGtwGuf aeYpOf rdrdtdrfrSm oHCmig;&m qGrf;jzifh jyKpk
vkyfauR;ygw,f/ okdYaomf pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;u 'gerSm
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f vdk "r®mbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufawmfrlw,f/
aomwmywådr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfç ou'g*grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfç
tem*grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfwdkYjzifh edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifwJhtqifh
txd pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;wJh olawmf-
aumif;BuD; jzpfygw,f/ xkdolawmfaumif;u b,fykH b,fyef; b,f-
enf;vrf;tm;jzifh tem*grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPftxd a&mufatmif
usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf o
hJ vJqw
kd t
hJ ydik ;f udk jyefNy;D qef;ppf
Munfhvkdufawmh olu (32)aum|mour®|mef;uae oGm;ygw,f/
qHyifç arG;nif;ç ajconf;vufonf;ç oGm;ç ta& tp&Sw d hJ (32)-
aum|mour®|mef;awGudk pepfwus pD;jzef;NyD; xdk (32)aum|mo
ur®|mef;awGrS qHyifuJhodkYaom ndKaewJhaum|moawGudk tm½kH,lNyD;
tndKa&mifuodP k ;f ç usiif ,fuo hJ Ykd 0gaewJah um|moawGukd tm½k, H Nl y;D
t0ga&mifuodkPf;ç aoG;uJhodkY eDaewJhaum|moawGudk tm½kH,lNyD;
teDa&mifuodkPf;ç t½kd;uJhodkY jzLaewJhaum|moawGudk tm½kH,lNyD;
tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f wdu Yk kd pepfwus usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
ygw,f/ (tbd?|?1?235/)
tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtwGuf 'DuodkPf; (4)yg;rSm pwkw¬psmeform"d
txd qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tifaMumifh yx0DuodkPf; (= ajr
uokdPf;)ç tmayguodkPf; (= a&uokdPf;)ç awaZmuodkPf; =
(rD;uokdPf;)ç 0ga,muodkPf; (= avuokdPf;)ç tmavmuuokdPf;
(= tvif;a&mifuokP d ;f )ESihf tmumouokP d ;f ? tm;vH;k aygif; uokP
d ;f
(10)yg;udk pepfwus qufvufNyD; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfw,f/ 'D uokdPf;
(10)yg;udk tajccHNyD;awmh t½lypsmefawGudkvnf; pepfwus atmif-
atmifjrifjrif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpfygw,f/
xkdpsmeform"dawGudk tajccHNyD; ½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;
awGudk odrf;qnf;vsuf xkdocFg&w&m;awGudk tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå
vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGiw f iG Bf u;D 0dyóemur®|mef; pD;jzef;-
EdkifwJhtwGuf aomwmywådr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfç ou'g*grdr*fÓPf
zdv
k Ó f Pfç tem*grdr*fÓPfzv kd Ó
f PfwjYkd zifh edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk w
f hJ
tqifhtxd a&muf&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
xko d al wmfaumif;u &[ef;oHCmawmfEiS hf awGUwJt h csed t
f cg odrYk [kwf
oDwif;okH;azmf OygoumawGtcsif;csif; awGUwJhtcsdeftcgawGrSm
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfwJhpum; rajymbJ w&m;pum;udkyJ ajymMum;avh&Sdw,f/
tu,fí &[ef;awmfawGu olUudk w&m;a[mcJrh ,fqv dk Qiv
f nf;
½dk½dkaoaoeJY em,lavh&Sdw,f/ tu,fí &[ef;awmfawGu w&m;em
,lvdkw,fqkdvQifvnf; olu ½kd½dkaoao av;av;pm;pm;jzifh jyefNyD;-
awmh w&m;a[mEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/ 'DpGrf;tifawGu b,fykH
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh olUoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vm&ygovJvdkY
jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhvdkufwJhtcg vGefcJhaom urÇmwpfodef;xufu
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfwGif;uwnf;u pwifNyD; yg&rDrsKd;aph
awGukd MucJ spu
kd yf sK;d cJw
h hJ olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;trSL;
&Sdaom wpfodef;aom oHCmawmfwdkYtm; qGrf;tp&SdwJh ypönf;av;yg;
awGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfNyD;awmh "r®uxdut&mü {w'*fbGJUxl; &&SdzdkY&ef
twGuf qkawmif;yefxGmNyD;awmh yg&rDrsKd;aphawGudk jznfhusifhcJhwJh
olawmfaumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'DaeY ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;usif[kwfç 'g,umBuD; OD;vSxGef;ç
'g,umBuD; OD;pdk;xGef;wdkYvnf; pdwåol<u,fausmif;'g,umBuD;udk
twk,lNyD;awmh 'gembd&w = 'gerSmwGif arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKuf

H iG rf ubJç "r®mbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
½kw kd f ESpNf cdKuaf e-
wJh olawmfaumif;BuD;awGjzpfatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;
xkwMf uygvdYk bke;f Bu;D uawmh wkud w f eG ;f vdyk gw,f/ 'D'g,umBu;D taeeJY
,ckvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtwGuf bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmf
awG[mvnf; pdwo å <l u,f'g,umBu;D ukd trSjD yKNy;D awmh ypön;f av;yg;-
jzifh ryifryef; csr;f csr;f omomjzifh aexkid o f w D if;oH;k awmfrMl u&ygw,f/
'D'g,umBu;D &JU 'gembd&w = 'gerSm arGUavsmaf ysmyf u dk f ESpNf cKd urf aI Mumifh
oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;om&jcif; jzpf&w,f/ 'gwGif ruao;bl;? 'D
'g,umBu;D u "r®mbd&w = w&m;rSmvnf; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u dk f ESpNf cKd u-f
wJh olawmfaumif;BuD; jzpfjcif;aMumifh omoemawmfukd "r®mEk*¾[ =
w&m;jzifhvnf; csD;ajr§mufaxmufyhHygw,f/
b,fvdk csD;ajr§mufovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh w&m;awmfjzifh olu
csD;ajr§mufay;w,f? y&d,wfw&m;awmfawGudkvnf; olu pepfwus
oif,lygw,f/ 'Dvdk oif,lvkdufwJhtwGuf twdwfuvnf; y&d,wf
w&m;awmfawGudk pepfwus oif,lcJhzl;wJh yg&rDrsKd;aphawGu EId;aqmf
vkdufawmh y#dorÇd'gÓPfav;yg;udk vl0wfaMumifb0jzifh &&Sdxm;wJh
olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ (0do'k ?d¨ 2?72/) bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmf
awGudk y#dorÇd'gÓPfjzifh pepfwus xkd;xGif;odEdkifwJh tqifhtxd
a&mufaew,f/
'kuo
© pömac:wJh ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd pepfwus [kww f idk ;f
rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odw,f? ork',opömac:wJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk
vnf; pepfwus [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odw,f? eda&m"opömac:wJh
edAmÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv k nf; pepfwus [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG rdru d , kd -f
wdkif xkd;xGif;odw,f? edAÁmefodkYa&mufaMumif;usifhpOfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
r*¾t&d,opömw&m;awGuv kd nf; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k wf ikd rf su-f
arSmuf [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG xGi;f azmufNy;D odw,f/ 'Dvkd odaewJh todÓPf
&Sw
d t
hJ wGuf olwpfyg;awGu tu,fí w&m;em,lvw dk ,fqvdk Qiaf wmh
&[ef;yJjzpfapç vlyk*¾dKvfyJjzpfap xkdyk*¾dKvfudk bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmf-
awGukd rSerf eS uf efuef wdwu d sus pepfwustm;jzifh em;vnfomG ;atmif
a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;ray;EkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdaeygw,f/
tJ'DpGrf;tm; &SdvdkufwJhtwGuf rdrdukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh rdrd
a[mMum;vdu k w
f hJ w&m;awmfukd em,l&wJt h wGuf wpfzufy*k Kd¾ vaf wGu
rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv k nf; &&Sod mG ;Muygw,f/
rdrdonfomvQif rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk rsuf-
arSmufjyKEidk o
f nfr[kwb f J rdru
d kd taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh w&m;emy&dowf
taygif; olawmfaumif;awGvnf; rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef w&m;awmf-
jrwfBuD;udk &&SdoGm;Muw,fqdkvQif b,fhES,fwkH; ausmif;'g,umBuD;-
awG 0rf;ajrmufzYkd raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaf umif;w,f/ 'Dtqifu h awmh
omoemawmfu ay;tyfwJhtqifhyJ jzpfygw,f/
wpfaeY tkMd ur,fç emMur,fç aoMur,f/ oHo&mc&D;u rqk;H Mu-
ao;bl;qkdvQif aemufxyfwpfzef rdcif0rf;AdkufxJrSm jyefNyD;awmh
y#doaE¨ wnfaeMu&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ rdr&d UJ b0udk jyefNy;D pOf;pm;Munfyh g/
bkef;BuD;wdkY jzwfoef;vmcJh&wJhb0awGç aemufxyf oHo&mc&D; rqkH;-
ao;bl;qdkvQifvnf; qufvufNyD; jzwfoef;&r,fh b0awGudk jyefNyD;
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ rdcif&JU 0rf;MumwdkufawG b,favmuf npfywfw,f
qdw
k m 'g,umBu;D awGç 'g,dumrBu;D awG tm;vk;H em;vnfMuygw,f/
o*FZmq&mawmfbk&m;uawmh b,fvdktrdefY&SdovJ¿
]'Davmuf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;wJh rdcif0rf;xJu xGufvmwJh
a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf aemufxyfwpfzef 'Davmuf &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,af umif;wJh rdcif0rf;wGi;f xJukd wpfzefjyefNy;D oGm;csiaf o;w,fqv
kd Qif
'Da,mufsm;xuf nHhwJha,mufsm; avmurSm &SdEdkifygYrvm;}qkdNyD; trdefY

&Sdawmfrlw,f/ b,fhES,fwkH; 'g,umBuD;awG 'Dpum;ukd vufcHEkdifygh
rvm;¿ rdrdukd,fukd jyefNyD; aocsmpOf;pm;Munfhyg/ vufcHzdkYvnf;
odyfaumif;w,f? aMumufzdkYvnf; odyfaumif;w,f/
rdcif0rf;Adu k xf rJ mS ae&wmu csr;f csr;f omom ae&wmrsK;d [kw-f
ovm;¿ r[kwfygbl;/ tifrwef Muyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;wJhae&m
uav;rSm ud;k v q,fv aexkid &f r,fb h 0 jzpfygw,f/ 'gu vlUavmu
rdcif0rf;wGi;f ukd &nf&, G Nf y;D ajymaewJph um;om jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí
wd& pä mefb0vdk rdcif0rf;xJ a&muf&r,f odrYk [kwf Nyw d må b0 odrYk [kwf
i&Jb0 a&muf&r,fqv kd Qiaf wmh Bu;D us,w f 'hJ u
k a© wG rcHpm;&bl;vm;¿
cHpm;&r,f/ 'Dvkd 'kut © 00awGrS vGwaf jrmuf&efjzpfwhJ rao&m tNrKd u-f
edAÁmef w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk &&Sdr,fqkdvQif xkdrao&m tNrdKufedAÁmef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk &atmif pepfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwzf Ydk rvdb k ;l vm;¿ vdt k yfygw,f/ 'Dvkd vdt k yfaewJt h wGuf 'DaeY
usiphf Ofyikd ;f qkid &f mukd bke;f Bu;D cyfww kd ukd av;awmh ajymzdYk &nf&, G x f m;
ygw,f/ 'DusifhpOfydkif;qkdif&mrSm rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmef &&SdzdkYtwGuf
a,m*Dwpfa,muftaeeJY bmvkdtyfovJ¿
rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf od&rnfhw&m;
a,m p acg bdu©a0 {0H 0a',s ]]t[H 'ku©H t&d,opöH ,xm-
blwH tebdoarpö 'kuo © rk',H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tebdoarpö
'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tebdoarpö 'ku©eda&m"*grde ð
y#dy'H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tebdoarpö or®m 'ku©óEÅH u&d-
ómrD}}wd aewH XmeH 0dZÆwd/ (oH?3?394/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ a,m p acg = tMuif trSwfrxm;
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvfowå0gonfum;/ {0H = þodkY/ 0a',s
= ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ t[H = igonf/ 'ku©H t&d,opöH = 'ku©t&d,
opömw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG / tebdo-
arpö = or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rod
rjrifrlí/ 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = 'ku©jzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,
opömw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG / tebdo-
arpö = or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rod
rjrifrlí/ 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opöm
w&m;udk/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tebdoarpö
= or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k w f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf rodrjrifrí l /
'ku©eda&m"*grde ð y#dy'H t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m" (= edAÁmef)odkY
a&mufaMumif;usiphf Of[k ac:qdt k yfwhJ r*¾t&d,opömw&m;ud/k ,xm-
blwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tebdoarpö = or®m'd|dÓPf
ynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifrlí/ or®m =
aumif;rGerf eS u f efpmG / 'kuó © = oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k \ © / tEÅH = tqk;H -
tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dómrd = igjyKvkyfí jyaytHh/ £wd = þodkYvQif/
0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ wó = xkdyk*¾dKvf\/ {wH XmeH = xkd
ajymqdv k mwJt h wkid ;f jzpfEidk &f maom taMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/ e 0dZw Æ d
= r&SdonfomvQifwnf;/
yk*Kd¾ vwf pfa,mufuawmh ajymvmNy?D b,fvakd jymvmovJ¿ 'ku©
t&d,opömç 'ku©ork',t&d,opömç 'ku©eda&m"t&d,opömç 'ku©
eda&m"*grdedy#dy'gvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh edAÁmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf
jzpfwJh r*¾t&d,opöm/ 'Dopömav;&yfukd [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodbJ ig oHo&m0#f
qif;&J'u k &© UJ tqk;H tydik ;f tjcm;udk jyKvyk jf yr,fvYkd vmNy;D ajymvmr,f
qdvk Qif xdyk *k Kd¾ v&f UJ ajymqkcd suo f nf ajymqdo k nfth wdik ;f jzpfEidk &f maom
taMumif;t&m b,fvdkrS r&SdEkdifygbl;vkdY 'Dvdkbk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlygw,f/ aemufxyf qufvufNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u

Oyrmuav;eJY a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
,ck 'g,umBuD;awG aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;ylaZmfvdkufwJh ausmif;-
rsK;d vdk taqmuftODwpfcu k dk pHxm;Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu f a[mawmfryl g-
w,f/ b,fvkd a[mawmfro l vJ¿ atmufyidk ;f taqmuftODvYdk ac:qkd
tyfwJh wkdifawGvnf; r&Sdbl;ç a,muf0kdif;awGvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'Dvdk
atmufydkif;taqmuftODjzpfwJh wdkifawGç a,muf0dkif;awG r&SdbJeJY
tay:ydkif; taqmuftODvdkYac:qdktyfwJh 'dkif;awGç jrm;awGç tjcif&-
e,fawG wifNy;D awmh trk;d jyKvyk rf ,fç txGww f yfr,fqv dk Qif jzpfEidk rf ,fh
oabm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
'DypHk tH wdik ;f yJ atmufyikd ;f taqmuftODvYkd ac:qdt k yfwhJ wdik af wGç
a,muf0ikd ;f awG r&Sb d eJ YJ tay:ydik ;f taqmuftODjzpfwhJ trk;d udk wifNy;D
aqmufr,fqdkvQif rjzpfEdkifovdk yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu 'ku©opömç
ork',opömç eda&m"opömç r*¾opömac:wJh opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd
or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k w f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufrodbJ oHo&m
0#fqif;&J'ku©&JU ukef&mjzpfwJh edAÁmefodkYa&mufatmif ig jyKvkyfjyr,f
qkv d Qif ajymqkwd t hJ wkid ;f b,fvrkd S rjzpfEidk yf gbl;qdNk y;D awmh bk&m;&Siu f
a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/ ajymif;jyefvSefNyD;awmhvnf; wpfcsuf a[m-
awmfrljyefw,f/
a,m p acg bdu©a0 {0H 0a',s ]]t[H 'ku©H t&d,opöH ,xm-
blwH tbdoarpö 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tbdoarpö
'kue© ad &m"H t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tbdoarpö 'kue© ad &m"*grdeð y#dy'H
t&d,opöH ,xmblwH tbdoarpö or®m 'ku©óEÅH u&dómrD}}wd
XmearwH 0dZÆwd/ (oH?3?394/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ a,m p acg = tMuif trSwfrxm;
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvfowå0gonfum;/ {0H = þodkY/ 0a',s
= ajymqdv k mjim;tH/h t[H = igonf/ 'kuH© t&d,opöH = 'kut © &d,opöm
w&m;udk/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarpö
= or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k w f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifNy;D í/
'kuo © rk',H t&d,opöH = 'kuj© zpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opömw&m;ud/k
,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarpö = or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh ud, k w f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifNy;D í/ 'kue© ad &m"H
t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opömw&m;udk/ ,xmblwH =
razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ tbdoarpö = or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh
udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifNyD;í/ 'ku©eda&m"*grde ð y#dy'H
t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m" (= edAÁmef)odkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf
jzpfonfh r*¾t&d,opömw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f
rSefpGm/ tbdoarpö = or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifNyD;í/ 'ku©ó = oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©\/ tEÅH =
tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dómrd = igjyKvkyfí jyaytHh/ £wd {0H =
þodkYvQif/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ wó = xkdyk*¾dKvf\/ {wH
XmeH = xkad jymqdv
k mwJt h wkid ;f jzpfEidk &f maomtaMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/
0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef &Sdonf trSefomvQifwnf;/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufuawmh ajymvmNyD?
b,fvdkajymvmovJ¿ igonf 'ku©t&d,opömç 'ku©ork',t&d,
opömç 'ku©eda&m"t&d,opömç 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m" = edAÁmefodkY a&muf-
aMumif;usifhpOfac:wJh r*¾t&d,opöm? 'Dopömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk
[kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG or®m'd|Ód Pfynmjzifh ud, k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©&JU tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;
jzpfwhJ edAmÁ efudk &atmif ig jyKvyk jf yr,fvYkd vmajymr,fqv kd Qif xdyk *k Kd¾ v-f
&JU ajymqdck suo f nf ajymqdo
k nft
h wdik ;f jzpfEidk &f maom taMumif; &Syd g-
w,f/ Oyrmuav;eJY bk&m;&Sifu qufNyD; a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
tdrfwpftdrf wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm atmufydkif;taqmuftOD

ac:wJh wdik af wGvnf; &Swd ,fç a,muf0ikd ;f awGç xkwaf wGvnf; &Sad eNy/D
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm tay:ydkif;taqmuftODvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh 'dkif;awGç
jrm;awGç tjcif&e,fawG wifNy;D awmh trk;d rk;d Ny;D awmh txGww
f yfxm;-
wJh taqmuftODwpfck aqmufr,fqdkvQifawmh jzpfEkdifwJh taMumif;
t&m&So d vdk tvm;wlyJ yk*Kd¾ vwf pfa,mufu opömav;&yf w&m;jrwf-
udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©&JU tqkH;-
tydkif;tjcm;jzpfwJh edAÁmefudk &atmif ig jyKvkyfjyr,fvdkY ajymqdkr,f
qkdvQif ajymqkdonfhtwdkif; jzpfEkdif&maom taMumif;&Sdygw,f/ 'gu
opöoH,kwfrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh ul#m*g&okwåef
jzpfygw,f/
xko
d wk eå rf mS vm&Sw
d t
hJ wdik ;f opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd [kww f ikd ;f
rSepf mG or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf rodbJ
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© ukef&mjzpfwJh edAÁmefudk &Edkifrvm;¿ r&Edkifbl;/
'Dtcsuu f akd wmh ,kMH unfzYkd vdyk gw,f/ 'Dopömav;yg;xJrmS 'kuo © pömu
cE¨m (5)yg; = ½kyfw&m;ç emrfw&m;awG jzpfw,f/ ('D?2?243/ oH?3?369??)
ork',opömu aMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf I y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;rsm;
jzpfMuygw,f/ (tH?1?178/) 'ku©opömw&m;ç ork',opömw&m; (2)yg;
wdkYu 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kH jzpfMuw,f/ tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;-
&r,fhw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfrSm cE¨m (5)yg;
xJrmS tusK;H 0ifaewJh ½kyw
f &m;wdrYk nfonf uvmyfac:wJh trIeu f av;
awGtaeeJY jzpfMuygw,f/ 'DuvmyftrIeu f av;awGu ½kyw f &m;vm;
qdak wmh r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ ½kywf &m;wd&Yk UJ tao;qk;H tzGUJ tpnf; wpfc-k
rQom jzpfygw,f/ ½kyfy&rwftppf r[kwfao;ygbl;/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyf
wpfcw k pfcu
k kd "mwfcMJG unfv
h u
kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm tenf;qk;H atmufxpf
qkH;tm;jzifh yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç tqif;ç teHYç t&omç
MoZmponfjzifh oabmw&m;uav;awG &Spfck ukd;ck q,fck ponf
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D oabmw&m;uav;awGuomvQif y&rw¬"mwfom;
½kyftppf jzpfw,f/ tJ'D ½kyfw&m;awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodzkdY b,fykH
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh usifh&rvJ¿ 'Dtydkif;u u@wpfck
&Sdygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ emrfw&m;wdrYk nfonfrmS 0Dxpd w d Ef iS hf 0Dxrd w
k pf w
d q
f -kd
NyD;awmh ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,f/ 0DxdpdwfqkdonfrSm pdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif;
twdik ;f ½lyg½ku
H kd jrifwt
hJ cgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwtf pOfç toHukd Mum;wJh
tcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOfç teHYudk ½SLwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh
pdwftpOfç t&omudk odwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOfç tawGU
txdudk odwJhtcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOfç "r®oabm trsKd;rsKd;
awGudk odwJhtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwftpOfawG &Sd Muw,f/
tJ'D pdwt f pOfawGuvnf; olw&Ykd UJ ed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f jzpfay:
oGm;Muygw,f/
odkYaomf tJ'D pdwftpOfawGrSm pdwåu©PwpfckwpfckrSm pdwf
apwoduaf wGu NyKd iwf l ,SOw
f NJG y;D jzpfay:oGm;Muygw,f/ atmufxpf-
qkH;tm;jzifh pdwf apwoduf (8)vkH;aygif;rS jzpfay:EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;
&S dw,f/ aZmuJhodkYaom tcsKdUtcsKdUaom pdwåu©PawGrSm pdwf
apwoduf (34)vkH;txd jzpfwwfygw,f/ tJ'D pdwf apwodufawGudk
pdwåu©Pwkdif;rSm pepfwus odrf;qnf;wwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ þum;
zóç þum; a0'emç þum; onmç þum; apwemç þum;
0dnmPf ponfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzmNyD;odrS emrfy&rwfw&m;udk podwJh
tqifh jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk ½kyfemrfawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf
bmvkdtyfovJ¿ 'Dtydkif;uvnf; u@wpfck &Sdygw,f/

aMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf I y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGu ork',-
opöm jzpfw,f/ (tH?1?178/) twdwu f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw hJ hJ t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh 'Db0rSm ½kyf-
w&m;ç emrfw&m;wdkY xif&Sm;vmjzpfMuw,f/ 'Db0rSmvnf; wpfzef
jyefNyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh aemiftem*wfrSm 'ku©opömw&m;awGu
oHo&mc&D; rqk;H ao;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf xif&mS ;jzpfMurSm jzpfw,f/
twdwftaMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜeftusKd;jzpfykHç ypöKyÜeftaMumif;aMumifh
tem*wftusK;d jzpfyq Hk w
kd hJ aMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf o
I abmudk [kww f ikd ;f
rSefpGm odcJhvQif 'Dvdkodenf;rsKd;udk y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;awGudk
odw,fvYkd ac:&w,f/ xkyd #dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGukd xk;d xGi;f od-
jcif;onf ork',opömudk xkd;xGif;odjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
0dyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½Hk
awok bdu©Kaem 0a¥ ur®|mem bdeda0aom a[mwd/
(tbd?|?2?109/)
'Dvkd zGiq
hf xdk m;wJh t|uxmrsm;ESit hf nD xd'k u k o
© pömw&m;ç ork-
',opömw&m;wdu Yk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh tedpçö 'kuç© tewå vu©Pm-
a&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½I&r,fh t½IcHtm½kHawG
jzpfMuygw,f/ y&rw¬"mwfom; ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd [kww f ikd ;f
rSepf mG oda&;twGuf a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f bmvdt k yfovJ¿ taMumif;ork-
',opömw&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG oda&;twGuf bmvkt d yfovJ¿
xkod pöo, H w k rf mS yJ orm"dowk eå fpwJh xkx d o dk wk eå u
f av;awGukd a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ xkdokwåefawGrSm bk&m;&Sifu -----
orm
orm"" ð bdua© 0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua© 0 bduK© ,xm-
blwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ orm
orm"" ð = orm"dudk/ bma0x =
yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh/ orm[dawm bdu©K = orm"d&SdwJh&[ef;awmf-
onf/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm/ yZmemwd = uGJuGJ
jym;jym; od\/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... orm"d xlaxmifMuyg/ orm"d&SdaewJh
&[ef;awmfonf razmufrjyef [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG uJu
G jGJ ym;jym; odygw,f
qdkNyD; 'Dvdk a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/
udÍö ,xmblwH yZmemwd? (oH?3?363/)
bmawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odygovJvkdY 'Dvdk ar;-
cGef;udk ar;NyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu jyefajzxm;awmfrlw,f/
]£'H 'ku©}EÅd ,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]t,H 'ku©ork'a,m}wd
,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]t,H 'ku©eda&ma"m}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd?
]t,H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
þum; 'ku©opömw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
þum; ork',opömw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
þum; eda&m"opömw&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f?
þum; 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m" = edAÁmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf r*¾opöm
w&m;vdkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odr,f/ 'Dvdk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
uGJuGJjym;jym; od&Sda&;twGuf oifcspfom; cspforD;wdkY orm"dudk
xlaxmifMuygqdkNyD; 'Dvdk wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
wpfenf;wpfzkHtm;jzifh ajymr,fqkdvQif bkef;BuD;wdkY r*¾if (8)yg;
xJrSm or®morm"dqkdwJh r*¾ifwpfck ygaeygw,f/ r*¾if (8)yg;udk edAÁmef
a&mufaMumif;usiphf Oftjzpf vufcEH ikd cf v

hJ Qif r*¾if (8)yg;xJrmS tpdw-f
tydkif;wpfckjzpfwJh or®morm"dudkvnf; edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; usifhpOf
tjzpf vufczH Ydk vdyk gw,f/ bmudk or®morm"dac:w,fqw kd mudv
k nf;
emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ r[mowdy|meokweå rf mS yJ bk&m;&Siu f wdwu d sus
&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
yxrpsmeform"dç 'kw, d psmeform"dç wwd,psmeform"dç pwkw-¬
psmeform"dawGukd or®morm"dvYkd ac:qdw k ,fqNdk y;D wdwu d sus &Si;f xm;
awmfryl gw,f/ ('D?2?250-251/) oDvawGukd jzLjzLpifpif usio hf ;Hk aqmuf-
wnfNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdorm"dusifhpOfydkif;udk a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu
aemufwpfqifh wufvSrf;&rSm jzpfw,f/ bmaMumifh orm"dxlaxmif-
&w,fqw kd mudk bk&m;&Siu f orm"dow k eå pf wJh xkx
d odk w
k eå af wGrmS wdwd
usus &Sif;xm;ygw,f/
orm"d&rdS S 'kuo © pömudk [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odr,f? orm"d&SdrS ork',
opömudk [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odr,f? orm"d&rdS S eda&m"opömç r*¾opömawGukd
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odrSmjzpfw,f/ xkdopömav;yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
oda&;twGuf orm"dudk xlaxmifygqdkNyD; bk&m;&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;
awmfryl gw,f/ 'Dorm"deYJ opömav;yg;ukd odz&Ydk meJY b,fvkd qufo, G rf I
&Sad eovJvYkd wpfzefxyfNy;D ar;r,fqv kd Qiaf wmh orm"d&adS ewJyh *k Kd¾ vrf mS
yxrpsmeform"dç 'kwd,psmeform"dç wwd,psmeform"dç pwkw¬psmef
orm"dqdkwJh 'Dorm"dwpfckckudk qdkufa&mufvmwJh olawmfaumif;&JU
oEÅmefrmS xko d rm"deYJ ,SOw f aJG ewJÓ
h PfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif
awGu NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaeygw,f/
ynma&mif = ÓPfa&mif
aom {0H orm[daw pdawå y&doka'¨ y&da,m'gaw ...
(r?1?347/)
ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh r[mtóyk&okwåef pwJh
a'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD pwkw¬psmeform"duJhokdYaom orm"dawGu
NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvufawmufyaewJh ta&miftvif;awGudk jzpfap-
Edik w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Syd gw,f/ t*Fwk Kdå &yf gVdawmf pwkueú yd gwf Mobmookweå f
(tH?1?475/) ponfwü Ydk ,if;ta&miftvif;rsK;d ukd ÓPfa&mif[k a[m-
Mum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
xkv d if;a&mifjcnf tultnDukd ,lNy;D awmh pepfwus cE¨mud,k rf mS
"mwfur®|mef;udk ½IyGm;okH;oyfwwfcJhr,fqdkvQif uvmyftrIefuav;
awGudk oGm;awGUr,f/ uvmyftrIeu f av;awGukd vif;a&mifjcnf tul
tnDeJYyJ "mwfcJGMunfhvdkufvQif yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç
tqif;ç teHçY t&omç MoZm tp&Sw d hJ y&rw¬"r®obm0uav;awGukd
awGUEkid yf gw,f/ okaYd omf orm"du avsmusomG ;w,f/ orm"d avsmus-
onfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; bmjzpfvmovJ¿ tvif;a&mifawGvnf;
uG,af ysmufomG ;w,f/ tvif;a&mif uG,af ysmufomG ;onfEiS hf wpfNyKd i-f
eufwnf; cE¨mukd,frSm ½kyfuvmyfawGukd rjrifawmhbl;/
y&rw¬"mwfom;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf qDrD;wdkif
uJhodkY ta&miftvif;udk xGef;vif;nd§jyxm;wmu 'Dorm"dESifh,SOfwJh
ÓPf jzpfygw,f/ (rdvEd y´ O§m-38/ tbd?|?1?165-166/) orm"du xufvQif
xufovdk ÓPfu xufvmw,f/ ÓPfu xufvQif xufovdk
vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifawGu tm;aumif;vmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh orm"d
wpfckckudkawmh xlaxmifzdkY vdktyfvmygw,f/
orm"dxal xmifzYdk vdt
k yfvmwJt h wGuf ausmif;'g,umç 'g,dum-
rBuD;awG pGrf;tm;&Sdovdk rdrdwdkYtdrfrSm tm;xkwfcsifw,fqkdvQifawmh
tmemygeur®|mef;taMumif;uav;ukd bke;f Bu;D twdck sKyNf y;D ajymjyyg-
r,f/ ur®|mef; (40)&SdwJhtxJu rdrdESpfNcdKufwJhur®|mef;jzifh orm"d
xlaxmifcGifh &Sdygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh w&m;awmfawG
jzpfwJhtwGuf b,fur®|mef;yJjzpfjzpf tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ygw,f/

tmemygeusifhpOf
odaYk omf rdrt d rd rf mS tm;xkww f yhJ *k Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf q&morm;awGeYJ
a0;uGmaeayr,fhvnf; tmemygeur®|mef;u ig;rdepfjzpfapç q,f-
rdepfjzpfapç wpfem&Djzpfapç ESpef m&Djzpfap tdrrf mS tcsed &f vQif &ovdk
yGm;rsm;r,fqv dk Qiaf wmh enf;enf; vG,u f yl gr,f/ yGm;rsm;zdYk vG,uf wl ,f
qdak omfvnf; orm"djzpfzYkd vG,u f wl ,fvYkd bke;f Bu;D rqdv k ykd gbl;/ b,f
ur®|mef;yJjzpfjzpf orm"djzpfzdkYuawmh tm;vkH; cufcJwJhoabm &Sdyg-
w,f/ twdwu f yg&rDrsK;d aphtay: rlwnfNy;D awmh tmemygeur®|mef;eJY
vG,fulwJhyk*¾dKvf &Sdovdk cufcJwJhyk*¾dKvfawGvnf; &Sd Muygw,f/ 'D
tmemygeur®|mef;udk bk&m;&Siu f emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ r[mowdy|me-
okweå pf wJh xkx d odk wk eå af wGrmS tcGio hf ifo h vdk a[mawmfrx l m;ygw,f/
orxur®|mef;ydkif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu av;qifh a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/
eHygwf (1) t&Snfudk odjcif;ç
eHygwf (2) twdkudk odjcif;ç
eHygwf (3) tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odjcif;ç
eHygwf (4) Nird af tmif (= Nird ;f atmif) usijhf cif;qdNk y;D awmh av;qifh
csrSwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/ (r?1?70-71/)
'gaMumifh vkyif ef;cGirf mS 0ifavxGuaf v xdrx I if&mS ;wJh ESmoD;zsm;
odkYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;zsm; wpfae&mu pNyD;awmh 0ifvQif 0ifavç
xGufvQifvnf; xGufavvdkY rSwfyg? avtay:rSm bm0empdwfudk
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ BuKd ;pm;vku
d vf Ykd atmifjrifr-I
u r&jzpfvQifawmh t|uxmrsm;u a&wGufjcif; *Pemenf;tul-
tnDudk ,lzdkY&eftwGuf tMuHay;xm;Muygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?1?270??)
Oyrm ----- 0ifvQif 0ifavvdkY rSwfyg? xGufvQifvnf; xGufavvdkY
rSwfyg/ 'Dvdk rSwfNyD;awmh 0ifavxGufav ESpfckaygif;udk ]wpf}vdkY
a&wGufMunfhyg/
0ifavxGufav ]wpf}
0ifavxGufav ]ESpf}
0ifavxGufav ]okH;}
0ifavxGufav ]av;}
0ifavxGufav ]ig;}
0ifavxGufav ]ajcmuf}
0ifavxGufav ]ckepf}
0ifavxGufav ]&Spf}
&Spaf vmuftxdyJ a&wGuMf unfyh g/ ig;eJY wpfq,ftMum; BuKd uw f hJ
ae&mrSm &yfEidk yf gw,f/ odaYk omf owfrw S x f m;wJh *Pef;wpfcck &k w
dS mu
ykad umif;w,f/ bke;f Bu;D wdYk aus;Zl;awmf&iS f uEéqD &mawmfb&k m;uawmh
r*¾if (8)yg;udk trSw&f apjcif;iSm &nf&, G Nf y;D awmh ]wpf} uae ]&Sp}f txd
oifay;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh ]wpf}uae ]&Spf}txd a&wGufw,fyJ qkdMupkdY? 'Dvdk
a&wGuw f thJ ydik ;f rSm ighpw
d af wG ]wpf}uae ]&Sp}f twGi;f b,frS rxGu-f
ap&qdkNyD; pdwfudkawmh tpydkif;rSm cyfwif;wif;xm;NyD;awmh ½IyGm;
ok;H oyfzYkd vdtk yfygw,f/ 'Dvdk ½IymG ;ok;H oyfvu dk w
f t
hJ ydik ;f rSm wpfcgwpf&H
touf½SLwmu cyfjznf;jznf; cyfaES;aES; cyf&Snf&Snf ½SLcsifvnf;
½SLjzpfr,f/ wpfcgwpf&H touf½SLwmu jrefcsifvnf; jrefaewwf
ygw,f/ touf½SL jrefwmukdawmh wkdw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ touf½SL
aES;wmukad wmh &Snw f ,fvYdk ac:ygw,f/ touf½SLrIu &Snv f Qiv
f nf;
&Snw f thJ wkid ;f ç wkv d Qivf nf; wkwd thJ wkid ;f odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/
wpfzufuvnf; a&wGufay;yg/
'Dvkd ½IyGm;oHk;oyfvkdufwJhtykdif;rSm a&wGufjcif; *Pemenf;&JU

pGr;f tm;aMumifh bm0empdwu f 0ifavxGuaf vtm½kt H ay:ü enf;enf;
avmufawmh Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfwwfygw,f/ tpydkif;rSmawmh
puúeyYf ikd ;f odrYk [kwf rdepfyikd ;f avmufyJ wnfwwfygw,f/ wjznf;jznf;
avhusirhf ,fqv dk Qiaf wmh wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh 0ifavxGuaf v
tm½kHü bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfvmwwfygw,f/
'Dvdk wnfvmwJhtcsdeftcgrSm xkdifwkdif;vdkvdk 0ifavxGufav
tm½küH bm0empdwu f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeNyq D v kd Qiaf wmh a&wGu-f
jcif; *Pemenf;udk vTwv f udk Nf y;D awmh 0ifavxGuaf v&JU tp-tv,f-
tqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif ESmoD;zsm; odkYr[kwf
txufEw I cf rf;zsm;qkw
d hJ wpfae&muae apmifNh y;D Munfah eyg/ MunfNh y;D -
awmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev f ;kH udk awmufavQmuf
odaeatmifom pdwu f kd uyfxm;yg/ rSwcf siv f Qiaf wmh 0ifavxGuaf v-
vdkYyJ rSwfaeyg/ 'gu tpyJç 'gu tv,fyJç 'gu tqkH;yJ 'Dvdkawmh
vkdufrrSwfygeJY/
'Dvdk pdwfudk uyfxm;vkdufwJhtcgrSm wpfcgwav touf½SL rIu
aES;csifaES;r,f/ touf½SLaES;aewmudk &Snfw,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
&Snvf Qivf nf; tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev f ;Hk awmufavQmufoad tmif
uyfxm;yg/ wpfcgwav touf½LS rIu jrefcsijf refwwfw,f/ jrefwmudk
wdw
k ,fvYkd ac:ygw,f/ wdv k Qiv
f nf; tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev f ;kH ukd
awmufavQmufodatmifom uyfxm;yg/
'Dvkd tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvHk;ukd awmufavQmufodatmif
bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif xm;EdkifcJhvQifawmh
avu odraf rGUoGm;wwfygw,f/ odraf rGUoGm;wJah vuav;rSm &Snv f Qi-f
vnf; &SnfwJhtwdkif;? wkdvQifvnf; wdkwJhtwdkif; tp-tv,f-tqkH;
tukevf ;kH ukd awmufavQmufoad tmifom qufNy;D uyfxm;yg/ rSwcf si-f
w,fqkdvQifawmh 0ifavxGufavvdkYyJ rSwfaeyg/ &Snfw,f wdkw,f
vdv
Yk nf; rrSwyf geJ/Y 'gu tpyJç 'gu tv,fyçJ 'gu tqk;H yJ 'Dvv kd nf;
vdkufNyD; rrSwfygeJY/ &Snfatmif wdkatmifvnf; rBudK;pm;ygeJY? ykHrSefom
touf½SLaeyg/
'Dvdk BudK;pm;vkdufvdkY orm"du &ifhusufvmvQifawmh avu-
av;u jzLvmwwfw,f/ rD;ckd;a&mifuJhodkY npfxyfxyfvnf; &Sdwwf-
ygw,f/ wjcm; ta&miftvif;awGvnf; ay:wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
0ifavxGuaf v xdwahJ e&mudk rvTwb f J xdaewJah vtay:rSm bm0em
pdwfukd uyfxm;vdkufvdkY avuvnf; jzLvmNyDqdkvQifawmh jzLaewJh 'D
edrw
d t
f ay:rSm bm0empdwu f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfomG ;wwfygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tjzLa&mifedrdwftay:rSmyJ bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/
'Dvkd edrdwftay:rSm bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfae-
atmif uyfxm;vdkufNyDqkdvQif yuwd 0ifavxGufavudk jyefNyD;awmh
rMunfyh geJ/Y tjzLa&miferd w
d t
f ay:rSmyJ bm0empdwu f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D
quf½aI eyg/ orm"duvnf; &ifu h suw f ;dk wufvmNyqD vdk Qiaf wmh jzLae-
wJh edrw
d u
f vnf; aomMumMu,fuo hJ Ykd MunfvifawmufywJeh rd w d tf oGif
ajymif;oGm;wwfygw,f/
MunfvifawmufywJhedrdwfudk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh bm0empdwfudk
qufNyD; uyfxm;EkdifcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh orm"du tom;wufvmwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm bm0empdwfu edrdwfxJrSm epfjrKyfNyD; Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfaeygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaewJhoabmudkawmh
v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;u ]pdkufpdkufpl;pl; txl;jrJjrH ½Itm;oef psmef[k
ac:owwf} qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvdk vuFmuav;eJY qdkqkH;rxm;ygw,f/
bm0emtm½kHxJü bm0empdwfu pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf epfjrKyfNyD; Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfNyD; wnfaewJhoabm jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk wnfaewJhorm"dudk wpfem&D ESpfem&D oHk;em&D ponfjzifh

&atmif qufvufNyD; xlaxmifEkdifcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
xkda,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu psmeft*FgawGudk odrf;qnf;vdkufvQif odrf;qnf;vdkY
&ygw,f/ psmeft*FgawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm yxrpsmefç
'kw,d psmefç wwd,psmefç pwkwp¬ smeftxd qufNy;D ½IvQiv f nf; ½Iv&Ykd -
w,f/ pwkw¬psmeftxd tu,fí aygufcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh xdkpwkw¬-
psmeform"dEiS hf ,SOw
f aJG ewJh ÓPf&UJ pGr;f tifaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfawG
uvnf; NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
"mwfur®|mef;rS 'ku©opömokdY
'Dvdk NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyaewJh vif;a&mifjcnfwkdY&JU
tultnDudk ,lNyD;awmh "mwfur®|mef;udk pepfwus ½IyGm;okH;oyf
vdkufvQif ½kyfuvmyftrIefawGukd awGUr,f/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfawGukd
"mwfcGJEdkifvQif ½kyfy&rwfw&m;awGukd odr,f/ ½kyfy&rwfw&m;awGukd
odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJt h cgrSm 'D½yk w f &m;awGukd tm½k, H Nl y;D rSw
D , G Nf y;D jzpfay:-
aewJh emrfw&m;awGukd qufvuf odr;f qnf;chrJ ,fqv dk Qiv
f nf; emrf-
w&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odEkdifygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ rdrdu psmefw&m;awGukd &&Sdxm;wJh a,m*Dolawmf-
aumif; jzpfr,fqkdvQifawmh rdrd &&Sdxm;wJh psmefemrfw&m;awGukdyg
qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;vkdufvQif psmefemrfw&m;awGukdvnf; od&SdrSm
jzpfygw,f/ xk½d yk w f &m; emrfw&m; 'kuo © pömw&m;awGukd tZÑw-å A[d'¨
ESpXf merSm [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odxm;wJh olawmfaumif;u 'D½yk ef mrfawG-
onf b,fvdk taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:ae&ygovJ
qdkNyD; twdwfbufudk wmplNyD; ½kyfemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;EkdifcJhr,f
qkvd Qiaf wmh twdwb f 0u jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç Oyg'gefç
ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk vSrf;NyD; &SmazGMunfhvQifawmh
awGUEkdifygw,f/
taMumif;ork',opöm
'DaeY tvSL&Siaf wGbufu ausmif;vSLw,fç qGr;f vSLw,fç ouFe;f -
awG vSLw,fç ypönf;av;yg;awG vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuygw,f/ bmqk
awmif;MurvJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh edAmÁ efvaYdk wmh ajymcsiv f nf; ajymr,f/
bke;f Bu;D ,ck 'Dae&mrSm ajymcsiw f t
hJ "dygÜ ,fuav;wpfcu k awmh y#dp-ö
orkygÜ 'f jzpfygw,f/ edAmÁ efukd vdv
k m;awmifw h wmrSeaf omfvnf; edAmÁ ef
r&rDpyfMum;qdkNyD; pyfMum;uav;cHNyD;awmh b0wpfckudk wG,fwm
rufarmwJh pdwx f m;jzifh uHukd xlaxmifcrhJ ,fqv kd Qif Oyrm - vljzpfvQi-f
vnf; vlawmfvlaumif;ç ewfjzpfvQifvnf; ewfaumif;ewfjrwfqdkwJh
OD;wnfcsufjzifh ,ckvdk aumif;rIukodkvfuHawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f
qdkvQif bkef;BuD;wdkY y&rw¬opöme,fbufuae vSrf;NyD; MunfhvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm vlawmfvlaumif;ç ewfaumif;ewfjrwfqdkwm &Sdovm;
qdkawmh r&Sdbl;/ bmom&SdovJ¿ ½kyfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f? emrfw&m;
tpktykH &Sdw,f/ xkd½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGu jzpfNyD;wmeJY csufcsif;
ysuo f mG ;Muw,f/ 'gu vlawmfval umif;ç 'gu ewfaumif;ewfjrwfvYkd
ajymjyEkdifavmufatmif tcsdefumv MumjrifhpGm wnfwHhwJhoabm
r&Sdbl;/
r&Sdayr,fhvdkY udk,fu y&rw¬opömac:wJh ½kyfemrfy&rwfudk
[kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG rodao;wJt
h wGuf vlawmfval umif;ç ewfaumif;ewf-
jrwfb0udk vSr;f Ny;D wG,w f mrufarmwJh pdwx
f m;jzifh uHawGukd xlaxmif
cJhr,fqkdvQif vlawmfvlaumif;vdkY odaewJhtodu rSm;,Gif;wJhtod
jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dvdk rSm;,Gif;wJhtodudkawmh t0dZÆmvdkY ac:ygw,f/
xkdrSm;,Gif;wJhtodudk tajccHNyD; vlawmfvlaumif;ç ewfaumif;
ewfjrwfb0udk vSr;f Ny;D wG,w f mw,f/ 'Dw, G w
f mrIoabmu wPSm/
pdwuf yfNy;D pGaJ ew,f/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfcgxyfcg wG,w
f mwJh wPSm-
udkawmh pGJvrf;w,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'Dvdk pdwfuyfpGJaewJhoabmu
Oyg'gef/ 'Dvkd t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç Oyg'gef oH;k ck jc&H NH y;D awmh ,ckvkd ausmif;
vSLjcif;ç qGrf;vSLjcif;ç ouFef;vSLjcif; tp&SdwJh aumif;rIukokdvf ocFg&
w&m;awGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f/
xkdocFg&w&m;awGuvnf; tedpöw&m;awGom jzpfMuw,f/
jzpfNy;D wmeJY csucf si;f ysuo f mG ;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk jzpfNy;D ysuo f mG ;Muayr,f-h
vnf; pGr;f tifowåd wpfpw Hk pf&m rxm;cJbh eJ YJ jzpfNy;D ysuo f mG ;wJoh abm-
awmh r[kwfbl;/ wpfcsdefrSm rdrd arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh vlawmf
vlaumif;ç ewfaumif;ewfjrwfb0udk jzpfapEdik w f hJ pGr;f tifur®owåu d kd
½kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK§ yEf NHS y;D rSom csKyyf suof mG ;Muw,f/ tJ'D pGr;f tifur®-
owåu d av;udak wmh uHvYkd ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vdu k af wmh t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkNyD; taMumif;ig;ck pkHnDoGm;ygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif;ig;ck pkn H o
D mG ;vQif 'Duu H kd jyefNy;D zsuo
f rd ;f zkq
Yd w
kd mu
t&d,r*fÓPfqdkwJh arG;n§yfeJY uif;NyD; b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/ qdkvdk-
wmu t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf qdkufcJhr,fqdkvQif txl;ojzifh
t&[wår*fÓPf qku d cf rhJ ,fqv kd Qiaf wmh 'DuaH wG[m csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Edik f
ygw,f/ t&[wår*fÓPf rqku d af o;bl;qkv d Qiaf wmh 'Dvkd uHrsK;d awGu
tcgtcGifhoifhvmvQif oHo&mwpfavQmufrSm tusKd;ay;rSm aocsm-
w,f/
'DykHpHtwdkif;yJ twdwfb0wpfckuvnf; t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç
ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh ork',opömw&m;awGudk rdrdwdkYu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJh
Muygw,f/ tJ'D ork',opömw&m;awGudk odwJhtqifhtxd vSrf;NyD;-
awmh wjznf;jznf;eJY twdwfbufudk wmplNyD;awmh ½kyfemrfawG
odrf;qnf;oGm;&ygw,f/
odrf;qnf;vdkufvdkY twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆmç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk &SmazGawGU&SdNyDqkdvQif
xkdork',opömw&m;awGaMumifh 'Db0rSm 'ku©opömjzpfwmudk jrif-
atmif vSrf;NyD; Munfh&ygw,f/ MunfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm twdwfu
jyKpyk sK;d axmifcwhJ hJ ork',opömw&m;aMumifh 'Db0rSm 'kuo © pömjzpfyu
Hk kd
odwt hJ cg rdrpd rG ;f tm;&So
d avmuf twdwb f ufudk wmplNy;D awmh tvm;-
wlyJ xdx k t
kd wdwu f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ ork',opömw&m;awGaMumifh
twdwfb0awGrSmvnf; 'ku©opömjzpfykH? ypöKyÜefrSm jyKpkysKd;axmifaewJh
ork',opömw&m;awGaMumifh tem*wfrSm 'ku©opömjzpfykHqdkwJh
aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;awGudk [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm odatmif wpfqifhwufNyD; usifh&ygw,f/
0dyóem
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGukd [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG odEidk wf hJ tcsed f
tcga&mufawmhrS xkd'ku©opömw&m;ç ork',opömw&m; ESpfyg;udk
jzpfNyD; ysufaewJhoabmudk ÓPfeJY jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh tedpövdkY
wGiw f iG ½f &I w,f/ jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tn§O;f yef;
tESdyfpufcHae&wJhoabmudk ÓPfeJY jrifatmifMunfhNyD;awmh 'ku©vdkY
wGiw f iG ½f &I w,f/ rysupf ;D bJ tusw d t f cJ tckid t f rm tESpo f m&tm;-
jzifh wnfaewJh twår[kwfwJh obm0awGudk ÓPfeJY jrifatmifMunfh
Ny;D awmh tewåvYkd wGiw f iG ½f &I w,f/ 'Dvkd tedpçö 'kuç© tewå vu©Pm-
a&;ok;H wefwifNy;D wGiw f iG Bf u;D ½IwthJ ydik ;f udak wmh 0dyóemvdYk ac:yg-
w,f/
eda&m"opömESifh r*¾opöm
'D0dyóemÓPfawGudk ÓPfpOftwdkif; &ifhusufatmif BudK;pm;
vdkufwJhtcgrSm wpfcsdefrSm rdrdwdkY&JU 0dyóemÓPfawG[mvnf; &ifh-
usufvmNyDqkdvQifawmh &ifhusufvmwJh 0dyóemÓPfawG&JU tqkH;ü
t&d,r*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f PfawG ay:vmr,f/ xkt d &d,r*fÓPfzv
dk Ó
f Pf
awGu tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efukd vSr;f Ny;D tm½k, H Ml urSm jzpfyg-
w,f/ xkdtocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;u
eda&m"opöm jzpfygw,f/ tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAmÁ efukd vSr;f Ny;D
tm½kH,laewJh t&d,r*fÓPfESifh ,SOfwGJaewJh t&d,r*¾ifw&m;udk,f-
awGu r*¾opömw&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm a,m*D
olawmfaumif;u opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f
odrSm jzpfygw,f/
trw'ge
'Dvdk opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd xkd;xGif;odwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdrd
ud,
k w f ikd f xk;d xGi;f odovdk olwpfyg;awGuv kd nf; rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef
w&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk xd;k xGi;f odatmif a[mMum;jyo qdq k ;Hk rEkid rf ,f/
'Dvkd a[mMum;jyo qdq f yhJ *k Kd¾ vrf sK;d onf (trw'ge ) = rao&m
k ;Hk rEkid w
tNrdKufedAÁmef tvSLBuD;udk ay;vSLaewJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygw,f/ ,ckvdk
trw'ge
trw'geac:wJh rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmef tvSLBuD;ukd ay;vSLEkdifcJhr,f
qkdvQifawmh ay;vSLaewJh tvSL&Sifvnf; rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefokdY
a&mufjcif;&JU taMumif;w&m; jzpfw,f/ rao&m tNrKd uef Ad mÁ ef tvSL-
'geBu;D ukd tvSLcH&wJh olawmfaumif;awGvnf; rao&mtNrKd uef Ad mÁ efoYdk
a&mufjcif;&JU taMumif;&if;wpfckyJ jzpfygw,f/
tvSLay; tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf ESpfOD;vHk;wkdY[m rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefokdY
a&muf&SdoGm;MuNyDqkdvQifawmh aemufxyfwpfzef y#doaEäe&r,fh
ab;qkd;BuD;rSvnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;MuNyD jzpfw,f? tkdab;qkd;BuD;rS-
vnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;MuNyD jzpfw,f? emab;qkd;BuD;rSvnf; vGwf-
ajrmufomG ;MuNyD jzpfw,f? aoab;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; vGwaf jrmufomG ;MuNyD
jzpfw,f? oHo&m0#fr;D yHBk u;D tNy;D wkid f Nird ;f oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ tNird ;f -
BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;&m tcsrf;omBuD; csrf;om&mjzpfwJh rao&m
tNrdKufedAÁmefBuD;okdY xm0pOf 0ifpHMu&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh trw-
'geukd tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH aom'getjzpf a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfyg-
w,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu "r®y'ygVdawmfrSm *gxmuav;wpfckukd
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd? oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd? wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
("r®y'?ck?1?64/)
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd = 'getm;vHk;ukd "r®'geu atmifEkdif\/
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd = t&omtm;vHk;ukd w&m;t&omu
f / oAÁ&wd H "r®&wd Zdemwd = arGUavsmzf ,
atmifEidk \ G t
f m;vH;k ukd w&m;ü
arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEkdif\/ wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd = 'ku©
tm;vHk;ukd wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEkdif\/ ("r®y'?ck?1?64/)
'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu "r®'geukd *kPfwifum a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm "r®'ge geESihf ywfoufvYkd t|uxmu &Si;f jyxm;w,f/
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf"r®awGukd qdkqHk;ray;w,f? ygVdawmf&JU teuf
t"dygÜ ,fawGukd &Si;f vif;zGiq hf xdk m;wJh t|uxmawGudk a[mMum;jyo
ay;w,f? ygVdawmfawGukd EIwfikH&atmif ykdYcsay;w,f? ar;jref;wJh
jyóemawGukd ajzMum;ay;w,f? ur®|mef;w&m;awGukd a[mMum;
jyoay;w,f? w&m;awmf emMum;rIukdvnf; t½kdtaojyKvkyfw,f/
'DtvH;k pHu
k awmh "r®'geyJ rnfygw,f/ 'Dvdk "r®'getvSLBu;D ukd ay;vSL
aewJh yk*¾dKvfu rdrdukd,fwkdif y&d,wådA[kókwç y#da0"A[kókw
ac:wJh ESpfrsKd;aom A[kókwwdkYjzifh bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd
r*fqu
dk f zkv d q
f u dk o
f nftxd todBu;D odNy;D wJt h cgrS "r®'getvSLBu;D ukd
ay;vSLr,fqv dk Qiaf wmh rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;vH;k twGuf tusK;d &Sw
d hJ
tvSLBuD;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk tvSLBuD;ukd ay;vSLEkdifwJh tvSLay;
tvSLcHy*k K¾d vf ESpOf ;D vH;k wk[
Yd m tu,fírsm; tEkyg'daooedAmÁ e"mwfoYdk
wkid af tmif qkud af &mufomG ;Mur,fqv dk Qif tkad b;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; tvGwf
Bu;D vGwNf y?D emab;qk;d Bu;D rSvnf; tvGwBf u;D vGwNf y?D aoab;qk;d Bu;D rS
vnf; tvGwBf u;D vGwNf y?D oHo&m0#f'u k © rD;yHBk u;D vnf; tNy;D wkid Nf ird ;f NyD
jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DaeY ausmif;'g,umç ausmif;'g,dumrawGvnf;
rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmeftvSLBuD;udk ay;vSLEkdifwJhtqifhtxd usifhMuH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygvdkY bkef;BuD; wkdufwGef;ygw,f/ tm;-
rxkwfEkdifao;bl;qdkvQifvnf; 'DaeY jyKpkysKd;axmifvkdufwJh 'geukodkvf
tpkpkonf rao&m tNrdKufedAÁmefudk &jcif; a&mufjcif;&JU BuD;pGmaom
taMumif;taxmuftyhHom jzpfygapvdkY qkawmif;yefxGmNyD;awmh
w&m;odrf;MupdkY ---
w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH;
[dwGm umar yAÁZ ðok? oaEÅm *rÇD&pdEÅum/
aw wkarSysEkodu©ma0Sg? yAÁZdwm okayovm/
oaEÅm = bk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&SUuolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
*rÇ&D pdEu
Å m = eufeo J nfh "mwfoabmawGukd eufepJ mG Muq
H if tMuH
aumif; 0ifawmfrlMuukefonfjzpfí/
umar = a&S;ujyKzef ukodkvfuHwdkY pDrHaxmufr vufa&muf
&om; rsm;vSZeD;onf BuD;BuD;i,fESifh ESD;EG,fa&m,l
udk,fawmfwdkY ydkifoonfh umr0w¬KtpkpkwdkYudk/
[dwGm = igwdyYk ikd jf im; þumrw&m;wdo
Yk nf trsm;ESihf qufqH
ab;awGu 0ef;&H &efawGu ajrmufjrm; wu,fudk
aMumufvefYzG,fawGygwum;[k aMumuftm;awmf
ÓPf<u,f vGwv f wG Bf u;D pGeyYf ,fawmfrMl uukeo
f nf
jzpfí/
yAÁZ o
ð k = C&m0go orÁm"[k udpörsm;ajrmif vlwdkYabmif 0#f
aESmifudk vGwfatmifMuHK;vsuf ½kef;uefxGufí ESpf-
ouf&Tifvef; &Sif&[ef; jyKí awmxGufawmfrlMu
avukefNyD/
wkarSyd = jrwfaeu©r® "mwftmo,[k qEúdef;atmif; oif
olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/
yAÁZdwm = 0w¬Kumr [lorQrS r&t& MuHK;vsuf ½kef;uef xGuf
Muukefonfjzpfí/
okayovm = pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif ykHtoGifodkY cspfcifav;jrwf
ESpfouftyfaom oDv udk,fpDudk,fi &Sd Muukefonf
jzpfí/
aw = xdkbk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&SUu olawmfaumif;wdkYudk/
tEkodu©ma0Sg = twkvdkufum usifhwwf&mudk usifhumraoG ..
tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapukefownf; .../
(om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; ...)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,f
rGefjynfe,f/
1367-ckESpf? wykdYwGJvqef; (1)&uf? we*FaEGaeY/
"""
tb,fukd ay;vSL& rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef;
tu©&mpOftñTef; - rmwdum
tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm
«t» 74
« tm » 74
«O» 74
«u» 74
«c» 74
«*» 74
«C» 74
«p» 74
«w» 74
«'» 75
«"» 75
«e» 75
«y» 75
«z» 75
«A» 75
«b» 75
«r» 75
«&» 75
«v» 75
«0» 75
«o» 76
74 ] tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ (uð''okwåef)
«t» Or®m'EÅDtavmif;tvsm 15
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; 21
taMumif;ork',opöm 66 «u»
tqif;vSjcif; 7 uk#d0d[m&dax&f 41
t"d*r 36 ul#m*g&okwåef 55
tEkodu©ma0Sg 72 uH 22
tb,fukd ay;vSL&rSmvJ¿ 1 uHvdkY ac: 67
trw'ge 46ç 69 «c»
tjrwfqHk;aom'ge 70
csrf;omukd ay;vSLol 24
t&d,mEG,favmif; 72
csrf;omBuD;jcif; 7
t&Sift*Fkvdrmv
cGeftm;ukd ay;vSLol 4
tavmif;tvsm 13
cGeftm;BuD;rm;jcif; 12
t&Sit
f Ek½'k g¨ 33
t0dZÆm 21 «*»
t0dZÆmvdkY ac: 66 *rÇ&D pdEu
Å m 71
touf&Snfjcif; 6
«C»
« tm »
C&m0go orÁm" 72
tmemygeusifhpOf 61
tm0gotvSL'ge\ «p»
tusKd;*kPftif # pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif 72
tm;vHk;ukd ay;vSLol 37 pdwåol<u,f 46
«O» «w»
Owåd,rax&f 30 wPSm 21ç 66
Oyg'gef 21ç 67 w&m;a'oemawmfed*kH; 71
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ] 75
wdkw,fvdkY ac: 63 «A»

wpfaeYwm pm;vkdufwJh AdrdÁom&rif;BuD;\
tm[m& 9 awmifhwcsufig;yg; q
«'» «b»
'u©dP0db*Fokwåef 20 bmqkawmif;MurvJ 66
'gembd&w 46 abmZeokwåef 5
«"» «r»
"r®tvSL BuD;ay;aewJhyk*¾dKvf 46 r*¾opömw&m; 69
"r®'geyJ rnf 70 rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefukd
"r®mbd&w 47 &&Sda&;twGuf
"mwfur®|mef;rS 'ku©opömokdY 65 od&rnfhw&m; 51
r[mowdy|meokwåef 59
«e»
r[mokwaomrZmwf 13
ed'geuxm (ausmif;tvSL ) * rsufpdukd ay;vSLol 32
eda&m"opöm 69
eda&m"opömESifh r*¾opöm 68 «&»
«y» ½kyftqif;ukd ay;vSLol 15
&Snfw,fvdkY ac: 63
ynma&mif = ÓPfa&mif 59
y#dpöorkyÜg'fykdif;½IuGuf 36 «v»
y#dbmefÓPfynmBuD;jcif; 10 v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;u 64
ayg&dom' 13 vSL'gef;jcif; Z
«z» «0»
jznfhusifh&r,fh t*Fg&yf 35 0e0pärax&f 28
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၀၇.အဘယ္ - ကို - ေပးလႉရမွာလဲ PDF

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