TVSL JRPFWM Okh Yg Teå&M, F: (BK&M &sifesifh 0Päy&Dakdzfwkdy/ Aqg Aeg Cef

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f
(bk
bk&m;&SifESifh 0py&dAkdZfwkdY\ aqG;aEG;cef;)
(0pa*gwokwef)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
"
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm ................................ *

(bk&m;&SifESifh 0py&dAkdZfwkdY\ aqG;aEG;cef;) ............ 1
w&m;OD;yvif ............................... 1
rGefjrwfaom OD;wnfcsuf ........................ 3
0pa*gwy&dAkdZf\ ar;cGef; (4)&yf ................... 4
olwpfyg;\ tvSL'geukd wm;jrpfoltwGuf tE&m,f (3)rsKd; .. 11
1/ 'geukokdvf\ tE&m,f ...................... 12
2/ vmbfvmb\ tE&m,f ..................... 12
3/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wl;NzdKaeol .................... 12
t&Sifavmouwdrax&ftavmif; ............... 14
tm*E Ku &[Emrax&fjrwfukd jypfrSm;rdjcif; ........... 17
m rp&d,\ pGrf;tm; ...................... 19
rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wl;NzdKvkdufNyD ..................... 21
vlNydwmb0 - i&Jb0 ......................... 23
bDvl;b0 - acG;b0 .......................... 24
aemufqkH;b0 .............................. 24
olwkdY pOf;pm;MuNyD ............................ 25
ypdrb0du = aemufqkH;b0&Sdol ................... 25
usD;uef;yrm toufarG;&ol ..................... 26
t&Sifom&dykw&mESifh awGUqkHjcif; ................... 27
uHw&m;\ vSnfhywfrI ......................... 28
t&[wzkdvfqkdufNyD .......................... 29
c " rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
y&dedAmef pHawmfrlNyD ..........................

okH;cgom t0pm;&zl;onf ......................
atmufxpfqkH; tvSL'ge --- wd&pmefukd ay;vSLjcif; .......
tkd;uGJwJh xreJukdaomfvnf; .....................
oDv&SdwJh tvSLcHyk*dKvf ........................
t*Fg (5)&yfukd y,fNyD;ol ........................
t*Fg (5)&yfESifh jynfhpkHol ........................
BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&SdwJh tvSL'ge ..........
OD;wnfcsuf trsKd;rsKd; ..........................
vlYb0 - ewfb0 - jA[mb0okdY OD;wnfcsuf ...........
oDv&SdoltwGufom ..........................
BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;[lonf ..............
oHCduausmif;tvSL ..........................
pdwf"mwf\ pGrf;tm; ..........................
tqifhqifh tusKd;BuD;ykH ........................
bmaMumifhvJ o'g = rsKd;aph .....................
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; ..................
29
31
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35
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43
43
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earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
ed'geuxm
tEkyAk uxEd 'gemeE&H oDvH oDvmeE&H o*H o*geE&H r*Ed
{0H tEky#dyg#duxH/ (tH?|?3?213/)
bk&m;&Sifonf tcsKdUtcsKdUaom uRwfxkdufool a0ae,swkdYukd
acscRwfawmfrl&m0,f &Hcg tpOftwkdif;aom w&m;pum;[k ac:qkdtyfonfh tEkykAduxm w&m;pum;ukd a[mMum;ay;awmfrlwwf\/
1/ 'geuxm
2/ oDvuxm
3/ o*uxm
4/ r*uxm
= 'geESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
= oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
= ewf&Gmok*wdESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
= t&d,r*fokdYa&mufaMumif; opmav;yg;ESifh
pyfaom w&m;pum; ---
uJhokdY tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;pum;awmfukd tEkykAduxm

xm[k ac:qkd\/
'geuxm --- 'geESiphf yfaom w&m;pum;awmfudk a&S;OD;pGm a[mMum;awmfr&l jcif;rSm 'geum; vltrsm;pkwYdk jyKvyk v
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a[mjyoifhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; pnf;pdrfOpm\ jynfhpkHjcif; =
abm*orwdtaMumif;ukd a[mjyawmfrlNyD;aemuf vlUb0 ewfb0
ponfh aumif;jrwfaom b0ESihf jynfph jHk cif; = b0orw\
d taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf; a[mjyawmfrloifhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; 'geuxm
= 'geESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;\ tjcm;rJh oDvuxm = oDvESifh
pyfaom w&m;pum;ukd qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
(tH?#D?3?221/)
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b0ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;yifwnf;[k Tefjyawmfrljcif;iSmvnf;aumif;
'ger,ukokdvf oDvr,ukokdvf[laom jrifhoxufjrifh jrwfoxuf
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oDvuxm = oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;\ tjcm;rJh o*uxm =
ewf&mG ok*wdEiS phf yfaom w&m;pum;wku
Yd dk qufvuf a[mMum;awmfr-l
avonf/ (tH?#D?3?221/)
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d k Tejf yawmfrjl cif;iSm xko*
do*uxm = ewf&mG ok*wdEiS phf yfaom w&m;pum;\
tjcm;rJh r*uxm = t&d,r*fESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;ukd qufvuf
a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/ (tH?#D?3?221/)
r*uxm = t&d,r*foYdk qku
d af &mufaMumif; tusiahf umif;wku
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voukdvnf;aumif;
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xGuaf jrmufaMumif;w&m;pum;jzpfonfh = aeuar tmedoo
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xmw&m;pum;ukd a[mMum;awmfro
l nft
h ykid ;f wGif
xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;awmfrlayonf/ (tH?#D?3?221/)
0pa*gwow
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0pa*gwokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifonf atmufwef;tusqkH; 'gerS
txufwef;tusq;Hk 'getxd wpfrx
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dk f edAm efudk OD;wnfvsuf
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2/ tvSLcHy*k Kd vw
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jyKjcif;
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cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
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olwpfyg;&JU vmbfvmb&JU
tE&m,fukd jyKvkyfcJhzl;w,f? (pmrsufESm-15/)
tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 1

(bk
bk&m;&SifESifh 0py&dAkdZfwkdY\ aqG;aEG;cef;)
0pa*gwokwef)
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w&m;OD;yvif
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uav;wpfyk'f emMum;MunfhMu&atmif/ y&dwfw&m;awmfuav;
wpfyk'feJYyJ ed'gef;ysKd;Mu&atmiff ---
r[mumkPdaum emaxm? [dwm, oAygPdeH/

yla&wGm yg&rD oAm? yawm oarm"d}rkwrH/
{awe op0aaZZ e? aomwd aw a[mwk oA'g/
r[mumkPdaum = BuD;jrwfaom ukPm&Sdawmfrlaom/ emaxm = jA[m ewf vl oH;k bHo
k w
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tvH;k pHu
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Yk / [dwm, = avmuD avmukw-
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NyD;/ OwrH = jrwfvSpGmaom/ ormoarm" = t&[wr*fPf
oAnKwPfawmfjrwfodkY/ yawm = a&muf&SdawmfrlcJhavNyD/ {awe
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wkrSmuH = oifw&m;emy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYtm;/ o'g
= aeYa&m nOfyh g b,fcgrvyf tcgcyford ;f / aomwd = ab;&efuek u
f if;
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h sihf
awmfrcl w
hJ ,f/ bmOD;wnfcsuef YJ jznfu
h sichf o
hJ vJ oAnKwPf&zd&Yk ef
&nf&G,fawmifhwNyD;awmh aumif;rIukodkvfawGukd jznfhusifhcJhw,f/
xd0k pDr*Fvm rSeu
f efwhJ opmpum;aMumifh oifow0gtaygif;wdo
Yk nf
ab;&efukefuif; csrf;omat;jrjcif; jzpfygapvdkY opmjyKaewJh *gxmuav;wpfyk'f jzpfygw,f/
rGefjrwfaom OD;wnfcsuf
'DaeY ausmif;tp&Sw
d hJ ouFe;f tp&Sw
d hJ qGr;f tp&Sw
d hJ vSLzG,0f wK
ypn;f pkukd vSL'gef;aewJh yk*Kd vaf wGvnf; OD;wnfcsuw
f pfcck ak wmh &So
d ifh
w,faemf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;pGmwkdYwGif tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk; OD;wnfcsufuawmh ormoarm"dPfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh oAnKwPf
txGwfwyfxm;wJh t&[wr*fPfudk &zdkY&ef &nf&G,fawmifhwNyD;
aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f jyKcrhJ ,fq&kd ifawmh tqift
h wef; tjrifq
h ;kH 'gewpfck
tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk; OD;wnfcsufwpfck jzpfygw,f/
'Dxufwpfqifh edrv
hf u
kd &f ifawmh yapuaAm"dPf&&Sad &;twGuf
&nf&G,fawmifhwNyD; aumif;rIukodkvf jyKcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh 'kwd,
taumif;qHk;aom OD;wnfcsufwpfck jzpfw,f/ wwd, taumif;qHk;
OD;wnfcsuu
f awmh t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m t&Sirf [marm*vm ef ud,
k af wmf
jrwfBu;D wdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd t*om0uaAm"dPf &&Sad &;twGuf &nf&,
G af wmif-h
wNyD;awmh aumif;rIukodkvfawG jyKcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh xdkOD;wnfcsufu
wwd,taumif;qHk; OD;wnfcsuf jzpfygw,f/
'Dxufwpfqifh edrfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifr[muy
t&Sit
f meEm t&Sirf [mupn;f tp&Sw
d hJ rax&fausmf yk*Kd vjf rwfBu;D wdkYuJhodkY r[mom0uaAm"dPfudk &nf&G,fawmifhwNyD; aumif;rIukodkvfxl;awGudk qnf;yl;&SmazGcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; xdkOD;wnfcsufonf
pwkwtaumif;qHk; OD;wnfcsufwpfck jzpfygw,f/
'Dxufwpfqifh edrv
hf u
kd af wmh d;k d;k om0uawGaygh/ r*fPf zdv
k -f
Pf edAm efukd &&So
d mG ;awmfrw
l hJ yuwdom0uaAm"dPfukd &nf&,
G f
awmifhwNyD; aumif;rIukodkvfwpfckudk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh
xdjk yKpyk sK;d axmifaewJh aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f xdOk ;D wnfcsurf sK;d udak wmh yr
taumif;qHk;aom OD;wnfcsufvdkYawmh owfrSwfEdkifygw,f/
tJ'D OD;wnfcsufawGuaeNyD;awmh aemufxyf yHkpHwpfrsKd; tae
tm;jzifh vlcsr;f om ewfcsr;f om jA[mch sr;f omawGukd &nf&,
G af wmif-h
wNyD; aumif;rIukodkvfawGudk jyKcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;
jzpfEdkifygw,f/ odkYaomf aumif;rIukodkvfjyKwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdrdwdkY
&nf&,
G af wmifw
h wJh OD;wnfcsut
f wdik ;f jzpfEikd af &;twGuf tvSLcHy*k Kd vf
bufrmS &S&d r,fh t*Fg&yfawGvnf; &SdMuw,f/ tvSLay;wJh yk*Kd vb
f ufrmS
xif&Sm;&Sdae&r,fh t*Fg&yfawGvnf; &SdMuw,f/ tJ'D t*Fg&yfawGeJY
ywfoufvdkY oabmaygufatmif t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf wduedygwfrSm
k e fuav;ukd twdck sKyNf y;D awmh ajymMu&atmif vm&Sw
d hJ 0pa*gwow
0pa*gwy&dAkdZf\ ar;cGef; (4) &yf

wpfcsdefrSm 0ptEG,frSm zGm;jrifwJhtwGufaMumifh 0pa*gwy&dAdkZf
trnf&wJh y&dAdkZfwpfOD;u jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om trSwf&zG,f pum;awG ajymqdkMuw,f/
ajymqdNk y;D qH;k apNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;udk olu avQmufxm;
w,f/ b,fvdk avQmufxm;vJ
okwH arwH abm a*gwr oraPm a*gwarm {0rm[ -]r,Sar0 'geH 'gwAH? emanoH 'geH 'gwAH? r,Sar0 om0umeH 'geH
'gwA?H emanoH om0umeH 'geH 'gwA?H r,Sar0 'dEH r[yv?H emanoH
'dEH r[yvH? r,Sar0 om0umeH 'dEH r[yvH? emanoH om0umeH
'dEH r[yv}Ed/ (tH?1?161/)
abm a*gwr = tdkt&Sif a*gwr .../ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmf

onf/ {wH = pum;ukd/ okwH = Mum;emzl;yg\/
]]t&Sifa*gwr ...wynfhawmf 'Dpum;ukd Mum;zl;aew,f}}/
b,fvdk Mum;zl;ovJ
omraPm a*gwarm = &[ef;a*gwronf/ {0H = odkY/ tm[
= ajymqdk aeyg\/
]]t&Sifa*gwru 'Dvdk ajymw,fqdkwJh pum;uav;wpfckukd
wynfhawmf Mum;aew,f}}/ 'Dvdk ajymw,fqdkwmu b,fvdkvJ
r,Sar0 = igbk&m;&Siftm;omvQif/ 'geH = tvSL'geudk/ 'gwAH
= ay;vSLoifh ay;vSLxdkufay\/ tanoH = igbk&m;&SifrS wpfyg;aom
tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/ 'geH = tvSL'geud/k e 'gwAH = ray;vSLoifh ray;vSLxdkufay/ r,Sar0 om0umeH = igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfh
om0uwdkYtm;omvQif/ 'geH = tvSL'geudk/ 'gwAH = ay;vSLoifh ay;vSLxdkufay\/ tanoH om0umeH = igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0urS
tjcm;wpfyg;jzpfMuukefaom om0uwdkYtm;/ 'geH = tvSL'geudk/ e
'gwAH = ray;vSLoifh ray;vSLxdu
k af y/ r,Sar0 = igbk&m;&Sit
f m;om
vQif/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ r[yvH = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK;
rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d &Sad y\/ tanoH = tjcm;wpfyg;aom yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/
'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ e r[yvH = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; r&Sday/ r,Sar0 om0ume
om0umeH = igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uwdkYtm;omvQif/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ r[yvH
= BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; &Sday\/ tanoH om0umeH =
igbk&m;&Si\
f wynfo
h m0urS tjcm;wpfyg;ukeaf om om0uwdt
Yk m;/
'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ e r[yvH = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; r&Sday/ wd {0H = odkYvQif/ oraPm a*gwarm =
&[ef;a*gwronf/ tm[ = ajymqdk aeygay\/ wd {wH 0peH =
uJo
h aYkd om pum;ud/k ar = bk&m;wynfah wmfonf/ okwH = Mum;em
ae&ygay\/
0pa*gwy&dAZkd f = 0ptEG,rf mS jzpfwhJ y&dAZkd Bf u;D u jrwfpmG bk&m;udk
avQmufxm;wJh pum;yJaemf/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfhawmfawmh 'Dvdk Mum;aew,f/ &[ef;
a*gwr[m igbk&m;udo
k mvQif tvSL'ge ay;vSLxdu
k w
f ,f/ igbk&m;rS
wpfyg; tjcm;wpfyg;aom tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*Kd vaf wGtm; tvSL'geudk ray;vSLxdu
k b
f ;l / igbk&m;&Si&f UJ wynfo
h m0uawGuo
dk m tvSL'geukd ay;vSLxdu
k w
f ,f/ igbk&m;&Si&f UJ wynfo
h m0urS tjcm;wpfyg;aom
yk*dKvfawG&JU wynfhom0uawGukd ray;vSLxdkufbl;/ igbk&m;&Siftm;
ay;vSLrSomvQif BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; &Sdw,f/ tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*Kd vaf wGtm; ay;vSLcJ&h if Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d
r&Sb
d ;l / igbk&m;&Si&f UJ wynfo
h m0uawGukd ay;vSLrSomvQif Bu;D us,f
zGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; &Sdw,f/ tjcm;tjcm;aom *kdPf;q&mawG&JU
wynfo
h m0uawGukd ay;vSLcJrh ,fq&kd if Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d
r&Sb
d ;l vdYk &[ef;a*gwru ajymaew,fvYdk wynfah wmfMum;ae&ygw,f}}
qdkNyD;awmh olu avQmufxm;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk avQmufxm;NyD;wJhtcgrSm
olUpum;uawmh rqkH;ao;bl;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk qufvufNyD; olu
avQmufxm;jyefw,f/ b,fvdk avQmufxm;vJ
a, aw abm a*gwr {0rm[Hok ]oraPm a*gwarm {0rm[
r,Sar0 'geH 'gwAH? emanoH 'geH 'gwAH/ r,Sar0 om0umeH 'geH
'gwAH? emanoH om0umeH 'geH 'gwAH/ r,Sar0 'dEH r[yvH?
emanoH 'dEH r[yvH/ r,Sar0 om0umeH 'dEH r[yvH? emanoH
om0umeH 'dEH r[yv}Ed/ (tH?1?161/)
abm a*gwr = tdkt&Sif a*gwr .../ a, aw = tMuifyk*dKvf

wdkYonfum;/ {0H = odkY/ tm[Hok = ajymqkdMuukef\/
'Dvdkajymw,f/ b,fvdkvJ
oraPm a*gwarm = &[ef;a*gwronf/ {0H = odkY/ tm[
= ajymqdk aeyg\/ r,Sar0 = igbk&m;tm;omvQif/ 'geH = tvSL
'geudk/ 'gwAH = ay;vSLoifh ay;vSLxdkufay\/ tanoH = tjcm;
wpfyg;aom yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/ 'geH = tvSL'geud/k e 'gwAH = ray;vSLoifh
ray;vSLxdu
k af y/ r,Sar0 om0umeH = igbk&m;&Si\
f wynfo
h m0uwdkYtm;omvQif/ 'geH = tvSL'geudk/ 'gwAH = ay;vSLoifh ay;vSLxdkuf
ay\/ tanoH om0umeH = igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0urS wpfyg;ukefaom tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*dKvfwkdY\ wynfhom0uwdkYtm;/ 'ge
'geHH =
tvSL'geudk/ e 'gwAH = ray;vSLoifh ray;vSLxdkufay/ r,Sar0 =
igbk&m;tm;omvQif/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ r[yvH =
Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d &Sad y\/ tanoH = tjcm;wpfyg;aom
yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwhJ tvSL'geonf/ e r[yvH = Bu;D us,f
zGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; r&Sday/ r,Sar0 om0umeH = igbk&m;&Sif\
wynfhom0uwdkYtm;omvQif/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/
r[yvH = Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d &Sad y\/ tanoH om0umeH
= igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0urS tjcm;wpfyg;ukefaom yk*dKvfwkdY\
wynfhom0uwdkYtm;/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonf/ e r[yvH
= BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; r&Sday/ wd {0H = odkYvQif/
a, aw = tMuify*k Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ tm[Hok = ajymqd
k aeMuyguke\
f /
]]t&Sifa*gwru ajymaew,f/ ighudkomvQif tvSL'geay;vSL
&r,f/ wjcm;wjcm;aom yk*dKvfawGtm; tvSL'ge ray;vSL&bl;/
igbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0uawGudkomvQif tvSL'ge ay;vSL&r,f/
wjcm;wjcm;aom yk*dKvfawG&JU wynfhom0uawGudk tvSL'ge ray;-
vSL&bl;/ igbk&m;&Siu
f kd vSLrSomvQif tusK;d Bu;D w,f/ wjcm;wjcm;aom
yk*Kd vaf wGukd vSLcJ&h if tusK;d rBu;D bl;/ igbk&m;&Si&f UJ wynfo
h m0uawG
udk ay;vSLrSomvQif BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; &Sdw,f/ wjcm;wjcm;aom yk*Kd vaf wG&UJ wynfo
h m0uawGukd ay;vSLcJrh ,fq&dk if Bu;D us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; r&Sdbl;vdkY tMuifyk*dKvfawGu ajymae
Muw,f}} tJ'Dvdk ajymwJhyk*dKvfawGonf bmjzpfvJ
1/ upd aw abmawm a*gwr 0kw0g'daem (tH?1?161/)
abm a*gwr = t&Sifa*gwr .../ upd = tokdYygenf; aw =
xdkyk*dKvfwdkYonf/ abmawm a*gwr = t&Sifa*gwrtm;/ 0kw0g'daem = trSefudk ajymqdkaewJh yk*dKvfwdkYonf/ a[mEd = jzpfMuyg
ukefovm;
]]tJ'Dvdk ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawG[m t&Sifa*gwrudk trSeftwdkif;
ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawG [kwfMuyg&JUvm;}} wpfcsufaemf/
2/ e p ye b0EH a*gwrH tblawe tAmpduEd/ (tH?1?161/)
ye = aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum;/ b0EH a*gwrH = t&Siaf *gwrud/k
tblawe = r[kwfrrSefaom pum;jzifh/ upd e p tAmpduEd =
rpGyfpGJbJ &Sd Muygukef&JUvm;
]]tJ'Dvdk ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawG[m t&Sifa*gwrudk r[kwfrrSef
rpGyfpGJbJ &Sd Muygukef&JUvm;}} aemufwpfck --3/ "r pmEk"rH Asmua&mEd? (tH?1?161/)
"r p = t&Sifa*gwr a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;raewJhw&m;udkvnf;/ tEk"rH = tpOfavsmfnDwJh w&m;udk/ upd ye Asmua&mEd =
ajymMum; aeMuygukefovm;
]]t&Sifa*gwr a[maewJhw&m;udk tpOfvdkufNyD; a[maewm

[kwfMuyg&JUvm;}}
4/ e p aumpd o["rdaum 0g'gEkygawm *g&,SH XmeH tm*pwd
(tH?1?161/)
aumpd = wpfpHkwpfckaom/ o["rdaum = taMumif;w&m;ESifh

wuGaom/ 0g'gEkygawm = t&Siaf *gwr ajymqdak ewJh rl&if;pum;tpOf
aemufodkY tpOfusa&mufvsuf&Sdaom wpfqifhajymMum;aom pum;onf/ *g&,SH XmeH = uJh&JUxdkufwJh t&mXmeodkY/ e p tm*pwd =
ra&mufbJ &Sdyg&JUvm;
]]'DajymaewJh pum;awG[m taMumif;w&m;ESifh avsmfnDaeaom
t&Siaf *gwr a[mMum;jyo qdq
k ;kH raewJh rl&if;pum;aemufukd tpOfvdu
k Nf y;D awmh wpfqifah jymMum;aewJh ruJ&h UJ xdu
k w
f hJ pum;awG [kwMf u
yg&JUvm;}}wJh/
teAumwkumrm [d r,H b0EH a*gwrH/ (tH?1?161/)
r,H = bk&m;wynfah wmfwo
Ykd nfum;/ b0EH a*gwrH = t&Siaf *gwrudk/ teAumwkumrm = rpGyfpGJMuvdkygukef/
]]wynfah wmfw[
Ykd m t&Siaf *gwrudk rpGypf v
JG Mkd uygbl;}}qdNk y;D awmh
'Dar;cGe;f (4)&yfudk olu ar;w,f/ tJ'v
D kd ar;jref;avQmufxm;vdu
k w
f hJ
tcsdeftcgrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;bufu bmtajzay;awmfrlovJ
]]a, aw 0p {0rm[Hok -- ]oraPm a*gwarm {0rm[ -r,Sar0 'geH 'gwA/H y / emanoH om0umeH 'dEH r[yv}E/d (tH?1?161??)
]]'umawmf 0py&dAdkZf ... tMuifyk*dKvfawG[m &[ef;a*gwr[m ighudkom ay;vSL&r,f/ wjcm;wjcm;aom yk*dKvfawGudk ray;vSL
&bl;/ igbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0uawGudkom ay;vSL&r,f/ wjcm;-
wjcm;aom *dkPf;q&mawG&JU wynfhom0uawGudk ray;vSL&bl;/
igbk&m;&Sifudk vSLrSomvQif tusKd;BuD;w,f/ wjcm;wjcm;aom yk*dKvf
awGudk vSL&if tusKd;rBuD;bl;? igbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0uawGukd
vSLrSomvQif tusKd;BuD;w,f? tjcm;tjcm;aom *kdPf;q&mawG&JU
wynfhom0uawGukd vSL&if tusKd;rBuD;bl;}}qdkNyD;awmh &[ef;a*gwr
ajymaeygw,fvdkY tMuifyk*dKvfawGu ajymMuw,fwJhaemf/ tJ'Dvdk
ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawGonf trSefudk ajymwm [kwf&JUvm;qdkwmudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufNyD; tajzay;awmfrlw,f/
e ar aw 0kw0g'daem/ (tH?1?161/)
aw = xdyk *k Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ ar = igbk&m;tm;/ 0kw0 g'daem = trSe-f
udkom ajymqdk aeMuwJh yk*dKvfrsKd;wdkYonf/ e a[mEd = rjzpfMuygukef/
]]tJ'Dvdk ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawG[m igbk&m;udk trSeftwdkif; ajymaewJh yk*dKvfawG r[kwfMuygbl;}}/
tAmpduEd p ye rH towm tblawe/ (tH?1?161/)
rH p = igbk&m;udkvnf;yJ/ towm = xif&Sm;r&SdwJh/ tblawe
= r[kwfrrSefwJh pum;jzifh/ tAmpduEd = pGyfpGJ aeMuygukef\/
igbk&m;&Sifukd xif&Sm;r&SdwJh r[kwfrrSefwJh pum;jzifh pGyfpGJaeMuwmom jzpfygw,f/
tJ'v
D kd tajzay;Ny;D awmhrS 'DaeY w&m;emy&dowfawG vdu
k ef moifh
vdkufemxdkufwJh odoifhodxdkufwJh tcsufuav;awGudk jrwfpGmbk&m;
tenf;i,f qufNyD; a[may;awmfrlygw,f/
tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 11
olwpfyg;\ tvSL'geukd wm;jrpfoltwGuf tE&m,f (3) rsKd;

a,m acg 0p y&H 'geH ''EH 0ga&wd/ (tH?1?161/)
0p = 0ptEG,fjzpfaom 'umawmf y&dAdkZf .../ a,m acg =
tMuifolonfum;/ y&H 'geH ''EH = olwpfyg; ay;vSL aeonfudk/
0ga&wd = wm;jrpfwwf\/
olwpfyg; ay;vSLaewmudk yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu wm;jrpfwwfw,f/ 'umBuD;awGu vSLcsif&if 'umrBuD;awGu uefYuGufw,f/
'umrBu;D awGu vSLcsiNf yq
D &kd if 'umBu;D u uefu
Y u
G w
f ,f/ om;orD;
awGu vSLcsif&if rdbawGu uefYuGufw,f/ rdbawGu vSLcsif&if
om;orD;awGu uefYuGufw,f pwJh yHkpHrsKd;yJaemf/ olwpfyg; ay;vSLawmhr,fq&kd if xdak y;vSLaewJh tvSL'geudk vmNy;D wm;jrpfw,f/ tJ'D
wm;jrpfwJhyk*dKvf bmvkyfwmvJ
a,m acg 0p y&H 'geH ''EH 0ga&wd aom wdPH tE&m,ua&m
a[mwd? wdPH yg&dyEdaum/ (tH?1?161/)
0p = 0ptEG,f jzpfaom 'umawmfy&dAZkd /f a,m acg = tMuifolonfum;/ y&H 'geH ''EH = olwpfyg; ay;vSL aeonfudk/ 0ga&wd
= wm;jrpfwwf\/ aom = xdkwm;jrpfwwfwJh yk*dKvfonf/ wdPH =
oH;k rsK;d wd\
Yk / tE&m,ua&m = tE&m,fukd jyKvyk w
f wfonf/ a[mwd
= jzpfay\/ wdPH = oHk;rsKd;wdkY\/ yg&dyEdaum = ab;Oyg'fwdkYudk jyKvkyf
wwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay\/
tE&m,f (3)rsK;d ab;Oyg'f (3)rsK;d udk jyKvyk af ewJh yk*Kd vjf zpfw,f/
olwpfyg; ay;vSLaewJh tvSL'gewpfcu
k kd oGm;Ny;D wm;jrpf&if 'Dwm;jrpfwhJ
yk*dKvfonf tE&m,f (3)rsKd;udk jyKvkyfaewm jzpfw,fvdkY bk&m;&Sifu
a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D (3)rsKd;qdkwmu bmawGvJ
1/ 'geukokdvf\ tE&m,f
1/ 'g,u yknE&m,ua&m a[mwd? (tH?1?161/)
eHygwf (1)aemf/
'g,u = tvSL&Si\
f / yknE&m,ua&m = aumif;rIuo
k v
kd \
f
tE&m,fudk jyKvkyfwwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
'geqkw
d mu vSLcJrh ,fq&dk if tvSL&Si'f g,umrSm ukov
kd w
f &m;awG
wdk;yGm;r,fhvkyfief; jzpfw,f/ tvSL&Sif 'g,umu vSLzG,f0wKypnf;
wpfckudk vSLawmhr,fMuH&if rvSLzdkY&ef uefYuGufw,f/ vSLr,fqdkwJh
tvSL&SiftwGuf ukodkvfw&m;awG jzpfOD;rvm; rjzpfbl;/ ukodkvf
ac:wJh ykn = aumif;rIuo
k v
kd w
f &m;awGukd rjzpfay:atmif tE&m,f
jyKvkyfaewJh vkyfief;wpfck jzpfw,f/ 'gu eHygwf (1)aemf/ eHygwf
(2)uawmh bmvJ
2/ vmbfvmb\ tE&m,f
2/ y#d*g[umeH vmbE&m,ua&m a[mwd? (tH?1?161/)
y#d*g [umeH = tvSLcHy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd / vmbE&m,ua&m = vmbfvmb\ tE&m,fudk jyKvkyfwwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
tvSLcHy*k Kd vaf wG &oif&h xku
d w
f hJ vmbfvmb&JU tE&m,fuv
kd nf;
jyKvyk w
f wfw,f/ r[kwb
f ;l vm; [kwaf ew,faemf/ 'gu eHygwf (2)/
eHygwf (3)usawmh bmvJ
3/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wl;NzdKaeol

3/ ykaA0 acg ye twm cawm p a[mwd Oy[awm p/
(tH?1?161/)
ykaA0 = a&S;rqGuyifvQif/ t = xkduefYuGufaewJh yk*dKvf-
onf/ twm = rdrdudk,fudk/ cawm p = *kPfysufatmif wl;NzdKtyfNyD;onfvnf;/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ Oy[awm p = *kPo
f u
d m ysujf ym;atmif
nOf;yef;ESdyfpuftyfNyD;onfvnf;/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
tJ'v
D kd uefu
Y u
G af ewJh yk*Kd vu
f kd vSr;f Munfah emf/ ol[m auseyfvYkd
uefu
Y u
G w
f mvm; rauseyfvYkd uefu
Y u
G w
f mvm; rauseyfb;l / rauseyfwmrSm olUrSm avmbaMumifh rauseyfwmvnf; &Scd si&f rdS ,f? a'go
aMumifh rauseyfwmvnf; &Scd si&f rdS ,f? m rp&,
d awG ud,
k x
hf ufom remvdw
k hJ pdwx
f m;awG 0efww
kd phJ w
d x
f m;awGaMumifh rauseyfwmvnf; &Sdcsif&Sdr,faemf/ avmb a'go arm[ m rp&d,pwJh
'Dtukov
kd w
f &m;awG 0ifNy;D aESmif,
h u
S cf aH e&wJh yk*Kd v[
f m rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd
rdrd a&S;rqGwnf;u rdr*d P
k o
f u
d m awG usqif;oGm;atmif BuKd wifNy;D awmh wl;NzdKaewmyJ/ odyfavmbBuD;wmyJ? odyfa'goBuD;wmyJ? odyf
arm[xlajymwmyJ? odyfNyD;awmh m rp&d,awG rsm;jym;wmyJ
ponfjzifh ab;yk*dKvfawGu a0zefMuawmhr,f/ rdrdrSm &Sd&if;pGJjzpfwJh
oDv orm"d ynm*kPo
f u
d m awG tm;vk;H usqif;oGm;wmyJ/ 'Duad vomvufeufawGeYJ rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdrd wl;NzKd aejyefw,f/ b,fvkd wl;NzKd wmvJ wl;w,f NzdKw,fqkdwm 'umBuD;awG Munfhprf;Munfh wl;vdkY&Sd&if
bmjzpfomG ;vJ wGi;f u bmjzpfomG ;vJ wl;av eufavyJ/ rdrd eufwhJ
ae&mudk qif;oGm;zkdY&eftwGuf udk,fhudk,fudk wl;NzdKaewmyJ/ vufeJY
,ufNyD;awmh atmufudk qif;aewJh ykHpHyJaemf/
'Dawmh olwpfyg; aumif;rIukodkvfudk uefYuGufkHav;eJYyJ bmaMumifh 'Dvkd vufe,
YJ ufNy;D atmufukd qif;&rvJvYkd 'Dvakd wmh ar;p&m
&Sw
d ,f/ ar;p&m&Sw
d t
hJ cgusawmh tajzuawmh olwpfyg;wd&Yk UJ aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f kd uefu
Y u
G w
f m;jrpfaewJh yk*Kd v&f UJ oEmefrmS avmb a'go
arm[pwJh tukodkvfw&m;awGu enf;yg;vdkY uefYuGufwmvm; rsm;jym;vdkY uefYuGufwmvm;vdkYar;&if rsm;jym;wJh xkxnfawG &Sdw,faemf/
tvSLcHy*k Kd vt
f ay:rSm rauseyfvYdk a'gojzpfvYdk a'goukd tajccH
NyD;awmh odkYr[kwf vSLzG,f0wKtay:rSm wG,fwmwyfrufwJh avmb
jzpfaevkYd avmbudk tajccHNy;D awmh uefu
Y u
G af ewmvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/ tvSLcHy*k Kd vf tvSLay;wJyh *k Kd vf ESpzf ufv;Hk tay:rSm rauseyfvYkd
uefYuGufaewmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh m = rvdkrkef;xm;wJh pdwfxm;/ rp&d,
= 0efwdkwJh pdwfxm;awGaMumifh uefYuGufaewmawGvnf; rjzpfEdkif
bl;vm; jzpfEdkifw,f/ rme = ud,
k x
hf ufomoGm;rSmpd;k vd/Yk tvSL&Siu
f
'Dvv
kd LS vdu
k v
f &Ykd &dS if ud,
k u
f enf;enf; vSLEkid w
f ,f/ olu rsm;rsm; vSLEdkifawmh ukd,fhxufom remvkdvkdY rauseyfvdkY uefYuGufwmawGvnf;
r&SdEdkifbl;vm; &SdEdkifw,f/
tJ'Dvdk avmb a'go arm[ m rp&d,w&m;awGudk
wd;k yGm;atmif jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;aewJh yk*Kd vo
f nf rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd wl;NzKd
aewJyh *k Kd v/f rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufaewJyh *k Kd vf jzpfw,f/ tJ'v
D kd
wl;NzdKaewJh yk*dKvf&JU vm;&m*wdonf aumif;wJh*wd jzpfEdkifyghrvm;
rjzpfEikd b
f ;l / tm;vH;k Mum;zl;aumif; Mum;zl;ygvdrrhf ,f/ xH;k uav;wpfc-k
ukdawmh emzl;xyfrHtaeeJY ajymMu&atmifaemf/
t&Sifavmouwdrax&ftavmif; (Zmwu?|?1?251-259/)
t&Siaf vmouwdrax&ftavmif;vsmjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;[m uyjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;wkef;u --- oDv
orm"d ynm odum ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfawGudk tESpEf pS af omif;wkid w
f idk f
jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;awmfrcl w
hJ hJ olawmfaumif; &[ef;awmfwpfyg; jzpfczhJ ;l
ygw,f/ --bdua 0 {aom bduK twaem tvmbdbm0 t&d,"rvmbdbm0 twem0 tumod/ t,Od ykaA ya&oH vmbE&m,H uwGm
tyvmbD Zmawm? ]]tedpH 'kuH tewm}}wd 0dyem, ,kwb

m0 Aave t&d,"rvmbD Zmawm/
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd .../ {aom bduK = &[ef;onfum;/ twaem = rdrd\/ tvmbdbm0 = vmbfvmb r&&SdEkdifonfh
tjzpfukdvnf;aumif;/ t&d,"rvmbdbm0 = jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh
t&d,r*fPf zkv
d
f Pf w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&So
d nf\ tjzpfudk
vnf;aumif;/ twem0 = rdrdukd,fwkdifyifvQif/ tumod = jyKvkyfcJh
avNyD/ t,H = &[ef;awmfonf/ ykaA = a&S;twdwfb0/ ya&oH
= olwpfyg;wkdY\/ vmbE&m,H = vmbfvmb\ tE&m,fukd/ uwGm
= jyKusifhcJhrdonfhtwGufaMumifh/ tyvmbD = enf;yg;aom vmbfvmbukd &jcif;&SdwJh &[ef;awmfonf/ Zmawm = jzpfcJh&avNyD/
ocFga& = 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh kyf+emrf+
aMumif;+usK;d = ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd /dk ]]tedpH 'kuH tewm}}wd = tedp[
k
m0 = BuKd ;pm;
'ku[
k tew[/k 0dyem, = 0dyemuk/d ,kwb
tm;xkwfcJhonf\ tjzpf\/ Aave = pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf tmEkabmfaMumif/h t&d,"rvmbD = jzLpifjrifjh rwfonfh t&d,r*fPf zkv
d
f Pf
[laom w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd &jcif;&SdwJhyk*dKvfonf/ Zmawm =
jzpfcJh&avNyD/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... 'Davmouwd&[ef;awmf[m rdrd&JU
vmbfvmb r&&Sdjcif;qkdwJh b0ukdvnf; rdrdukd,fwkdifyJ jyKvkyfcJhw,f?
jzLpifjrifjh rwfwhJ t&d,r*fPf zkv
d
f Pfqw
dk hJ w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk
&&Sdjcif;qkdwJh 'Doabmw&m;ukdvnf;yJ rdrdukd,fwkdifyJ jyKvkyfcJhygw,f/
'Davmouwd[m [kd a&S;twdwb
f 0 uybk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmftcgu &[Emrax&fjrwf jzpfawmfrlwJh olwpfyg;&JU vmbfvmb&JU tE&m,fudk jyKvyk cf zhJ ;l w,f? 'gaMumifh 'Db0rSm ol[m vmbfvmb r&&Sd jcif; jzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh ol[m 'kuopm ork',opm
trnf&wJh ky+f emrf+aMumif;+usK;d = ocFg&w&m;awGudk tedp[
k 'ku-
[k tew[k vuPma&;ok;H wefow
Ydk ifum 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfczhJ ;l
jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh twdwb
f 0ua&m ,ckb0rSma&m olU&JU 0dyem
bm0emukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;wJh 0dyemukokdvf 0dyemPfawG&JU pGrf;tm;aMumifh t&[wzkdvfwkdifatmifaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfwJh
t&d,r*fPf zkdvfPfqkdwJh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfawGukd &&Sd jcif;
jzpfw,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f rdeMYf um;awmfrNl y;D aemuf --- olU&JU a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,fZmwfvrf;ukd jyefajymif;um a[mMum;awmfrl
ygw,f/
okaYd omf ol&Y UJ 0dyemPfawG[m odyjf ynfjh ynfph pHk aHk wmh y&rw
"mwfom;awGukd od&Sd[ef rwlbl;/ tcsKdUt0ufavmufyJ odykH&w,f/
om0uwkdY odoifh odxkdufwJh twkdif;twmukdom ajymvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;uawmh 0dok'dr*t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ yp,y&d*[Pfykdif;rSm --- t|uxmu 'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;jyefw,f --rdem ye aPe orEm*awm 0dyaum Ak'omoae
v'maom v'ywda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEm emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
'Dvkd zGifhxm;w,f/ bmajymvkdwmvJ
aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;awGukd
wu,fvufawGU IEidk v
f Ydk taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;awGudk PfeJY ykdif;jcm;,lwwfwJh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odwwfwJh yp,y&dd*[PfeJY
jynfph w
Hk hJ 0dyembm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;aewJh 0dyuyk*Kd v[
f m
bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSm oufom&mukd &&SdoGm;NyD? axmuf&m
wnf&mukd &&SdoGm;NyD? aumif;&mok*wdqkdwJh vm;&m*wd jrJNyD? plVaomwmyef = aomwmyefnDaxG; jzpfNyDvkdY 'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
'gaMumifh t&Sifavmouwdtavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh olawmfaumif;&JU 0dyemPf[m om0uwkdY odoifh odxkdufwJh twkdif;twm yrmPukd pHcsdefrDykHawmh r&bl;vkdY ,lq&ygw,f/ taMumif;
uawmh olU&JU a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz,
G Zf mwfaMumif;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/
ol[m uybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;wkef;u oDv
orm"d ynm odum ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfawGudk tESpEf pS af omif;wkid w
f idk f
jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhwJh olawmfaumif; &[ef;awmfwpfyg; jzpfygw,f/
ol<u,fwpfO;D ukd trSjD yKNy;D awmh &Gmi,fi,fuav; wpf&mG rSm oDwif;okH;cJhygw,f/ yifukdoabmtm;jzifh oDv&SdwJh olawmfaumif; wpfOD;vnf; jzpfw,f? 0dyembm0emukd tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo
f l
wpfO;D vnf; jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ okaYd omf uHq;dk rk;d arSmifuscsiaf wmh wpfaeYrmS
rarQmfvifhaom taMumif;t&mwpfck jzpfay:vmcJhjyefw,f/ ---
tm*E Ku &[Emrax&f jrwfukd jypfrSm;rdjcif;

wpfaeYrmS usi0hf wfy#dywfawGudk tnDtrQ usio
hf ;Hk vsu&f adS wmfrlwJh &[Emrax&fjrwfwpfyg;uvnf; tpOftwkdif; c&D;a'opm&D
<ucsaD wmfrv
l mvku
d w
f m tJ't
D vkyt
f auR; OyoumwkYd aexkid &f m &Gmi,fuav;okYd qku
d af &mufawmfrv
l mcJyh gw,f/ ol<u,fuvnf; &[Em
rax&f jrwfBuD;&JU oGm;vmykH &d,mykxfawGukd MunfhNyD;awmh tvGef
MunfnKd omG ;wJt
h wGuf rax&f jrwfBu;D &JU oydwaf wmfudk ,laqmifum
tdrfwGif;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlyg&ef kdkdaoao yifhzdwfNyD;awmh kdkdaoao av;av;pm;pm; jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd;eJY rGefjrwfaom qGrf; cJzG,f
abmZOfawGukd qufuyfvSL'gef; ylaZmfw,f/ qGrf;udp NyD;qkH;oGm;wJh
tcgrSm rax&fjrwfBu;D u tvSLcH&[ef;awmfrsm;bufu jyKusi&hf r,fh
wm0ef0w&m;twkdif; w&m;pum;vnf; tenf;i,f a[mMum;ay;
awmfrlygw,f/ 'g,um ol<u,fuvnf; wkdif;xuftvGef MunfndK
oGm;jyefw,f/ rax&f jrwfBuD;ukd &Sdckd;NyD;awmh olu avQmufxm;jyef
w,f/ ]]t&Sib
f &k m; wynfah wmf aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;xm;wJh ausmif;ok-Yd
om <uawmfryl g? wynfah wmfwv
Ydk nf; naecsr;f tcgrSm vma&mufum
zl;ajrmfuefawmhygr,f}}vkdY avQmufxm;vkdufw,f/
&[Emrax&fjrwfBuD;uvnf; ausmif;a&mufwJhtcg t&Sifavmouwdrax&ftavmif;jzpfr,fh ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmfudk &Scd ;dk
0wfjyKNy;D aemuf aexkid zf aYdk e&mukd yefMum;avQmufxm;Ny;D awmh oifw
h if-h
wJh wpfae&mrSm xkdifvkdufygw,f/
ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmfuvnf; y#doEm&pum; ajymMum;Ny;D aemuf
]]qGrf;tm[m&rQwatmif &&SdcJhyg&JUvm;}}vkdY ar;Munfhw,f/ tm*E K
rax&fuvnf; t&Sib
f &k m;wk&Yd UJ tjrw
J rf; qGr;f cHaeus qGr;f cH&mG rSm&Sw
d hJ
ol<u,ftdrf &&SdcJhygaMumif; ponfjzifh wifjyavQmufxm;w,f/
'Dvkd y#doEm&pum;awGukd ajymMum;NyD;aemuf rdrd oDwif;okH;
&r,fh ausmif;tdy&f mae&mukd ar;jref;avQmufxm;Ny;D ausmif;ukd oef-Y
&Si;f a&;jyKvyk u
f m oydwo
f uFe;f ukd okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh psmefcsr;f om
zvormywfcsrf;omawGjzifh tcsdefukd ukefvGefapvsuf oDwif;okH;
awmfrlaevkdufygw,f/
ol<u,fausmif;'umuvnf; naecsr;f tcg eHo
Y myef;qDr;D awGudk
vufpNJG y;D awmh ausmif;a&mufvmw,f/ ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmftm; k-d
aopGm &Sdckd;0wfjyKNyD;aemuf tm*E K&[ef;awmftaMumif;ukd ar;jref;
avQmufxm;um tm*E K&[ef;awmfukd oGm;a&mufum &Sdckd;0wfjyKNyD;
xkdifaevkdufwJhtcg tm*E K&[ef;awmfuvnf; 0w&m;twkdif; oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh w&m;pum;awmfrsm;ukd a[mMum;ay;awmfrlvkduf
ygw,f/ naecsrf;tcga&mufawmh apwDawmfESifh aAm"dyifukd &Sdckd;
ylaZmfNyD;aemuf rax&fjrwfESpfyg;vkH;ukdyJ reufjzeftwGuf qGrf;jzifh
yifhzdwfum jyefoGm;vkdufw,f/
m rp&d,\ pGrf;tm;
tm*E Kukd,fawmftay: ausmif;'um&JU MunfndKav;pm;rI
tay:rSm ausmif;xkdifq&mawmf okdYr[kwf ausmif;ae&[ef;jzpfwJh
t&Sifavmouwdtavmif; &[ef;awmfu rausreyf awmfawmf
jzpfum uk,
d x
hf ufom remvkw
d hJ mw&m; uk,
d 'hf g,umESihf qufqHrIukd onf;rcHEkdifwJh rp&d,w&m;awGukd arG;jrLa&; vkyfaerdw,f/
]]'Dol<u,fuawmh ighukd ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeNyD? tu,f
'Dtm*E K&[ef;awmf[m 'Dausmif;rSm qufvufaexkid rf ,fq&dk ifawmh
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,lqaew,f/ m rp&,
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&[ef;awmftay:rSm awmfawmfav; rausrcsrf; jzpfaewJhtwGuf
]]'Dausmif;rSm 'Dukd,fawmf raeEkdifatmif igjyKvkyfoifhw,f}}qkdwJh
pdwfxm;awG jzpfay:aew,f/ 'geJY olu bmvkyfovJ
bk&m;&Sifrsm;u rdrdwkdY&JU wynfhom0uawGukd naecsrf;tcg
rax&f Bu;D rsm;xH csO;f uyfum tqk;H trMo0g'ukd cH,&l r,fvYdk qkq
d ;Hk r
xm;awmfrlwJhtwkdif; naecsrf;tcgrSm tm*E Kukd,fawmfu rdrdxHokdY
qnf;uyfvmwJhtcg pum;wpfcGef;rQ rajymbJ aevkdufw,f/ tm*E K
&[Emrax&fjrwfuvnf; 'Dausmif;xkid b
f ek ;f Bu;D &JU twGi;f tZmo,"mwfukd olwpfyg;wkdY&JU pdwfukd odEkdifwJh y&pdw0dZmeetbdnmPf
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oGm;awmfryl gw,f/ ]]tif; 'Du,
dk af wmfuawmh 'um 'umrawGtay:
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f mrI rufarmrI aMumifMh urI awmif-h
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rdrdae&mXmeokdY jyef<uum psmefcsrf;om t&[wzkdvformywfcsrf;omjzifh tcsdefukd ukefvGefapvkdufw,f/
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf rk;d aomuftvif;okYd a&muf&v
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dk af wmf&UJ ausmif;wHcg;ukd acguf
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D cg 'um 'umrawGu ]]'Du,
dk af wmf&JU oydwfxJawmh jynfhaeNyD}}qkdNyD;awmh olUatmuf 0gi,fwJh &[ef;awmfawGudk qufvLS 'gef;Mujyefw,f/ wpfzef avmouwdrax&f&UJ
oydwfxJukd xyfvSLr,fvkyfvkdufawmh 'um 'umrawG&JU cGufxJrSm
,m*kawGu ukefoGm;jyefw,f/ tjcm; qGrf;-cJzG,f-abmZOfawGukd
avmif;vSLwJhtcgrSmvnf; 'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ jzpfaewwfygw,f/ &[Em
rax&fjrwf&JU vmbfvmbukd tE&m,fjyKcJhwJh uH&JU pGrf;tm;yJ jzpfygw,f/
t&[wzkdvfqkdufNyD
tJ'D avmouwdrax&f[m aemufykdif;umvrSm 0dyemPfawGukd wkd;yGm;atmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrl
Ekid w
f t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh t&[wzv
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bk&m;&SifomoemawmftwGif;u jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhwJh yg&rD
a*gwrbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSm qufvuf jznfhusifh
qnf;yl;awmfrlvkdufwJh &ifhusufvmwJh 0dyemPfwkdY&JU pGrf;tm;aMumifh &[EmtjzpfoYdk a&muf&adS omfvnf; olwpfyg;wk&Yd UJ vmbfvmbukd tE&m,fjyKcw
hJ t
hJ wGuf vmbfvmbuawmh enf;yg;jrJ enf;yg;vsuf
yJ &Sdygw,f/
y&dedAmef pHawmfrlNyD
wjznf;jznf;eJyY J tm,kocFg& ukeq
f ;Hk ojzifh y&deAd m ef pHawmfrrl nfh
aeYokdY qkdufa&mufvmayNyD/ w&m;ppfrSL;BuD; t&Sifom&dykw&mukd,fawmfjrwfBu;D uvnf; qifjcifawmfrv
l u
dk w
f t
hJ cg y&deAd m ef pHawmhrnfh
tjzpfukd od&Sdawmfrlygw,f/
]]'Davmouwdrax&fawmh 'DaeY y&dedAmef pHawmhr,f? 'DaeY
ig[m 'Doal wmfaumif;twGuf tvk&d o
dS avmuf bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifEidk f
&eftwGuf tpmtm[m&ukdawmh ay;vSLoifhw,f}} --'Dvkd qkH;jzwfcsufcsawmfrlNyD;aemuf avmouwdrax&fukd
ac:aqmifum om0wNd rKd UtwGi;f okYd qGr;f cH<u0ifawmfryl gw,f/ t&Si-f
om&dykw&mrax&f jrwfBuD;[m xkdavmouwdukd trSDjyKNyD;awmh
qGrf;&zkdYukd rqkdxm;bd? om0wdrSm &SdaewJh vlrsm;taygif;&JU vufukd
qefYwef;NyD; vuftkyfcsDrkd; &Sdckd;jcif;rQavmufawmifrS r&&Smbl;/ 'geJYyJ
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mrax&fjrwfBu;D uvnf;yJ ]]igh&iS f oGm;acsawmh? qGr;f pm;
Z&yfrSmyJ xkdifapmifhaeayawmh}}qkdNyD; vTwfawmfrlvkdufygw,f/
'um 'umrawGuvnf; t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&fjrwfBuD;ukd
jrifvkdufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ]]wkdYt&Sif <uvmawmfrlNyD}}qkdNyD;awmh
ae&mrsm; cif;usif;um qGrf;jzifh jyKpkvkyfauR;Muygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mrax&f jrwfBu;D u rdrd &&Sw
d q
hJ rG ;f ukd rdrd rok;H aqmifbJ
]]'DqGrf;ukd avmouwdrax&ftm; ay;vSLyg}}qkdNyD; tykdYckdif;vkdufw,f/ oGm;ykdYwJhyk*dKvfawGu avmouwdrax&fukd trSwfr&bJ
rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdifyJ pm;okH;ypfvkdufMuw,f/
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & muk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D vnf; qGr;f pm;jcif;udp Ny;D vkYd
ae&mrS xawmfrlum ausmif;awmfokdY jyef<uawmfrlygw,f/ ausmif;
a&mufawmh avmouwdrax&fu t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mrax&f jrwfBuD;ukd vma&mufum &Sdckd; 0wfjyKygw,f/ qGrf;&&Sdygovm;vkdY t&Sifom&dykw&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u ar;jref;awmfrlvkdufwJhtcg r&&Sdyg
aMumif;ukd avmouwdrax&fu jyefvnf avQmufxm;awmfrl
vkdufygw,f/
t&Sifom&dykw&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;uvnf; oHa0* tvGef &&Sd
oGm;awmfrlygw,f/ tcsdefukd armfMunfhvkdufawmh rGef;vGJoGm;NyDqkdwm
od&adS wmfryl gw,f/ t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mrax&f jrwfBu;D uvnf; --- ]]ukid ;f
&Sdapawmh? t&Sifbk&m; 'Dae&mrSmyJ xkdifoDwif;okH; apmifhqkdif;aeyg}}
qkdNyD;awmh qGrf;pm;ausmif;rSm avmouwdrax&fukd aeapvkduf
ygw,f/ aumovrif;&JU eef;awmfokdY <uoGm;awmfrlvkdufygw,f/
aumovrif;BuD;uvnf; rax&fjrwfBuD;&JU oydwfawmfukd
,laqmifNy;D aemuf --- ]]qGr;f vSL&r,fh tcsed t
f cgawmh r[kwaf wmhNy}D }vkYd
ESvkH;ykdufum pwkr"kukd tjynfhxnfhum ay;vSLvkdufygw,f/ rax&fjrwfBu;D vnf; tJ'pD wkr"kudk ausmif;awmfoYdk ,laqmifNy;D aemuf ]]igh&iS f
wd ... vmayawmh - 'Dpwkr"kudk bkO;f ay;yg}}qkNd y;D awmh oydwu

f dk
rdrdvufeJY ukdifxm;NyD;awmh &yfwnfaevkdufygw,f/ bmaMumifh ukdifxm;&ovJ vTwfvkdufygu pwkr"kawG aysmufysufoGm;rSmpkd;vkdYyg/
avmouwduk,
d af wmfuvnf; t&Sio
f m&dyw
k r ax&fjrwftay:rSm kdaoav;pm;wJh pdwfxm;&SdwJhtwGuf rbkOf;ay;&J jzpfaew,f/
tJ'D tcgrSm t&Sifom&dykw&m rax&f jrwfBuD;u avmouwd
rax&fjrwfukd --]]igh&Sifwd ... vmomvmyg/ igu 'Doydwfukd ukdifNyD;awmh
&yfaer,f? oifu xkdifNyD;awmh bkOf;ay;yg/ igu vufvTwfvkdufr,f
qkdvQif bmrS r&Sd jzpfcsifjzpfoGm;r,f}}/
'Dvkd trdefY&Sdawmfrlvkdufygw,f/ t&Sifavmouwdrax&fjrwfuvnf; t*om0uvnf;jzpf? w&m;ppfrSL; tOD;tckdif "raoemywdvnf; jzpfawmfrlwJh t&Sifom&dykw&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u
oydwfukdukdifum &yfwnfaeckdufrSmyJ pwkr"kukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifawmfrlygw,f/ ,if;pwkr"k[mvnf; t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&f jrwfBu;D \ t&d,'d Ad v[k ac:qkt
d yfwhJ t&d,mwefc;dk pGr;f tm;aMumifh uke-f
cef;jcif;okYd a&muf&rdS oGm;awmhb;l / xkt
d cgrSmyJ t&Siaf vmouwd
rax&fjrwfvnf; tvk&d o
dS avmuf 0rf;jynfah tmif bkO;f ay; ok;H aqmif
awmfrlygw,f/ t&Sifavmouwdrax&fjrwfvnf; xkdaeYrSmyJ
0dygufurZkyf t<uif;tuserf &Sd ukepf ifatmif csKyNf ird ;f jcif;qkw
d hJ tEkyg'daooedAmef"mwfjzifh y&dedAmef pHawmfrlygw,f/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J
'kurD;ykHBuD; tNyD;wkdif Nidrf;oGm;NyD jzpfawmfrlygw,f/
okH;cgom t0pm;&zl;onf
olwpfyg;[k ac:qkdtyfwJh &[Emt&Sifjrwf\ vmbfvmb\
tE&m,fukd jyKcJhonfh b0rS pNyD; oHo&mwpfavQmuf xrif;0atmif
pm;&onfrmS ok;H b0om &Scd zhJ ;l w,f/ tJ'D ok;H b0rSmvnf; wpfoufv;Hk
t0pm;&wmawmh r[kwb
f ;l / wpfb0rSm wpfBurd o
f m pm;cJ&h zl;w,f/
tJ'D okH;b0u bmawGvJ --1/ bDv;l jzpfpOftcgu wpfaeYrmS uk,
d 0f efonf&UJ tnpftaMu;awGukd wpfcg &cJhzl;w,f/
2/ acG;jzpfpOfu wpfcak om b0rSm wpfaeY0,f olwpfyg;wkYd tefxm;wJh tefzwfukd wpfcg &cJhzl;ygw,f/
3/ ,ck y&deAd m ef pHawmfrrl nfah eYrmS t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mrax&f jrwfBu;D &JU wefckd;&Sdefapmf tmEkabmfaMumifh pwkr"k wpfBudrf &cJhzl;w,f/
{0H y& vmbE&m,u&PH emr r[ma'goEd a0'dwAH/
(Zmwu?|?1?259/)
'gaMumifh olwpfyg;&JU vmbfvmb&JU tE&m,fukd jyKvkyfjcif;

rnfonf tvGefYtvGef BuD;av;wJh tjypf'PfawGukd cHpH&vdrfhr,fqkdwmukd todPf&SdMuprf;yg/ ukdif; --- 0pa*gwokwefukd jyefqufMu&atmif ...
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu 0pa*gwokwefrSm bmtrdefY&SdovJ
a,m acg 0p y&H 'geH ''EH 0ga&wd aom wdPH tE&m,ua&m
a[mwd? wdPH yg&dyEdaum/ (tH?1?161/)
0p = 0ptEG,fjzpfaom 'umawmfy&dAdkZf .../ a,m acg =
tMuifolonfum;/ y&H 'geH ''EH = olwpfyg; ay;vSLaeonfudk/
0ga&wd = wm;jrpfwwf\/ aom = xkdwm;jrpfaewJh yk*dKvfonf/
wdPH = okH;rsKd;wdkY\/ tE&m,ua&m = tE&m,fudk jyKvkyfwwfonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/ wdPH = okH;rsKd;wdkY\/ yg&dyEdaum = ab;Oyg'ftE&m,fudk jyKvkyfwwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
bmokH;rsKd;vJ
'g,u yknE&m,ua&m a[mwd? y#d*g[umeH vmbE&m,ua&m a[mwd? ykaA0 acg ye twm cawm p a[mwd Oy[awm p/
'g,u = tvSL&Si\
k v
kd \
f
f / yknE&m,ua&m = aumif;rIuo
tE&m,fukd jyKvyk w
f wfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ y#d*g [umeH = tvSLcHy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd / vmbE&m,ua&m = vmbfvmb\ tE&m,fukd jyKvyk f
wwfonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ykaA0 acg = a&S;rqGuyifvQif/ t
= xkdwm;jrpf uefYuGufaewJhyk*dKvfonf/ twm = rdrdudk,fudk/ cawm
p = wl;NzdKtyfonfvnf;/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
atmufxpfqkH; tvSL'ge -- wd& pmefukd ay;vSLjcif;

t[H acg ye 0p {0H 0'grd/
0p = 0ptEG,fjzpfaom 'umawmfy&dAdkZf .../ t[H acg =
igbk&m;onfum;/ {0H = odkY/ 0'grd = a[mawmfrlygay\/
'umawmfy&dAZkd f ... igbk&m;uawmh 'Dvkd a[mw,f/ b,fv-kd
vJ 'DaeY 'umBuD;awG txl;ojzifh tav;*kjyKNyD;awmh em,loifhwJh
xkdqkH;rcsufuav;wpfckyJaemf/
t[H acg ye 0p {0H 0'grd -- a, [d aw pEedum, 0g
Movd*av 0g ygPm wMwyd a,m xmvda"m0eH 0g o&m0a"m0eH
0g qawd -- a, ww ygPm aw awe ,mayE
,mayE Lwd? wawm
ed'germ[H 0p ykn tm*rH 0'grd/ aum ye 0ga'g rEkblaw
0p = 0ptEG,f jzpfaom 'umawmfy&dAZkd /f t[H acg = igbk&m;onfum;/ {0H = odkY/ 0'grd = a[mawmfrlygay\/ u 0'grd =
tb,foYkd a[mawmfryl goenf;/ 0p = 0ptEG,f jzpfaom 'umawmf-
y&dAdkZf/ pEedum, 0g = wHpD;wGif;vnf;aumif;/ Movd*av 0g =
&THUGeftkdiftwGif;vnf;aumif;/ a, [d aw ygPm = tMuif ydk;avmufpwJh ow0gwdkYonf/ oEd = &Sd Muavukef\/ wMwyd = xkdwHpD;wGif; &THUGeftdkiftwGif;aomfvnf;yJ/ a,m = tMuif trSwf
rxm; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0gonf/ xmvda"m0eH 0g =
yef;uefaq;wJh a&udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ o&m0a"m0eH 0g = tkd;cGuf
aq;wJha&udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ wMw = xkdwHpD;tkdif &THUGeftkdif
twGif;/ a, ygPm = tMuif ow0gwdkYonf/ oEd = &Sd Muavukef\/ aw ygPm = xkdow0gwdkYonf/ awe = xkd yef;uefaq;wJha&
tkd;cGufaq;wJha&jzifh/ ,mayE
,mayE K = rQwMuygapukefownf;/ wd =
odkYESvkH;ydkuf/ qawd = pGefYypfav\/ 0p = 0ptEG,fjzpfaom
'umawmfy&dAdkZf .../ wawm ed'gerd = xkduJhodkY yef;uefaq;wJha&
tk;d cGuaf q;wJah &udk vSL'gef;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;yJ/
ykn = aumif;rIukodkvf\/ tm*rH = vm&Sdjcif;udk/ t[H =
igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mawmfrl\/
yk*dKvfwpfOD;aygh/ 'DaeY aeYwkdif;&Ekdifw,f/ 'umBuD;awG aeYwkdif;
yef;uef raq;bl;vm; aq;w,f/ aeYwikd ;f tk;d cGuaf wG raq;bl;vm;
aq;w,f/ tJ'D yef;uefaq;wJah &av; tk;d cGuaf q;wJah &av;udak omfvnf;yJ wHp;D wGi;f vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ rpifwiG ;f awGrmS &Sad ewJh yd;k avmuf
ow0gawG &TUH Get
f ikd t
f wGi;f rSm &SdaewJh yd;k avmufow0gawG 'Dyef;uef
aq;wJah & tk;d cGuaf q;wJah &av;jzifh rQwMuygapvdYk ESv;Hk ydu
k Nf y;D awmh
vSL'gef;wwfr,fqdk&if xdkwHpD;wGif; wHpD;tkdiftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh
&TUH Get
f ikd t
f wGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh yd;k avmufawGukd yef;uefaq;wJah &
tk;d cGuaf q;wJah &udk vSL'gef;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;yJ
aumif;rIukodkvfw&m;\ jzpfay:vmjcif;udk igbk&m; a[mawmfrlygw,fwJh/ 'gu atmufxpfqkH;yJaemf/
tvSLcHyk*dKvfbuf Munfhvdkufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tnhHqkH;vdkY

rajymEkdifbl;vm; tvSLay;wJh 0wKypnf; Munfhvdkufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; pm;vdYk aomufvYkd ydv
k Ykd yef;uefaq;xm;wJah &av; tk;d cGuaf q;xm;wJah &av; jzpfw,f/ 'Dyef;uefaq;a& tk;d cGuaf q;a&qdw
k hJ tnh-H
qk;H jzpfaewJh vSLzG,0f wKypn;f pkukd tnhq
H ;Hk jzpfwhJ yd;k avmufpwJh ow0gav;awGukd vSL'gef;&ifvnf; tusK;d &So
d vm; r&Sb
d ;l vm; &Syd gw,f/
aumif;rIukodkvf&Sdw,fvdkYom igbk&m; a[mw,f/
tkd;uGJwJh xreJukdaomfvnf;
'gaMumifh 'Dtcsufuav;udk MunfhNyD;awmh emrnfausmfjzpfwJh
pavOD;yknuawmh --- ]]tk;d uGw
J hJ xreJuakd omfvnf; vSLwwfu edyv
rjzpfygbl;}}qkdNyD;awmh olu 'Dvdk arwmpmwpfckrSm a&;xm;w,f/

tkd;uGJwJh xreJudkyif vSLwwfu edyvrjzpfbl;/ edyvrjzpfbl;qdkwm
tusKd;rJh rjzpfEkdifbl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/ tkd;uGJoGm;wJh xreJudkawmif vSLwwfvdkY&Sd&if tusKd;&Sdw,fwJh/ xkH;uav;axmufjyxm;wmuawmh
bkef;BuD;wdkY yk*HacwfueJY wlygw,faemf/ 'g,umBuD;wpfOD;u xreJ
tkd;BuD; usKdae&muae jzKef;ueJ tkd;BuD; uGJoGm;w,f/ xreJtkd;BuD;
uGo
J mG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmhrS olu bmvkyo
f vJ ]uJ ... acG;awG
vmMu vmMu/ eifwdkYudk ig vSLw,f}qdkNyD; vSLvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
vSLwwfc&hJ if tusK;d r&Sb
d ;l vm; tJ'v
D kd vSL&ifawmifrS tusK;d &Sw
d ,fvYkd
igbk&m; a[mw,f/
aum ye 0ga'g rEkblaw
rEkblaw = vlom;jzpfwJh ow0gtay:/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geonfum;/ aum ye 0ga'g = tb,fqdkzG,f&m &SdEkdifygawmhtHhenf;/
vlom;jzpfwJh ow0gwpfOD;udk vSLr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh bmajym-
zG,f&m &SdawmhrvJ tusKd;&Sdonfom jzpfygw,faemf/ igbk&m;u igbk&m;udk vSLrSomvQif tusKd;&Sdw,f/ igbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0uawGukd vSLrSomvQif tusK;d &Sw
d ,f/ wjcm;yk*Kd vaf wGukd vSLcJ&h if wjcm;
wynfhom0uawGudk vSLcJh&if tusKd;r&Sdbl;vdkY igbk&m; ra[mygbl;wJhaemf/ wHpD;wGif; wHpD;tkdif &THUGefwGif;rSm&SdwJh ydk;avmufow0gav;
awGudkaomfvnf; yef;uefaq;a& tkd;cGufaq;a&udk vSL&ifawmif
tusK;d &Sw
d ,fvo
Ykd m igbk&m; a[maew,f/ vlom;jzpfwhJ ow0gawGukd
vSLcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh bmajymzG,f&m &SdrvJ tusKd;&Sdonfom jzpfygw,faemf/ 'gayr,hfvdkY uefYowfcsufuav;ukdawmh bk&m;&Sifu
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
oDv&SdwJh tvSLcHyk*dKvf
tyd pm[H 0p oDv0awm 'dEH r[yvH 0'grd? aem wxm
'kv
D ?
0p = 0ptEG,fjzpfaom 'umawmfy&dAdkZf .../ tyd p =
wu,fpifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ oDv0awm
= oDv&SdwJh yk*dKvftm;/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geudk/ r[yvH =
BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&Sd\[l/ 0'grd = a[mawmfrl\/
'kDv = oDvr&SdwJhyk*dKvftm;/ 'dEH = ay;vSLtyfwJh tvSL'geudk/
wxm = xko
d v
D &Sw
d yhJ *k Kd vt
f m; ay;vSLtyfwhJ tvSL'getwl/ r[yvH
= BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&Sd\[l/ e 0'grd = a[mawmfrrl/
'gayr,hfvdkY oDv&SdwJhyk*dKvfudk ay;vSLcJh&ifawmh BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK;
rsm;jrwfaom tusKd;&Sdw,fvdkY igbk&m; a[mygw,f/ oDvr&SdwJh
yk*Kd vu
f kd ay;vSLcJ&h ifawmh Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfaom tusK;d &Sw
d ,fvYkd
igbk&m; ra[mbl;/ "rm"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[mwmaemf/
omoemh0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;jzpfcsiv

f nf; jzpfygap omoemyyk*Kd vf
jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap/ oDv&SdaecJhr,fqkd&ifawmh oDv&SdwJhyk*dKvfudk
vSLcJh&if oDvr&SdwJh yk*dKvfudk vSLwmxufawmh ydkNyD;awmh tusKd;BuD;w,fvo
Ykd m igbk&m; a[mwmyg/ igbk&m;&JU wynfo
h m0uudo
k m vSL&r,f/ igbk&m;udo
k m vSL&r,f/ wjcm; wynfo
h m0uawGukd rvSL&bl;/
wjcm;yk*dKvfawGudk rvSL&bl;vdkY igbk&m; 'Dvdk a[mwm r[kwfbl;/
tusKd;r&Sdbl;vdkY a[maewmvnf; r[kwfygbl;vdkY qkdvdkygw,f/
'gayr,fh 'DoDv&SdwJh yk*dKvfqdkwmu b,favmuftxd oDv&SdwmvJqdkwmukd bk&m;&Sifu qufNyD;awmh owfrSwfcsuf ay;w,faemf/
t*Fg (5) &yfukd y,fNyD;ol

aom p a[mwd y*F0dy[Daem y*ForEm*awm/ (tH?1?161/)
aom p = xkdoDv&SdwJhyk*dKvfonfvnf;yJ/ y*F0dy[Daem = t*Fg
(5)yg;udk y,fxm;NyD;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ y*ForEm*awm =
t*Fg (5)wefESifh jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
t*Fg (5)yg;udk y,fxm;Ny;D jzpf&r,f/ t*Fg (5)csuef YJ jynfph NHk y;D vnf;
jzpf&r,f/ bmt*Fg (5)csufudk y,f&vJ
umrpaEm y[Daem a[mwd? Asmyga'g y[Daem a[mwd? xderd'H
y[DeH a[mwd? O'pukuKpH y[DeH a[mwd? 0dpdudpm y[Dem a[mwd/
(tH?1?162/)
eHygwf (1) umrpE = ouf&SdoufrJh umr0wK tpkpkwdkYtay:

vdv
k m;wyfruf wG,w
f mwyfrufaewJo
h abmudk umrpEv
Ykd ac:w,f/
umrpEe 0D &PyJ/ tJ'D umrpEe 0D &Pudk y,fxm;Ny;D jzpf&r,f/ eHygwf
(1)/
eHygwf (2) Asmyg' = ow0gawGukd owfjzwfvw
kd hJ nO;f yef;ESyd pf uf
vdw
k hJ zsuq
f ;D vdw
k hJ pdwx
f m;udk Asmyg'vdYk ac:w,f/ xkAd smyg'udk y,f-
xm;NyD; jzpf&r,f/ tvSLcHyk*dKvfaemf/
eHygwf (3) xde rd' = pdwaf pwoduaf wGu xkx
d kd orx-0dyem
bm0empwJh aumif;rIukodkvf vkyfief;&yfawGtay: wGefYqkwfaewJhoabm/
'umBu;D awG w&m;tm;xkwyf gvm; ausmif;vmwJh tcsed t
f cgrSm
w&m;wpfcsdefavmuf xdkifvkdufygvm; rwwfEdkifao;bl;bk&m; ...
wynfhawmfwdkYu tvkyfuav;u &Sdaeao;w,f/ bmav;u &Sdaeao;w,f/ nmav;u &Sad eao;w,fqNdk y;D cyfjrefjref vpfajy;w,faemf/
tJ'DykHpHrsKd;yJ/ 'g pdwfapwodufawG xkdif;rdIif;aewm/ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief; orx-0dyembm0emvkyif ef;&yfawGrmS xkid ;f rIid ;f aew,faemf/
tJ'v
D kd pdwaf pwoduaf wGudk xkid ;f rIid ;f apwwfwhJ xde-rd'w
&m; ESpyf g;udkvnf; y,fxm;NyD; jzpf&r,f/ eHygwf (3)/
eHygwf (4)usawmh -- O'peJY ukuKpukd y,fxm;NyD; jzpf&r,f/
O'pu pdwfrNidrfroufbl;/ bm0emtmkHwpfckay:rSm pdwfcsxm;&if
pdwfu NidrfNyD; uyfraebJeJY pdwfu [dka&muf 'Da&muf/ [dkysHU 'DysHUeJY
ysUH vGiahf ewJh oabm/ ukuK pq
w
kd muawmh jyKNy;D wJh 'kpdu
k af wGeYJ ywfoufNy;D awmhvnf; jyKrw
d m rSm;avjcif;qkNd y;D awmh aemifwwpfzef ylyef
aew,f/ rjyKrdwJh okpdkufw&m;awG aumif;rIukodkvfa&; vkyfief;awGeYJ ywfoufvv
Ykd nf; rjyKrw
d m rSm;avjcif;qdNk y;D awmh aemifwwpfzef
ylyefaewJo
h abm/ tJ'D O'pe YJ ukuK p w&m;ESpyf g;udv
k nf; y,fxm;Ny;D
jzpf&r,f/
d pd m / 0dpu
eHygwf (5)usawmh -- 0dpu
d pd m qdw
k mu ]odaYk vm odaYk vm
awG;awm ,kHrSm;aewJh oabmw&m;wpfckyJ/ oAnKwPfudk &wJh
bk&m;ppf bk&m;rSefqdkwm &SdrS &Sdyghrvm;vdkY oHo,&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
oHo,&SdwhJ yk*Kd vaf wG ckacwfrmS vnf; r&Sb
d ;l vm; &Sdygw,f/ bke;f Bu;D -
wdYk wpfcsed u
f aygh -- vGwv
f yfa&;r&cif *syefacwf rwdik cf ifavmufueJY
wlygw,f/ rk&H mG u ]aZmufx;dk }trnf&dSwhJ yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D u owif;pmxJrmS
]oAnKwPfqw
kd m &Sdygovm;}qkNd y;D awmh owif;pmxJu xnfah &;vdYk
wpfjynfvkH; awmfawmfav; oGufoGufcgoGm;w,faemf/
oAnKwPf&SdwJh ormorK'bk&m;&Sifqdkwm [kwfrS [kwfyghrvm; &SdrS &Sdyghrvm;vdkY oHo,&Sdw,f/ r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefqdkwJh
w&m;awG wu,fxif&Sm; &SdrS &Sdyghrvm;vdkY oHo,&Sdw,f/ r*f zdkvf
edAmefudk odawmfrl jrifawmfrlwwfwJh t&d,moHCmqkdwm wu,f
xif&mS ; &Srd S &Syd ghrvm;vdYk oHo,&Sw
d ,f/ oDvusiphf Of orm"dusiphf Of
ynmusifhpOfawGeJY ywfoufvdkYvnf; oHo,&Sdw,f/ 'DoDvudk jznfhusifh&wm bmtusKd;&SdrSmvJ/ 'Dorm"dawGukd ckacwfrSm xlaxmifvdkY
&rS &yghrvm; pm;vkdufwJh tpmtm[m&"mwfawGu ADwmrif tm[m&"mwfawG avsmeh nf;aewJt
h wGuf cEmud,
k af wGu cefu
Y se;f rI r&Sw
d hJ
twGuf ckacwfrSm orx = orm"dudk xlaxmif&if rjzpfEkdifbl;vkdY
oHo, &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'g[m orm"dou
d m rSm oHo,&Sw
d m r[kwb
f ;l vm; [kwfw,f/
aemufwpfcg ynmodum/ ynmusifhpOfrSmvnf; oHo,&Sdw,f/
b,fvv
kd J ynmqkw
d mu bke;f Bu;D wdYk r[mowdy|meokwe rf mS jrwfpGmbk&m; ud,
k af wmfwidk u
f 'Dynmqkw
d hJ pum;vk;H eJY orm'd|q
d w
kd hJ pum;vkH; PfqkdwJh pum;vkH;? 'Dpum;vkH;awGukd t"dym,fwl tokH;jyKxm;
rk'a, PH 'ku-
awmfryl gw,f/ 'Dorm'd|u
d kd ]]'kau PH 'kuo
eda&ma" PH 'kueda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, PH}} (r?1?88/)qkdNyD;
(4)csuf a[mxm;awmfryl gw,f/ 'kuo
pmukd odw
hJ Pfonf = orm'd|d ork',opmukd odw
hJ Pfonf = orm'd|d eda&m"opmukd odw-hJ
Pfonf = orm'd|d r*opmukd odw
hJ Pfonf = orm'd|d jzpfw,f/
'Dawmh 'kuo
pm trnf&aewJh w&m;awGu bmawGvv
J Ykd ar;awmh -
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum (oH?3?369/) = tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh
Oyg'geuEm (5)yg;onf 'kuo
pm jzpfw,fvYkd bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/ tJ'Dawmh ]lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEm }[laom Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;onf bmopmvJ 'kuopm/ xkd'kuopmxJu Oyg'geuEm
(5)yg;rSm lyyk g'geuEm qdw
k mu bmajymwmvJ bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwkdif [dk cE0*oH,kwf ygVdawmf cEokwefrSm twdtus &Sif;xm;w,faemf/
]]uwar p bdua 0 yKyg'geuEm ,H udd bdua 0 lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH/ y / ,H 'la& oEdau 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,H? t,H
0kpwd lykyg'geuaEm/ ,m umpd a0'em/ y / ,m 'la& oEdau 0g
omo0g Oyg'ged,m? t,H 0kpw
d a0'Ekyg'geuaEm/ ,m umpd onm/
y / ,m 'la& oEad u 0g omo0g Oyg'ged,m? t,H 0kpw
d onKyg'geuaEm/ a, aupd ocFg&m/ y / omo0g Oyg'ged,m? t,H 0kpwd
ocFgkyg'geuaEm/ ,H udd 0dnmPH twDwmem*wypKyEH/ y / ,H
'la& oEad u 0g omo0H Oyg'ged,?H t,H 0kpw
d 0dnmPkyg'geuaEm/
ar 0kpEd bdua0 yKyg'geuEm}}wd/ (oH?2?39/)
twdwfkyfw&m; ypKyefkyfw&m; tem*wfkyfw&m; tZwkyw
f &m; A[d' yk w
f &m; MoVm&duac:wJh ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJh kyw
f &m;
okcrk ac:wJh odraf rGUEl;nhw
H hJ kyw
f &m; [Deac:wJh ,kwn
f w
hH hJ kyw
f &m;
yPDwac:wJh rGefjrwfwJh kyfw&m; 'l&ac:wJh todPfeJY a0;wJh
kyfw&m; oEduac:wJh todPfeJY eD;wJhkyfw&m;/ aygif;awmh
(11)rsKd;/ xkd (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh kyfw&m;
tpktykHonf omo0 = tmoa0gw&m;wdkY&JU tmkH,l&m (31)bkHe,fajrtwGi;f rSm wnf&cdS rhJ ,fq&dk ifaygh/ xku
d o
f vdak yghaemf/ aemuf wPSm
'd|dwdkYjzifh ]ig-igh[m}vdkY pGJvrf;,l&mjzpfcJh&if tJ'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;-
t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh omo0 Oyg'ged,jzpfaewJh kyfw&m; tpktyku

H kd lyyk g'geuEm vdYk ac:w,fqNkd y;D &Si;f xm;awmfrw
l ,f/ (oH?2?39??)
a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEm awGuv
dk nf; ykpH w
H yl J &Si;f xm;w,faemf/ 'gaMumifh (11)rsK;d aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY&JU tmkH,l&m e,fajrtwGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh wPSm 'd|w
d jYkd zifh ]ig igh[m}vdYk vSr;f pG,
J &l mjzpfwhJ cEm (5)yg;onf bmopmvJ 'kuo
pm/ tJ'D 'kuo
pmw&m;udk
odatmif usiw
hf hJ usipfh Ofukd ynmodum = ynmusiphf OfvYkd ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D usiphf OfawG vkyif ef;&yfay:rSmvnf; oHo,&Sw
d ,f/ b,fvkd
oHo,&Sv
d J 'Dyk u
f vmyfuav;awG b,fvrkd S IvYkd r&Ekid b
f ;l / 'Dyk -f
w&m;awG b,fvdkrS IvdkY r&Edkifbl;/ 'Demrfw&m;awG b,fvdkrS IvdkY
r&Ekid b
f ;l vdYk 'DaeYacwfu rajymbl;vm; ajymaeMuw,f/ oHo,&Sv
d Ykd
ajymwmvm; r&SdvdkY ajymwmvm; oHo,&Sdaew,f/ bk&m;a[m
ynmodumusifhpOftay:rSmvnf; oHo,&Sdw,f/
aemufwpfck -- bkef;BuD;wdkY 'kuork'a, PHt& bk&m;&Sifu
wPSmudk ork',opmvdYk y"meenf;tm;jzifh 0dbif;ygVdawmfrmS a[mxm;w,f/ yxrenf;rSm wPSmudk ork',opmvdYk a[mw,f/ 'kw,
d
enf;rSm udavom (10)yg;udk ork',opmvdYk a[mw,f/ wwd,enf;
rSm tukov
kd w
f &m; tm;vk;H udk ork',opmvdYk a[mw,f/ pwkwe nf;
usawmh tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;ESifh 0eddw jzpfwJh tavmb
ta'go tarm[ ukovrlvw&m; (3)yg;udk ork',opmvdYk a[mw,f/ yrenf;usawmh ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHrSeforQudk ork',opmvdkY a[mvdkufw,f/ tJ'D yrenf;uawmh t<uif;tusefr&Sd
ukepf ifatmif ork',opmudk a[mwJeh nf;yJ/ 'gu tbd"rmenf;aemf/
(tbd?2?112-115/ tbd?|?2?185/)
okwefenf;t&uawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u [kd wdwm,weokwef
(tH?1?178/)rSm t0dZmaMumifh ocFg&jzpfykH? ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpfykH?
0dnmPfaMumifh emrfkyfjzpfykH ponfjzifh aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dporkyg 'foabmw&m;awGukd odw
hJ Pfukd ork',opmqkNd y;D a[mxm;
awmfrw
l ,f/ xko
d rk',opmtrnf&wJh w&m;awGudk [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG
odw
hJ Pf &&Sd atmif usiahf ewJh usiphf Ofukd ynmusiphf Of? ynmodum vdkYyJ ac:w,f/
tJ'D ork',opmukd oda&;rSm twdwftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
ypKyeftusKd;w&m;jzpfykH? ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh tem*wf
tusK;d w&m;jzpfyq
Hk w
dk hJ aMumif;-usK;d quf y#dpo
rkyg 'f uGi;f qufawGyg
yg0ifaew,f/ 'DaeY acwfrmS uawmh tJ'D twdwf tem*wf[m b,fvdrk S IvYkd r&ygbl;/ 0dyemeJY bmrS rqkid b
f ;l vdYk ajymaeawmh 'Dynm
usifhpOfudkvnf; oHo,&Sdwm r[kwfbl;vm; &Sdaew,faemf/
'gaMumifh tJ'Dvdk oDv orm"d ynm odumokH;&yf tusifhjrwf
tay: oHo,&SdaewJhw&m;udk bmvdkYac:vJ 0dpdudpm/ tJ'D 0dpdudpm udk y,fxm;Ny;D jzpf&r,f/ aygif;vku
d af wmh eD0&Pw&m; (5)yg;yJaemf/ eD0&Pw&m; (5)yg;udk y,fxm;wmudk t*Fg (5)&yf y,fxm;NyD;
jzpfw,fvdkY owfrSwfxm;w,f/ eD0&Pw&m; (5)yg;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
acgif;aqmifBu;D (5)ckukd y,fvu
dk &f if aemufvu
kd af wG tm;vk;H ukeo
f mG ;w,f/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH; ukefoGm;NyDaemf/ 'g y,f&r,fh t*Fg
(5)csu/f jynfph &Hk r,fh t*Fg (5)csuu
f v
kd nf; jrwfpmG bk&m;u qufa[mawmfrlygw,f/ bmawGvJ
t*Fg (5) &yfESifh jynfhpkHol

taoaue oDvuaEe orEm*awm a[mwd? taoaue
orm"dua Ee orEm*awm a[mwd? taoaue ynmuaEe orEm*awm a[mwd? taoaue 0drkwduaEe orEm*awm a[mwd?
taoaue 0drw
k
d P'euaEe orEm*awm a[mwd? ar[d
y[d ta*F[d orEm*awm a[mwd/
&[Emyk*dKvfwdkY&JU oDv*kPfaus;Zl; orm"d*kPfaus;Zl; ynm*kPaf us;Zl; 0drw
k q
d w
dk hJ udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufomG ;wJh t&[wzdv
k *f P
k af us;Zl; 0drw
k
d P'eqkw
d hJ udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufwhJ
0drkwd t&[wzdkvfudk wpfzefjyefNyD; qifjcifaewJh ypa0uPmPf
*kPfaus;Zl;awG? tJ'D *kPfaus;Zl; (5)rsKd;eJY jynfhpkH&r,fvdkY 'Dvdk owfrSwcf suf &Sw
d ,f/ 'guawmh bke;f Bu;D wdYk tvSLcHbufu owfrw
S af y;wJh
t*Fg&yfyJaemf/
wpfcg 'DtvSLcHbufu 'Dt*Fg (5)&yf jynfhpkHovkd tvSLay;wJh
yk*dKvfbufuvnf; owfrSwfay;wJh t*Fg&yfuav;awGESifh jynfhpkHr,f
qk&d ifawmh odyaf umif;w,f? wkid ;f xuftvGef wHceG Ef iS b
hf &k m; jzpfw,f/
[dk 'udP0db*FokwefrSm --- bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/
BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&SdwJh tvSL'ge

a,m oDv0g oDv0aEok ''gwd 'geH?
"are v'H okyoEpdawm/
tbdo'[H urzvH OVm&H?
wH a0 'geH 0dykvyvEd jALrd/ (r?3?300/)
a,m oDv0g = tMuif oDv&SdwJh tvSLay;wJhyk*dKvfonf/ "are
v'H = w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGojzifh &&SdtyfwJh vSLzG,f0wK
ypnf;pkudk/ okyoEpdawm = tvGef Munfvifaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf
jzpf/ OVm&H = jyefYajymBuD;us,f jrifhjrwfvSpGmaom/ urzvH = uHuH\tusKd;w&m;udk/ tbdo'[H tbdo'[aEm = tvGef ouf0if
,kHMunfonfjzpf/ oDv0aEok = oDv&SdwJh tvSLcHyk*dKvfwdkY/ 'geH
= tvSL'geukd/ ''gwd = ay;vSL\/ wH 'geH = xkdtvSL'gersKd;udk/ a0 =
pifppf{uef trSeftm;jzifh/ 0dykvyvEd = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfaom
tusKd;&Sd\[l/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ jALrd = 0'grd = a[mawmfrl\/
tJ'Dvdk 'gersKd;udk BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfaom tusKd;&SdwJh 'gevdkY
igbk&m; a[mMum;awmfryl gw,fw/hJ tvSLcHbufu oDv&Sw
d hJ tvSLcH
jzpfw,f/ oDv&Sdwt
hJ xJrmS &[Emyk*Kd vw
f &Ykd UJ ckeu ajymcJw
h hJ oDvonf
tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;yJ/ tvSLay;wJh yk*dKvfbufuvnf; --eHygwf (1) oDv&Sd jcif;/
eHygwf (2) w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazG&&SdwJh vSLzG,f0wK
ypnf;pkjzpfjcif;/
eHygwf (3) vSL'gef;aewJt
h csed f rvSLrDtcsed f vSLNy;D wJt
h csed f tcsed f
okH;ckvkH;rSm MunfvifwJhpdwfxm;&Sd jcif;/
eHygwf (4) jyefaY jymBu;D us,f rsm;jrwfwhJ uH-uH\tusK;d udk ouf0if
,kHMunfwJh o'gw&m;&Sd jcif;/
'Do'gw&m;uawmh uH-uH\tusK;d w&m;ukd wwfoed m;vnfaewJh
uruwmorm'd|dPf jy"mef;vsuf&SdwJh orm'd|dPf a&SUoGm;
&SdaewJh o'gw&m;yJaemf/ aygif;vdkufawmh tvSLay;wJh yk*dKvfbufrSm
jynfhpkH&r,fh t*Fg b,fESpfcsufvJ (4)csuf/
tvSLcHwhJ yk*Kd vb
f ufu oDv&Sdjcif;/ xdo
k v
D onf ckeu ajymcJw
h hJ
&[Emyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd EmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh t*Fg (5)&yfeYJ jynfph aHk ewJh oDvrsK;d
jzpf&ifawmh odyaf umif;w,faemf/ tJ'D t*Fg&yfawG pkn

H cD &hJ if Bu;D us,f
zGUH NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d &Sw
d ,f/ b,fvkd Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d
&SdygovJvdkY ar;&ifawmh ---
OD;wnfcsuf trsKd;rsKd;
bk&m;&Siu
f 'gElyywo
d w
k e f (tH?3?70-72/)rsm;rSm a[mxm;awmfr-l
ygw,f/ yk*d KvfwpfOD;u ckvdk ausmif;tp&SdwJh ouFef;tp&SdwJh qGrf;
tp&SdwJh vSLzG,f0wK ypnf;pkawGudk ay;vSLwJh tcsdeftcgrSm olu
cwd,r[momvvdkYac:wJh rif;olaX;ol<u,fawG jAm[Pr[momvac:wJh ykPm;olaX;ol<u,fawG *[ywdr[momvac:wJh
*[ywdoal X;ol<u,fawGukd olu jrifz;l w,f/ jrifz;l wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh
]]igvnf;yJ 'Daumif;rIuo
k v
kd af Mumifh wpfcsed rf mS rif;olaX; ykPm ;olaX;
*[ywdolaX;ol<u,f wpfOD;OD; jzpf&&if aumif;rSmyJ}qkdwJh pdwfxm;uav;ay:aew,faemf/ 'DaeY tvSL&Sirf sm;rSm b,fvpkd w
d x
f m;ay:r,fqdkwmawmh rajymwwfbl;ayghaemf/ tJ'Dvdk pdwfxm;ay:aewJhtwGuf
olu bmvkyfovJ
aom wH pdwH '[wd? wH pdwH t"d|mwd? wH pdwH bma0wd/
(tH?3?71/)
aom = xdt
k vSL&Sio
f nf/ wH pdwH = xdo
k al X;jzpfcsiw
f hJ pdwx
f m;ud/k
'[wd = xm;\/ wH pdwH = xdkolaX;jzpfcsifwJh pdwfxm;udk/ t"d|mwd
= t"d|mef\/ wH pdwH = xdkolaX;jzpfcsifwJh pdwfxm;udk/ bma0wd =
jzpfap\? yGm;rsm;\/
rif;olaX; ykPm;olaX; *[ywdolaX;ac:wJh olaX;jzpfcsifwJh
pdwx
f m;uav;udk xm;w,f/ olaX;jzpfcsiw
f hJ pdwx
f m;udk aqmufwnf
xm;w,f/ aqmufwnfw,fqw
kd muawmh 'DaeY acwftajymeJY ajym&ifawmh qkawmif;w,fayghaemf/ tJ'D olaX;jzpfcsiw
f hJ pdwx
f m;udk wd;k -
atmif yGm;atmif rsm;atmif jyKvyk af ew,f/ jyKvyk w
f t
hJ wGuf bmjzpfvJ
w wH pdwH [Dae 0drkwH Ow&d tbm0dwH wMwLyywd,m
oH0wwd/ (tH?3?71/)
w = xdktvSL&Sif\/ [Dae 0drkwH = ,kwfnHhwJhbHkb0 Gwfudkif;dIif;vsuf&SdwJh/ wH pdwH = xdkpdwfxm;onf/ wMwLyywd,m =
xdkxdk rdrdGwfudkif;dIif;aewJh xdkxdk bHkb0 jzpfjcif;iSm/ oH0wwd =
jzpfay\/
txuftxuf r*fPf zdkvfPfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfr,f
qd&k ifawmh 'gu rGejf rwfwhJ vkyif ef;yJ? rGejf rwfwhJ OD;wnfcsuyf /J 'gayr,fh ckvdk rif;olaX;b0 ykPm;olaX;b0 *[ywdolaX;b0ac:wJh
k
olaX;b0wpfcck u
k kd Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aewJh pdwx
f m;udak wmh [Dae 0drw
= ,kwn
f w
hH hJ bHb
k 0rSm Gwu
f ikd ;f diI ;f w,fvYkd 'Dvkd bk&m;&Siu
f a[mawmfrlygw,f/
bmaMumifh ,kwfnHhw,fvdkY ajym&vJ vlUb0? 'umBuD;awG
"mwfcMJG unfph rf;? ck 'umBu;D awG xdik af ewJh cEmtdru
f ykd J "mwfcMJG unf-h
prf;? qHyif&Sdw,f arG;nif;&Sdw,f ajconf;-vufonf; oGm; ta&
tom; taMum tdk;pwJh (32)aum|mo tpktyHkawG r&Sdbl;vm;
&Sdw,f/ vlUb0udk vdkvm;awmifhw&if 'D (32)aum|moudk vdkvm;
awmifhwwmeJY rwlbl;vm; tJ'D (32)aum|moxJrSm acs;xkyfBuD;vnf; rygbl;vm; tJ'D acs;xkyfBuD;&ygapvdkY awmifhwaewmeJY
rwlbl;vm; twlwlygyJ/ tJ'D acs;xkyfBuD;awGudk vdkcsifygw,fqdkwJh
pdwfxm;onf ,kwfnHhovm; jrifhjrwfovm; ,kwfnHhw,f/
aemufwpfck --- 'DvlUb0udk MunfhOD;? tdkjcif;w&m; uif;ovm;
ruif;bl;? emjcif;w&m; ruif;bl;? aojcif;w&m; ruif;bl;/ pd;k &dr&f rI
ylaqG;&rI idak <u;&rI ud,

k q
f if;&J& rI pdwq
f if;&J& rI jyif;pGmylyef& rIq
I w
kd hJ
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k m;awmifw
h &if vlUb0rSm tdk&ygvdk\ em&ygvdk\ ao&ygvdk\ pdk;&drf&ygvdk\
ylaqG;&ygvd\
k idak <u;&ygvd\
k ponfjzifh qkawmif;aewmeJY rwlb;l vm; twlwlygyJ/
vlYb0 - ewfb0 - jA[mb0okdY OD;wnfcsuf

tvm;wlyJ -- aemufwpfck ewfb0udk vdkvm;awmifhww,f/
aemufwpfck jA[mb0udk vdkvm;awmifhwNyD;awmh aumif;rIukodkvfawGjyKw,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh kyfw&m; tpktykH emrfw&m; tpktykH
kyef mrftpktykH 'kuo
pmw&m;awGyv
J Ydk rodbJ vlvYkd ewfvYkd jA[mvdYk
todrSm;aewJh oabmu t0dZm/ xdk vlUb0 ewfb0 jA[mb0udk
vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh oabmav;u wPSm/ vlUb0 ewfb0 jA[mb0udk pdwu
f yfNy;D pGaJ ewJo
h abmu Oyg'gef/ xdk t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
jcH&H NyD;awmh 'gepwJh aumif;rIukodkvfawGudk jyKw,f/ ouFef;vSLw,f?
qGr;f vSLw,f? ausmif;vSLw,f? aumif;rIuo
k v
kd af wGukd jyKMuw,f/ tJ'D
jyKwJh tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:aewJh ukodkvfpdwfapwemawGu ocFg&/
xdo
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f mG ;
w,f/ ysufoGm;ayr,fhvdkY 'DkyfemrftpOfrSm aemifwpfcsdefrSm t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYjzifh awmifhwxm;onfhtwkdif; tem*wfcEmig;yg;
qkw
d hJ tusK;d udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifurowu
d av;ukd kyef mrftpOfrmS
jrKyfESHNyD;rSomvQif olu csKyfysufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tifurowduav;udkawmh uHvdkY ac:ygw,faemf/
aygif;vdu
k af wmh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - taMumif;w&m; (5)ck jzpfMuw,f/ 'DtaMumif;w&m; (5)ck pkn
H ND y;D awmh aumif;rI
ukodkvfwpfckukd jyKwJhtcgrSm 'Dvdk taMumif;w&m; (5)ck pHknDoGm;wJh
twGuf xdkuHu &ifhusufcJhaomf rdrdwdkY vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh vlUb0
rdrdwdkY vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh ewfb0 rdrdwdkY vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh
jA[mb0udk 'DuHu a&mufatmif ydkYay;r,f/ odkYaomf jA[mhjynfudkawmh 'D'geu wdkufdkuf rydkYEdkifbl;aemf/ 'geaumif;rIukodkvfjyKNyD;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm pdwfxm;awGukd El;nhHaysmhaysmif;vmvdkY&Sd&if jA[mhjynf
a&muf aMumif;jzpfwhJ arwm ukPm rk'w
d m OayumvdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ
jA[pdk&fw&m; tp&SdwJh psmef&EkdifwJh bm0emawGudk wpfqifhwufNyD;
psmef&atmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f w,faemf/ tJ'v
D kd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf -hJ
aomf xkdpsmeftm;avsmfpGm jA[mhjynfudk a&mufr,fvdkY qkdvdkygw,f/
(tH?|?3?230/) odaYk omf 'DjA[mjh ynfuakd &mufwhJ yk*Kd vaf wGrmS vnf; jA[m-h
jynfukd vdv
k m;awmifw
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tJ'v
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kd hJ taMumif;w&m;awGu pkn
H o
D mG ;vd&Yk &dS if rdrw
d Ykd vkv
d m;awmifw
h aewJh vl ewf jA[mqdw
k hJ
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r[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DvlUb0udk awmifhwrI ewfb0udk awmifhwrI
k } = ,kwn
jA[mb0udk awmifw
h rIuakd wmh bk&m;&Siu
f ][Dae 0drw
f w
Hh hJ
bkHb0awGrSm awmifhwaewJh pdwfxm;? ]Ow&d tbm0dw} = txufr*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefudk &&ef yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrI r&SdwJhpdwfxm;
qdkNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvdk owfrSwfNyD; a[mawmfrlygw,f/
'gayr,fv
h Ykd tJ'v
D kd awmifw
h wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm awmifw
h wJt
h wdik ;f
tukefvkH; jynfha&mvm;vdkY ar;awmh ---
oDv&SdoltwGufom
w acg oDv0awm 0'grd aem 'kDv/ (tH?3?71/)
w acg = xko
d Ykd jynfph jHk cif;onfvnf;yJ/ oDv0awm = oDv&Sw
d hJ
D
yk*Kd vt
f m;/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mawmfr\
l / 'kv
= oDvr&SdwJhyk*dKvftm;/ aem 0'grd = a[mawmfrrl/
oDv&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd vo
f m 'Dawmifw
h rIawG jynfph EHk idk w
f ,f/ vlUb0 ewfb0 jA[mb0 &Ekdifw,f/ a&mufEkdifw,fvdkY igbk&m; a[mygw,f/
oDvr&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd vf a&mufEidk w
f ,fvYkd a[movm; ra[mbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ
Zwd bdua0 oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'wm/ (tH?3?71??)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ oDv0awm = oDv&SdwJh
m
yk*Kd v\
f / apawmyPd"d = pdw&f UJ awmifw
h csu[
f o
l rQonf/ 0do'k w
= oDvpifMu,faeonfhtwGufaMumifh/ Zwd = rcRwf{uef jynfhpkHwwfay\/
oDv&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd v&f JU awmifw
h csuf rSeo
f rQonf rcRw{f uef jynfph -Hk
wwfw,f/ bmaMumifv
h J oDvpifMu,faewJt
h wGuaf Mumifh awmif-h
wcsuftm;vkH; jynfhpkHoGm;Edkifw,f/
'Dvkdqkd&if 'umBuD;awG aumif;rIukodkvfjyKwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
oDvuav;awmh jzLpifzYkd rvdb
k ;l vm; vkt
d yfw,faemf/ rdrw
d b
Ykd ufu
&S&d r,fh t*Fg&yfuav;awG jynfph &Hk r,f/ oDv&S&d r,f? vSLzG,0f wKawGu
w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh &SmazG&wJh ypn;f 0wK jzpf&r,f? MunfvifwhJ
pdwfxm;&Sd&r,f? uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk ,kHMunfrI &Sd&r,f? 'Dvkd t*Fg&yfESifh
jynfhpkH&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk jynfhpkHvkdufwJh 'gersKd;udk r[yv = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK;
rsm;jrwfwhJ tusK;d &Sw
d hJ 'ge/ b,favmuftxd Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfovJvdkY ar;&ifawmh bk&m;&Sifu [da0vmr
ka0vmrok
a0vmr wef (tH?3?195-197/)
rsm;rSmawmh omoemy tcsed t
f cgumvrSm (7)&uf (7)v (7)ESpf xGe-f
wk;H ydwf vSLaewJh tavmif;awmf a0vmrykPm ;Bu;D &JU 'ge[m omoemawmftwGi;f rSm aomwmyefy*k Kd vw
f pfO;D udk wpfBurd w
f pfcg qGr;f vSL'gef;
&wJh tvSL'geavmuf rjrifhjrwfbl;vdkY bk&m;&Sifu a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/
aomwmyef tyg; (100)udk qGr;f 0atmif vSL&wmxuf ou'g*grfyk*dKvfwpfyg;/ ou'g*grf tyg; (100)udk qGrf;0atmif vSL&wmxuf tem*grfwpfyg;/ tem*grfyk*dKvf tyg; (100)udk qGrf;0atmif
vSL&wJh tvSL'gexuf &[Emyk*dKvfwpfyg;udk qGrf;0atmif vSL&wJh
tvSL'geu ydkjrwfw,f/ ykdNyD; tusKd;BuD;ygw,f/
&[Emyk*Kd vf tyg; (100)udk qGr;f 0atmif vSL&wJh tvSL'gexuf
yapuAk'g wpfyg;udk qGr;f 0atmif vSL&wJh tvSL'geu ydNk y;D jrwfw,f/
tusK;d Bu;D w,f/ yapuAk'g tyg; (100)udk qGr;f 0atmif vSL&wJh tvSL'gexuf ormorK'bk&m;wpfqltm; qGrf;0atmif vSL&wJh tvSLu
ydkNyD; tusKd;BuD;w,f/ ormorK'bk&m;&Sifudk qGrf;0atmif wpfBudrfwpfcg qGr;f vSL'gef;&wJh tvSL'gexuf bk&m;trSL;&dw
S o
hJ C
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BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;[lonf
tusKd;BuD;w,fqdkwmu bmajymwmvJ vlcsrf;om tvdk&Sd&if
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&Ekid w
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f m;El;nhv
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jA[mch sr;f omudk &Ekid w
f ,faemf/ tJ'v
D kd &Ekid w
f mudk Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;&Sdw,fvdkY 'Dvdk owfrSwfw,f/ tJ'D BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;eJY ywfoufNyD; enf;enf;uav;awmh xyfajymzdkY vdkvmw,faemf/
'umBuD;awG vlUavmurSm Munfhaygh/ vlUavmurSm vlwpfa,muf vmNyDqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh auR;csifwJh arG;csifwJhyk*dKvfawG? vSLcsif
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vSLr,fhvl r&Sd wef;r,fhvl r&SdwJhyk*dKvfb0? tJ'D ESpfck EIdif;,SOfMunfhvkduf&if b,f'if;u ydkaumif;rvJ oHo&mc&D; usifvnfckdufaemf/
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qkd&ifawmh 'D'geawGudk tOD;rlNyD;awmh odyfBudK;pm;aezdkY rvkdygbl;/
oHo&mc&D;qdkwmu &SdOD;r,f? &[Emjzpfatmifuvnf; rBudK;pm;Ekdifao;bl;qkv
d &Ykd &dS ifawmh 'ge&Sief YJ 'ge&Sif r[kww
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f ;l vm; &Sw
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hJ wGuf 'D'geuaeNy;D awmh tusK;d ay;
vkdufwm oHo&mc&D;wpfavQmuf bmawGjzpfovJ ---
,H ,H Zey'H ,mrd? ed*ar &mZ"meda,m/

oAw ylZdawm a[mrd? yknurd'H zvH/
(ax&Dty'gef?189/)
b,f&mG udk oGm;rvJ b,fNrKd Uudk oGm;rvJ oGm;csiw

f &hJ mG udk oGm;csifwJh NrdKUudk oGm;/ tJ'Dae&mwdkif;rSm ylaZmfr,fhyk*dKvfawGudkom tjrJ
awGUae&w,fw/hJ ]]<uawmfryl g pm;awmfryl g 'Dypn;f av;udk tvSLcHawmfrlyg ouFef;udk tvSLcHawmfrlyg qGrf;udk tvSLcHawmfrlyg
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k hJ a&Tt;dk av; uyfNy;D ygoGm;r,fqv
dk &Ykd &dS ifawmh a&mufav&mb0rSm
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bk&m;&Sifuawmh taumif;pm;BuD;vdkY rcsD;rGrf;ygbl;/
oHCduausmif;tvSL
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tm*wmem*w
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bk&m;&Siv
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yk*Kd vf jzpfygw,f/ olwo
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tJ'Dausmif;uav; aqmufvkyfwJhtcgrSm vkdtyfwJhae&mrsm;rSm
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bk&m;&Sit
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om;jzpfwyhJ *k Kd vu
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rif;&JU okar"mtrnf&w
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xD;jzLaqmif;um tbdodufoGef;avmif;vsuf rif;ajrmufMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd &Sifbk&ifjzpfoGm;wJhtcgrSm r[myem'rif;&JU twdwfu
yapuAk'g bk&m;&Sit
f m; zufr;dk usLx&Hum wJausmif;uav; aqmufvkyv
f LS 'gef;cJ&h wJu
h o
k v
dk f yapuAk'g bk&m;&Sit
f m; ypn;f av;yg;wkjYd zifh
pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf vSL'gef;ylaZmfc&hJ onfh aumif;rIuo
k v
dk ?f 'Duo
k v
dk f
awG&UJ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf tmEkabmfaMumifh odMum;rif;Bu;D u Munfrh aeEkid f
jzpfvmNyD/ vufykdufum MunfhraeEkdifwJhtwGuf 0doMuHKewfom;ukd
r[myem'
r[myem'rif;twGuf eef;awmfBu;D wpfcu
k dk wnfaqmuf zefqif;ay;&ef trdeaYf wmfjrwf owfrw
S af y;vku
d yf gw,f/ vlrif; bke;f Bu;D u ewfrif;raeomwJh xkH;a[mif;wpf&yfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Deef;awmfBuD;uawmh
&wem (7)yg;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;wJh txyfaygif; &mESifhcsD&SdwJh
tvGefjrifhrm;wJh jymom'fBuD;wpfck jzpfygw,f/ ,lZemESifhcsDNyD; tvGef
us,f0ef;wJh eef;awmfBuD; jzpfygw,f/ ('D?|?3?40/)
r[myem'rif;[m toufxufqkH; eef;pnf;pdrf cHpm;NyD;aemuf
uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtcg ewfjynfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;jyefw,f/ ewf&GmpHjyefw,f/ r[myem'rif;BuD; ewf&GmpHoGm;NyD;aemuf rMumrDtcsdefumv
twGi;f rSmyJ 'Deef;awmfBu;D [m **FgjrpfxJ arsmoGm;ygw,f/ aemufyidk ;f
**FgjrpfxJokdY jrKyfoGm;ygw,f/ 'Deef;awmfBuD;&JU yifrapmif;wef;OD;ESifh
rsufESmcsif;qkdift&yfuawmh y,m*qdyfurf;NrdKUuav; jzpfygw,f/
jymom'ftxGwEf iS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qkid t
f &yfuawmh aum#d*gr
gr&Gm jzpfygw,f/ ('D?|?3?40/)
aemufykdif;umv a&muf&SdvmwJhtcgrSm bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU a*gwrbk&m;&Sif yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkd om;jzpfol
ewfom;u ewfjynfrS pkawNyD;aemuf vlYavmurSm b'Zdtrnf&SdwJh
olaX;wpfO;D vmjzpfygw,f/ aemufyidk ;f umvrSm bk&m;&Si\
f xHawmfarSmufrSmyJ &Sif&[ef;jyKum oDv-orm"d-ynm odumokH;&yf tusifhjrwfawGudk jznfu
h siahf wmfro
l nft
h wGuf t&[wzv
dk o
f Ydk qku
d af &mufoGm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ ('D?|?3?40/)
wpfcsed rf mS bk&m;&SiEf iS hf twlwuG &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; **Fgjrpfudk
avSjzifh jzwful;awmfrlonfhtcg b'Zdrax&fvnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f/
bk&m;&Sif&JU wkdufwGef;awmfrlcsuft& t&Sifb'Zdrax&fu rdrd r[myem'
yem'rif;jzpfpOfu odMum;rif;Bu;D &JU trdet
Yf & 0doMuKH ewfom; zefqif;
ay;cJhwJh &wem (7)yg;wkdYjzifh NyD;pD;aewJh a&Teef;awmfBuD;ukd avSjzifh
wpfzufurf;okdY ul;cwfaepOf &[ef;oHCmawmftm; rdrd&JU wefckd;jzifh
xif&Sm;jyawmfrlcJhzl;ygw,f/
bmaMumifh 'Deef;awmfBuD;u **FgjrpfxJrSm xif&Sm;&Sdae&ygovJvkdYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f/

uom yaeo ygoma'g e tE&[dawmwd w& tmEkbm0g/ ('D?|?3?40/)
bmaMumifh 'Deef;awmfBu;D [m ruG,af ysmufbJ wnf&adS e&ygovJ
qk&d if zcifjzpfo&l UJ aumif;rIuo
k v
dk b
f ek ;f uHaMumifh raysmufysuaf o;bJ
wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfw,f/
tJ'D om;jzpfol b'Zrd ax&fEiS hf wpfcsed u
f aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f twl
jyKcJhwJh zcifjzpfcJhzl;ol ewfom;rSm ewfjynfewfavmurSm ewfom;
tjzpfESifh wnf&Sdaewkef;yJ jzpfygw,f/ xkdewfom;rSm aemiftem*wf
umv0,f t&daraw,sA'k j rwfpmG yGix
hf eG ;f ay:aygufawmfrv
l mvwUH aom tcsdeftcgumvrSm ocF trnf&Sdaom pMum&wemykdif&Sif
&Sifbk&ifBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm xdk&Sifbk&if tokH;jyKzkdY&ef
twGuf xkd eef;awmfjymom'fBu;D onf **FgjrpftwGi;f rS Munf;uke;f xufokdY ay:wufvmrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Deef;awmfjymom'fBuD;u
ruG,faysmufao;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ('D?3?62/ 'D?|?3?40/)
okaYd omf 'DocFpMumrif;Bu;D [m 'Deef;awmfBu;D ukd Mum&S npf mG tok;H
jyKNyD;awmh xD;eef;ukd pkd;pHaerSmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ 'Deef;awmfBuD;rSm
&Sib
f &k iftjzpfEiS hf xD;jzLawmfudk aqmif;Ny;D aemuf rMumrDumvtwGi;f rSmyJ 'D&wem (7)yg;wkdYjzifh NyD;wJh a&Teef;awmfBuD;ukd xkcGJum orP
jAm[P txD;usev
f rl JG zke;f awmif;,mpumwkt
Yd m; vSL'gef;Ny;D aemuf
t&daraw,sb&k m;&Si\
f rsuaf rSmufawmf0,f qHrw
k q
f w
d w
f u
Ydk dk &dw-f
jzwfNyD;aemuf zef&nfpGef;wJh t0wfouFef;wkdYukd 0wfkHqifjref;um
tdr&f mwnfaxmifonfh vlUabmifudk pGecYf mG vsuf tdr&f mraxmifonfh
&[ef;abmifoYdk 0ifa&mufum &Si&f [ef;jyKayvdrrhf ,f/ &Si&f [ef;jyKNy;D -
awmh bmawGvkyfrvJ 'Dvkd &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf tazmfrrDS; wpfa,mufxD;wnf; qdwfNidrf&mt&yfokdY csOf;uyfvsuf orx-0dyem
tpjzmonfh edAm efa&mufaMumif; tusiahf umif;jzpfwhJ ukov
dk w
f &m;awGrSm rarhravsmhjcif; tyrm'w&m; vufukdifxm;NyD;awmh aevdrfhr,f/ udavomawGudk ylyefapwwf avmifuRr;f apwwfwhJ ory" mef
vkHYv0D&d, jcH&HNyD;awmh orx-0dyembm0emawGudk tjyif;txef
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f rd rhf ,f/ 'Dvt
dk m;xkww
f t
hJ ykid ;f rSmvnf; rdr&d UJ pdwu
f dk
edAm efbufoYdk tjrw
J rf; apvTwx
f m;Ny;D wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh edAm ef
a&mufaMumif; ur|mef;tmkHay:okdY pdwfukd tjrJwrf; apvTwfxm;NyD;
tm;xkwv
f rd rhf ,f/ 'Dvadk pvTwNf y;D awmh omoemawmfrmS aexkid v
f u
dk -f
wm rMumrDtcsed u
f mvtwGi;f rSmyJ t&[wzv
dk o
f Ykd qku
d af &mufomG ;rSm
jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ ('D?3?64/)
pdwf"mwf\ pGrf;tm;
'DBuD;us,fcrf;em;vSwJh jrifhrm;vSwJh &wem (7)yg;wkdYjzifh pDjc,fxm;wJh 'Da&Teef;awmfBuD;ukd 'DocFpMumrif;BuD;u b,fykH b,fyef;
b,fenf;vrf;jzifh xkcNJG y;D awmh tvTmtoD;toD;rSm wnf&w
dS Jh tvSLcH
yk*dKvfawGukd vSL'gef;rSmvJvdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f/
{0H ud& pdwH OyZdwd ]]t,H ygoma'g 0dyud&d,wl}}wd/
aom c@c@aom 0dyud&dwd/ ('D?|?3?41/)
ocFpMumrif;Bu;D &JU oEmefrmS -- ]]eef;jymom'fBu;D onf tpdw-f
pdwf t`rmT `rmT uGNJ ydKygapownf;}}qkw
d hJ pdwx
f m; jzpfay:vmayvdrrhf ,f/
'Dvdk pdw"f mwf&UJ pGr;f tm;aMumifh 'Deef;awmfBu;D [m tpdwpf w
d f t`rmT `rmT
NyKd uo
JG mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ't
D cgrSm tvTmtoD;toD;rSm wnf&adS ewJh
tvSLcHyk*dKvf rsm;xkdxkdwkdYtm; tvkd&Sdovkd ay;vSLNyD;aemuf &Sif&[ef;
jyKrmS jzpfygw,f/ 'DtvSLcHy*k Kd vaf wGxrJ mS orPtrnf&wJh olawmf-
aumif; &[ef;awmfawGvnf; yg0ifMuygw,f/ txl;ojzifh t&daraw,sb&k m;&Si\

f omoemawmfrmS rsm;pGm pGev
Yf w
T v
f LS 'gef;rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh zufrdk; usLx&Humausmif;uav;ukd vSL&vkdY pdwfxJrSm odyf
0rf;enf;aezkdY rvkdygbl;/ tvSLcHyk*dKvfbufuvnf; oDv&Sd jcif;pwJh
*kPaf wGEiS hf jynfph v
Hk Ydk tvSLay;wJyh *k Kd vb
f ufu &So
d ifw
h hJ oDv&Sd jcif;pwJh
t*Fg&yfawGESifh jynfhpkHr,fqkd&if tusKd;w&m;awG[m rsm;pGm yGifhvef;aerSm jzpfw,f/
'Dvkd pMumrif;BuD;&JU a&Teef;pnf;pdrfeJY olwkdYom;tzawG t&SifyapuAk'b
&k m;&Sit
f m; pGev
Yf w
T v
f LS 'gef;ylaZmfcw
hJ hJ zufr;dk xm;wJh usLx&Humxm;wJh ausmif;uav;eJY wkid ;f wmEIid ;f pmMunfv
h u
dk rf ,fq&dk ifawmh
rQwyghrvm; rrQwbl;aemf/ BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;ay;ykHukd
oabmaygufapcsiv
f Ydk 'D0wKZmwfaMumif;ukd ajymaejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomf 'DtusKd;w&m;awG[m taumif;pm;BuD;vm;vkdY ar;&ifawmh
taumif;pm;Bu;D awmh r[kwaf o;bl;/ bmaMumifv
h J tk-d em-aoa&;
'kuab;awGrS rvGwfajrmufao;aomaMumifhyJ jzpfygw,f/
okaYd omf olwo
Ydk m;tzawG[m zufr;dk xm;wJh usLx&Hum wJausmif;
uav;ukd t&SifyapuAk'gbk&m;&Siftm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;ylaZmfwJh
tcgrSm t&Siyf apuAk'g bk&m;&Siw
f u
Ydk o
hJ Ykd oHo&m0#frS xGuaf jrmufvw
dk hJ
OD;wnfcsufvnf; &SdcJhykHawmh ay:ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh om;jzpfolu
bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ a*gwrbk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmftwGi;f rSmyJ t&[wzkv
d o
f Ydk qku
d af &mufcyhJ gw,f/ zcifjzpfou
l vnf; t&daraw,sb&k m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSm t&[wzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlrSm
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu pu0wdokwefrSm zcifjzpfol ocF
pMumrif;BuD; &[EmjzpfoGm;rIukd taMumif;jyKum &[ef;awmfwkdYukd
atmufygtwkdif; wkdufwGef; qkH;rxm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ --
tw'Dyg bdua0 0d[&x two&Pm teno&Pm? "r'Dyg
"ro&Pm teno&Pm/ ('D?3?64/)
= &[ef;wkYd ... rdrv
d Qif uk;d uG,t
f m;xm;&m &So
d nfjzpf omoemawmfrmS aexkid Mf uyg/ rdrv
d Qif yke;f atmif;vJavsmif;&m &So
d nfjzpf
omoemawmfrmS aexkid Mf uyg/ olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m; uk;d pm;,kMH unfrI rjyKbJ
rrSDckdbJ omoemawmfrSm aexkdifMuyg/
"rukdomvQif ukd;uG,ftm;xm;&m &Sdonfjzpf "rvQif ykef;atmif;vJavsmif;&m &Sdonfjzpf "rrSwpfyg; tjcm;rSDckdtm;xm;&m
r&So
d nfjzpf omoemawmfrmS aexkid Mf uyg ponfjzifh wku
d w
f eG ;f xm;awmfrlygw,f/ ('D?3?64/)
tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua b; t00wkrYd S vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf "ru-dk
om rSDckdtm;xm;&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm --- tw = rdrdqkdwmu
bmvJ "rqkdwmu bmvJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdygw,f/
aum yaew twm emr? avmud,avmukwa&m "arm/
awem[ -- ]]"r'Dyg "ro&Pm teno&Pm}}wd/ ('D?|?3?30/)
'Dae&mrSm tw = rdrd -- qkw
d mu "ruo
dk m qkv
d &dk if; jzpfygw,f/
t"dym ,ft,ltq vGrJ mS ;oGm;rSmpk;d vkYd bk&m;&Siu
f tw'yD ggponfjzifh
a[mawmfrNl y;D aemuf "r'yD ggponfjzifh qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvq
dk v
dk Qif "rqw
dk mu bmvJvYkd ar;p&m &Syd gw,f/ t|uxmu --- pu0wo
d w
k e yf gVdawmf (64) ponf bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh owdy|mefav;yg; tpOfyGm;vsuf aexkdifykHenf;pepfukd
"rvQif ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;&m &So
d nfjzpf aexkid o
f nfrnfaMumif; tqkd
trdet
Yf wdik ;f --- avmud,"rEiS hf avmukw& "rawGudk "rvYkd ac:qd-k
ygw,fvdkY zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh owdy|mefav;yg;pwJh aAm"dyu,

d w&m;awGudk qkv
d ydk gw,f/ tJ'D aAm"dyu,
d w&m;awGudk tqDnp x
f w
k ,
f -l
vkdufwJhtcg "rqkdwm r*if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;awGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/
avmuDr*ifw&m; avmukw&mr*ifw&m;awG[m "rawG jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dr*if (8)yg;ukd tusOf;xyfcsKyfvkdufawmh --1/ orm0gpm = rSefwJhpum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;?
2/ ormurE = rSefwJhtvkyfukd jyKvkyfjcif;?
3/ ormtmZD0 = rSefwJhtoufarG;rI&Sd jcif;?
'Dr*io
f ;Hk rsK;d wku
Yd oDvr*iaf wG jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dawmh oDvqkw
d hJ
"rukd rDSckdtm;xm;NyD;awmh omoemawmfrSm aexkdifMuygvdkY qkdvkdygw,f/
4/ orm0g,mr = rSefwJhtm;xkwfjcif;?
5/ ormowd = rSefwJhtrSwf&jcif;?
6/ ormorm"d = rSefwJhorm"d?
'Dr*if (3)yg;uawmh orm"dr*if (3)yg;yJ jzpfMuygw,f/ Oypm&orm"dESifhwuG ormywf (8)yg;wkdY jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dorm"dr*ifqkdwJh
psmeformywf psmeform"dawGuv
dk nf; yGm;rsm;Ny;D awmh 'DomoemawmfrSm aexkdifMuygvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
7/ orm'd|d
= opmav;yg;ukd odwJhPf/
8/ ormouFy = opmav;yg;tmkHponfay:okdY pdwfukd a&S;SL
wifay;jcif;oabm --'Dr*if (2)yg;uawmh ynmr*iEf pS yf g; jzpfMuygw,f/ oif&[ef;wkYd
wpfawG[m 'DomoemawmfrmS oDvukd jzLpifatmif aq;aMum okw-f
oifNy;D aemuf Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom orm"dww
Ykd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
orm"dwkdYukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf xlaxmifvsuf opmav;yg;ukd odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfNyD; aexkdifMuygvkdY bk&m;&Sifu
qufvuf wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dvkd opmav;yg;ukd [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od&Sda&;twGuf um, a0'em - pdw - "r trnf&wJh owdy|mefw&m; (4)yg;wkdYukd tpOftwkid ;f t&[wzv
dk af yguf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwNf y;D aexkid &f ef bk&m;&Siu
f
pu0wdokwef ('D?3?64/)rSm qufvuf wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
bkef;BuD;uvnf; tvm;wlyJ "rukdom rSDckdtm;xm;NyD; aexdkifMu&ef ausmif;'g,um 'g,dumr qGr;f 'g,um 'g,dumrawGudk xyfrH
wkdufwGef;tyfygw,f/
,ckvdk 'geaMumifh &&Sv
d mwJh pMu0aw;rif; pnf;pdryf if jzpfayr,f-h
vkYd tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua b;rS ruif;ao;wJt
h wGuf a0vmr
a0vmrokwe rf mS
bk&m;&Sifu b,fvkd qufNyD; a[mawmfrlovJ
tqifhqifh tusKd;BuD;ykH
tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua b;rS ruif;wJt
h wGuf jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'D'gexufudk o&P*kH aqmufwnfwJh o&P*kHukodkvfu ydkNyD; tusKd;BuD;w,fvYdk a[mawmfrjl yefw,f/ pmwk'o
d mausmif;wpfausmif; aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;wJ'h gexuf bmjzpfvYkd o&P*ku
H tusK;d Bu;D &ovJvaYkd r;awmh o&P*kH aqmufwnfw,fqw
kd mu bk&m; w&m; oHCmac:wJh
&wem (3)yg;udk rdrdwdkY&JU udk,ftoufudk iJhuGufjcif; r&SdbJ pGefYvTwf
vSL'gef;wJv
h yk if ef;/ jyifyypn;f 0wKukd vSL'gef;wJh vkyif ef;ESihf toufukd
vSL'gef;wJhvkyfief;? 'DESpfck wkdif;wmEIdif;pmvdkuf&if toufudk vSL'gef;wJhvkyfief;u ydkNyD; tusKd;rBuD;Ekdifbl;vm; tusKd;BuD;w,f/
odkYaomf tJ'D o&P*kH aqmufwnfusifhokH;wJh ukokdvfxufudk

(5)yg;oDv aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk jcif;u ydNk y;D tusK;d Bu;D w,f/ 'geuHEiS hf
oDvuH? 'DEpS cf k wdik ;f wmvdu
k &f if oDvu ydNk y;D pifMu,fcahJ omf Bu;D us,f
zGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; ay;w,f/ bmaMumifhvJ ow0gtm;vkH;ukd
tb,'geac:wJh ab;rJt
h vSL'geBu;D ay;vSLaeaomaMumifh jzpfw,f/
tJ'D 'ge oDvxufukd tqifjh rifw
h ahJ umif;rI r&Sdawmhb;l vm;ar;awmhrS
bk&m;&Siu
f qufNy;D awmh 'D'ge (5)yg;oDvxufukd ydNk y;D tusK;d Bu;D wmuawmh reufrmS EGm;Edw
Yk pfnp cf efY aeYv,frmS EGm;Edw
Yk pfnp cf efY naerSm
EGm;EdkYwpfnpfcefYavmuf arwmpsmefawG 0ifpm;cJhr,fqkd&ifawmh xkdarwmpsmef0ifpm;aewJhukodkvfu ydkNyD; tusKd;BuD;w,fvdkY a0vmrokwefrsm;rSm a[mxm;awmfrlygw,faemf/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ
ckeu 'geaMumifh oDvaMumifh a&mufEdkifwJh bkHb0udk wkdif;wmMunfv
h u
dk &f if vlUcsr;f omeJY ewfcsr;f omyJ &Sw
d ,f/ arwmpsmef0ifpm;vdYk
'DarwmpsmefawG ravsmusbJeJY b0udk tqkH;owfcJh&if xkdarwmpsmefaMumifh &EkdifwJhb0u jA[mhcsrf;om jzpfw,f/ vlUcsrf;om ewfcsr;f omeJY jA[mch sr;f om wkid ;f wmvdu
k &f ifawmh EIid ;f pmvdYk &Ekid yf ghrvm;
r&Edkifbl;/ oufwrf;tm;jzifhvnf; EdIif;pmvdkY r&bl;/ csrf;ompnf;pdrftm;jzifhvnf; EdIif;pmvdkY r&wJhtwGuf jA[mhcsrf;omuawmh ydkNyD;
BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&Sdw,f? BuD;us,fw,faemf/
odkYaomf 'Dxufaumif;wJh BuD;us,fwJh tusKd;&SdwJh ukodkvf r&Sdawmhb;l vm;vdaYk r;awmh - tJ'D tcsed t
f cgrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;u aemufq;Hk
qufa[mwmuawmh --a,m p tp&moHCmwrwrd tedpo
nH bma0,s? 'H wawm
r[yvw&Ed/ (tH?3?197/)
xkdarwmpsmefudk yGm;rsm;onfxuf tedponmqkdwJh 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk vufzspfwpfwGufcefYavmuf yGm;rsm;cJhr,fqkd&if
xk0d yd embm0emur|mef; yGm;rsm;aewJh ukov
kd u
f ydNk y;D Bu;D us,zf UHG NzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd;&Sdw,fvkdY a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
okaYd omf 'Dae&mrSm qkv
d w
dk hJ tedpo
nmuawmh b,fvdk onmrsK;d vJ
tedpo
n Ed r* teE&yp,bma0e odcgywAv00dyeH/
(tH?|?3?272/)
nm
'Dae&mrSm tedpo
nmqkw
d mu t&d,r*fPfudk rdrd tedpo
nm
qkdwJh 0dyemaemif jzpfay:Ekdifavmufatmif teE&yp,owdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKay;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tiftjynft
h 0&Sad ewJh txGwt
f xdyo
f Ydk a&mufaewJh tm;aumif;armif;oefwhJ 0dyemPfuo
dk m qkv
d &dk if; jzpfygw,f/ jzpfcgp 0dyemrsKd;ukdawmh rqkdvkdygbl;/ 'Da0vmrokweft&
jyefNyD; tusOf;csKyf ajymr,fqkd&if -1/ 'getrsK;d rsK;d xuf o&P*kaH qmufwnf usio
hf ;Hk jcif;u ykNd y;D tusK;d BuD;w,f/ okdYaomf 'Dae&mrSm ---
o&PH *ap,smwd {w ra*em*wH ted0weo&PH t"dayw/H

tya& yem[k -- twmeH ed,sma'wGm 'dEwm o&Pm*reH wawm
r[yvw
w&& Ed 0kwH/ (tH?|?3?272/)
o&P*kH aqmufwnfusifhokH;w,fqkdwmu t&d,r*fPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh ykxkZefb0okdY aemufaMumif;wpfzef jyefvnf
qkwfepfjcif;oabmr&SdwJh avmukw&o&P*kHwnfjcif;ukd qkdvkd&if;
jzpfygw,fvkdY yxrwpfenf; zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlw,f/
okdYaomf tya&q&mwkdYuawmh rdrdukd,fukd &wemokH;yg;wkdYtm;
tyfESif;vSL'gef;um toufukdyif pGefYvTwfvSL'gef;wJhtwGufaMumifh
o&P*kH aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk jcif;u xk'd getrsK;d rsK;d xuf Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ;
rsm;jrwfwt
hJ usK;d &Sw
d ,fvYdk qkMd ujyefw,fvYdk t|uxmu 0g'uGw
J pfc-k
ukdvnf; xyfrH zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/

2/ o&P*kH aqmufwnfusifhokH;jcif;xuf ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnf
usifhokH;jcif;u ykdNyD; tusKd;BuD;w,f/ okdYaomf 'Dae&mrSmvnf;
qkdvkdwJh ig;yg;oDvu --oDvrd ra*e tm*wH ted0weoDvar0 uxdwH/ tya&
yem[k -- oAowmeH tb,'ge 'dEwm oDvH wawm r[yvw& Ed 0kwH/ (tH?|?3?272/)
t&d,r*faMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh ykxZk efov
D qkw
d hJ aemufaMumif;okYd wpfzef jyefvnf qkwef pfjcif;oabmr&Sw
d hJ avmukw& oDvuko
d m
qkdvkd&if;jzpfygw,fvkdY yxrwpfenf; zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
okaYd omf tya&q&mwku
Yd awmh ow0gtm;vk;H wku
Yd dk ab;rJt
h vSLBu;D ay;vSLaewJt
h wGuf o&P*kH aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk jcif;xuf ig;yg;oDvukd aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk jcif;u ykNd y;D tusK;d Bu;D w,fvv
Ydk nf; qkMd ujyefw,f/
3/ oDvukd aqmufwnfusifhokH;jcif;xuf arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;um
arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;aejcif;u ykdNyD;awmh BuD;us,f
zGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJhtusKd; &Sdw,f/
4/ arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;jcif;xuf txGwftxdyfokdY a&mufatmif
yGm;rsm;xm;wJh tedponmpwJh 0dyembm0emur|mef;ukd
pD;jzef;jcif;u ykNd y;D tusK;d Bu;D w,f/ rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m efoYdk qku
d -f
a&mufomG ;aomaMumifh rsuaf rSmufjyKvsuf aexkid Ef idk af omaMumifh
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DaeY ausmif;'um 'umrawGvnf; 'ge
oDvavmufeJY &yfwnfraebJ orx-0dyembm0emawGukd
atmifatmifjrifjrif yGm;rsm;Ekdifonfhtqifhtxd BudK;pm;MuygvkdY
wkdufwGef;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; cka[maeqJjzpfwJh 0pa*gwokwefrSm *gxm
(9)*gxmwkdYjzifh qufvufNyD; wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ --1/ ]]wd uPSmok aowmok? a&m[dPDok [&Dok 0g/
urmomok olygok? a*gok yga&0wmok 0g/
2/ ,mok umokpd {wmok? 'aEm Zm,wd yk*Fa0g/
a"m&a,Sm AvoraEm? uvsmPZ0eduarm/
war0 bma& ,kEd? em 0PH y&dua&/ (tH?1?162/)
'D*gxmawG&JU qkdvkd&if;oabmw&m;ukdyJ ajymMu&atmif --EGm;awGudk Munfv
h u
dk rf ,fq&dk if ta&miftqif;awG wlnaD eMuwJh
EGm;awG &SdMuw,f/ EGm;eufawGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? EGm;jzLawGvnf; &SdMuw,f? EGm;eDawGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? EGm;jympdrf;awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? EGm;usm;awGvnf; &SdMuw,f? ckjd yma&mifEmG ;awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'D EGm;tkypf k trsK;d rsK;d awGxu
J b,fEmG ;tkypf u
k rdk qkd Munfv
h u
dk yf g/ a&SUaqmif
EGm;vm;OobBuD; wpfaumifaumifawmh &Sdwwfw,f/ 'Da&SUaqmif
EGm;vm;OobBu;D u ,Ofvnf; ,Ofaus;w,f? 0efuv
dk nf; aumif;pGm
aqmifEidk w
f ,f? cGet
f m;ESiv
hf nf; jynfph w
Hk ,f? vrf;c&D;oGm;Nyq
D &dk ifvnf;
ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf vsifvsifjrefjref oGufoGufvufvuf oGm;wwfw,f/ EGm;ykid &f iS af wGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh 'DvEdk mG ;vm;OobBu;D rsK;d uko
d m
0efudk taqmifcidk ;f Muw,f/ 'DEmG ;Bu;D u jzLovm; eDovm; ponfjzifh
ta&miftqif;ukd b,fawmhrS rpl;prf; rqifjcifMubl;/ t&nftcsi;f uko
d m pl;prf; qifjcifMuw,f/ --- 'guawmh Oyrmpum;&yfy/J 'DOyrmukd
pHxm;Ny;D tvSL'geyGJ usi;f ywJt
h cg tvSLcHy*k Kd vEf iS yhf wfoufvYdk pdwx
f m;
wwfzkdY&ef bk&m;&Sifu qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrljyefw,f/ b,fvkd
a[mawmfrlovJ
3/ {0ar0H rEkaok? ,o uodd Zmwda,/

cwda, jAm[aP a0a? oka' p@mvykuKao/
4/ ,mok umokpd {wmok? 'aEm Zm,wd okAawm/
"ra|m oDvoraEm? op0g'D [d&Draem/
5/ y[DeZmwdr&aPm? jA[p&d, au0vD/
yEbma&m 0doH,kawm? uwudapm temoa0g/
6/ yg&*l oA"rmeH? tEkyg'g, edAKawm/
wo a,0 0d&aZ acaw? 0dykvm a[mwd 'udPm/
(tH?1?162/)
'DOyrmtwkid ;f yJ --- avmurSm rif;rsK;d awGvnf; &SdMuw,f? ykPm ;rsKd;awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? ukefonfrsKd;awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? 'Gef;p@m;rsK;d awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? yef;rIu
d o
f eG rf sK;d awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f? rpifbifMuHK;orm;awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/ 'Dvdk trsK;d Zmwf trsK;d rsK;d &SdMuwJh vlom;awGxJrSm b,folyJjzpfjzpf b,ftrsKd;Zmwfu vlom;yJjzpfjzpf tJ'D
vlom;wpfO;D ukd Munfv
h u
dk w
f t
hJ cg 'Dvo
l m;[m ,Ofaus;w,f? uk,
d -f
usio
hf v
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hJ wGuf tusiahf umif;w,f/ uk,
d u
f sihf
oDvESihf jynfph w
Hk ,f? um,uHawGu jzLpifajzmifrh wfw,f? odraf rGUEl;nH-h
w,f/ 0pDuaH wGu jzLpifajzmifrh wfw,f? odraf rGUEl;nHw
h ,f/ raemuHawGuvnf; jzLpifajzmifrh wfw,f? odraf rGU El;nHw
h ,f/ "rac:wJh w&m;
vrf;aMumif;ay:rSm tjrw
J rf; &yfwnfaew,f/ trSeu
f o
dk m tjrw
J rf;
ajymqkdavh&Sdw,f? raumif;rItukokdvfw&m; 'kpkdufw&m;awGrS
&Sufwwf aMumufwwfw,f/ &Sufwwf aMumufwwfwJh pdwfxm;&Sdw,f/ b0opf y#doaEwnfae&jcif;oabmukd y,fxm;Ny;D jzpfw,f?
av;yg;aom r*fPf av;yg;aom zkdvfPfqkdwJh rGefjrwfaom
usifhpOftm;vkH;ukd jynfhjynfhpkHpkH usifhokH;NyD; jzpfw,f/
oHo&mwpfavQmuf o,faqmifvmcJ&h wJh cEm0efxyk f 0efy;dk Bu;D ukd
csxm;NyD; jzpfw,f/ aemufxyf b0opf y#doaEwnfae&jcif;qkdwJh
oabmw&m; xif&Sm;r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf oHo&m0#fqif;&J ,SOfwGJrI
,SOpf yfrI r&Sad wmhb;l / omoemawmfrmS &Si&f [ef;wkYd jyKoifh jyKxu
dk w
f hJ
t&d,r*fukd &&Sda&;qkdwJh vkyfief;&yfawGukd jyKvkyfNyD;vnf; jzpfw,f/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwYdk OD;aqmifaewJh udavom tmoa0gw&m;awGrS avQmusuif;uGmNyD; jzpfw,f/
t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk OD;wnfxm;wJh w&m;tvk;H pku
H dk
uRr;f usiaf wmfrNl y;D vnf; jzpfw,f/ edAm efqw
dk hJ xkrd mS bufurf;okYd qku
d -f
a&mufonfw
h idk af tmif w&m;tm;vk;H wk&Yd UJ urf;wpfzufoYdk qku
d af &mufNyD;vnf; jzpfw,f/ wpfpkHwpfckaom w&m; wpfpkHwpfckaom tmkH
wpfpkHwpfckaom bkHb0 wPSm 'd|dwkdYjzifh ]]ig-ighOpm-ighvdyfjym}}[k
pGv
J rf;qkyu
f idk rf I tvsO;f yif rjyKr
l udavom tylr;D wkrYd S tNird ;f Bu;D Nird ;f
tat;Bu;D at;Ny;D vnf; jzpfw,f/ udavomjrLrIew
f jYdk zifh vl;vJayusrH I
r&Sdojzifh udavomjrLtnpftaMu; uif;a0; pifMu,fNyD;jzpfwJh
aumif;rIwnf;[laom rsKd;aphukd MuJcspkdufysKd;&m v,f,majraumif;ozG,jf zpfwhJ xk&d [Emyk*Kd vf ay;vSLtyfwhJ tvSL'geaumif;rIuo
k v
dk -f
[m jyefaY jymBu;D us,f jrifjh rwfwhJ tusK;d w&m;&Sw
d hJ aumif;rIuo
k v
dk rf sK;d
jzpfw,f/
7/ Amvm p t0dZmeEm? 'kar"m tkwm0daem/
A[d'g a'Ed 'gemed? e [d oaE Oygoa&/ (tH?1?163/)
avmurSm tcsKUd tcsKUd aomolawG[m b,fvo
dk abm&Sd MuovJ
Pfynmuvnf; r&Sd Mu? tMum;tjrif A[kw
k uvnf; enf;yg;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk rodrvdrm ynmPfr&Sd ? A[kw
k enf;yg;wJh vlru
dk af wG[m 'Digbk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfrS jyify0,f tvSL'geukd tjrwfwEk;d
vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/ 'DvlrkdufawG[m edAmefa&mufaMumif; olawmf-
aumif;w&m;awGudk a[mMum;jyo qkq

d ;Hk rrnfh t&d,molawmfaumif;wkdYukdum; rqnf;uyfMubl;/
8/ a, p oaE OygoEd? oyan "D&oraw/
o'g p aeoH ok*aw? rlvZmwm ywd|dwm/
9/ a'0avmu aw ,Ed? ukav 0g " Zm,a&/
tEkykaAe edAmeH? t"d*pEd y@dwm}}wd/ (tH?1?163/)
avmurSm tcsKUd aomyk*Kd vaf wGusawmh ynm&Sw
d Ydk cs;D rGr;f tyfuek -f
wJh ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;wku
Yd dk rS0D J qnf;uyfMuw,f/ ,if;yk*Kd vw
f &Ydk UJ
,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m;qkdwJh rsKd;aphuav;[m bk&m;&wem w&m;&wem oHCm&wem bk&m;&Si\
f tqk;H tr omoemqkw
d hJ v,f,majraumif;rSm tjrpfpGJNyD;awmh aumif;pGm wnfaeNyD jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;awG[m aovGefonf\ tjcm;rJh ewfjynfokdY
vnf; vm;a&mufMu&w,f/ vlUjynfrlvnf; jrwfaom trsK;d vljyef
jzpfMu&w,f/ tpOfojzifh edAmefokdYvnf; qkdufa&mufMu&w,f/
'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu rdefYMum;awmfrlygw,f/ (tH?1?162-163/)
bmaMumifhvJ o'g = rsKd;aph

1/ o'g ADZH wayg 0k|d/ (oH?1?175/)
ponfjzifh uodbm&'GgZokwe frmS bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfr-l
wJt
h wkid ;f ukov
dk w
f &m; rSeo
f rQww
Ydk iG f o'gw&m;[m rsK;d apheYJ wlw,f/
yuwdrsK;d aphudk v,f,majraumif;rSm MucJ spu
dk yf sK;d vku
d &f if atmufajrBuD;xJrSm tjrpfu wG,foGm;w,f? tay:rSm tGefYukd wufvmapw,f/
tvm;wlyJ o'gqkdwJh rsKd;aphuav;ukd aumif;rIwnf;[laom
rsKd;aphukd MuJcspkdufysKd;&m v,f,majraumif;ozG,fjzpfwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemhv,f,majraumif;rSm MucJ spu
dk yf sK;d vku
d &f if udavom ajracG;
awG 0ifrukdufatmif a`EawGukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;qkdwJh
rk;d a&uvnf; vkaH vmufpmG yufzse;f ay;vku
d &f if atmufomoemhajrrSm
oDvqkdwJh tjrpfu wG,fNyD;awmh wnfaeNyD/ tay:ykdif;rSm orx0dyemqkw
d hJ tGeaYf v;u wvlvel YJ xGuaf y:vmw,f/ (oH?|?1?230??)
2/ yuwdaom pyg;rsKd;aph&JU tjrpf[m yx0D&o"mwf&nf tmayg&o"mwf&nfqw
dk hJ ajrqD a&qDawGudk pky,
f Nl y;D k;d wHuaewpfqifh
tJ'D &o"mwf&nfawGudk o,faqmif,v
l mvku
d w
f m wjznf;jznf;
pyg;oD;awG &ifu
h suw
f t
hJ qifx
h d a&muf&u
dS m Bu;D yGm; wk;d wufvmw,f/
tvm;wlyJ omoemhv,f,majraumif;rSm MuJcspkdufysKd;vkdufwJh
o'grsK;d aphaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh oDvqkw
d hJ tjrpfu orx-0dyem
qkw
d hJ &o"mwf&nfawGudk pky,
f Nl y;D awmh aomufo;Hk vku
d u
f m t&d,r*fPfqw
dk hJ k;d wHxo
J Ydk ta&muf ykaYd qmifay;vku
d w
f ,f/ tJ'D t&d,r*fPfkd;wHtxd ysUHESHYwnfaewJh orx-0dyem&o"mwf&nfawGaMumifh t&d,r*f;dk wHBu;D u t&d,zkv
d
f Pfqw
dk hJ pyg;oD;awGudk oD;ap
jyefw,f/ wjznf;jznf; ,if;pyg;oD;awGvnf; &ifu
h suv
f mw,f? wk;d yGm;
vmw,f/ (oH?|?1?230/)
3/ aemufwpfck &Sdao;w,f --- yuwdv,f,majraumif;rSm tjrpf
wG,fNyD; aumif;pGm &yfwnfaewJh pyg;rsKd;aph[m tjrpf tGefY
t&Guf k;d wH k;d qpfawGrS wpfqifh pdr0hf if pD;qif;vmwJh yx0D&o"mwf&nf tmayg&o"mwf&nfawGaMumifh pyg;yifawG[m Bu;D yGm;jcif; pnfyifjcif; jyefaY jymjcif;okYd a&muf&u
dS m Ek&Yd nfudk jzpfapojzifh
rsm;jym;vSwJh oav;pyg;zkH;qkdwJh ukd,f0efukd o,faqmifum
oav;pyg;oD;ukd jzpfapovkdyJ ---
tvm;wlyJ --- 'Do'gqkdwJh rsKd;aph[m pdwftpOfrSm tjrpfwG,fNyD;

&yfwnfaer,fqkd&if --1/ oDv0dok'd = oDvpifMu,fjcif;?
2/ pdw0 o
d 'k d = pdwpf ifMu,fjcif; (= Oypm&orm"dEiS w
hf uG psmeformywf &Spyf g;wku
Yd dk &&So
d jzifh pdwt
f pOf eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wkdYrS pifMu,fjcif;)?
3/ 'd|d0dok'd = kyf+emrfukd y&rwfokdY qkdufatmif xkd;xGif;odojzifh
tw'd|d uif;pifojzifh Pftjrif pifMu,fjcif;?
4/ ucFg0dw&P0do'k d = umvok;H yg;vk;H taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;wkdY\ aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frIoabmukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
odojzifh ,kHrSm;jcif;uif;ojzifh Pftjrif pifMu,fjcif;?
5/ r*gr*P'e0dok'd = 0dyemnpfnL;aMumif; udavom
tnpftaMu;wkdYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;ojzifh 0dyemPftjrif
pifMu,fjcif;?
6/ y#dy'gP'e0do'k d = Oyuad vo tnpftaMu;wkrYd S vGw-f
ajrmufomG ;aom txufyidk ;f 0dyemPftjrifwYdk tm;vk;H wk&Yd UJ
pifMu,fjcif;qkdwJh --tm;vkH; t&d,r*f rqkdufrD a&SUykdif;rSm 0dok'dusifhpOf (6)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ o'grsK;d aphu oDvqkw
d hJ tjrpfw,
G Nf y;D aemuf orx-0dyem
qkw
d hJ tGeu
Yf dk jzpfapNy;D wJt
h cg ckajymcJw
h hJ 0do'k d (6)yg;wkjYd zifh Bu;D yGm;jcif; pnfyifjcif; jyefaY jymjcif;okYd a&muf&v
dS mw,f/ tJ'v
D dk a&muf&v
dS mwJh
tcg = P'e0do'k d = r*fPftjrif&UJ pifMu,fjcif;qkw
d hJ r*fPf
Ek&Yd nfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ 'Dvdk tqifjh rifw
h hJ r*fPfE&Ydk nfudk jzpfapNy;D wJh
aemufrmS y#dor'd gPfav;yg; tbdnmPfajcmufyg;qkw
d hJ uk,
d 0f efudk
o,faqmifxm;wJh t&[wzkdvftoD;ukd oD;apw,f? jzpfapw,f?
NyD;pD;apw,f/ (oH?|?1?230/)
omoemhe,fajraumif;rSm `Ed,oH0&oDvqkdwJh rkd;a& tultnDeJY MuJcspkdufysKd;vkdufwJh o'gqkdwJh rsKd;aphu oDvqkdwJh tjrpfukd
wG,fapNyD;aemuf orx-0dyemqkdwJh tGefY tanmufawGukd
tqifhqifh jzpfay:apvkdufwJhtcg 0dyemPfpOfawG tqifhqifh
wufNyD;aemuf &ifhusufvmwJh 0dyemPfawG&JU tqkH;rSm t&d,r*fPfawGu tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd m efudk tmk,
H u
l m jzpfay:
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TVSL JRPFWM Okh Yg Teå&M, F: (BK&M &sifesifh 0Päy&Dakdzfwkdy/ Aqg Aeg Cef

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TVSL JRPFWM Okh Yg Teå&M, F: (BK&M &sifesifh 0Päy&Dakdzfwkdy/ Aqg Aeg Cef

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tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f

oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f

y&dedAmef pHawmfrlNyD ..........................

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

uJhokdY tpOftwkdif; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;pum;awmfukd tEkykAduxm

1/ tvSL&Sif\ 'geaumif;rIukokdvf\ tE&m,fukd jyKjcif;

tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 1

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f

r[mumkPdaum emaxm? [dwm, oAygPdeH/

tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 3

0pa*gwy&dAkdZf\ ar;cGef; (4) &yf

tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 5

abm a*gwr = tdkt&Sif a*gwr .../ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmf

tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 7

abm a*gwr = tdkt&Sif a*gwr .../ a, aw = tMuifyk*dKvf

tvSLjrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 9

]]t&Sifa*gwr a[maewJhw&m;udk tpOfvdkufNyD; a[maewm

aumpd = wpfpHkwpfckaom/ o["rdaum = taMumif;w&m;ESifh

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 11

olwpfyg;\ tvSL'geukd wm;jrpfoltwGuf tE&m,f (3) rsKd;

3/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wl;NzdKaeol

ykaA0 = a&S;rqGuyifvQif/ t = xkduefYuGufaewJh yk*dKvf-

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 13

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 15

tyvmbD Zmawm? ]]tedpH 'kuH tewm}}wd 0dyem, ,kwb

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 17

tm*E Ku &[Emrax&f jrwfukd jypfrSm;rdjcif;

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 19

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 21

rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wl;NzdKvkdufNyD

]]= rcRw{f uefawmh 'D&[ef;awmf[m udavomtmoa0g ukecf ef;

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 23

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 25

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 27

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 29

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 31

wd ... vmayawmh - 'Dpwkr"kudk bkO;f ay;yg}}qkNd y;D awmh oydwu

'gaMumifh olwpfyg;&JU vmbfvmb&JU tE&m,fukd jyKvkyfjcif;

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 33

atmufxpfqkH; tvSL'ge -- wd& pmefukd ay;vSLjcif;

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 35

tvSLcHyk*dKvfbuf Munfhvdkufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tnhHqkH;vdkY

rjzpfygbl;}}qkdNyD;awmh olu 'Dvdk arwmpmwpfckrSm a&;xm;w,f/

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 37

omoemh0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;jzpfcsiv

t*Fg (5) &yfukd y,fNyD;ol

eHygwf (1) umrpE = ouf&SdoufrJh umr0wK tpkpkwdkYtay:

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 39

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 41

t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh omo0 Oyg'ged,jzpfaewJh kyfw&m; tpktyku

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 43

t*Fg (5) &yfESifh jynfhpkHol

BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;&SdwJh tvSL'ge

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 45

jzpf&ifawmh odyaf umif;w,faemf/ tJ'D t*Fg&yfawG pkn

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 47

ylaqG;&rI idak <u;&rI ud,

vlYb0 - ewfb0 - jA[mb0okdY OD;wnfcsuf

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 49

tvSL jrpfwm; okH;yg;tE&m,f (0pa*gwokwef) ] 51

wef;csifwJh yk*dKvfawG aygrsm;wmeJY auR;r,fhvl r&Sd arG;r,fhvl r&Sd

abm agwr = tdkt&Sif agwr .../ ar = bk&m;wynfhawmf

abm agwr = tdkt&Sif agwr .../ a, aw = tMuifyk*dKvf

o&PH ap,smwd {w raem*wH ted0weo&PH t"dayw/H