Polaris Burmese Library - Singapore - Collection - Volume 29

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POLARIS BURMESE LIBRARY ( SINGAPORE )

Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Bo
Than Shwe, Myanmar History, Myanmar Politic, Torture in Myanmar, Political
prisoner in Myanmar, Insein prison, Prison in Myanmar, Myanmar Army,
Myanmar People, Myanmar Students, Myanmar Refugees, Myanmar Junta,
Buddhist Monks.



REFILE - CORRECTING LOCATION Insein Prison Compound in Yangon, where

Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is being detained, is pictured in
this video frame grab released May 20, 2009. Army-ruled Myanmar opened the
trial of opposition leader Suu Kyi on Wednesday in an apparent bid to calm
growing international outrage at the regime and its latest crackdown on the Nobel
Peace laureate.

Riot police adjust barricades at a road block near Insein Prison in Yangon May 19, 2009
19 September (1988), shot to death by fascist

Burmese soldiers, Ma Win Maw Oo, Hlaing Thayar,
Rangoon
17 September (2002), death in custody at

Insein prison, U Aung May Thu, All Burma
Federation of Students Union, NLD Minhla,
Tharawaddy, Pegu
2009 September 17
17 September (2002), death in custody at Insein prison, U Aung May Thu, All Burma
Federation of
Students Union, NLD Minhla, Tharawaddy, Pegu
18 September (1988), killed in front of the USA embassy, Ko Soe Kyaw Phone Maung,
student from
Rangoon Art and Science University (Hlaing campus)
19 September (1929), on the 166th day of hunger strike in Rangoon Central Prison, Sayadaw
U Wisara died
for the freedom of Burma.
19 September (1988), Moulmein Massacre, seven students were killed
19 September (1988), shot to death by fascist Burmese soldiers, Ma Win Maw Oo, Hlaing
Thayar, Rangoon
21 September, International Day of Peace
22 September (1992), Founding Day of National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB =
DAB + NDF +
MPU + NLD-LA)

Though imprisoned they are everywhere amongst us. Burma’s former political prisoners from
across the world demand the release of all political prisoners currently incarcerated in
Burma’s notorious prisons. This is U Khun Saing. He was detained for 14 years in Insein
prison. This image is taken from the documentary project “Even Though I’m Free I Am Not”.
Dr Zaw Myint Mg
Aerial view of Yangon

Insein Prison


This is Tin Aye. He was a former leader of the All Burma Federation of Student Unions. He
was detained for 16 years in Insein and Mandalay prisons
Though imprisoned they are everywhere amongst us. Burma’s former political prisoners from
across the world demand the release of all political prisoners currently incarcerated in
Burma’s notorious prisons. This is Thida Htway. She was detained for 4 years in Insein and
Bago prisons. This image is taken from the documentary project “Even Though I’m Free I
Am Not”.
Burmese democracy
veteran freed
One of Burma's most prominent political detainees, Win Tin, has
been freed after 19 years in detention.
He was reportedly one of 9,000 prisoners amnestied by the Burmese

military in a gesture of what state media describe as "loving kindness".
Win Tin was Burma's longest serving political prisoner
"I will keep fighting until the emergence of democracy in this country," he
said after his release.
Now 79 years old, Win Tin was among the founders of the National
League for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi.
The NLD party won elections in 1989, but was prevented from taking
power by Burma's generals.
Poet
Win Tin was Burma's longest-serving political prisoner, according to the

UN and human rights groups which had repeatedly called for his release.
A poet, editor and close aide to Ms Suu Kyi, he was originally arrested in
July 1989.
Once in jail, he received additional sentences for agitating against the

military junta and distributing propaganda.
After 19 years in the notorious Insein prison, he emerged on Tuesday

unbowed, promising to continue his fight for democracy.
"I will continue with politics as I am a politician," he told reporters.
"I do not accept this constitution," he said, referring to a military-backed

charter passed earlier this year and criticised heavily by the NLD.
Family members said Win Tin was in "good health" despite recent reports
of illness.
'Goodwill'
Win Tin was released on the same day that thousands of other prisoners
were reportedly set free.
The Myanmar Times, a state-censored newspaper in Rangoon, said the

military government was releasing 9,002 prisoners as a gesture of "loving
kindness and goodwill".
Dissident groups said they did not know whether any other political
prisoners were included in that number apart from Win Tin.
Human rights watchdog Amnesty International said in August that 2,000

political prisoners were currently behind bars in Burma.
The most prominent is Aung San Suu Kyi herself, who has been in jail or
under house arrest for most of the last 19 years.
Story from BBC NEWS:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/7631395.stm
Published: 2008/09/23 12:04:48 GMT
© BBC MMIX

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )
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tdrfrSmjzpf+yD;/ udkZifvif;udk tOD;qkH;ay;+yD; zwfcJhzl;wmawG &Sdygw,f// &Spfav;vkH;
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; rwdik rf u D mvuyg// ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh b,frmS rS azmfjyEdik f
cGifh pmtkyftjzpfxGufay:vmcGifh pufwifykHESdyfEdkifcGifhr&cJhyg? [dkrSm'DrSm odkxm;
0Sufxm; tyfESHxm;cJh&ygw,f//
jynfyudx k uG v f mcJ&h +yD;aemufyikd ;f ta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG axmifwiG ;f cHpm;cJh
&r_av;rsm;udk (t&ifua&;zGJ@cJhzl;+yD;om;a&m ra&;om;jzpfao;wmyg) jyefvnf
psmef0ifwl;azmfa&;zGJ@jzpfcJh+yD; rdk;óud;/ a'gif;tdk;a0/ O'gef;wdk@rSm oifhavsmfovdk ay;ydk@
tok;H ðycGi&hf cJah yrJ/h xk@H yikd ;f xk@yH ikd ;f eJ@jynfjh ynf0h 0 ausaus eyfeyfcpH m;&r_rsK;d rjzpfcyhJ g?
pkpkpnf;pnf; odrf;odrf;xkyfxkyfaygif;±kH;wifqufcsifayrJh vkyfcGifhqEN rjynfh0cJhyg?
tckrS æ tckvkd axmif0wWKwdak ygi;f csKyftjzpf pkppk nf;pnf; aygi;f ±k;H wifqufay;tyf
cGifh&wJhtwGuf opPmpmay&Jabmfa&;abmftm;vkH;udk av;av;eufeuf aus;Zl;
pum; qdv k ukd yf gw,f// &ifwiG ;f rSww f rf; 0rf;yef;wom rSwo f m;xm;vdu k yf gw,f?
tckwifqufvdkufwJh axmif0wWKwdkav;rsm;[m rqvppftpdk;&acwfrSm
tif;pdefaxmif/ om,m0wDaxmifwdk@rSm wu,fjzpfysufcJhwJh jzpf&yfrSefb0ykH&dyf
wpGef;wpaumufa=umif; cJjcpfav;rsm;jzpfovdk/ usaemfhudk,fawG@cHpm;&csuf
wpdwfwydkif; ryDro ±kyfykHv$m tppftrSefrsm;vJ jzpfygw,f//
rqvacwf aemufq;Hk ae0ifcge;D / rqvtusO;f axmifzEd ydS af &;,E &W m;}uD;&J@
wu,fo h ±kyo f uefukd jyefvnfiahJ pmif; ajc&maumuf=unfEh ikd =f u&if;/ ppftm%m
&Sipf epf acwfwavsmufu azmufjyefq;kd 0g;vSwhJ tusO;f axmif,E &W m;}u;D wckv;Hk
&J@ uGif;quftpdwftydkif; wqpfwuef@wauG@wcsKd@udk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkufEdkifwm
tjzpf od@k r[kwf vdt k yfcsuw f ckukd jznfq h nf;ay;vduk Ef ikd w
f mtjzpf/ wpkw H &m &&Scd H
pm;Edkif=uw,fqdk&ifjzifh/ usaemf =unf=unfEl;El; 0rf;om*k%f,lvdkufygr,f//
av;pm;pGmjzifh
0if;wifhxGef;
8 / 8 / 2005
8 0if;wifhxGef;
axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)
0if;wifhxGef;
0if;wifhxGef; 9
wdu
k w
f ef;pD;
0if;wifhxGef;
(1)
“tckæ rif;wdk‹a&mufvmwm axmif? axmifrSæ wdkufvdk‹ac:wJhae&m a&mufvmwm? tdrf

rSmaeæ tdrpf nf;urf;/ ausmif;rSmae ausmif;pnf;urf;/ wdu k rf mS ae wdu
k pf nf;urf; æ axmifpnf;urf;
qdkwm yHkpH/ wdkufpnf;urf;qdkwm yHkpH? yHkpHudk pHkuefvdk‹uawmh tara&æ u|JrawG‹bl; jzpfoGm;r,f?
rif;wd‹k [mrif;wd‹k tjyifrmS bmaumif}uD;yJjzpfcjhJ zpfchJ bmyk*Kd~ vf}uD;yJjzpfcjhJ zpfchJ rif;wd‹k &‹J *% k af wG odumQ
awG bm}uD;awG nm}uD;awGqdkwmudk axmifAl;0rSmc|wfxm;cJhæ ”
axmiftr_xrf;waumif&J@axmifwGif;urR0g&GwfoHu cyfxefxef ysH‹vGifhvmw,f? tif;pdef
e&odeu f rBm&J‹aEGu yljyif;avmifòrdu&f wJt h xJ em;xJo&H nfyel ‹J avmif;csvu kd o f vdyk gy?J usaemf+idr+f yD;
em;axmifaerdw,f? usaemfhudk ydwfavSmifxm;&m (5)wdkufeHygwf(1)tcef;xJuae tjyifbufqD
twwfEdkifqHk;em;pGifh+yD; qufem;axmifaerdw,f?
“uJæ rsKd;odef; æ xHk;pHtwdkif; yHkpHjyay;vdkufygOD; æ”
pum;oH tqHk;rSmawmh æ
“yHkpHjyr,fæ aocsm=unfh/ aocsmem;axmifæ”
jymvtJt h hJ oHjympl;pl; rsK;d ode;f &J‹toHu trde‹f csrw S cf ge;D w&m;ol}uD;&J‹avrsK;d eJ‹ cyfaqmifh aqmifh
xGufay:vmw,f?
“æ a[m'g xdkifyHkpH/ wifyv†ifacGxdkifxm;/ vufESpfzufu 'l;ay:wifxm;/ vufrudk vuf xJrSm
xnfhqkyfxm;/ cg;udk rwfrwfxm;/ rsufaphu awmif=unfhajrmuf=unfhrvkyfeJ‹? wef;pD æqdkwJh
toH=um;&ifæ 'Dvdkxdkifae&r,f æa[m'gu &yfyHkpH? vufESpfzufudk a&S‹rSma[m'Dvdktkyf+yD; csxm;&
r,fæaxmifr;ª axmifyikd af wGe‹J pum;ajym&if wifjyp&m&S&d if 'Dvykd pkH &H yf+yD; pum;ajym&r,f/ q&mawG
qdkwmu 'Dutr_xrf;awGtm;vHk;udkajymwmæ ”
rsK;d ode;f &J‹ oHjympl;pl; jymvtJt h o hJ [
H m atmify&JG ppfo}l uD; avrsK;d xGuv f u kd /f zefw&m awatmif
t}udr}f udrt f cgcg &Gwzf wfyal ZmfyocJ+h yD;om;jzpfwt hJ wGu/f wa&;Ed;k tdycf sirf ;l wl; x&Gw&f wmawmif
txpf t aigh r &S d a wmh w J h bk & m;ud k ; ql q &mavrsKd ; xG u f v d k u f e J ‹ ed r f h c sD j rif h c sD ay:vm aew,f ?
tyfa=umif;xyfatmif =um;zl;ae&+yD;om;jzpfwJh usaemfwdk‹tzdk‹rSmawmh/ "mwfjym;uGJ r_dwuf }uD;udk
tyfoGm;wHk;wHk;eJ‹zGifhjyaeovdkygyJ? 'gayrJh 'Dxl;rjcm;em;"mwfjym;uGJoH}uD;udk =um;&wdkif; =um;& wdkif;
&if x J u sif c eJ usif c eJ jzpf o G m ;&wmawmh t rS e f ? emusif c H c uf jzpf & wmvJ t rS e f ? rsuf p d x J
ajy;ajy;jrifaerdwwfwmu arG;xm;au|;xm;wJh ociftóuduf rJrjJ rif&majy;v$m;xd;k a[mif v_y&f mS ;jy
ae&wJh tifrwefzswfzswfvwfvwf&SdvSwJh acG;euf*kwfusm; acG;+rD;wdk}uD;waumif?
“udkif; æ yHkpHpr,fæ” rsKd;odef;&J‹toH?
usaemfeJ‹wcef;wnf;twlae&wJh atmifoef;jrifhu usaemfhvdk tjyifbufutoHawGqD
10 0if;wifhxGef;
wdkufwef;pD;
tm;pdu k ef m;pGiehf m;axmifae&mu usaemfrh suEf mS qD vSr;f =unfw h ,f? usaemfu [l;ceJ oufjyif;wcsuf
r_wfxkwfvdkufrdw,f?
usaemfhtm±HkodawGu vSrf;jrifaew,f? udk,f udk,fwdkifcHcJh&zl;+yD;om;jzpfwJhtjyif ae‹pOfvdkvdk
=um;odae&wJh trSwo f nmtpkpak wG&‹J azmfjyr_a=umif/h usaemfw‹kd pjH ref;ae&&m (5)wdu k (f 1)cef; eH&}H u;D eJ‹
uyf&uf tkww f w H ikd ;f wxyfjcm;&J‹ [drk mS bufujzpfay:aer,fh jrifuiG ;f awGukd vSr;f jrifaew,f? 'Dtw k f
wHwdkif;wdk@&J@wzufrSm Am'Hyifvwf wyif&Sdvdrfhr,f? tJ'DAm'Hyif&dyfab;rSm wdkuf±Hk;cef;qdkwJh rD;uif;wJ
vdv k kd uifaywdik , f m,D tcsKyfpcef;axmufwv J vkd kd pcef;±H;k av;&Syd gw,f? tJ'D wdu k ±f ;kH cef;ajruGuv f yf
rSm jrefrmuifaywdik v f ufopfrsm;&J‹zrf;qD;jcif;cHxm;&wJh topfpufpuf tusO;f om;rsm;[m aeylxrJ mS
aqmifha=umifhxdkifae&ygvdrfhr,f? 'grSr[kwf blrdurŠvm ajrausmufrmay: y,fy,fe,fe,fzifcs+yD;
wifyv†ifacGxdkif xdkifae&ygvdrfhr,f?
toHwif jymvtJhtJhr[kwf/ tom;ta&mifyg rJusKwfusKwf jymESrf;ESrf;jzpfaewJh ‘rsKd;odef;’ u/
*k%fðycHwyfzGJ‹udk avhusifhoifwef;ay;ae&wJh oifwef;enf;jyrª; *dkufrsKd;w0uf/ tm%myg;uGufom;
*dkufrsKd;w0ufeJ‹ rsufESmudkwif;wif;xm;+yD; a&S‹wdk;aemufiif vrf;ovm;aeygvdrfhr,f?
uifaywdkif wdkuf±Hk;cef;wJwGif;u˜pm;yGJa&S‹rSm/ ppfwyfu wdkuf±dkufcef‹xm;wJh qm*sifodef;òrdif
qdok ul , kd w
f ikd f 'grrS [kwf wm0efus axmifwyf=uyf}uD;oH;k &pfu, kd wf ikd f t+rde‹f om;xdik ±f p_ m;ae+yD; usef
w&pf ESpf&pfeJ‹ t&pfr&Sd0g'grsm;u 0dkif;0ef;=unfh±_ae=uygvdrfhr,f?
“pr,fæ” rsKd;odef;&J‹ jymvtJhtJhtoH&J‹aemufydkif; r=umrDvmawmhr,fhtoHu vlaAsmoH
e&odefaAsmoHqdkwmudkvJ usaemfóudwifod&Sdaeygw,f?
“yHkpHæ”
“xdik rf ,f æ
“xr,f æ”
“bkef; *Grf; azsmif; æ bkwfæ tGef‹”
rsKd;odef;&J@yHkpHwdkifoH ac:oHawGeJ‹twl wqufwnf; xGufay:vmwJh bkef; *Grf; azsmif; æ bkwfæ
tGef‹awGuawmh vufpGrf;jy xkoH ESufoH ±dkufoHawGeJ‹ cH&olbufu xGufay:vmwJh toHawGæ
“'Dcg;}uD;u bmvdk‹ukef;ae&wmvJ æ bkef;”
“'Dvufu tElvufoD;qkyfxm;ovdk}uD; æ bkwf”
“'Dausm,m;}uD;u avmufav;udkif;vdk aumhraeeJ‹/ rwfrwfxm; æ udk;q,f'D*&D rwf rwf
æ*Gwf æ tGef‹ æ”
rsKd;odef;&J‹ oHjym;pl;a[mufoHaigufoH/ tjypfr&Sdtjypf&Sm ±dkufESufxkaxmif;jy&oHawG
tqufrjywf nHpnfpifxGufvmw,f?
topfpufpuf tusOf;om;rsm;crsm ajrjyifay: zHktvdrf;vdrf; ac|;t&$J&$JeJ‹ tvJvJtvl;vl;
cHae=u&ygvdrfhr,f? u|Jaygufwaumifvdk ajy;v$m;xkESuf atmf[pfjyae&wJh rsKd;odef;&J‹udk,fay:rSmvJ
ac|;awGpdk‹aeygvdrfhr,f?
wdkufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;&J‹ 'DvdkwdkufyHkpHjyoHawG ae‹pOf&ufquf =um;vm&+yDqdk&ifawmh wdkufxJrSm
tr_wo JG pfawG Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;opfawG pkòyHa&muf&v dS mae&+yD? tjyifrmS wjynfv;kH tzrf;tqD;awG
0if;wifhxGef; 11
rsm;ae+yDqdkwJh oauFwygyJ?
aemufxyf b,folawGrsm; tqGJcH&jyef+yDvJ? udk,feJ‹wqufwnf; tr_wGJwlawGrsm;vm;?
v_y&f mS ;r_topfawGrsm; xyfay:vmwmvm;? ævm;/ ævm;qdw k hJ rqH;k Edik w
f hJ awG;awmxifjrif rSe;f q
=unfhr_awGeJ‹twl &ifxJrSm v_dif;abmifbifcwfcJh& a=uuGJcJh& qdk‹eifhcJh&wmcsnf; jzpfygw,f?
yHkpHjyoH ±dkufoHESufoHawG+idrfoufoGm;+yD; q,frdepfavmuf=umcsdefrSmawmh xHk;pHtwdkif;æ
“zsmaxmif aemufvSnfh wef;pDxm; æ”
rsKd;odef;&J‹ oHjymvtJh pll;&S&S[m aEGav±l;eJ‹twl cyfoJhoJhyJ vdrfh0ifvmw,f? 'DwdkufrSmr[kwfyJ
(4)wdu k vf m; (2)wdu k vf m;qD ae&mcsxm;vdu k yf &kH w,f? 'ga=umifh (5)wdu k x f q J t
D xdawmh pl;pl;&if&h ifh
a&mufrvm? 'gayrJh eifeh ifph ;l pl; cHpm;ae&qJ&ifcek o
f uH awmh wqwfqwf wkecf gaewke;f av? &yfroGm;/
+idrfroGm;?
“tif; æ aemufxyf b,fESpfa,mufavmufrsm;jzpfrvJ uAsmq&ma&æ” atmifoef;jrifh u
usaemfhrsufESmudk=unfh&if; oufjyif;wzGzGeJ‹ajymw,f?
“rsKd;odef; 'Dbufa&mufvmwJhtcg acsmhar;=unfhaygh? armif&ifeJ‹ &if;ESD;om;yJ[m”
usaemfuajymawmh atmifoef;jrifhu acgif;ndwfjyw,f?
t&ifu 'Dtcef;(1)xJ usaemfa&mufrvmcif/ atmifoef;jrifhyJae&wkef;/ nbuf wdkufwef;
ydwfcsdefrSm rsKd;odef;udkvJ 'Dtcef;(1)rSmyJ ae&mcsxm;ay;awmh atmifoef;jrifh[m rsKd;odef;eJ‹ E_dif;,SOf
csuftm;jzifh &if;ESD;ae+yD;om;?
“rsKd;odef;u usaemfhudkawmh rsufESmemaeovdkjzpfvdk‹ a&csKd; *efzvm;csawGrSm bmjy\emrS
r&Smzl;bl;? 'gayrJh 'Daumifu bmowif;rS odyfrajymbl;? ol‹tb qm*sifodef;òrdifwdk‹ rsufESm!dkrSm
odyfa=umufwmæ”
atmifoef;jrifhu usaemfhudk&Sif;jyawmh usaemfòyH;vdkufrdw,f?
(2)
rsKd;odef;[m wdkufwef;pD;?
‘wef;pD;’qdkwJh&mxl;[m e&odefxJrSm eJeJaemaem &mxl;r[kwf? tusOf;om;uaejzpfEdkifwJh
&mxl;awGxJrSm tjrifhqHk;? tjyifuae axmifrª; axmifydkifawGudk aiGxdk;vdkif;0ifrS&EdkifwJh &mxl;ae&m
jzpf±rkH u ud, k wf ikd u
f vJ ±du
k &f J ESu&f J xk&J axmif;&JwhJ vufpvufe&SOd ;D rS? trsm;tm;jzifh ESp}f uD;orm;
vlowform;eJ‹ "m;jy}uD;awG 'Dvdk&mxl;rsKd;&avh&Sdw,f? txl;ojzifh ‘wdkufwef;pD;’vdk ae&mrsKd;us/
txufyg t&nftcsif;awGtjyif axmufvSrf;a&;óuduf qm*sifodef;òrdifwdk‹vdk aumifawGtóudufyg
jynfhpHkvHkavmufzdk‹vdkao;w,f? ‘wdkuf’qdkwm axmufvSrf;a&;uzrf;qD;xm;wJh tusOf;om;awG/
trsm;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG xm;wJhae&mav?
rsKd;odef;[m owfrSwft&nftcsif;awG jynfhpHkol? t&ifu “ppfom;”qdkwJh[muvJ axmuf
vSrf;a&;óuduf? vlvHk;vlzefu u|Jaygufwaumifvdk? xka&; ESufa&; vufraES;wwfwm ol‹tr_uae
oufaocH+yD;om;? ol‹txuft&m&Sd Adkvfrª;wOD;tygt0if vlESpfa,mufudk owfvmcJhwJhvlowfr_eJ‹
12 0if;wifhxGef;
wdkufwef;pD;
woufwu|e;f jypf'%fcsrw S jf cif;cHxm;&ol? ppfc±kH ;kH uae jypf'%fcsrw S cf +hJ yD; t&yfbufaxmif v$aJ jymif;
ay;tyfvdkufvdk‹ tif;pdefaxmifxJa&mufvm&ol? Adkvfae0if;[m ol‹ppfwyfxJu ol‹cGm&m wdkif;vm
EdkifzG,f &SdolrSefor# b,fhavmufyJðzwfxkwfy,f ay:vpDusifhoHk;+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf ta&;,lcJh,lcJh/
tjyifu omrefvlawGeJ‹,SOf=unfh&if wyfuvmol[m olrsm;xuf acgif;wvHk;ydkaeEdkifapa&;twGuf
t±dk;t&if;av;awG jyefcsau|;wJh pHerl&SdcJhovdk/ ppfwyfu ppfom;tjzpfu vlowfr_usL;vGefvmcJhwJh
rsK;d ode;f [mvJ tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ mS wdu k wf ef;pD;tjzpf axmufvrS ;f a&;óuduf ae&m&vmwm bmrSawmh
rqef;?
axmifxJrSm ppffa=uma&;awmfawmfeJ‹ rjywfEdkifbJ axmufvSrf;a&;u r=umc% wdkufxJu
qGJqGJxkwf+yD; !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpuf tòid;taw;cH&olawGtxJ usaemf[m wa,muftygt0if? tJ'Dawmh
wdkufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;[m usaemfhudkvJ awmfawmfrsufrSef;wef;rdaecJh+yD?
wdkufwum 0ifcGifhxGufcGifh&SdaewJh wdkufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;[m usaemfwdk‹udkxm;&m (5)wdkufxJudk
vJ r=umc%a&mufa&mufvmwwfw,f? &Hzef&Hcg usaemfeJ‹atmifoef;jrifhwdk‹pHjref;&&m (5)wdkuf
tcef;(1) a&S‹ oHwdkifem;txd 0if0ifvmwwfw,f?
“udkrsKd;odef; æ aq;vdyfrD;av;bmav; vkyfygOD;As”vdk‹ atmifoef;jrifhuawmif;&if/ tjyifrSm
&moDOwkom,mae&if rsKd;odef;u ayghayghyg;yg; vmay;wwfw,f? wcgw&H [dkajym'Dajym &,farm
ðyH;&$i+f yD;awmif pum;vufqkH usjyae+yDq&kd ifawmh tjyifrmS &moDOwk awmfawmfaumif;aewJo h abm
rSw, f El ikd w
f ,f? wku d ±f ;kH cef;wJrmS qm*sio f ed ;f òrdirf &Sb
d J E_id ;f ,SOcf sut
f m;jzifh oabmxm;odyrf qd;k vSwhJ
0g'gt=uyftdk}uD;wa,mufavmufyJ wm0efusaewmrsKd;jzpfEdkifw,f? usefwJh0g'gi,fav;awG wjcm;
wdu k wf wdu k w
f u
kd rf mS pm;usuu f s+yD;/ 'DbufrmS tajctaeaumif;aewmrsK;d vJ jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd w f ,f?
“udrk sK;d ode;f æ aq;vdyrf ;D av; æ”qdw k mudk pum;rjyefbJ ESmacgi;f ±_‹H +yD; oGuo f u
G o
f u
G o
f uG f xGuo f mG ;
&ifawmh tjyifrmS &moDOwk odyrf om,m? 'DbufrmS wcef;eJ‹wcef; pum;vSr;f qufo, G af jymqdw k m
owdxm;vkyf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'D(5)wdkuf(1)cef;[m wdkufpcef;±Hk;wJeJ‹ teD;qHk;ae&m?
&moDOwkom,maew,fvdk‹rSwf,l&r,fh wnaecif; rsKd;odef; usaemfwdk‹wdkufcef;a&S‹ a&muf
vmw,f?
pdwfóudufzGyfav#mf a&csKd;cGifh tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&&Sdxm;wJh rsKd;odef;[m a&rdk;csKd;+yD; qHyifudk
qD&$J&$Jvdrf;xm;±Hkru/ ol‹udk,fay:u pGyfus,f*sKdif;jywfuvJ jzLazG;oef‹pifvdk‹? rJeufaewJh tom;
ta&mifa=umifh pdwfóudufav#mfzGyf0wfqifxm;wJh pGyfus,ftusôta&mif[m ydkvdk‹awmif azG;Oae
oa,mif&Sdw,f? ykqdk;jymudk wdkwdkygatmif0wfxm;awmh ol‹ajcovHk;tpHk[m u|Jaygufwaumif&J‹
ajctpHkvdk tar$;tr#ifawG tòydif;t±dkif;eJ‹?
“cifAsm;u uAsmq&mvm;”
qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh rsKd;odef;u OD;OD;zsm;zsm; usaemfhrsufESmudk vSrf;=unfh&if; ar;vmw,f?
cgwdkif;qdk&if atmifoef;jrifheJ‹yJ OD;wnfajymqdkwwfwJh rsKd;odef;u usaemfhudk OD;wnfajymqdkvmwm
jzpfwt hJ jyif/ 0g'gawGa&S‹rmS tusO;f om;rSeo f r#tay: armufarmufrmrmavoHe‹J om t+rJwef;ajymqdk
wwfwJholu “cifAsm;uæ”qdkwJh emrfpm;a0g[m&udk oHk;pGJajymqdkvmwma=umifh c%awmh usaemf
tHh=oovdkjzpfoGm;rdw,f? +yD;awmh ðyH;vdkufrdw,f?
0if;wifhxGef; 13
“[kwfw,fæ bmjzpfvdk‹vJ”
“a=omfæ bmrSr[kwfygbl;? usaemfu odcsifvdk‹yg? usaemfvJcifAsm;vdkyJ r[kwfrcH vl
wa,mufygAsm²²²”
usaemf 'kwd,r`dðyH;vdkufjyefw,f?
“cifAsm;udk ppfa=uma&; c%c%xkwf+yD; r=umr=umwD;ae=uw,fqdkwm usaemfvJ jrifod
=um;ae&wmyJAsm? usaemfawmhr[kwzf ;l aemf/ cifAsm;udk wD;wm ppfa=uma&;rSm/ usaemfw‹kd e‹J rqdik b f ;l ?
cifAsm;udk (6)wdkufxJ tqdk;qHk;xnfhxm;wma&mæ cifAsm;udk acgif;rmw,fajymae=uoHawGa&m
usaemf=um;=um;aeygw,f? cifAsm;vdk usaemfvJ acgif;rmcJhzl;olyg/ r[kwf&if eJeJav;rSrcHcsifbl;/
r[kwfrcH pdwf}uD;cJholyg? 'ga=umifh usnfwuyfvHk;ukefatmif qGJypfcJhwmaygh?”
“tJ'w D ek ;f u b,fvjkd zpfcw
hJ mwke;f cifAsm;tr_uæ”atmifoef;jrifu h rsK;d ode;f udqk ufajym atmif
vrf;a=umif;ay;vdkufw,f?
“a&S@wef;u jyefvm=u+yD? veJ‹csD+yD; a&S@wef;rSmaecJh&wdkufcJh&&if; wm0ef+yD;cJh=u+yD? usaemfu
iSufzsm;t}uD;tus,fwufaew,f? tE W&m,fr&SdawmhwJh udk,fh*GifxJa&mufvm=u+yD? aemufw&uf
ausmaf usmq f ækd òrd‹ay:a&mufawmhr,f/ usKyfw‹kd 'k&if;rª;Adv k rf ;ª u awmxJrmS yJ aysmyf v JG yk w
f ,fAs? ypf&wJh
*sDom; qwfom; awm0ufom;awGa&m/ tmrD&rfawG azmcsif;aomcsif;a&meJ‹ pdwfóudufaomuf=u
pm;=u aysm=f uprf;ayg?h oDcsi;f qd=k u u=ucke=f u aomuf=upm;=ueJ‹ wnvH;k rD;yHyk }JG uD;Asæ iSuzf sm;wuf
aewJu h saemfu olw‹kd u=kd unf&h if; pdwaf wGwv kd ‹kd æ? pm;Edik af omufEikd zf ‹kd aeaeomom olw‹kd qn l H uckef
ae=uwmudk/ vlurcHr&yfEdkifatmif em;rcHEdkifatmifjzpfaew,fæusaemfu odyfrql=uygeJ‹vdk‹ajym
awmh waumifu usaemfu h [
kd m;w,f? Adv k rf ;ª uvJ a[haumifrsK;d ode;f æ rif;zsm;aewmeJ‹yJ usew f o hJ l
awG rif;vdkaeapcsifvdk‹ b,f&rvJuGvdk‹a[mufw,f? usaemf axmif;ceJa'goawG ydkydkaygufuGJxGuf
vmw,f? olw‹kd uquf+yD; pm;=uaomuf=u u=ucke=f ueJ‹ usaemfu h &kd efpaeovdyk /J em;uvJ b,fvrkd S
rcHEdkifatmifjzpfvmawmhæ”
rsKd;odef;u pum;pudkjzwfvdkuf&if; usaemfwdk‹rsufESmvSrf;=unfhw,f?
“'gavmufawmif&SdwJhvlawGæ 'gavmufawmif awmif;yefwm em;rvnfwJhaumifawG qdk+yD;/
vSJ+yD;rSdef;ae&mux+yD;/ tem;u udk,fhaoewfudk,fqGJ+yD; tJ'Drl;+yD;uaewJh 'k&if;rª;uae &,farm
uckefae=uwJh vlawGtm;vHk;udk usnfwabmufvHk;ukefatmif qGJypfcsvdkufw,f? Akdvfrª;vJ yGJcsif;+yD;
æ ESpfa,mufoHk;a,mufvJ twHk;t±kef; æ usefwJholawGvJ 0±kef;okef;um;jzpf+yD; yGJjywfoGm;wmyJ?
usaemfvJ0dkif;tcsKyfcHvdkuf&+yD; owdvpfoGm;w,f/ Adkvfrª;vJao &JabmfESpfa,mufvJao/ wa,muf
'%f&m&æ aemufqHk;ppfcHk±Hk;rSm? a&S‹wef;jyefqdkwm&,f iSufzsm;t}uD;tus,fwufae qdkwm&,fudk
axmuf+yD; (10)ESpfavmufyJ oufoufn‡mn‡mcsrvdk‹wJhAsæ'gayrJhæ”
rsKd;odef;u ol‹&J‹jymvtJhtJh pl;&S&StoHeJ‹ qufwdkuf}uD; pdwfygvufygajymae&mu wHawG;udk rsKd
cs&if; c%em;vdkufjyefw,f?
“æ pD&ifcsufcscgeD;rSm aooGm;wJhAdkvfrª;uawmfu b,fvdkxidkvdkufovJqdkawmh/“trav;
uduk &kd ‹J / &efoel ‹J wukd &f wmawmif usnw f p&Syrf xdc&hJ yJæ ud, k ahf tmufuvlu ypfowfwmusrS tjzpf
qdk;&yavw,fæ”vdk‹ atmfæatmfidkvdkufa&mæ'dkif;ceJ woufwu|ef;jzpfoGm;wmygyJ? usaemfu
14 0if;wifhxGef;
wdkufwef;pD;
tJ'vD æ kd ”
aumif;cef;a&mufcge;D y&dowf}u;D rSiw f ufrad ewmvSr;f =unfv h u kd w f hJ jyZmwfrif;om; wa,muf&@J
[efrsKd;eJ‹ usaemfwdk‹qDvSrf;=unfhjyefw,f? usaemfwdk‹+idrfem;axmifaewmudk tm;&oGm;+yD;æ
“usaemfu tJ'v D akd umifrsK;d As/ usaemfph w d "f mwfu b,fawmhriS ‹kH rcHwwfb;l ? 'ga=umifh usaemfvJ
cifAsm;vdk r[kwfrcH/ r[kwfrcH/ trSefw&m;udkóudufwJhvlygvdk‹ajymwmæ”
rsKd;odef;u wu,fhatmifyGJcH ppfol}uD;wa,muf&J‹[ef/ *k%fa&mifajymifcJhol}uD; wa,muf&J‹
rmefrsKd;eJ‹ tqHk;owfvdkufw,f? ol‹&J‹oHjympl;pl;[m ydk+yD;oHpOfjrifhaecJhw,f?
usaemfu ol‹rsufESmudk=unfh+yD; wwd,r`d ðyH;vdkufrdw,f?
“b,fhES,fwkef;Asæ cifAsm;u uAsmq&m pma&;q&mqdkawmhæ”
“ 'Dr,fudkrsKd;odef;/ cifAsm;eJ‹usaemfeJ‹ rwlbl;avæ”
“Asmæ” olu usaemfhudk em;rvnfovdk vSrf;=unfhw,f?
“usaemfu *±krpdkuf yrmrxm;vkyfwmrcHEdkifvGef;vdk‹ vlawmifowfvmcJhwJhaumif/ zdESdyfwm
udk qef‹usifjyvmwJhaumif/ cifAsm;wdk‹vdkyJ zdESyfr_udkvufawG‹eJ‹ jyefwHk‹jyefjyvmcJhwJhaumifyJæ”
em;rvnfovdk vSrf;=unfhae&mu apm'upum;udkqdkvmw,f?
“'Dr,fudkrsKd;odef;/ cifAsm;u trSefw&m;udk óudufwmvJr[kwfbl;? r[kwfrcHqdkwmvJr[kwf
bl;? wu,fu olrsm;u cifAsm;tay:vkyfwmudkom rcHEdkifwJhol/ cifAsm;tay: r[kwfwmvkyfwmudk
om rcHEdkifwJhol? udk,fcH&wmudk jyefwHk‹jyef0Hh±HkeJ‹ trSefw&m;bufuvlvdk‹ tvdkavsmuf t"dy`m,f
rxGufbl; æ”
rsKd;odef;u usaemfhudk em;rvnfEdkifovdk xyf=unfhaew,f?
“æ zdEydS rf u
_ kd wu,frek ;f wJv h [
l m/ zdEydS w
f mudk wu,fróuu d w f v hJ [l m olu, kd w
f ikd v
f J b,fawmhrS
rzdESdyfbl;? zdEdSyfwJhae&mvJ b,fawmhrSraebl;? bmta=umif;a=umifhrS raebl;”
rsK;d ode;f u oHwikd u
f v kd ufwzufe‹J uikd +f yD; pum;ajymoHuekd m;axmifae&muae rsuEf mS udk wjznf;
jznf;eJ‹v$Jvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh ol‹ajcaxmufqDol=unfh&if; +idrfoufaew,f?
“udrk sK;d ode;f æ bmudp&P v dS rJ odb;l / cifAsm;udk q&m}u;D ar;aew,fæ” xrif;xd;k xGe;f qdik 0f ifvm+y;D
ta=umif;=um;vdkufcsdefrSmawmh rsKd;odef;[mcsmceJ vSnfhxGufoGm;w,f?
usaemfajymwmudk olem;vnfovm;/ em;rvnfb;l vm;qdw k m usaemfrod? olb,fvkd oabm
ayguf cH,loGm;r,fqdkwmvJ usaemfrod?
q,fih g;rdepfavmuf t=umrSmawmh “yHpk x H ikd x
f m; æ”qdw
k hJ rsK;d ode;f &J‹ oHjympl;pl;udk (4)wduk b
f uf
qDuaexGuaf y:vmwm oJo h =hJ um;vduk &f ygawmhw,f? eJeaJ 0;vd‹k vSr;f vd‹k yv J m; bmvm;awmh rajym
wwfyg? ol‹toH[m cgwikd ;f cgavmuf rpl;&Svv S ‹kd awmh pdwu
f xifaerdygw,f? [kwrf [kwaf wmh tcdik f
trmrajymEdkif? wdkufxJqD aEGav±l;wcsuf ajy;0ifvmw,f? tyl&Sdef tylaiG‹awGeJ@ wvSyfvSyf?Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
12/ 5/ 2003
0if;wifhxGef; 15
0if;wifhxGef;
16 0if;wifhxGef;
a&$aq;vdyf aiGaq;vdyf
a&$ aq;vdyf aiG aq;vdyf

0if;wifx
h eG ;f
(1)
urBmhaiGa=u;e,fy,frSmawmh aygifpwmvifudk tajccHwJhe,fy,f/ a':vmudk tajccHxm;wJh

e,fy,fqdk+yD; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk &Sdygvdrfhr,f? usaemfwkd@Armjynfawmif aygifpwmvife,fxJygae&mu
Adkvfae0if;vufxuf Adkvfae0if;pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;eJ‹xGufcJhrS aygifpwmvife,feJ‹ a0;oGm;cJh&awmhw,f
qdyk ?J aiGa=u;qdw k m toH;k cH,el pfwcktjzpfe‹J ukeyf pPn;f zvS,rf q _ ikd &f m =um;cHwefz;kd ypPn;f wcktjzpfe‹J
ay:vmcJw h myg? aiGa=u;qdw k m ay:vm+yD;wJah emuf a&$uakd usmaxmufaemufcðH yxm;wJph epfw‹kd / aygif
pwmvif 'grSr[kwf a':vmudk ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wJhpepfwdk@qdkwmawGvJ &Sdygao;w,f?
e&odeu f rBmrSmawmh aiGa=u;pepf[maq;vdy?f aq;vdy[ f maiG/ aq;vdy[ f m a&$? 'gayrJh waxmif
eJ‹ waxmif tajccHaiGa=u;pH aq;vdyfcsif;uawmh rwljyef?
tif;pdeaf xmif}uD;rSmu oeyfyifrusiv f &S @J EGm;aq;vdyef ‹J usm;roef;aX;&J‹ usm;tao;aq;vdyf
u tajccHaiGa=u;? 'l;,m;pD;u&ufuawmh a&$aygh? om,m0wDaxmifusawmh =u,fig;yGifhrcifndK
aq;vdyf[m trsm;oHk;aiG? jynfaxmifrSmus ‘usm;ysH’eJ‹ ‘e0if;a':odef;wif’aq;vdyfwdk‹[m trsm;
óudufaiG?
axmifxrJ mS aiGuw kd &m;0ifuikd +f yD;oH;k pGcJ iG rhf &Sw
d t hJ wGuf tusO;f om;awG[m aq;vdyu f akd iGtjzpf
oabmxm;+yD; oHk;pGJae=u&wmyg? 'ga=umifh axmifxJrSmaq;vdyf&Sd&if aiGa=u;&SdaebdouJhodk‹ygyJ?
tif;pdeaf xmifaiGa=u;aps;uGu&f @J w&m;0ifaiGa=u;vJv, S Ef e_ ;f uawmh EGm;wvdyf usm;av;ESpv f yd ?f
'ga=umifh axmif0ifpmvufc&H &So d wl ikd ;f / ±H;k xGut f jzpf w&m;±H;k oGm;+yD; tr_&ifqikd &f ol tusO;f om;
wdkif;[m aq;vdyfxkyfudkrygygatmif rSm=u ,lcJh=uavh&Sdw,f? tif;pdef e&odefurBma&muf tusOf;
om;rsm;uawmh xH;k pHtwdik ;f EGm;eJ‹usm;ayg?h wjcm;wHqyd af q;vdyo f ,fvmrdv‹kd uawmh aiGa=u;aps;
uGufrSm vJvS,f&wm wefzdk;owfrSwf&wmtcuf? ArmjynfxJ usL;bm;aiGpuULudkifxm;rdovdk jzpf
oGm;Edik wf ,f? 'l;,m;bl;pdr;f av;rsm; rygygatmifqv JG mEdik cf v hJ ‹dk uawmh tif;pdeef &odeu f rBmrSm‘a&$’ayg?h
wm0ef&dS q&m}uD;q&mav;qdo k al wGukd a&$ay;xm;vku d &f if rsuEf mS aumif;udk &vd‹k w?hJ taqmifa&muf
tusO;f om;qdv k #if æ “cyf æ wcGu”f “cyf æ wcGu”f eJ‹ b,fawmhr(S 9)cGuaf vmufxuf ydrk csK;d &Edik w f hJ
a&csK;d csjcif;tr_rmS / ‘a&uefbm,m’qdo k ul kd wva&$EpS b f ;l avmuf 'grrS [kwf rusiv f ES mG ;(50)avmuf
ay;xm; vdik ;f 0ifxm;Edik v f ‹kd uawmh pdwóf uduo f abm&Sd a&csK;d cGi&hf owJ?h +yD;awmh ae‹vnfae‹cif; acs;yg
ao;ayguðf yrvm;/ *keef t D wd pf w k af v; jzpfuwwfqef;umay;xm;wJh bk&m;pl;rd;k óud;ypf tdro f mqdw k m
rSm rdvm† bkwu f ikd q
f o
kd u
l kd usm;av;roef;aX; (2)vdyrf ay;vd‹k uawmh tdro f mwufcray;vd‹k uawmh
0if;wifhxGef; 17
'kuQvSvS awG‹oGm;Edkifw,f? “a[h æ ray;Edkifbl;”qdk&if/ “&w,f æ udk,fhacs; udk,fusKH;oGm;”vdk‹
bkwu f ikd u
f t=uyfuikd yf nmjyygvrd rhf ,f? axmifxrJ mS qdik &f mydik &f m e,fpm;y,fpm;awGu trsm;om;?
taqmifa&mufv‹kd “csu[ f if;”av;rsm; pm;csiaf o;ovm;? yHpk xH rif;[if;eJ‹ pm;r0if rsKrd usjzpfv#iæ f /
zd}k uD;xJuwm0ef&o dS u l v kd ikd ;f 0ifxm;+y;D wvEGm;aq;vdyw
f &may;xm;&if/ naewdik ;f wa,mufpm[if;
wcGuw f cGuf ‘csKid q hf ’JG vpm;oabm vmyd‹k ay;ygvrd rhf ,f? EGm;w&mu 'Davmuftxd t&Sed =f oZm}uD;
owJ?h wywfrmS wcg/ wcgrw S eyfwnf;pm;&wJh “tom;pm;ae‹” yHpk [ H if;wwH;k pm;csiyf gvsuf }udwrf w
dS f
tiwfcH+yD;jyefa&mif;&if bmtom;[if;yHkpHwHk;jzpfjzpf wwHk;EGm;(5)vdyfyJ &Edkifw,f?
(2)
usaemfwdk‹wawG EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtjzpf ‘wdkuf’xJa&muf&awmh b,folrS axmif0ifpm

ygq,fr&ao;? b,fol‹udkrSvJ ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rðyao;csdef æ
(5)wkdufxJxm;olwcsKd‹udk (2)wdkufxJa&$‹vdkuf=ujyefw,f? usaemf(2)wdkufxJa&mufoGm;w,f?
(2)wkduf[m óud;wdkuf?
(5)wdu k [ f m wzuf&yfwu kd jf zpf+yD; (2)wdu k u f sawmh/ taqmuftOD;}uD;wckwnf;twGi;f rSm rsuf
ESmcsi;f qdik f wdu k cf ef;av;awG wnf&adS ewJw h u kd ?f tv,frmS u vlomG ;orHwvif; uGuv f yfjyifu us,f
us,f? wjcm;wdkufawGvdk wzuf&yfr[kwfwJhtwGuf (2)wdkufudk ‘&ifuGJwdkuf’vdk‹vJac:=uw,f?
ud,k w
hf u kd cf ef;uae a&S‹wnfw h nfu h wku d cf ef;udv k rS ;f jrifae&ayrJh ESpcf ef;xufawmh ydrk jrif? [dbk uf
eJ‹ onfbuf oHwdkifwHcg;r}uD;azmufwyfxm;yHku ZpfZufyHko¿mef?
tJ'Dwkef;u(2)wdkuf[m óud;'%fuscHxm;&olóud;orm;awGvJ&SdwJh wu,fhóud;wdkuf? ao'%fcs
rSwfjcif;cHxm;&ol óud;orm;awGvJ&SdwJh wu,fh óud;wdkuf? ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHxm;&ol óud;orm;u
awmh ESpfOD;yJ&Sdygao;w,f? wOD;uvlowfr_/ wOD;uawmh "m;jyvlowfr_?
usaemfjrif&wJh usaemfah &SŒwnfw h nft h cef;(2)ckuawmh udak &$ref;wd‹k tcef;eJ‹ a0guw kd ifa&$w‹kd tcef;/
udka&$ref;tcef;u udka&$ref;eJ‹tjcm;olwOD;&Sdovdk/ a0gudkwifa&$}uD;tcef;uvJ udkwifa&$}uD;eJ‹ udkcspf
aqmifOD;wdk‹ESpfOD;? (udkwifa&$}uD;um; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkaemufydkif; NLD (teft,fvf'D) a0g
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,/f usaemfw‹kd e‹J ae&pOf 1982 umvwke;f uawmh/ 10(u) Edik if aH &;tusO;f orm;)?
usaemfu h akd wmh pD;yGm;a&;r_e‹J axmufvrS ;f a&;uzrf;xm;wJh yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D eJ‹twlxm;w,f? wOD;u
OD;=uifarmif/ wOD;u OD;pd;k jrifw h ?hJ tr_u u|e;f opftr_? ESpOf ;D pvH;k [m w&Gmwnf;om;? OD;=uifarmife‹J
OD;pd;k jrifu
h olw‹kd tr_[m bmrSr[kw/f usaemfv h Ekd ikd if aH &;r_r[kww f t
hJ wGuf r=umcifjyefvw $ rf mS aocsm
w,fvdk‹ r=umr=um ajymavh&Sdw,f?
olw‹kd EpS af ,mufpvH;k u aq;vdyu f kd taoóudu?f cufwmu axmif0ifpmuvJ wa,mufrrS &S?d
aq;vdyf[m 'DxJrSm wu,fhaiG wu,fha&$? tjyifrSmwkef;u aq;vdyfudkeJeJyg;yg; aomufcJhao;ayrJh
'DxJvdkae&ma&mufawmh usaemfuaq;vdyfudkraomufbJaevdk‹ vG,fvG,fulul&Edkifw,f? olwdk‹rSm
uawmh wu,fhudk'kuQ? aq;vdyfraomuf&&if raeEdkif?
(5)wdkufxJwkef;uvJ aq;vdyf óudufolawG&J‹'kuQudk usaemf}udrfzefrsm;pGm awG‹zl; ñuHzl; =um;zl;
18 0if;wifhxGef;
rsm;vS+yD?
(5)wdkuf&J‹ae‹vnfae‹cif;awGrSmæ
“armfxl; tdk[m”
“wtdk;ygæ”qdkwJh apmabme,feJ‹apmfap;xl;wdk‹&J‹ tjyeftvSefvSrf;qufoG,fajymqdkoHawG
r=umr=um=um;&w,f? apmabme,feJ‹apmap;xl;wdk‹u autJif,lu u&if&Jabmfav;ESpfa,muf?
tpuawmh 'Du&if&Jabmfav;ESpfa,muf u&ifpum;eJ‹bmawGajymqdkae=uovJqdkwm usaemfem;
rvnf? aemufydkif; rdwfaqGwOD;uajymjyrS “armfxl; tdk[mæ”qdkwm aq;vdyf&Sdvm;vdk‹ vSrf;ar;oH
jzpf+yD; “wtdk;ygæ”qdkwm “r&Sdbl;”vdk‹vSrf;ajzoHrSef; usaemfodvm&ygawmhw,f? armfxl;tdk[meJ‹
wtdk;ygæ (5)wdkufxJrSm r=umr=um=um;cJh&wJh toHESpfckjzpfcJhw,f?
usaemf&h ‹J csprf w d af qG ud'k goausmx f ;l }uD;uawmh wae‹/ xwJ+h yD; “&Jabmfw‹dk &Jabmfw‹kd æ wqdwf
em;qifygcifAsm”wJh? bmrsm;ygvdrfhr,fvdk‹ aoaocsmcsm em;pGifhvdkuf=ucsdefrSmæ“usaemfhrSm tr
wa,muf&ydS gw,f/ ±ky&f nfvnf; rqd;k ygb;l / pdwaf epdwx f m;vJ oifyh gw,f/ tJ'gæ a,mufzawmfcsiw f hJ
olrsm;&Sd&if æ usaemfhtrudk aq;vdyfESpfq,feJ‹a&mif;r,f/ aq;vdyfay;=uygAsKd‹ æ” wJh?
tm;vHk; ðyH;rdcJh=uygw,f? pdwfraumif;pGmeJ‹ ðyH;rdcJhwmyg?
olu tJ'Dvdktwnfayguf[movkyf avvHwif±Hkru/ oleJ‹&if;ESD;wJh usaemfhudkvJ ol‹&J‹aq;vdyf
aomuf&a&;pDrcH su}f u;D xJrmS =uzH efacsmufcs toH;k csomG ;cJyh gao;w,f? wnæ tdycf sed v f J ra&mufao;
tdyv f rJ tdyEf ikd af o;wJh nwnrSm/ oHwikd af &S‹rsuEf mS tyf+yD; aumif;uifwcdq k D vSr;f ar#maf i;ilaerdwek ;f
napmif0h g'gtopfwOD; usaemft h cef;a&S‹a&mufvmw,f? 0g'gtopfuav;u toufawmif ESpq f ,f
ausmaf o;[efrwlyg/ 0g'gyg;vJ 0ao;[efrwlyg? olu usaemft h cef;a&S‹a&muf+yD;rS ajcoH;k av;vSr;f qkwf
+y;D wduk ±f ;kH cef;bufuvmEdik w f hJ wckwnf;aomt0ifwcH g;aygu0f qD vSr;f =unfv h u kd yf gao;w,f? aocsm
oGm;yH&k rS b,forl S 'DbufvmEdik zf , G &f mr&Sad wmhv‹kd pdwcf somG ;[ef&rdS S ol‹abmif;bDtw d xf u J ae wpHk
wckudk qGJxkwfvdkufygw,f? aq;vdyfav; av;ig;ajcmufvdyf?
usaemfu tHh=oaerdw,f?
“cifAsm;u aA'ifvuQ%mynm awmfawmf wwfw,fv‹kd [d;k æ bufu udak usmx f ;l u ajymvdu k f
w,f? tJ'g usaemfh=unfhay;prf;ygAsmæ”wJh?
tif; æ ud'k gouawmh vkyv f u kd jf yef+yD? ol‹t}uHtzefZmwfvrf;xJ igu h rkd ygygatmif qGo J iG ;f vdu
k f
+yDvdk‹ 'ufceJodvdkuf&if;/ ol‹&J‹aq;vdyfaomufcsifvGef;r_}uD;udk pmemem;vnfrd&if;/ aygufwJhezl; rxl;
awmhygb;l qdw k phJ Of;pm;r_rsK;d eJ‹ usaemfrh mS cyfwnfwnfaA'ifvuQ%mq&m vky&f ygawmhw,f? awmfyg
ao;&JŒ/ r[mbkwfA[kokwav;eJ‹ udkif±dk A[kokwav; &Sdxm;ayvdk‹om? Edk‹r[kwf rvG,f? em&D0uf
avmuf =uHzefa[mvdkuf&w,f?
aemufae‹reuf 0g'gawG reufqikd ;f nqdik ;f vJomG ;+yD;csed af vmufrmS awmh “uAsmq&ma&æ uAsm
q&m&J‹/ rae‹nu usKyfzefvu kd wf thJ uGu0f if&‹J vm;”vd‹k atmfar;w,f? “cifAsm; awmfawmf jy\em
&SmwJhvl”vdk‹ atmfajzawmh olu w[m;[m;&,faew,f? +yD;awmh “aqm&D;yJ uAsmq&ma&æ
rwwfEikd b f ;l / cifAsm; t&nftcsi;f udk ,H+k yD;om;/ tJ'g aq;vdy&f &if *efzvm;csrmS usaemfu h akd y; æ”wJ?h
tck 'D&ifuGJwdkufxJa&mufvmawmh udk'goxufqdk;wJh vl}uD;ESpfa,mufeJ‹ vmawG‹ae&jyef+yD?
0if;wifhxGef; 19
“udk=uifarmifæ cifAsm; &Sefapmifav;a&mif;Asm”
w&uf æOD;pd;k jrifu h rsuaf rSmif}uD;udw k eG ‹f xm;&mu tqdðk ycsuw f ifoH av;av;eufeuf xGuv f m
w,f?
oHwdkifem;rsufESmuyf+yD; awmifawmiftDtDvSrf;=unfhaewJh OD;=uifarmif&J‹cE<mudk,f}uD; wGef‹ceJ
jzpfoGm;w,f?
“udkpdk;jrifh&m 'gav;awmh ra&mif;yg&apeJ‹Asm/ rdef;rudk,fwdkif aoaocsmcsm&uf+yD; trSwfw&
xm;wmav;rdk‹ygæ”wJh?
“trav; æ cifAsm;uvJ bmta&;}uD;vJ/ tdrfaxmifoufawmif ESpftpdwfausmf+yDyJ[mæ”
“r[kwfbl; udkpdk;jrifh&J‹/ 'Dapmifav;u tdrfaxmifOD;ypPnf;As/ tdrfrSm {nfhonfapmifonfvm&if
awmif 'Dapmifawmh xkwfray;cJhbl;As/ 'ga=umifhvJ ckxdtopftwdkif;yJ ta&mifawmifrnd‡K;bl;? ckrSæ
axmufvSrf;a&;awGvmqGJrS 'Dapmifav;udk rdef;ru wrifrSwfrSwfom;om;xnfhay;vdkufwm æ”
“cifAsm;Asmæ=uHzef ESarsmaew,f/ usKyfrmS ygvmwJh wufx&Guw f u dk yf akH wmif xkwvf +J yD;+yD? tJ'g
yGaJ eyGx
J ikd 0f wfz‹kd usKyfred ;f ru aocsmwdik ;f csKyfay;xm;wm? tJ'gvJ 'DxrJ mS EGm;w&myJ&w,f? 'gawmif
tjynfhr&ygbl;/ xrif;xdk;"m;jyu a&mif;ay;c yGJcq,fvdyfjzwfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gvJ cifAsm;todyJæ
usKyfwdk‹ESpfa,muf twlwlaomufcJh =uwmyJ? 'Dwcgawmh cifAsm;a&mif;zdk‹oifhwmaygh”
OD;=uifarmifrsufESm}uD;rSm òydawmhr,fhrdk;ES,f jzpfvmw,f? usaemfu zsmpkwfav;ay:rSmvSJ&if;
olwdk‹ESpfa,mufrsufESmawGudk ai;arm=unfhaerdw,f? c%=umawmhæ
“usaemfh ykqdk;av;a&mif;vdkufr,fAsm/ apmifav;awmh rvkyfygeJ‹/ ykqdk;uvJ rSwfrSwf&& oHk;cgyJ
0wfzl;ao;wmyg/ 'DxJrSm wcgrSawmifr0wfzl;bl; æ”
OD;=uifarmifu avajyxd;k &Smw,f? rsuEf mS ay:rSmawmh t}uD;tus,f pdwrf aumif;jzpfae[ef[m
rzHk;EdkifrzdEdkif txif;om;ay:vdk‹? +yD;cJhwJhESpf&ufuvJ tckvdkt}uD;tus,f rsufESm}uD;tdkpmoGm;+yD;
wae‹v;kH oufjyif;awG wzGzjG zpfaewm usaemfjyefowd&rdw,f? tJ'aD e‹u rsuEf mS xm;twnfayguef ‹J
cyfaemufaemuf cyfajcmufajcmufajymwwfwJh ESpf&pf0g'gt=uyfwa,muf usaemfwdk‹tcef;a&S‹
&yfvmw,f?
OD;=uifarmif}uD;u rsuEf mS csi;f qdik tf cef;u udjk rifv h rS ;f ypfay;vmvd‹k &vmwJh aq;vdyw f akd v; vuf
uudkif+yD; rD;av;wwdk‹avmuf&Edkifzdk‹ pum;p&Smajym&if; aq;vdyfrD;awmif;w,f?
“usaemfw‹kd EpS af ,mufu opfry_ g/ ol‹vkd Edik if aH &;r[kwyf gb;l / Edik if aH &;orm;vJ r[kwyf gb;l / tr_u
vJ }uD;}uD;us,fus,fr[kwfyg q&m&,f æ” usaemfhudkvuf!d‡K;xdk;jy&if; avat;at;av;eJ‹ tzGifh
pum;csDawmhæ
“cifAsm;wdk‹u u|ef;r_r[kwfvm;”vdk‹ 0g'gt=uyfujyefar;w,f? OD;=uifarmifuðyH;vdkuf+yD; æ
“[kwfygw,f/ u|ef;qdkayrJh a&arsmurf;wifu|ef;yg?”
“trav; a&arsmurf;wifjzpfjzpf bmjzpfjzpf u|e;f [m u|e;f ayg?h Edik if aH &;r_urS vGw+f idr;f csr;f om
cGifhtrdef‹awGbmawG xGufvm&if 'dkif;ceJt&ifvGwfoGm;Edkifw,f/ u|ef;uawmhæ”
OD;=uifarmif}uD;rSm rsufvHk;av;ayuvyfayuvyf jzpfvmw,f?
20 0if;wifhxGef;
“æu|ef;qdkwmæ t*Fvdyfacwfuqdk&ifæ oGm;=um;xdk; em;yef;yefawmifr&bl; ao'%fyJ/ tif
rweftr_}uD;wmæ”vd‹k jzJajcmufomG ;&if; rD;jcpfav;wjcpfjcpf+yD; rD;n‡ad y;oGm;cJw
h ,f? OD;=uifarmif}uD;
aq;vdyw
f akd v;awmif aumif;aumif;raomufEikd &f mS cJ?h wae‹v;kH rsuEf mS }uD;ndKaecJyh rkH mS ckvykd t
kH wdik ;f
wax&mwnf;? usaemfhrSm ðyH;& tcuf &D&tcuf/ &DvJ r&D&ufjyef?
(3)
uae‹awmh reuftapm}uD;uwnf;u/ aq;vdyfppfqifa&;}uD;udk tjyif;xefqHk;qifE$Jzdk‹ tpp

t&m&m jyifqifnd‡E_dif;a&;qGJxm;=u+yD;+yD?
'Daq;vdyfppfqifa&;rsKd;u cgwdkif;vJ yHkrSefvdkvdkqifE$Jae=u? t&ifwkef;uawmh or±dk;ustqifheJ‹
qifE$J+yD; uae‹awmh jyif;jyif;xefxefqifE$Jzdk‹txd &nfpl;jyifqifxm;wmjzpfygw,f?
reuf*efzvm;csrmS usaemfwa,mufwnf;u aomufa&td;k a&jznfah &;a&m ao;*efzvm;csa&;
udkyg wm0ef,l&r,f? OD;pdk;jrifhu acs;*Hzvm;udkcs+yD; tcsdefudkwwfEdkifor#qGJ&if; tqltaiguf cHwef
cH&ygr,f? t&yftarmif;axmifaxmife‹J tajy;tv$m;vJjrefvw S hJ OD;=uifarmif}uD;u óud;orm;ESpOf ;D &J‹
ae&mw0dkufu óud;orm;eJ‹óud;apmifh0g'gawGypfcsxm;wJhaq;vdyfwdkawGudk wwfEdkifor# rsufpd&Sif&Sif
vsifvsifoGufoGufeJ‹ r&&atmifaumuf,l&r,f? udk,fht&if*efzvm;csoGm;wJholawGxJuvJ Áa¹EN
rysuaf umuf,o l mG ;=uOD;rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf rsm;rsm;awmhr&Edik rf mS aocsmw,f? r&&if óud;orm;qDu
jzpfjzpf wwdk&& awmif;jzpfatmif awmif;vmzdk‹?
wcef;+yD;wcef; *Hzvm;csziG ahf e+yD? wcgziG hf a&S‹bufwcef;/ aemufbuf wcef;E_e;f ? OD;=uifarmif}uD;
u vnfyif;w&Snf&Snf? usaemfwdk‹oHk;OD;om; ykqdk;udkwdkwdk0wfxm;=u±Hkru ao;*efzvm;eJ‹ acs;*ef
zvm;udkvJ toifhjyifxm;+yD;+yD?
“xGu”f qdw k hJ toHe‹J twl oHwcH g;r˜*vef‹w}H uD;qGzJ iG v hf u
kd w f meJ‹ usaemfuaomufa&td;k udq k +JG yD;
ajy;&w,f? wdu k }f uD;&J‹tjyifbufrmS ao;twGuo f eG zf ‹kd pnfyikd ;f jywfwvH;k / acs;twGuu f wvH;k / teD;
rSmaq;zd‹k a&pOft h ;kd }u;D wvH;k ? cyfvrS ;f vSr;f uae&mrSm aomufa&ajy;jznfah ewke;f OD;pd;k jrif}h u;D u wkew f ek f
wkefwkefeJ‹ acs;*efzvm;udk jznf;jznf;csif; oGefaew,f?
OD;=uifarmif}u;D uawmh av&J‹t[kerf sK;d eJ‹ óu;d orm;tcef;a&S‹u óu;d apmif0h g'gawG vJavsmif;apmifh
vif&h m oHcw k ifav;ESpv f ;kH ab; tajy;tv$m;vSnyhf wf+yD; aq;vdyw f akd wG&mS azGaew,f? usaemf ao;
*efzvm;}u;D o,fvmcsed rf mS awmh OD;=uifarmif}u;D [m av;buf}u;D axmuf+y;D oHcw k ifatmuf tv,f
avmufqDu aq;vdyfwdkwwdkudk t&JpGef‹aumufaeyHk&w,f? *efzvm;cs wm0efus}uD;=uyfol 0g'gu
om;a&cg;ywfw&rf;&rf;eJ‹ OD;pdk;jrifh}uD;udk *efzvm;jrefjrefaq;zdk‹ ajymaew,f? toHu cyfxefxef?
0g'gwa,mufuawmh wdkufwGif;qDvSrf;=unfh&if; “[dk tbdk;}uD;u bmvkyfaewmwkef;”vdk‹ OD;=uif
armifudkvSrf;aigufw,f? oHk;a,mufvHk; tcef;jyefa&muf=u+yD; usaemfwdk‹wHcg;}uD;udk *sKdif;ceJ ydwf+yD;
csed rf mS awmh zsmpkwaf v;udu k ref;uwef;umay;vdu k &f w,f? wcef;csi;f *efzvm;cscsed rf mS “zsm axmif/
aemufvSnfh wef;pDxm;” qdkwm[m axmifwGif;wdkufOya'owck jzpfygw,f? OD;=uifarmifu
0if;wifhxGef; 21
armarmeJ‹xdkifcsvdkuf+yD; ol‹ykqdk;cg;ydkufaxmifav;udk *±kwpdkufjznfcsvdkufygw,f?
oHk;vufravmuf&Snfr,fh xdyfzsm;rD;wydkif;u|rf; aq;vdyfwdkav;u wvdyf/ ESpfvufravmuf&Sd
r,fh aq;vdyfwdkav;u oHk;vdyf? 'gav;awGtm;vHk;[m uae‹ppfqifa&;}uD;wckvHk;&J‹ &v'f?
“'gyJ &w,fAsm²²² 'Dt&Snaf v;u zifusyaf evd‹k aomufraumif;vd‹k ypfxm;wmyJvm;/ rD;ul;rnD
vdk‹ ypfxm;wmyJvm; rodbl;/ ckwifatmuftxd av;bufaxmufaumuf,l&w,f? armifrif;}uD;
om;wdk‹uawmh óud;apmifh0g'gawGqdkawmh aomufraumif; v$ifhypfvdkufrSmyJ/ tvSnfhus wnvHk;
óud;orm;udk xdkifapmifh=unfhae&wmqdkawmh ukwifav;ay:vSJ&if; wvdyf+yD;wvdyfaerSmaygh/ olwdk‹
aomufraumif;vd‹k rsm;rsm;v$iyhf pfav²²² &Sn&f n S &f avayg”h OD;=uifarmif}uD;uajym&if; ezl;jyifay:u
ac|;pawGudk ykqdk;eJ‹okwfypfae&Smw,f?
*efzvm;cscsed +f yD;oGm;wJah emufrmS awmh ol‹&ŒJ tjrwfE;kd qH;k &Seaf pmifav;udk acgi;f tH;k vkyx f m;&mu
ae pepfwus acgucf sK;d jzef‹cif;vdu k wf ,f? aq;vdyw f akd v;oH;k ckukd apmifay:wif/ wckcsi;f wHqyd yf wfcmG /
+yD;awmh oeyfzufwakd v;yg rusK;d ryJ&h atmif ,k,, k ,cGmcsvu kd w f thJ cg rD;wydik ;f u|r;f aq;±d;k aq;pyf
r_efav;awG xGufusvmw,f? twdkqHk;aq;vdyfwdkav; oHk;ckaygif;ygrS aq;±dk;aq;pyfr_efav;awGu
qD;jzLoD;}uD;}uD;wpfvHk;pmxuf rydkEdkif?
OD;pd;k jrifu
h oeyfzufpav;aumuf,+l yD; aomufa&cGuef ‹J a&pdrEf LS ;wmvkyw f ,f? aemufæ apmif
ay:u rD;oifhaq;pyfr_efav;awGeJeJcsif;,l+yD; oeyfzufpav;eJ‹ AD'Daq;vdyfao;ao;av;jzpfatmif
vdyfw,f? AD'Dvdyfav;awmif &wmrSESpfvdyfxJ? wa,mufwvdyfpD?
eJe&J n S wf ahJ q;vdywf akd v;udak wmh 'Dtwdik ;f yJ ESpOf ;D cGaJ omufz‹kd jyifqif=u+y;D / rD;av;wwd‹k &zd‹k ar#m=f u
jyefw,f? 0g'gwa,muf zdeyfcmG oHwazsmufazsmufjzwftvm OD;=uifarmifu ar#mv f ifjh cif; rsupf ad wGe‹J
vSr;f =unfw h ,f? ac:vdu k rf ,f[efjyif+yD;rS ol‹yg;pyfukd uref;uwef; ydwv f ukd w
f ,f? usaemfygapmif;+yD;
olwdk‹eJ‹twl=unfhvdkufawmh 0g'gatmifoef;?
t&ifwcg “rD;av;wwdk‹avmufq&m”vdk‹ OD;=uifarmifuajymrdawmh “rD;awmhr&Sdbl;/ -D; yJ &Sd
w,f” vd‹k ajymwJt h aumif? awmfawmfq;kd wJt h aumif? 'ga=umifh rawmif;&J? tajctaeaumif;Edik rf ,fh
0g'gudk pdwf&Snf&Snf qufapmihfae&Smw,f?
em&D0ufavmuft=um 0g'gt}kd uD;wa,mufvmrS rD;udpP atmifjrifpmG ndc‡ iG &hf awmhw,f? OD;pd;k jrifh
rsufESm}uD;0if;xdefoGm;vdkufyHkrsm; r_dusif;}uD;udkcvkwfwdkufrdvdkufwJh r_d&SmolvdkrsKd;?
“udk=uifarmifæwa,mufwvSJ‹æ ESpfzGmpDyJzGma=u;aemfæ”
acgif;ndwfjy+yD; OD;pdk;jrifhudk t&ifurf;ay;w,f? bmvdk‹vJqdkawmh 0g'gtdk}uD;qDu aq;vdyfrD;eJ‹
ol‹aq;vdyfwdkrD;!d‡wkef;u rD;awmfawmfeJ‹rpGJEdkifwJh ol‹aq;vdyfwdkudk wcsufESpfcsufzGmvdkuf/ 0g'g}uD;
aq;vdyf&Snfbufuae+yD; av;ig;csuftm;&yg;&zGmvdkufeJ‹ rD;!d‡jcif;udpPatmifjrifcsdefrSm OD;=uifarmif
}uD;[m 0g'g}uD;&J‹ aq;vdyftaumif;pm;udk awmfawmfzGmvdkuf+yD;om; jzpfae+yD?
OD;pdk;jrifhu aq;vdyfwdkudk jznf;jznf;csif; ESpfaxmif;tm;&zGmvdkufw,f? ESpfzGmwdwdzGm+yD; OD;=uif
armifqD opPm&Sd&Sdurf;ay;vdkufw,f? OD;=uifarmifu vufuav;eJ‹tkyf+yD; pwifzGm±_dufvdkufcsdefrSm
awmhæ
22 0if;wifhxGef;
“ud=k uifarmifæ cifAsm;[m ±d;k ±d;k zGmAsm/ b,fEh , S æf bde;f pm;ajymif;qGw J mvdk wtm;}uD;t&Sn}f uD;
±d_ufzGmvdk‹uawmh b,fcHEdkifrvJAsæ” OD;pdk;jrifhu uAsmu&muef‹uGufw,f? usaemfhrSm olwdk‹ESpfOD;udk
=unfh&if; a=ua=uuGJuGJyifhoufawGom jzmaerdawmhw,f?
a=omæ'Dae&m[m axmifqdkwmyguvm;?
'DaxmifxJrSmjzifh aq;vdyf[ma&$/ aq;vdyf[maiGyguvm;?
OD;=uifarmif}uD;jrwfE;kd vSw/hJ ol‹red ;f rud,
k wf ikd ,f ufay;xm;w,fqw kd hJ &Seaf pmifeaD v;[m OD;=uif
armif}uD;wa,muf 'Daxmifxu J ae xGu&f csed t f xd/ ud, k ef ‹J ruGm opPm&S&d dS jyefvnfvu kd yf gomG ;Edik pf rG ;f
&SdrS &Sdyghavrvm;?
usaemf oufjyif;zGzGudkom csaerdygw,f? ?Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
0if;wifhxGef; 23
24 0if;wifhxGef;
cspfvGef;vdk@ a&mufvm&olyg
cspv
f eG ;f vd‹k a&mufvm&olyg
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
(1)
avmu}uD;rSm a'go avmb tmCmw trke;f w&m;wd‹k a=umifrh o S m axmifw‹kd wef;wd‹k xJ a&muf
vm=u&wmr[kwf?
opPmw&m;udjk rwfE;kd r_a=umif/h ,H=k unfru _ kd qkyu f ikd rf a_ =umif/h ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf ud, k vhf rl sK;d udk aumif;
apcsifvGef;r_a=umifh axmifxJwef;xJ a&mufvm=u&olawGvJ trsm;}uD;?
'D=um;xJ tifrwefcspcf ifveG ;f vd‹k oHa,mZOf}uD;vSveG ;f vd‹k arwWmw&m;a=umifh axmifxJ a&muf
vm&olrsKd;vJ &Sdygao;w,fqdkvsif æ
bmwke;f / tcspt f wGuf arwWmtwGuf wpHw k ckvyk u f ikd af qmif&u G &f if; Oya'a=umif;t& axmif
wef;usvmwmrsKd;rsm;vm;vdk‹ awG;rdaumif;awG;rd=uygvdrfhr,f? r[kwfyg?
cspfvGef;vdk‹ axmifxJqGJtoGif;cHvdkuf&wJh usaemfwdk‹rdwfaqG}uD; udkpdk;xGwf&J‹tjzpfrsKd;uawmh
awmfawmhudk&Sm;yg;r,fh Zmwfvrf;wyk'fyg?
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0if;wifhxGef; 25
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26 0if;wifhxGef;
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0if;wifhxGef; 27
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28 0if;wifhxGef;
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pufuikd af e&wJb h 0? autJi, f el ‹J ywfouf+yD; rw&m;oif;tufOya' yk'rf 17(1)(2)eJ‹ axmif '%f(3)
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“udkpdk;xGwf}uD;uawmh wajz;ajz;eJ‹vGwfzdk‹eD;vm+yDayghaemf æ”vdk‹ AdkvfZifaumhu udkpdk;xGwf
}uD;udkar;w,f?
“tif; æeD;vm+yD/ vGwf&ifawmh rjzpfjzpfatmif orD;eJ‹ZeD;qD ajy;Edkifatmifóud;pm;&rSmyJ? 'Du
aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGuawmh woufrarhEikd af tmifukd E_wq f ufvu kd =f u+yD;+yDyAJ sm? usaemfuvJ awG‹qkH
E_wfqufcJh+yD;+yDyJ”
“at;Asm æ cifAsm;tjzpfuvJ æ”
“'ga=umifh usaemf c%c%ajymaejzpfwmaygh/ usaemfu usaemfhaqGrsKd;om;csif;awGu cspfvGef;
vd‹k axmifusvmcJ&h wmygv‹kd ? olw‹kd uawmh usaemf'v D kd axmifuswmoGm;&&if axmifuvGwv f m&if
b,frSoGm;vdk‹&rSm r[kwfawmhbl;vdk‹rsm; wGuf&w,fvdk‹Asm? at;av æ olwdk‹awGcrsmvJ æ”
udkpdk;xGwf}uD;u oufjyif;zGzGeJ‹ajym&Smw,f?
“cifAsm;ZeD;eJ‹ orD;av;uawmh b,fvdkrsm;xifrvJ rodbl;aemf æ” usaemfu pmempdwfouf
oufeJ‹yJ awG;awG;qqajymrdw,f?
“usaemf pdwfraumif;bl;Asm/ usaemf ArmjynfbufxGufvmr,fhtcsdef æ olwdk‹om;trd
usaemfu h v kd ukd yf ‹kd &if;eJ‹ rif;vdrwf maerSmyg æ rif;jyefvmrSmr[kwaf wmhb;l xifygw,f æ vd‹k rsu&f nf
av;w0J0JeJ‹ ajymaewJhyHkudkyJ c%c% owd&aew,fAsm? tckawmh æ olwdk‹qD jyefra&mufvmEdkifyJ
'gavmufawmifumvawG ESpfawGvawG=umae+yDqdkawmh ²²² olwdk‹pdwfxJ usaemfvdrfoGm;wmvdk‹
wxpfcspGJoGm;EdkifwmayghAsm/ usaemfrvdrfygbl;Asm æ jyefudkjyefrSmyg/ olwdk‹om;trdqDa&mufatmif
jyefrSmyg/ olwdk‹cjrm usaemfaxmifxJ 'Dvdkb0a&mufaewm b,fvdkvkyfodEdkifyghrvJ æ”
udkpdk;xGwftoHay:rSm wu,fhudka=uuGJ&dyfawG pGef;xifqdkif;wGJ‹aecJhw,f?
“AdkvfrSL;atmifuawmh usaemfhudk vGwfapcsifwJhapwemeJ‹ w&m;±Hk;rSmusaemfhbufuae ouf
aotjzpf xGufay;&Smygw,f? 'gayrJh r&ygbl;Asm? 17(1)(2)u yk'frwyf+yD;&if teJqHk;=urf;cif;aps;
0if;wifhxGef; 29
&Sd+yD;om;yJ?”
usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; oufjyif;ukd,fpD ±_dufrd=uygw,f?
“usaemf jyefjzpfatmifujkd yefrmS / rjzpfjzpfwehJ nf;eJ‹ óud;pm;+yD;jyefrmS / usaemfrvdrcf zhJ ;l qdw k m jyudk
jy&r,f? +yD;awmh æ 'Dvdkppftm%m&SifawG&J‹ tkyfpdk;r_atmufrSmvJ usaemfraecsifygbl;Asm? usaemf
æ [du k kd jyefa&muf&if/ yef;yJqufxrk ,f æud, k yhf ef;yJzrkd mS yef;yJx+k yD; toufarG;&if; wdik ;f jynf&‹J tajc
taeudk vSrf;=unfhaer,fAsm æ”
cHpm;r_tjynfheJ‹ ajymjyaewJh ol‹pum;oHudk qufvufem;pGifhaerdcJh=uw,f?
“cifAsm;wdk‹vJ aemif æ ta=umif;a=umif;eJ‹ xdkif;e,fpyfzufrsm; a&mufvmcJhvdk‹&Sd&if tcsdef
ra&G; usaemfu h v
kd mawG‹=uyg? yef;yJxw k AhJ rm}uD;vd‹k ajym&if usaemfeh mrnfukd ajymvdu k &f if tJ'b
D ufrmS
od=uygw,fAsm? vlqw kd m ajymvd‹k &wmr[kwb f ;l ? wa=umif;r[kww f a=umif;eJ‹ a&mufjzpfcsiaf &muf
jzpfwm æ ? EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwm ydkawmif tJ'DvdkñuHEdkifao;w,f æ?
udkpdk;xGwf}uD;u olawmifaxmifu rxGuf&ao;cifuwnf;u usaemfwdk‹udk óudwifzdwfrE Wu
ðyaecJhw,f? ol‹pum;awGu olrkcsjyefudkjyefr,fqdkwm tcdkiftrm azmf!$ef;ae±Hkru/ ol‹=uifol[m
ol‹ukd olw‹kd EpS af ,muf 'd;k wlabmifzuf vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf aexdik cf =hJ uwJh yef;yJzakd v;uae/ oljyefvm
r,fhtcsdefudk rrSdwfrokefapmifhvifhóudqdkaerSmudk oHo,uif;pGm tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfaewmudkvJ xif
[yfay:vGiaf ecJw h ,f? a=omf æ ol‹cspo f &l ‹J opPmtonf;ESv;kH udk pd;k pOf;rSoo H ,r0if ,H=k unf av;euf
vGef;vdkufwmvdk‹cHpm;rd&if;/ usaemfrSma=uuGJr_awG=um;uae =unfEl;qGwfysH‹ovdkvdkawmif jzpfvdkuf
ao;w,f? usaemfu qGwyf s‹H vrG ;f armzG,af wGukd &ifcek w f wfoq l akd wmh wcgrrS jrifz;l bl;wJh ol‹&‹J =uifol
oufv,f wjynfolra&$xm;eJ‹ ol‹&J‹tjyefudkwdk;wdwfpGm apmifhvifhai;ar#mfae&Smr,fh rsufvHk;av;
t0dik ;f om;eJ‹ orD;i,fav;&J‹ rsuEf mS awGuykd g tm±Hx k rJ mS yHak zmf=unf&h if; jrifrjd rifa,mif jzpfvmcJw h ,f?
wae!dw k ikd ;f yef;yJzt
kd 0ifvrf;qD ai;&Dar#m±f a_ e&Smr,fh xdik ;f trsK;d orD;av; wa,muf[m ol‹orD;av;
udk vufqGJvdk‹aygh? +yD;awmh Armjynfbufudk rsuf&nf0J0JeJ‹warharm}uD; vSrf;=unfhvdk‹aygh?
(3)
aemufydkif;rSm udkpdk;xGwfta=umif; usaemfr=um;&awmh?

usaemfwdk‹ 5/n tkyfpkudk ppftpdk;&u axmifawGcGJ+yD; ajymif;a&$‹ypfvdkufawmh usaemfu
om,m0wDaxmif a&mufoGm;w,f? AdkvfZifaumhwdk‹ udkpdk;0if;wdk‹awGuawmh awmifilaxmifvdkvdk
=um;&w,f?
usaemfe‹J twl om,m0wDaxmifygvmcJw h hJ OD;xGe;f &Sed }f uD;eJ‹pum;pyfr=d u&if; 'Dtcsed q
f kd udpk ;kd xGwf
}uD;wa,mufawmh xdik ;f e,fajrudjk yefa&muf+yD; ol‹ZeD; ol‹orD;awGe‹J rsm; aysm&f i$ pf mG jyefvnf qHak wG‹ae
avmuf+yDvm;vdk‹awmh ajymrdqdkrd awG;=unfhjzpfrdao;w,f?
usaemfu, kd w
f ikd f axmifusEpS jf ynfv
h ‹kd vw
G af jrmufvm&+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f ±ke;f &if;uef&if; ajy;v$m;
&&if;u &moDpuf0ef;awG t}urd }f urd af usmv f mcJw h ,f? Edik if aH &;owW0gwOD;jzpfc&hJ wJh usaemf[m Edik if aH &;
30 0if;wifhxGef;
0J=oC}uD;xJrSmyJ t}udrf}udrf0&rf;ajy;vJ jzpfaecJh&w,f?
&Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk ppftkyfpku t=urf;zufòzdcGJESdyfuGyfr_&J‹ tusKd;qufwcktjzpf ppf
tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef‹usi=f uwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawG Edik if aH &;pdw"f mwfjyif;jyolawG 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
v_y&f mS ;olawG axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm xdik ;f e,fpyfwav#muf xkid ;f e,fajrwav#muf a&mufomG ;=u&csed rf mS /
rSwrf wS x f ifxif udpk ;kd xGw}f u;D udo
k wd&aerdovdk udpk ;kd xGw}f u;D aum bmawGrsm; vkyu f ikd af eovJv‹kd vJ
tawG;wcsuf0ifcJhrdao;w,f?
usaemfvJ xdik ;f e,fajrbufqo D m ajy;cJ&h r,fq&kd ifawmh tif;pdeaf xmif zdeyfcsKyftvky}f uD;buf
rSm wbkww f nf;om;csi;f awGjzpfczhJ ;l wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; b0wlcsi;f jzpfczhJ ;l wJh udpk ;kd xGw}f uD;udk rawG‹
awG‹atmif &Smjzpf awG‹jzpf cJhOD;rSmyg? 'gayrJh usaemfu tJ'DbufqDra&mufjzpf? jynfyqD xGufajy;cJh
&wmcsif;wlayrJh xdkif;e,fajrqD ajcrcsjzpf?
umvwckt=umrSmawmh udkpdk;xGwf}uD;emrnfudk usaemfjyef+yD; =um;vm&jyefygw,f? usaemf
wdk‹ udkpdk;xGwfyJvm; eHrnfwludkpdk;xGwfyJvm;qdk+yD; a0a00g;0g;roJruGJ jzpfaerdjyefygw,f?
usaemfu usaemfwdk‹bufqD a&mufa&mufvmwJh rdwfaqGwOD;udk “ol‹trsKd;orD;u xdkif;trsKd;
orD;av æ yef;ykxkwJh udkpdk;xGwfvm;”vdk‹ aocsmatmif ar;jref;=unfhrdaeao;w,f? tJ'DusawmhrS
rvGJEdkifawmh/ usaemfwdk‹rdwfaqG}uD; udkpdk;xGwf?
wavmuawmh usaemfeJ‹tifrwef&if;ESD;wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav;wa,mufa&mufvm
w,f? ole‹J pum;pjrnf axG&mav;yg;ajymjzpf=u&if; “rif; æ yef;ykxw k hJ udpk ;kd xGwqf w kd m odvm;”vd‹k
ar;=unfrh jd yefw,f? bm&,fr[kw/f wcsed u f tif;pdeaf xmiftwGi;f tvky}f uD;bkww f cktwGi;f twlwl
aejzpfcJh=uwJh oHa,mZOfpdwfeJ‹yg?
“[m æ odwmaygh OD;&,f æ usaemfwdk‹&JabmfawGu tb tbeJ‹ ac:ae=uwmAs æ”
“a[æ”ceJ jzpfoGm;rdw,f? usaemfu udk,fhudk,fudk b,fwkef;urS }uD;w,fxifrxm;rdawmh
udkpdk;xGwfwa,muf ‘tb’jzpfoGm;wmudk tHh=oovdk jzpfoGm;rdw,f?
“usaemfwdk‹&J‹ &JabmfawGætJ'DbufrSmae&wJh &JabmfawG[m tb&J‹ZeD;udk awmfawmfcspf=u
w,fAs/ 0,fp&m csrf;p&mudpPjzpfjzpfæbmudpPjzpfjzpf xdkif;bmompum;eJ‹ ywfouf+yD; tbZeD;udkyJ
tm;udk;&w,f? bmjzpfjzpf wyifwyef;vdkufvHulnD&Smygw,f æ”
ol‹pum;udk=um;&&if; usaemfhrSm =unfEl;oGm;&jyefw,f?
“OD;pdk;xGwf}uD;uawmh wacgif;vHk; azG;azG;jzLae+yDAs”
usaemfhrSm tHh=ord&if;ðyH;rd&jyefw,f?
udkpdk;xGwf rsufESmudkvJ usaemfjyefvnf yHkazmf=unfhaerdw,f? acgif;ar$;awG azG;azG;jzLaewJh
udkpdk;xGwf}uD;[m ðyH;vdk‹ygvm;?
usaemfjyefrSm æolwdk‹om;trdqD ra&mufa&mufatmifudk jyefrSm æ ckavmufqdk æ usaemf ol@
udk vdro f mG ;wmvd‹k yJ pGrJ sm;oGm;+yDvm; rodygb;l Asm æ”qdw k hJ udpk ;kd xGw}f uD;&JŒ wcsed u f toHawGuv kd /J
vef;qwfpGm jyefvnf=um;a,mifaerdygw,f? ? Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
0if;wifhxGef; 31
32 0if;wifhxGef;
aus;Zl;wkH@wif&Sdygv#ifvJ æ
aus;Zl;wH‹k wif &Syd gv#ifvJ æ

0if;wifx
h eG ;f
(1)
uw!kw/ uwa'0D æ aus;Zl;&Sdoludk aus;Zl;qyf&r,f? aus;Zl;qyfwm[m aus;Zl;odwwf

wm[m r*Fvm æ wJh?
ol.aus;Zl;/ rxdefjrL;ESifh/ aus;Zl;odtyf/ aus;Zl;qyfoifh æ wJh? wvkwfpm;zl; ol‹aus;Zl; æwJh?
aus;Zl;w&m;eJ‹ywfouf+yD; bmoma&;tqH;k trawGrmS a&m/ vlra_ &;tqH;k trawGrmS yg tav;
xm;azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? aus;Zl;w&m;eJ‹ywfouf+yD; Zmwfeyd gwyf jkH yifaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm&So d vdk oGeof if
csuaf wG =o0g'awG pum;yHak wG qdq k ;kH rcsuaf wGvJ ra&wGuEf ikd af tmif&cdS yhJ gw,f? b,fEikd if H b,fvrl sK;d
b,fbmomrSmrqdk aus;Zl;w&m;eJ‹ aus;Zl;odwwfrt _ ay: tav;wif; wefz;kd xm;cJ=h uygw,f? aus;Zl;
uef;jcif;&J‹tjypfe‹J aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;&J‹tusK;d udk trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH zGiq hf &kd iS ;f jy oGeo f ifq;kH rcJ=h uygw,f?
aus;Zl;udk odwwfatmif aus;Zl;udk tav;xm;wwfatmif ±_axmift h zHzk kH e,fy,ftoD;oD;uae
vrf;a=umif;ay;cJh=u+yD;/ aus;Zl;udkodwwfwm aus;Zl;tay: wkHjhyefaus;Zl;qyfwwfwmudkvJ tav;
tjrwfðyp&mtjzpf/ tEkarm'emðyp&mtjzpf/ 0rf;om=unfE;l p&mtjzpf av;av;eufeuf oabmxm;
cJh=uygw,f? usaemfwdk‹ Ak'<bmome,frSmqdk&if ‘r*Fvm’wyg;tjzpf/ aumif;jrwfwifhw,f rSefuef
usuo f a&&Srd }_ uD;wcktjzpf wdwv d if;vif; pm&if;oGi;f xm;cJyh gw,f? r*Fvmw&m;(38)yg;xJrmS aus;Zl;
odwwfaus;Zl;qyfjcif;[m {&mrr*Fvmw&m;}uD; wckyg?
aus;Zl;odwwfol aus;Zl;qyfob l ufuvJ ESv;kH pdw0f rf; &$iv f ef;p&mjzpfovd/k aus;Zl;tqyfc&H ol
aus;Zl;&Sdol aus;Zl;&SifbufuvJ aus;Zl;qyfjcif;udk awG‹&óuH& jyefvnfvufcH&&dS&wm[m tifrwef
=unfEl;p&m ESpfaxmif;tm;&p&maumif;wJhudpPygyJ? =um;& od& jrif&olrsm;tzdk‹awmif 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om =unfE;l p&mwckayg?h r*Fvm&Sw d u hJ pd q
P akd wmh r*Fvm&Sw
d jhJ rifuiG ;f / r*Fvm&Sw d t
hJ jzpfe‹J r*Fvm&S&d dS
ESpfòrd‹p&m =unfEl;p&m om"kac:p&mayyJ?
‘r*Fvm’qdw k m aumif;jrwf wifw h ,f rSeu f ef usuo
f a&&Srd a_ vmufom t"dym` ,fazmfaqmifwm
r[kwf?
“raumif;r_rS y,fazsmufwwfaoma=umifh r*FvH æ r*Fvmrnf.” qdkwJh teufudkawmif xyf
qifh ay;tyfvdkufygao;w,f?
tJ'Dawmh æ aus;Zl;w&m;udk odwwfwm/ wkH@jyefaus;Zl; qyfwwfwm[m r*Fvm? r*Fvmqdk
wmu aumif;jrwfwifhw,f rSefuefjcif;? raumif;r_wdk‹rS y,fazsmufwwfjcif;?
0if;wifhxGef; 33
'gayrJh æ aus;Zl;odwwfol wynfhwa,muf&J‹aus;Zl;qyfjcif;udk cH,l&&Sdvdkuf&wJh ‘OD;cspf[ef’
qdkol 'kp±dkuform;a[mif;}uD;wOD;&J‹wu,fhtjzpftysufuawm æ
(2)
om,m0wDaxmifu t*FvdyfudkvdkeDorm;rsm; vufxufuwnf;u emrnf}uD;axmif?

OD;csp[
f efwa,muf om,m0wDaxmifa&mufvm&awmh toufig;q,fausmf ajcmufq,fwiG ;f
jzpfae+yD? i,fpOfwkef;u tdrfeJ‹axmif ul;csnfoef;csnf }udrfzefrsm;pGma&mufcJh0ifcJh xGufcJhzl;ayrJh
'Dwcga&muf&wmuawmh rwefqHk;? bmwckrS rusL;vGefcJh&ygyJeJ‹ a&mufcJh&jcif; æ wJh? bmyJjzpfjzpf
axmife‹J &if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifaecJ+h y;D om; oltzd‹k 'x D rJ mS b,fvakd e b,fvx kd ikd f b,fvq
kd ufq&H r,fqw kd mawG
awmh aema=uae+yD;om;?
“OD;csp[ f ef}u;D æ bmr_wek ;f ”vd‹k tusO;f om;tcsi;f csi;f ar;=ujref;=uawmh “aus;Zl; tqyfc&H r_”
vdk‹ olujyefajzw,f?
“[m æ vkyfprf;ygOD;As æ cifAsm;tr_a=umif;av; æ”vdk‹ pdwf0ifpm;olawGu qufvufar;jref;
pl;prf;=uawmh olu zGzGav;òyH;w,f?
t&yf&Snf&Snf axmifaxmifarmif;armif;eJ‹ OD;cspf[ef}uD;[m toufajcmufq,fwGif; 0ifcJh+yD
jzpfayrJh usef;rma&;uawmh a'gifa'gifjrnfaeqJ? olu óud‹yifaumufom;? om,m0wD/ oHk;q,f
tkwfzdk/ óud‹yifaumuf/ vufyHwef;/ ZD;ukef;/ ewfwvif;e,fw0dkufu axmifusvmcJh&olawG[m rsm;
aomtm;jzifh om,m0wDaxmifudkyJ ydk‹wwfwmjzpfawmh olvJol,m0wDaxmifudkyJ a&mufvmcJh
&wmjzpfw,f? om,m0wDaxmifxJ a&mufvm=uol trsm;pk[m vlowf"m;jyr_awGjzpfayrJh olu
awmh b,fwek ;f urS vlowfra_ wmhrusL;vGecf b hJ ;l / "m;jyvJrwdu
k cf bhJ ;l ? i,fpOfwek ;f u c%c%usL;vGef
cJzh ;l wmu azmufxiG ;f r_/ vk,ufr/_ trsK;d rsK;d aom avmif;upm;r_? oltu|r;f usiq f ;kH u azmufxiG ;f r_?
“udk,fvJ toufav;q,fhig;ESpfavmufup+yD; 'kp±dkufr_awGudk pGef‹vdkufyg+yD? aumif;a&mif;
aumif;0,fyJ vkypf m;awmhr,fayg/h toufvJ ri,fawmhb;l qdw k hJ tode‹J ayg?h tJ æ wckawmh&w dS mayg/h
udk,feJ‹vJ&if;ESD;+yD; udk,fhta=umif;vJ odzl;+yD;om;jzpfwJhaumifawGu zJ0dkif;}uD;awGaxmif=u/ *sif0dkif;
=uuf0ikd ;f }uD;awG csed ;f 0dik ;f }uD;awGtjzpf vky=f uwJt h cgrmS awmh æ OD;av;&,f tud}k uD;&,fuyl gO;D qd&k if
awmh/ eJeJyg;yg;vdkufvH+yD; 0dkif;xdef;av; yGJxdef;av;vkyfay;wmawmh &Sdygw,f? udk,fhydkufqH wjym;rS
rygygb;l ? xd;k wm avmif;wm xdik w f mvJrvkyyf gb;l ? ab;uae yGt J aetxm; xde;f ay;odr;f ay;/ vdt k yf
&if azsmif;zsay; vl=unfhay;wmrsKd;av;awG vkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf 'dkifvkyfwJhaumifuvJ udk,fhudk
ae‹wu G af y;cJyh gw,f? ±_;H ±_;H Edik Ef ikd f ay;&Smygw,f? Edik &f ifawmh rsm;rsm;ayg?h tJ'gawmif toufig;q,fjynfh
awmh rvkyaf wmhygb;l ? ud, k [ hf mud, k f 0g;av;}udraf v;udik +f yD; jcif;&uf awmif;&uf yvH;k &ufe‹J yJ touf
arG;cJhygw,f æ”
OD;csp[f ef}uD;u ol‹Zmwfa=umif;udk &Snv f sm;pGm yv†icf aH ecsed rf mS ol‹om;&G,f wl&, G f tr_aygi;f pHk
tusOf;om;i,fav;rsm;u pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifae=uygw,f? vlawG&J‹ta=umif;udk tifrwef
pdwf0ifpm;wwfwJh usaemf[mvJ tJ'D em;axmify&dowf}uD;twGif;rSm wa,muftygt0if? 'gayrJh
34 0if;wifhxGef;
usaemfu 0dkif;tjyifbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;uae+yD; em;axmifaejcif;?
“tJ'v D kd aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf aexdik af wmhryS J tr_u tdrx f ad &mufvmawmh
wmygyJ æ”
OD;cspf[efu aemufw}udrfðyH;vdkufjyefygw,f? y&dowfem;qifoltaygif;uawmh a&S‹vmvwHW@
aomZmwfvrf;udk pdw0f ifpm;r_tjynfeh ‹J em;pGix hf m;olu em;pGi/hf OD;csp[ f ef&‹J rsuEf mS qD vSr;f =unfo h u l
vSrf;=unfh?
“wae‹aygh æ udk,fujcif;awmif;av;wvkH;&ufaewkef; æ t&ifu udk,fhwynfhjzpfcJhzl;ol
wa,muf aygucf svmw,f? tHr,f æ ud, k f ˜ vlawmif aumif;aumif; rrSwrf cd sib f ;l ? ud,
k af wmfacsm
u awmufawmufajymifajymif jzpfvdk@? +yD;awmh rawG@=uwmuvJ q,fhav;ig;ESpf&Sd+yDav/ tJ'golu
ud, k u hf kd aus;Zl;qyfcsif uefawmhcsiv f ‹kd [dak r;'Dar; ar;+y;D ra&mufa&mufatmifvmcJw h m æ wJ?h [dw k ek ;f
u ud, k Ef pk Ofb0u azmufxiG ;f orm;b0u ol‹ukd ud, k u f ud, k ahf emufvu kd t f jzpf wyGEJ pS yf JG ac:oH;k zl;
ovdk eJeyJ g;yg;vJ ynmav;bmav; oifay;cJzh ;l wmayg?h tJ'w D ek ;f u 'Daumifu touf(20)avmufyJ
&SOd ;D rSm? ynmqdw k muawmh aumif;wJyh nm&yf b,f[w k rf vJ/ b,fvt kd rd f b,fvakd zmuf&w,fqw kd hJ
ynmrsKd;aygh”
OD;cspf[efu ajym&if;ajym&if; ðyH;aejyefw,f?
“wdw k ykd aJ jym=uygp‹kd / olu q&mocifaus;Zl;&Sijf zpfczhJ ;l ol ud, k uhf kd vHck snt f opfusycf |wf (5)uGi;f /
rdef;rtwGuf rdef;r0wfu (3)uGif;eJ‹ uefawmhoGm;w,f? ydkufqHuawmh rygygbl;? tJ æ tJ'guae
axmifx0J ifc&hJ awmhwm æ wynfah [mif;}uD;&J‹ aus;Zl;odwwf aus;Zl;qyfaumif;r_a=umifh wcgwnf;
udk axmifwJa&mufcJh&awmhwm æ ”
“[if æ b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ”
“'DudpPeJ‹ b,fES,fvkyfaxmifxJ0ifcJh&wmwkef;”
pdwf0ifpm;ol y&dowf}uD;xJu ar;cGef;awG wa,mufwayguf xGufvmw,f? OD;cspf[ef}uD;&J‹
tajymaumif;r_a=umifh pdwf0ifpm;pGmem;qifaerdwJh usaemfawmif aemufqufwGJtcef;quftay:
ar#mfwvifhvifhjzpfoGm;rdw,f?
“tjzpfu 'Dvakd v æ ud, k af wmfacsm wckww f &o,fvm+y;D ud, k u hf v kd maus;Zl;qyf uefawmhcw hJ hJ
æ tJ æ vSLzG,0f wˆK}uD;awGv@kd ajym=uygp@dk ? vkcH snaf wGu jynfaps;xJu txnfqikd w f qdik u f kd azmuf
xGi;f +yD;&vmcJw h mawGwahJ v? tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh ud, k vf bJ ,foyd grh vJ? ud, k v hf muefawmhwyhJ pPn;f oef‹
oef‹&Sif;&Sif;[kwf&J‹vm;/ b,fvdkenf;eJ@ &vmwJhypPnf;vJqdkwmawmh b,fvdkar;vdk@ppfvdk@jzpfyghrvJ?
tJ'aD wmh ok;H av;vt=umrSm ud, k af wmfacsm&J@ azmufxiG ;f r_u ay:ygava&m? ykvyd u f xH;k pHtwdik ;f
ppf+yDaygh? tJ'DazmufxGif;&&Sdxm;wJh vHkcsnfawGb,frvJaygh? olu a&mif;pm;+yD;+yDajzayrJh ykvdyfu
'DvdkvG,fvG,fajzvdk‹&±dk;vm;/ b,frSma&mif;ovJ/ b,faps; b,fqdkif;rSma&mif;ovJvdkufjy æ aygh?
ola&mif;cJhwJh qdkifawGvdkufjy æ ykvdyfu tukefvdkufodrf;/ b,fESpfxnfa&mif;cJhovJ ppf=unfh/
aemufq;kH awmh azmufxiG ;f cH&wJq h ikd u
f wdik cf suyf gta&twGuef ‹J uGmaeao;wJh q,fxnfavmufu
b,frvJayg?h ol‹crsm xde;f awmhxed ;f &Smygao;w,f? rwwfomwJt h qH;k rSm ta&twGuu f u kd af tmif
trSet f wdik ;f ajym&csed rf mS æ óu@d yifaumufu OD;csp[ f efukd oGm;uefawmhcyhJ gw,fayg?h tJ'aD wmh ykvyd u f
0if;wifhxGef; 35
udk,fhqDvdkufvma&m/ &or#vHkcsnfav;awG oufaocHypPnf;tjzpf jyefodrf;ygava&m? udk,fuvJ
tvdv k akd e&if; oufaocHypPn;f awGyg tcdik t f rm&&Sx d m;wJh olc;kd vufcH ypPn;f vufcH jzpfomG ;ygava&m/
aemufa=umif;jyefvn S =hf unfvh u
kd af wmh æ ykvyd ±f ;kH u tr_w&JG mZ0if rSww f rf;a[mif;awG jyefveS =f unfh
vdkufawmhvJ æudk,fu t&ifu emrnf}uD;azmufxGif;0dZ…m}uD; wa,mufav æ 'Dawmh b,fvdk
&Si;f &Si;f b,f,rkH vJ/ tr_wrJG mS cd;k r_vufcH azmufxiG ;f ypPn;f vufc/H olc;kd vufc?H 'Dvekd ‹J axmifx0J ifc&hJ
wmav æ? 'ga=umifah jymwmayg?h æ aus;Zl;odwwfwhJ wynfah umif;}uD;u aus;Zl;odwwfpmG q&m
aumif;q&mjrwfukd vma&mufaus;Zl;qyfuefawmhvu kd w
f t
hJ wGuf axmifx0J ifc&hJ wmygv‹kd / aus;Zl;
tqyfcH&vdk‹ axmifxJa&mufcJh&wmygvdk‹ æ ”
OD;cspf[efu &Snfvsm;pGmajymqdk&Sif;vif;&if; ol‹&J‹tr_Zmwfa=umif;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygw,f?
usaemfuawmh ol‹tr_Zmwfa=umif;&Sif;vif;oHudk em;axmifrd&if; ed*Hk;rcsKyfEdkifao;wJh
tawG;pawGudk qufiifaerdjyefw,f?
aus;Zl;qyfwm aus;Zl;odwwfwm[m r*Fvmw&m;jzpfayrJh b,fou l b,fo‹l ukd b,fvekd nf;eJ‹
aus;Zl;qyfovJ/ aus;Zl;wH‹k wifðyovJqw kd m[mvJ wcgwcg tc&muswt hJ cef;u ygaejyefyga&mhvm;
vd‹k awG;aerdw,f? aus;Zl;w&m;eJ‹aus;Zl;qyfrq _ w kd mxJrmS 'kp±du k o
f m;eJ‹'pk ±du
k rf sm;roufqikd af p&vd‹k yJ
e,fedrdwfxyfrH owfrSwfuef‹owfxm;zdk‹rsm; vdkao;ovm;? 'kp±dkufe,f&J‹'kp±dkufaus;Zl;[m r*Fvm
w&m;awmfeJ‹roufqdkifvdk‹yJ,lq&avrvm;?aus;Zl;qyfjcif;tr_ðywmawmif 'kp±du k of rm;wa,muf&@J
'kp±du k ef ‹J ,u
S Ef ,
G w
f ahJ us;Zl;odwwfjcif;[m tE &W m,fv‹kd awmh teuft"dym` ,fxu G af ejyefygaygv
h m;?
(3)
waqmifwnf;rSm twlaevm&&if; OD;csp[ f ef}uD;eJ‹ ydrk okd ud |r;f &if;ES;D vm&awmhrS OD;csp[
f ef}uD;&J‹
i,fZmwfa=umif;awG[m wpwp ±kyfvHk;yDvmcJhw,f? ol‹&J‹ajym=um;csufawGt& ol[mES,fES,f&&
azmufxGif;orm;r[kwf?
ArmjynfrmS [d;k [d;k ausmcf w hJ hJ azmufxiG ;f r_}uD;wr_rmS ol[mwGb J uf ZmwfaumifZmwf&}H uD;wOD;?
zqyvacwfu EdkifiHawmforw}uD; a'gufwmbOD;&J‹tdrfwuf+yD; azmufxGif;vk,ufr_}uD;rSm
yg0ifcJholwOD;?
tJ'w D ek ;f u Edik if aH wmforw a'guw f mbOD;tdrw f uf+y;D vk,ufc&hJ mrSm azmufxiG ;f 0dZm… armifausmf
eJ‹ olESpfOD;wnf;wJh æ?
azmufxiG ;f 0dZm… armifausmt f a=umif;udak wmh q&mjroef;wifu h ‘armifausm’f udk ‘ausmaf rmif’
vdk‹ emrnfajymif;+yD; vHk;csif;0wˆK&Snf}uD;wyk'f a&;om;oGm;cJhzl;wm wydkfif;wprSwfrdaeao;w,f?
“tarSmif&dyf0,f æ” qdkwJh 0wˆK}uD;yJxifyg&J‹?
q&mjroef;wifu h &oajrmufpmG a&;zG‹J azmfusL;oGm;cJw h hJ tJ'0D wWK}uD;udk aumif;aumif;zwfczhJ ;l
ayrJh axmifxJrSmusaemfu arhawhawhjzpfae+yD? wcsKd@ a0a00g;0g;jzpfae+yD? tJ'D0wˆK}uD;&J‹ t"du
ZmwfaumifjzpfcJhwJh armifausmfeJ‹wGJ+yD;yg0ifcJhw,fqdkwJh OD;cspf[ef}uD;udk om,m0wDaxmifxJrSmyJ
trSwfrxifqHkqnf;rdawmhrS tJ'D EdkifiHawmforwtdrf azmufxGif;vk,ufr_}uD;Zmwfa=umif;udk
36 0if;wifhxGef;
usaemfu pdwf0ifpm;vGef;pGm r=umc%ar;ar;=unfhrdw,f? r[kwfwm[kwfwm tyxm;/ OD;cspf[ef
}uD;u ol‹&‹J u, kd af wG‹Zmwfa=umif;tjzpf jyefvnfajym=um;&mrSm tifrwefpw d 0f ifpm;p&m aumif;wm
awG trsm;}uD;?
“cifAsm;wd‹k u b,fvpkd w d u f ;l awGe‹J rsm; Edik if aH wmforw a'guw f mbOD;tdru f rkd S wufazmufvu kd f
=uwmvJAsm æ ”vdk‹ w&ufrSm ar;rdw,f?
“trSeaf jym&&if æ tJ'w D ek ;f u armifausmaf &m usaemfa&m jc0H if;xJ0ifc=hJ uwJt h xd orwtdrrf eS ;f
rodbl;As? tvkyfrjzpfwm=umawmh acsmifwJhae&m0ifvkyfr,fqdk+yD; n}uD;tJ'D vlukHwef&yfuGufxJ
0ifvmcJ=h uwm? jcHpnf;±d;k rSm ykÀ&dyyf ifawGwnDwnmeJ‹ jcH}uD;wjcHem;a&mufvmawmh tay:xyfrmS
jywif;waygufzGifhxm;wJh tdrf}uD;wtdrfawG‹w,fAs/ &moDOwkuylawmh wHcg;zGifh+yD;tdyfaewmeJ‹wlyg
w,f? atmufrmS tapmifv h v kd v kd u l vJ tdr}f uD;wywfvn S =hf unf+h yD;wmeJ‹ ol‹tapmifw h q
J D jyef0ifomG ;
csed af vmufrmS tarSmif&yd cf +kd yD; okwcf eJ0ifvmcJ=h uw,f? uHaumif;csiaf wmh jcHpnf;±d;k axmifrh mS tdru f kd
aq;okwzf ‹kd oH;k xm;wJh avSum;&Sn}f uD; wpif;vnf;awG‹a&m tJ'g}uD; ESpaf ,mufom;r ˜ +yD; zGix hf m;wJh
jywif;ayguftxdaxmif+yD; tdrfxJcyfokwfokwf wufvdkuf=uw,f? txJvJa&mufa&m EdkifiHawmf
wHqdyf}uD;u tjyL;om;eJ‹ tJ'DusawmhrS [m æ orwtdrfygvm;qdkwm odawmhwm? a&mufrSawmh
rxl;bl; csomcsuGmqdk+yD; tEk=urf;pD;&awmhwm æ ”
OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ðyH;+yD;ajzw,f? +yD;awmh æ
“orwudt k Ek=urf;pD;cJw h m bmvufeufe‹J pD;cJw h ,fxifv/J tJ't D rd x
f u J yJ awG‹&wJh aygirf ek ‹f v;DS wJh
"m;eJ‹ uav;upm;wJhaoewf æ As”wJh?
usaemf wtHhw=ojzpfoGm;rdw,f? 'Dtbdk;}uD; cyfwnfwnf +zD;aeovm;qdkwJh t=unfhrsKd;eJ‹vJ
ol‹udk=unfhvdkufygw,f?
“aygirf ek ‹f v;DS wJ"h m;udk usKyfuudik /f ol‹ajr;upm;wJh aoewfe‹J wyl gw,f/ tJ'aD oewfukd armifausmf
uudik +f yD; twGi;f cef;qD armifausmu f 0ifomG ;w,f? wHcg;uvJ *surf csxm;bl;/ tdycf ef;xJrmS a'guw f m
bOD;}uD;u rSed ;f +yD;tdyaf ew,f? tJ æ tcef;u ab;csi;f uyfvsut f cef;eJ‹vJ twGi;f rSm wHcg;ayguw f ck
&Sd+yD;qufaew,f? wHcg;uawmh b,fbufuydwfxm;ovJ rodbl;As/ aemufrSod&wmu tJ'Dorw
}uD;tcef;eJ‹wqufwnf;tcef;u ol‹c,frtdyfwJh tcef;wJhAs? [J[Jæ”
OD;cspf[ef}uD;u oabmuspGm &,faejyefw,f?
“a'guw f mbOD;u tJ'w D ek ;f u rde;f rr&Sad wmhb;l As æ qH;k oGm;+yD æ”ajym&if;ajym&if; oluquf&,f
aewJhtwGuf æ
“uJ æ qufygO;D Asm Zmwfvrf;av; æ ”vd‹k usaemfu w&m;axmufvyk o f vdk Zmwfvrf;axmuf
av;vkyf+yD; owday;&w,f?
“armifausmu f uav;upm;wJah oewfe‹J a'guw f mbOD;em;xif awhvu kd wf ,fq&kd ifyJ tbd;k }uD;
uEdk;vmw,f/ armifausmfu rsufpdrSdwfxm;cdkif;awmh orw}uD;u bmajymvJodvm;/ toufawmh
csrf;omay;yg æ wJh? wkefwkef&D&DeJ‹ rsufaph}uD;rSdwf+yD; ajymw,f? ay; æ b,frvJ rD;cHaowWmaomh
æ vd‹k awmif;awmh tomw=unfyJ acgi;f tH;k atmufvufe‹J prf;+yD; qGx J wk af y;w,f? rD;cHaowWm}uD;u
'Dtcef;xJrSmyJqdkawmh qGJzGifhvdkufawmh pdefawGa&m a&$xnfawGa&m ydkufqHawGa&maygh? 'DxJrSm
0if;wifhxGef; 37
a&$pvG,}f uD;vd[ k mawmif ygvu kd af o; æ ? tJ'g}uD;u r=umao;cifurS ,l*q kd vyforw}uD;wD;wd;k
Armjynfa&mufvmwkef;/ Armorw}uD;udk csD;jr‡ifhtyfESif;oGm;wJh *k%fxl;aqmif a&$pvG,fwHqdyf}uD;
aygAh sm æ? bmrSajymraeeJ‹ tukeo f rd ;f xnfv h mcJw h ,f? tJ'v D kd odr;f usKH ;xnfah ewke;f æ orw}uD;u
a=umufa=umufeJ‹ bmrsm;ajymw,f xifovJ æ ”
OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ðyH;ðyH;}uD;vkyfaejyefw,f? bmyJajymajym ol‹ajym[efqdk[ef[m pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
twdqdkawmh usaemfuawmh ol‹&J‹qufvmvwWH@aompum;udkyJ em;pGifhaerdw,f?
“igh æ ighajr;av;zdk‹awmh eJeJcsefxm;cJh=uyguGm æwJh”
'Dwcgawmh usaemfyg ðyH;vdkufrdw,f?
“tJ'Dawmh armifausmfu b,fvdkajymw,fxifovJ æ ”
oluxyf+yD; ya[VdzGuf(0Suf)pum;udk qdkjyefw,f?
“armifausmu f 'kp±du k o
f rm; azmufxiG ;f 0dZm… omjzpfwm pmawmhtawmfzwfwv hJ /l v#L@d 0u
S of zJ kd
0wˆK pHkaxmuf0wˆKawGuawmh ol‹tonf;pGJaygh? pmpHkvJ tawmfzwfwJhvl æ A[kokw&SdwJhvlavæ
tJ'Dawmh æ a'gufwmbOD;udkajymvdkufwmu cifAsm;vdk æ v,form;olykef}uD; awmfvSefa&;acgif;
aqmif}uD;q&mpHukd óud;rde‹f ay;owfcw hJ t
hJ xJygcw hJ o hJ u l kd bmvd‹k nm‡ ae&rSmvJ æ” wJ?h a'guw f mbOD;
udk,f}uD; wGef‹ceJjzpfoGm;wmyJ?
OD;cspf[efu pum;pudk acwWjzwf&if; em;aejyefw,f?
“uJ uJ qufygOD;As æ ”vdk‹ usaemfu avmaqmfvdkufrS æ “aemufawmh a'gufwmbOD;udk
tarSmufcikd ;f / yg;pyfxt J 0wfq‹kd / vufuakd emufjyefcsnx f m;cJ+h yD; æ rv_yef ‹J aemf æ v_y&f ifawmh ao+yD
rSwfvdk‹ajcmufxm;cJh+yD;/ rD;cHaowWmxJu&Edkifor#tukefpk odrf;usKH;xnfhvmcJh=uwJhtxkyfeJ‹ cyfokwf
okwjf yefqif;vmcJ=h uw,f? b,forl rS odvu kd =f ubl;? b,ftapmifrh v S J rawG‹vu kd =f u&bl;? wD;wd;k ay;
wJh *k%fxl;aqmifa&$pvG,fvdk[m}uD;awmh tJ'D&yfuGuftausmfu tr_dufyHkwckab; xdk;0Sufjr‡KyfESH
xm;cJ=h u+yD; atmifatmifjrifjrif pcef;odr;f Edik cf =hJ uw,f? aemuf&yfuu G w f ckausmaf vmufa&mufawmh
&Jum;awG &Jum;awG [Gef;oHt&Snf}uD;awGqGJ+yD; a'gufwmbOD; aetdrf&yfuGufqD '&=urf;armif;
oGm;wmawG‹vu kd &f awmhwmygy?J rd;k vif;awmhr,fav æ ukepf rd ;f orm;awG reufapmapmtvkyq f if;&
r,fholawGawmif [dkem;'Dem; awG‹ae&+yDav æ ”
OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ol‹Zmwfvrf;udk tqHk;owfvdkuf+yD; ol‹aq;vdyfwdkudk rD;!‡dygavawmhw,f?
“aemuf æ b,fvdkjzpfwkef;As” usaemfu odcsifaZmeJ‹ xyfar;jyefygw,f?
“ckwifu ajymcJhovdkyJav æ ” cifAsm;vdk v,form;olykef}uD; q&mpHudk óud;rdef‹ay;owfcJhwJh
txJygcw hJ o
hJ ul kd bmvd‹k !m‡ ae&rSmvJAs”qdw k hJ armifausm&f ŒJ }uD;}uD;us,u f s,cf yfwnfwnf ajymcJw h hJ
pum;u awmfawmfu h wkd moGm;cJw h ,f/ w&m;cHtppf azmfxw k af &;udck ufomG ;cJ&h awmhwt hJ xd xda&muf
cJw
h ,f ajym&rSmyJ? bmvd‹k vq J akd wmh tJ'pD um;udu k ikd +f yD; 'Dtr_[m ±d;k ±d;k tr_r[kw/f ±d;k ±d;k w&m;cHr[kw/f
Edik if aH &;EG,w f hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwhJ w&m;cHawGu usL;vGew f t hJ r_/ Edik if aH &;azmufxiG ;f "m;jyr_v‹kd oH;k oyf=unfh
jrifc=hJ uqdyk ?J awmfawmfe‹J tr_razmfxw k Ef ikd b
f J paumhwvef,m'fuakd wmif vSr;f tultnDawmif;&wJh
txdv‹kd ajym=uwmyJ? aemufyikd ;f armifausmv f J ajc&mazsmuf/ usKyfvJ ajc&mazsmuf/ &efuek rf uyf=u
awmhbJ wa,mufwae&mpD e,fajy;+yD; Zmwfjr‡Kyf=uawmhwmaygh æ ”
38 0if;wifhxGef;
tJ'Dvdkpum;ajymaumif;aewkef;rSmyJ “tvkyf}uD;wef;pD æ” qdkwJh wef;pD;waumif&J‹ owday;
atmf[pfvdkufoHa=umifh usaemfwdk‹vJ ua&maomyg; vlcsif;cGJvdkuf&ygawmhw,f?
(4)
tvky}f uD; em;&ufw&ufrmS awmh æ at;at;aq;aq; xdik jf zpf=u&if;/ wcsed u f Edik if aH wmforw
tdrf azmufxGif;vk,uf tEk=urf;pD;r_}uD;ta=umif;/ OD;cspf[ef}uD;eJ‹ pum;qufrd=ujyefw,f?
“tJ'Dwkef;u tr_ub,fvdk ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;vJAs”
“[m æ wefw,fAsm æ wefw,f æ armifausmrf S ig;ESpx f yJ J xifw,f/ aps;wnfo h mG ;=uwmæ”
“Asm æ b,fvdkaps;wnfhoGm;&wmvJ”
olu usaemfhtar;udk em;axmif&if; òyH;vdkufjyefw,f?
“'DvdkAs æ w&m;±Hk;a&mufawmh usaemfwdk‹w&m;cHrsm;bufu a&S‹aeuvJ aumif;w,fAs/ vm
owif;,l=u em;axmif=uwJh y&dowf}uD;uvJ owif;axmufawGa&m bmawGa&mtpHkAs? [dk; æ
wae‹u usaemfajymwJt h xJygw,frw _ v f m; æ orw}uD;tdyaf ewJt h cef;u æ orw}uD;tcef; c,fr
tcef;eJ‹wqufwnf;qdw k mav? twGi;f rSmwHcg;wcsyyf &J w dS ,fqw kd mav æ ? tJ'aD wmh tr_e‹J qikd q f ikd f
rqdik q
f ikd /f a&S‹ae}uD;u tJ't D cef;zG‹J pnf;xm;wmudyk J rygygatmifxnf+h yD; w&m;cHuakd r;vdu k /f =uHzef+yD;
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0if;wifhxGef; 45
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0if;wifhxGef; 47
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50 0if;wifhxGef;
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0if;wifhxGef; 51
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wqufwnf; rdwfzufwefqm'Gg'&mawGvJ tydkqktjzpf rvGJraoGygvmygw,f? ajcusif;wzufpDrSm
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wayeD;yg;? tJ'Daemuf xdyfqHk;rSmrS aemufxyfoHuGif;qufvufudkif? ESpfzufaygif;vdkuf&if teJqHk;
ESpfyd\mcGJ oHk;yd\mavmuf&SdEdkifw,f?
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52 0if;wifhxGef;
ajcusi;f
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cifAsm;wd@k Edik if aH wmftpd;k &qdwk mu cwfay;xm;wmyJav/ ajcusi;f qdw k m jrnfwt hJ rsK;d yJ/ rjrnfapcsi&f if
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jrih’f qdw k yhJ *k Kd~ vfu usaemfu
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w&m;pD&ifcsucf sz;l ovJq&kd if/ ESpzf ufaoma&SŒae a&SŒ&yfrsm;&JŒ Oya'yk'rf b,fa&GŒb,fr#e@J +idpeG ;f w,f/
0if;wifhxGef; 53
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ae&muae ol@rsufESmudk cyfwnfwnf=unfhaevdkufw,f?
tJ'vD ±kd ;kH xGuw f ikd ;f wyfqif&wJh ajcusi;f uawmh ±H;k wcgxw k f wcgyg? wcgwyf w&ufy=J umygw,f?
reuf±;kH xGu&f &dS if naeóudwyfay; nrSwu kd cf ef;xJ ajcusi;f eJ@ae/ aemufae@±;kH xGuu f jyefvm&if ae@rul;
cif jyefðzwfay;avh&w dS ,f? ðzwfawmhvJ xH;k pHtwdik ;f aycHak y:rSm? tðzwfu twyftcwfavmufr=um?
usaemfw@kd wu kd x f J axmifx0J ifc&hJ +yD;umvtenf;i,ft=umrSmyJ axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf}uD; vef
bm;wifO;D eJ@ ol@&ŒJ vuf&if;jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;bdek w D @kd vJ olw@kd &ŒJ taz&if; Adv k af e0if;u &mZrmefawmf&+S yD;
toH;k uHau|;ta&;t&mtm;vH;k ±kyo f rd ;f um aemufausmuae ajceJ@uefcsypfvu kd w f t hJ wGuf tif;pdef
axmifxaJ &mufvmcJ&h ygw,f? wavsmufv;kH olwyg;tay: rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;&du k Ef u S n f O‡ ;f yef;vmcJh
wJah umifawG olwyg;udo k m enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@tjypf&mS axmufvrS ;f +yD; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csapvkyv f mcJh
wJhaumifawG umv0dyguf aemufydk;wuf+yDav?
usaemfw h @kd u Ak'[ < ;l ae@±;kH csed ;f wdik ;f wifO;D bdek w D @kd u =umoyaw;ae@±;kH csed ;f ? ±H;k xGu&f &m w&m;±H;k
uvJ tif;pdefAl;0w&m;±Hk;rSmcsnf;? ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh &ref}uD;a&$Œqdkif;vdkuf&wJh oDwif;ywf
wywfrSm axmif0ifpmawG@cGifhay;awmh axmif0ifpmcef;uae axmif0ifpmxkyfav;qGJjyeftvmrSm
axmufvSrf;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; vefbm;wifOD;ac: rsufrSefwifOD;ac: tukodkvfwd&p>mef}uD;wifOD;udk
trSwfrxifawG@vdkuf&ygw,f? olvJ axmif0ifpmcef;ujyefvmyHk&ygw,f? ol@ab;rSm axmifrª;
wa,mufu ºuGyfºuGyftdwfudkqGJvdk@/ t&yf}uD;u uvefuvm;eJ@ t&ifwke;fuawmh axmifaxmif
armif;armif; jynfhjynfhòzd;òzd;&Sdr,fhyHkoGif[m tckawmhvJ vydkif;twGif;rSmyJ usoGm;vdkufwm/ òydvJus
awmhr,fh xef;yift}kd uD;wyifvykd gy?J rzD;roif r&dwrf n‡yb f x J m;wJt h wGuf qHyif*w k af xmuf&n S }f uD;
wvlvel @J ouf}uD;vrf;ol&t J ykd akH yguaf ew,f? qHyifawGwvlvu l vJ jzLazG;ae+yD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf =umqH
xkyf acgif;ay:&Gufxm;bdouJhodk@ jzpfaew,f? ykvif;zifydwfvdk rsufrSefxlxl}uD;u =umqHxkyf
54 0if;wifhxGef;
ajcusi;f
acgi;f ay:wifxm;ovd&k w dS hJ ol@acgi;f eJ@ &ufpuf,w k rf mr_tjynfeh @J uvdeu f uspEf ikd vf eG ;f vSwhJ ol@rsuEf mS
udk pnf;om;ay;xm;ovdk&Sdygw,f? vefbm;wifOD; rsufrSefwifOD; trftdkifwifOD;qdkwm 'DowW0g}uD;
ygvm;? t&if olr;kd aumif;pOfwek ;f u Edik if aH &;orm;}u;D wOD;udk ud, k w f ikd 0f ifa&mufx;kd }uw d f uef ausmuf
±Hw
k ifru eH±;kd awGay: ppfzed yfe@J wufcek cf w hJ ,fqw kd hJ bDv;l ,kw}f uD;yguvm;? b,favmuftxd wefc;kd
xGm;cJo h vJq&kd if Edik if wH umhpme,fZif;wcsKŒd u Armjynf&ŒJ ‘wpfc’JG }uD;vd@k awmif uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJ&h ol
ygvm;? ae0if;u wpf/ pef;,kuESpf/ wifOD;u oHk;r[kwf/ wpfeJ@ESpf=um;u‘wpfcGJ’qdk+yD;awmif trSwf
onmðyjcif;cH&wJh owW0g}uD;? tckawmhvJ olwoufv;kH ol@taz}uD;&JŒ &mZmyv†iw f nfjrJa&;twGuf
OD;aqG;qHjrnfh ,kwf,kwfuef;uef;tr_awmfxrf;cJhor# ol@taz}uD;u aemufqHk;qkvmbfawmfudk cs
vduk yf g+yD? ‘wpfc’JG vJ 'pfjyJ+yD; 0Éfi&J rSm t&Siv f wfvwfa&mufae&yg+yD? =unfah v-t&l;}uD;wa,muf
vdk arSm&f ;l }uD;wa,mufv/kd pke;f wap>ua0um;awGxu J wmaw}uD;vdyk pkH rH sK;d eJ@ awG@or# tusO;f om;
awGudk ðyH;jyaeav&JŒ? yg;pyfuvJ “ryleJ@/ r[m0dZ,bk&m;}uD; xD;awmfwif&if tukefvGwfrSm”vdk@
ajymaeav&JŒ? tusOf;om;awG&JŒonf;ajcóudufpum;udk ajymqdkaewmjzpfEdkifovdk/ ol@[mol =uHzef
ar#mfudk;+yD; ol@udk,foltm;ay;ajzodrfh ar#mfvifhaeyHkrsKd;vJ jzpfEdkifygw,f? &,fcsifp&mvJ awmfawmf
aumif;aygh?
“wifOD;&JŒ ysm;a*[mvJ =uufa*[mjzpfoGm;+yDAsKdŒ/ wifOD;&JŒvuf±Hk;‘axmuf’awGvJ woD}uD;
a'gufðzwfcHae&+yD/ ðywfwJhaumifðywf/ a&SŒwef;tydk@cH&wJhaumifcH&wJhAs” pwJh pwJh owif;awGvJ
usaemfw@kd wu kd af wGxt J xd 0ifvmcJyh gw,f? wifO;D bdek w D @kd tr_weJG @J wqufwnf; r*dv k rf;uemrnf}uD;
a&$qdkifydkif&SifwcsKd@vJ axmifxJ0ifvm&wm=um;ae&ygw,f? wifOD;bdkeDwdk@ tay:wyfay;xm;wJh yk'fr
awGuvJ woD}uD;?
w&uf ±H;k xGuaf jcusi;f cwfz@kd omG ;&pOfrmS awmh jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D a[mif; axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf}u;D
a[mif;OD;bdek D a&$rsu&f nfawmfuswt hJ a=umif;owif; ud, k af wG@ñuH&=um;&ygawmhw,f? ajcusi;f cwf
ay;aeustusOf;om;u 0g'gtvpfrSm æ
“ckwifu æ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;qdw k [
hJ m}uD;uawmh ajcusi;f pcwfawmh rsu&f nfawG awGawGe@J As”
wJh?
“[mæb,fhES,fa=umifh”usaemfuðyH;+yD;ar;rdw,f?
“olvJ aemufr_xGuf&rSmav”
“aemufr&_ &dS if ajcusi;f cwf&r,fqw kd m tJ'aD umif}uD;xkwcf w hJ t hJ rde@f yaJ væ ckawmh ud, k "hf m;eJ@
udk,f txdk;cHvdkuf&wmayghaemf/ awmfawmfoem;p&maumif;w,faemf/ u|wfæu|wf”
usaemfu pkwo f yf+yD; [m;rdygw,f? “umv0dygwf aemufy;kd wuf”qdw k phJ um;udv k J t}udr}f udrf
jyefowd&rd&if;/ rsu&f nfawG awGawGusaewJh jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;qdw k o hJ wW0g}uD;&JŒ yktikd t hf ikd hf rsuEf mS }uD;
udk ajy;ajy;jrifaerdygw,f?
“'D bJ}u;D u rsu&f nfomuswmyg/ ol@wyfay;wJah jcusi;f qdw k mu cifAsm;wd@k vkd b,f[w k rf mS wke;f ?
pykwfwHajcusif; vkyfay;xm;wmrsKd;yg? uav;ajcusif;urS eJeJav;tHk;r,fæ”wJh?
0if;wifhxGef; 55
3?
ajcusi;f eJ@=um=umzl;pmqH&k awmhwmuawmh om,m0wDaxmifrmS yg? ajcusi;f wyfqifay;vdu k f

wmuawmh tif;pdefaxmif}uD;uyg?
wnaeapmif;avmufrmS bmrajym nmrajym usaemfw@kd emrnfawGac:xkwv f ukd +f y;D usaemfw@kd ukd
ud, k f pDu, kd if S ajcusi;f awGwyfay;vdu k yf gw,f? tJ'aD e@nrSm tdyaf eustaqmifawmif usaemfw@kd awG
udkrxm;awmhyJ/ (5)aqmifqdkwmay: cGJxm;vdkufygw,f? aemufae@axmifajymif;r,fæwJh? tJ'Dvdk
enf;rsK;d eJ@ tif;pdeaf xmifu wyfay;vdu k w
f ahJ jcusi;f awGe@J om,m0wDaxmifwu kd cf ef;xJ a&mufvmcJh
&ygw,f? w&ufajcusi;f c|waf y;Ed;k Ed;k eJ@ vaygi;f tcsKŒd =um ajcusi;f eJ@EpS yf g;oGm;&awmhwb hJ 0 a&muf&yg
awmhw,f? tJ'u D sawmhryS J ajcusi;f &JŒt&omudv k J wd;k wd;k odvm&ygawmhw,f? t*Fvyd af cwfu Edik if H
a&;orm; ocifa[mif;}uD;wOD;[m axmift}udrf}udrfuscH&zl;+yD; axmifeJ@ywfouf+yD; pmtkyfwtkyf
awmifa&;cJhzl;ao;xifyg&JŒ/ aumif;aumif;awmifrrSwfrdawmh? aumif;aumi;frSwfrdaewmu ol@
emrnfeJ@ ol@bGJ@xl;? “axmifht&om ocifat;=unf”wJh? axmifht&om cg;oD;emusifbG,faumif;
oavmuf/ ajcusi;f t&omuvJ rke;f wD;atmhEv S ;kH embG,af umif;ygw,f? ajcusi;f t&om[m axmifh
t&omxJu wckvdk@qdk&ifawmif axmifht&omu cg;cg;wl;wl;/ pl;pl;csOfcsOf/ ajcusif;t&omu pyfyl
pyfavmif eHeHapmfapmf?
ajcusi;f u [dw k ek ;f uvdk ±H;k xGuw f &uf 0wfajcusi;f r[kwaf wmhwhJ xdyq f ;kH u vufuikd u f iG ;f ESpcf uk kd
yl;udkif+yD; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;aevdk@ rjzpfawmh? ºuGyfºuGyftdwfa[mif;awGudk pepfwusqkwfjzJ+yD; ajcr
=um;n‡yfum óud;&Snf&Snfav;wacsmif;jzpfatmif uspf&w,f? tJ'D ºuGyfºuGyftdwfjzpf óud;eJ@ oHuGif;
=um;v#K+d yD;csn/f aemuf óud;pESpcf k cg;rSmywf+yD; taeawmftaetxm;twdik ;f acguw f eG @f tjrJcsnx f m;
vdu k &f w,f? vufu udik zf @kd rvdak wmhbJ ajcusi;f qdik &f m 'Gg'&mawG[m ud, k ef @J twl yl;wGu J yfyg ,SOaf e
+y;D om; jzpfomG ;w,f? vufEpS zf ufv;kH [m vGwv f w G uf |wu f |wf v_y&f mS ;Edik w
f t hJ aetxm;rsKd ; jzpfvmcJh
w,f? axmifxJuae &JbufxkwfcH&wJh tusOf;om;rSefor# tJ'Dtaetxm;twdkif;awGcsnf; jzpfyg
w,f/
ajcusif;cwfxm;cH&wJhtwGuf ajcaxmufuawmh oGufoGufvufvufroGm;vmEdkif? ajcusif;
a=umifh toGm;tvmaES;auG;&±Hrk u/ ajcusi;f wefqm'Gg'&mawG&ŒJ ESpyf \ d mcGo J ;kH yd\mavmuftav;
a=umifhvJ vlwudk,fvHk; txl;ojzifhatmufydkif;wydkif;vHk; cJqGJcHxm;&ovdk jzpf+yD; tjrJwrf;aES;auG;
av;vHae&awmhw,f? ajcusif;oHuawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; wc|ifc|ifaygh?
ajcusi;f tusO;f om;tkypf w k pkavmuf 0ifxu G of mG ;vmae+yDq&kd if cavmufawG jcLawG tjynfh
qGJay;xm;wJh u|JtkyfEGm;tkyf}uD;wtkyfavmuf vSnfhvSnfhoGm;vmaeovdkrsKd;ygyJ? toHyvHawG[m
qlnHpifxGufaeawmhw,f? a&mufae&wJhb0ykHoGif[m rn‡mwrf;pum;vHk;ra&G;bJ cdkif;E_dif; ajymqdk&
r,fq&kd if wu,fu h kd vlom;wd&p>mef tkypf }k uD;wpkvykd gy?J vlom;awGukd wd&p>mefyrm ðyxm;wmygy?J
EGm;awGudk ESmzm;óud;wyfay;xm;ovdk jrif;awGudk yg;csyfwyfay;xm;ovdk/ qifawGudk xl;cwfay;
xm;ovdk/ vlom;pifppfawGudk ajcusif;wyfay;xm;wm ygyJ?
ajcusif;[m tifrwef±dkif;ysr_&JŒ trSwftom;jzpfovdk/ zdESdyfolawG&JŒ vufoHk;/ zdESdyfn‡Of;yef;a&;
56 0if;wifhxGef;
ajcusi;f
wefqmyvmwck/ tifrwefrkef;wD;pufqkyfp&mypPnf;wckyJ? 'DypPnf;[m udkvdkeDacwfuvJ&SdcJhovdk
ya'o&mZfacwfuvJ &SdcJhw,f? aus;ydkifu|efydkifacwfuvJ &SdcJhwmyJ? =unfhyghvm;? pyg;wm;uyfwdk@
acwfuvJ ajcusi;f eJ@ oHuiG ;f qufaESmifóu;d }u;D eJ@y?J 'Dajcusi;f eJ@ oHaESmifóu;d udk t+y;D wdik cf sK;d zsuzf @kd qw kd m
tkyfpdk;olvl,kwfrmawGudk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifrSyJ atmifjrifr,fhudpPav?
“aESmifóud;udk 'd@k vuf±;kH eJ@ csK;d zsuaf v”wJ?h tifwmae&Sief ,focD si;f }uD;xJu oDcsi;f aw;oGm;wyd'k f
[m ajcusif;cwfoHóud;wJhay;xm;jcif;cH&ol&JŒ &ifxJajy;ajy;0ifvmjyefw,f?
ajcusif;eJ@oHóud;udk rcsKd;zsufypfEdkifao;cifrSmawmh udk,fhajcaxmufudk udk,foabmrwlygyJ vm
cwfay;xm;wJh ajcusi;f eJ@ou H iG ;f awGukd wcgwcgjyefjyef*±kpu kd af e&wJb h 0avmuf a=uuGpJ &maumif;
wm&Syd gao;&JŒvm;? ud, k rf ek ;f wD;&G&H mS vSwhJ olwkd *±kwpdu k f ,k,ðypkae&wJt h jzpfrsK;d av? ud, k uhf kd ae@pOf
tcgrvyf 'kuQay;aewJholudk 'kuQay;r_oufomatmif acsmharmhae&ovdkrsKd;av?
ajcusi;f eJ@ou H iG ;f awGukd ºuGyºf uGyt f w d pf w
k pf wcke@J r=umr=um wdu k cf |wyf w G o f yfay;ae&jyefw,f?
wcgw&H a&csKd;cs/ *efzvm;csawGrSm trSwfrxifaumuf,l&&Sdavh&SdwJh tkwfeDcJyJhao;ao;av; 'grS
r[kwf ausmufp &pfcaJ o;ao;av;eJ@vJ ajcusi;f twGi;f tjyifay: oHóud;uGi;f quftwGi;f tjyifay:u
txyfxyfwufaewJh oHacs; oHn‡d oHr_H oHppGef;av;awGudk wdkufc|wfay;ae&w,f?
'Davmufwu kd cf |wf yGwo f yfay;ae&wJ=h um;xJuawmifajcusi;f 0wfywfywfvnfwckv;kH [m ESi;f cl
rJr}J uD;pGaJ eovdk jzpfaew,f? ud, k ahf jcaxmuf ud, k jf yefjrif&wmawmif rowDp&m? ajcusi;f 0wf&um
pqd&k if ajcusi;f pGe;f oHaZmif;&Sxm;wJh '%f&m'%fcsuaf wGyvAGe@J ajcusi;f 0wfEpS cf v k ;kH [m zl;a&mifnKd
udkif;+yD; oajyoD;rSnfha&mifxvdk@? aemufawmh oHqdyfoifhaewJh '%f&mawG[m +yDawGwpdkpdk ,ifawG
wtHt k jkH zpfvmw,f? cufwmu vlrqefwhJ acG;wd&p>mefw@kd &ŒJ axmifwiG ;f pnf;urf;Oya'qdw k mawGu
'%f&moufomatmif ajcusif;0wfudk t0wfav; ºuGyfºuGyftdwfpav;bmav; ywfxm;umuG,f
pnf;aESmifxm;vdk@vJr&? ajcusif;uGif;udk t0wfywfxm; cGifhvJr&Sd? =uHzefta=umif;jycsufuawmh
ajcusi;f uGi;f av;Apfukd ðywfatmifvyk x f m;+yD; t0wfe@J ywfxm; pD;xm; b,fEh , S v hf yk rf vJæwJ?h rw&m;
npfywfpw k yf whJ hJ tkypf ;kd ole@J tyfp;kd ol&ŒJ tm%myg;uGuo f m;awGrmS aumuf aumufuspu f spf qifajc
qifvufay;p&mawGu tjrJwef;tjynf?h iHyad v;eJeyJ g;yg; yd, k o l rd ;f xm;&if jy\emvkycf si&f if qifajc
ay;ajymwwfwmu oHwikd &f if; iHyyd x kH m;+yD; oHwikd jf ywfatmifvyk f b,fEh , S v f yk rf vJæ wJ?h axmifwiG ;f
wdkufwGif;u tcdkiftcef@oHwdkifudk iHydyHkjzwf+yD; axmifuxGufajy;cJhzl;wJhvl b,fESpfa,mufrsm;&SdcJhzl;
ovJ?
=uH=uHzefzef ,kwf,kwfrmrmqifajcay;+yD; tjrJwef; zdESdyfn‡Of;yef;zdk@ tuGufcspOf;pm;aewwfwJh
aumifrsKd;awGæ? wcgwcg ajcusif;oHacsmif;tay:qHk; vufudkifuGif;=um;v#Kd+yD; cg;rSmywfxm;&wJh
ºuyG ºf uyG t f wd pf vkyf óu;d ao;ao;av;udak wmif odr;f csiv f modr;f wwfjyefao;w,f? ta=umif;jycsuu f
'Dóud;udktoHk;ðy+yD; udk,hfvnfyif; udk,fpGyf aoa=umif;=uHpnf&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJæwJh? at;æ 'dk@u
udk,fhudk,fudkawmh b,fawmhrSowfraobl;/ rif;wdk@udkom owfypfcsifwmvdk@/ 'if;wdk@rsufESmaphaph
=unfh+yD; ajymvdkufcsifwmrS v#mudk,m;vdk@?
ajcusi;f &JŒ'kuu Q tdyw f t hJ cgvJ awmfawmfuoduatmufjzpf&jyefw,f? oGm;vmaerS wc|icf |if
jrnfwwfwmr[kw?f 'l;av;tauG;vdu k f ajcaxmufav;tvSnv hf ukd f ud, k af v;trSww f rJh tapmif;
0if;wifhxGef; 57
vdkufrSmvJ wc|ifc|ifjrnfjyefw,f? &Hzef&Hcg vef@vef@awmif Edk;rdw,f? bmoHvJaygh? wu,fu udk,fh
ajcaxmufay:u ajcusif;oH? wayeD;yg; oHacsmif;vHk;}uD;ESpfcku aygif=um;u zGm;bufawmfudk
uvef@+yD; n‡yo f wfypfovdrk jzpf&atmif 'grrS [kwf wH;k armif;acguv f u kd o f vdk rjzpf&atmifvJ tdycf ge;D
tawmf owdxm;&w,f? ajcusif;óud;pudk av#mh/ oHacsmif;ESpfacsmif;udk ykqdk;pay:rSmwif 'l;avmuf
a&mufatmifwGef;+yD;rS tdyf&w,f?
aqmif;nawGuawmh tqd;k qH;k ayg?h uav;xkyw f hJ tES;D purS ydx k al umif; xlEikd af o;wJh apmifyg;yg;
av;rsK;d eJ@tyd &f wJt h xJ ajcusi;f uGi;f uoH/ oHacsmif;u oHawGe@J &Hzef&cH g xdawG@vu kd &f wJh tom;ta&
[m pdrfhceJ pdrfh ceJ at;puf usifwufoGm;&ygw,f? a&cJacsmif;eJ@ vmxdvdkufovdkygyJ? armvsyifyef;
vGef;vSayrJh tdyfr&wJhnaygif;rsm;pGm=um; rvSrytdyfrufqdk;awGeJ@csnf; &ifqdkifae&ygw,f?
oHajcusif;eJ@ oHuGif;awGudk=unfh&if;=unfh&if;u pl;pl;&S&Srkef;wD;vmw,f?
usaemfrh suaf phxrJ mS oHajcusi;f [m i&JacG;}uD;waumif&ŒJ tusn;f wef yg;pyfjyJjyJ}uD;wayguf jzpf
aew,f? 'Diwf}uD;us i&JacG;}uD;&JŒyg;pyfayguu f usaemfah jcaxmufukd tirf;r&udu k if x kH m;w,f? ol@&ŒJ
tpG,fESpfckeJ@ ajcaxmufudk r=umr=umukwfjcpfudkufzJhwwfao;w,f? tJ'Di&JacG;}uD;udk usaemfhqD
v$wfvdkufwJh vuf&SdacG;ydkif&Sifuawmh ol@udk,fol‘tpdk;&’vdk@ aºuG;a=umfaewJh taumif}uD;ygyJ?
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usaemfwdk@(5)a,mufcef;jzpfwJhtwGuf *efzvm;(3)vHk;&w,f? ESpfvHk;u ao;twGuf/ wvHk;u
acs;twGuf? axmifxJrSm acs;eJ@ao;a&m+yD; ygvdk@&wmr[kwf? acs;oyfoyf ao;oyfoyf? wdkufxJrSm
reufapmapmwef;zGifh+yD;wmeJ@ *efzvm;cszGifhavh&Sdw,f? zGifhawmhvJ tcef;awGtm;vHk;pkðyH zGifhwm
r[kw?f “zsmaxmif aemufvn S hf wef;pDxm;” qd+k y;D rS wcef;csi;f zGiw hf m? wcgw&Hawmh [dzk ufxyd w f cef;
onfzufxyd w f cef; ESpcf ef;wGJ zGiahf y;wmrsK;d vJ&ydS gw,f? acs;oGef ao;oGe/f oGe+f yD;*efzvm;udk a&ESpcf u G f
avmufe@J t+yD;tjywfaq;+yD; ud, k t hf cef;ud, k f 0if&wm? ay;xm;wJah omufa&td;k twGuf aomufa&
cyfzdk@udkvJ 'D*efzvm;cstwGif;rSmyJ tajy;tv$m;vkyf&wm? wcef; ig;rdepfajcmufrdepfavmufyJ =um
r,f? wrmefrmefwrJrJeJ@ tjrefqHk;+yD;atmiftvkyfcdkif;wwfwm? tJ'D ig;rdepfajcmufrdepfavmufav;
twGi;f rSmyJ usaemfw@kd rmS vJ ajrjyifajcwifciG &hf awmhwm? wae@v;kH avSmifcsKid x hf u J iSuif ,fav;awGvkd
wdu k cf ef;xJrmS csn;f aeae=u&wm? pma&;q&m}uD; vlxOk ;D vS&ŒJ “avSmifcsKd ifx h u J iSuif ,frsm;” qdw k hJ
axmifpmtkyfacgif;pOfudk jyefvnfowd&csifp&m}uD;aygh?
*efzvm;oH;k vH;k udk wa,mufwvH;k pDuikd /f *efzvm;cs aq;a=umudpt P m;vH;k wa,mufpD wm0ef
0if;wifhxGef; 63
,l? wa,mufuawmh aomufa&tdk;wm0ef? usefwa,mufu tulaygh? tJ'D tulwm0efae&m
a&mufaewJo h u
l [kad jy;vdu
k of nfajy;vdu k ef @J use;f rma&;avhusichf ef;vky+f yD;om;vJjzpfomG ;ovd/k zsm
axmifxm;wJh wjcm;tcef;awG=um;xJu vpf&ifvpfovdk rwfwyf&yfjywm toHw;kd wd;k eJ@vrS ;f pum;
ajymvdkufwmawGudkvJ tuif;yg;yg;eJ@rSwfom;=unfhjrif+yD; qufoG,fa&;wm0efudkyg ,l&oljzpfoGm;
w,f? vG,fvG,fululawmhr[kwf? usD;uefrsufaphvdk rsufapha'gufaxmuf+yD; vSrf;=unfhaewwfavh
&SdwJh 0g'gwm0efus=um;xJuae tajctae=unfh v_yf&Sm;&wmrsKd;?
usaemfw@kd u OD;av;OD;xGe;f&edS u
f kd acs;ao;*efzvm;tudik rf cdik ;f awmhbJ aomufa&td;k wm0efuo kd m
ay;xm;vdkuf=uw,f/ acs;ao;*efzvm;rSmvJ acs;*efzvm;u tqdk;qHk;? eHvJeH/ zdwfrusatmifvJ
*±kpu kd &f / aq;&awmhvJ vuf0ifw,f? vufe@J awmh aq;wmr[kw/f ajcaxmufe@J yJ ar$cwfaq;a=um&
wmjzpfayr,fh ao;*efzvm;vdk a[mceJoeG f a[mceJ a&avmif;aq;vdu k v
f @kd vG,v
f ,G ef @J +y;D wmr[kw?f
'Dawmh usaemfwdk@u acs;ao;qdkif&m *efzvm;pnf;urf;csufudk csrSwfxm;vdkuf=uw,f/ eHygwf(1)
*efzvm;cs+yD;wJhaemuf usef;rma&;raumif;olrSty b,folrS acs;r,dka&;? 'grS wae@vHk;tcef;xJrSm
acs;eH@uif;pifaeEdik rf ,f? pnf;urf;ysu+f yD;acs;,drk w d o hJ l ud,
k zhf ifu, kd f tavhtusirhf vkyEf ikd b f J xde;f csKyf
Edik pf rG ;f eJo[ l m aemufae@ acs;*efzvm;cs wm0ef,&l r,f? eHygwf (2) *efzvm;cscsed t f rD acs;,dEk ikd rf c_ si;f
zifpnf;urf;vdkufemEdkifr_csif;wlw,fqdk&if aemufqHk;acs;ygwJholu acs;*efzvm;cswm0ef,l&r,f? n
(12) em&Daemufydkif;uae reuf*efzvm;cscsdef (trsm;tm;jzifh (7)em&DcGJ (8)em&DtwGif;) acs;,dkjcif;
udpP t+yD;tjywfaqmif&u G xf m;=ua=u; pnf;urf;csujf zpfygw,f? rsuaf phtusihf 0rf;tcsiq hf wkd Jh pum;
twdkif; usaemfwdk@rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk,fhpnf;urf;csufeJ@tnD atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifcJh=uygw,f/ tusifhjzpfoGm;cJh=uygw,f?
aemufqHk;acs;ygolrjzpfatmiftwGuf reufrvif;cif tapm}uD;xx+yD; *efzvm;ay: um;,m;
}uD;cG acs;ygwwfoluawmh udkodef;jrifh jzpfygw,f? tapm}uD;ygoljzpfawmh toef@&Sif;qHk;yg&ol?
“tif;æ us;D uef;awmif acs;rpm;ao;bl;/ a,mufzuawmh acs;yg+yD;+yD”vd@k usaemfup&if olu
ðyH;ðyH;}uD; oabmusaewwfw,f? wcgw&H ud&k x J u G }f uD;u ol@t&ifyg+yD;om;jzpfae&if“tif; æ 'Dae@
awmh noef;aumifausmu f wnf;u b,fcseyf , D u H iG ;f zGiyhf v
JG yk o
f mG ;ovJrodb;l ” vd@k ðyH;+yD; nnf;wJh
tcg udk&JxGwfu ðyH;vdk@?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh acs;*efzvm;wm0ef[m udkvSa&$eJ@ usaemfygyJ?
2?
'Dae@u ±Hk;xGufae@?
reuftapm}uD;uwnf;u udk&JxGwf[m *k%fawmfykwD;wywf pdyf+yD;oGm;+yD?
±Hk;xGufae@rdk@ a&csKd;cGifhyg&wJhtwGuf *efzvm;cs&if; a&vJcsKd;+yD;=u+yD?
“udkif;æ OD;av;/ 'Dae@uawmh vufuseftjywf&Sif;yJ/ &Sdwmtukefpm;=updk@” udkvSa&$toHuvJ
wufºuGrt _ jynf?h OD;xGe;f &Sed u
f ae@pOfpm;aomuf+yD;vd@k wwdwad vsmyh g;vm&+yD; zifuyfomomyJ usef
awmhwJh ºuGyfºuGyftdwfydefydefav;ESpftdwfudk qGJcsvmw,f? tdwfoGefzmarSmuf tukefxkwf+yD; cGJwrf;
64 0if;wifhxGef;
5 wkduf/ tcef; 22
csvdkufawmh rkef@ºuGyfu wa,mufwck/ yJ}uD;avSmfu taphESpfq,fpDcef@/ xef;vsufu oHk;cJpD? 'g æ
reuftapmpm?
“ w&m;±Hk;a&mufrS rdef;r,lvm+yD;cGH@au|;r,fh tpm;taomufaumif;aumif;udk twdk;cs+yD;
pm;cJhawmh a,mufza& ”
usaemfu udkodef;jrifhudk uvdw,f?
“ rde;f ru vmrvmrodygb;l a,mufz&m tarawmhvmrSmyJ/ rde;f rvmr,ft h ywf tarrvmcJeh @J /
em;vdkufygajymvJ taruawmhvmrSmyJ ”
“ at;av tarqdkwm rdcifudk;? 'ga=umifh om;av;uvJ vdrRmvdkufwm? tdrfu cufcufcJcJ
yd@k ay;vdu
k w f "hJ mwfyEkH pS yf rkH mS tareJ@tazyHu k kd acgi;f &if;rSmawmhxm;yg&ŒJ / 'gayr,fh ae@wikd ;f wae@t}udrf
w&mavmufxkwfxkwf=unfhaewmu rdef;reJ@orD;yHkyJav” vdk@ usaemfu xyfaemufrdawmh/
“[m a,mufz&m”qdk+yD; udkodef;jrifh idkifusoGm;w,f?
“uAsmq&m æ cifAsm;u rdefrr&Sd &nf;pm;r&Sd óudufr,fholr&Sdawmh 'gawGem;rvnfbl;av?
rde;f rvm&if b,favmuf tpm;taomufaumif;awG ,lvm+yD;au|;au|; odypf m;jzpfwmr[kwb f ;l ?
rde;f rrsuEf mS =unfh vufuav;udik +f yD; [dpk um;'Dpum;ajymae&wmeJ@yJ tpm;taomufpm;csed rf &vdu k f
awmhb;l arhomG ;a&mAs” ud&k x J wG u
f rsurf eS }f uD;=um;uae 0if;vufaewJh rsuaf phtpHek @J ajymvmw,f?
“ckvdktcsdefrSm [dkzufxdyfubdkaX;qdk&if qyfjymar$;wdkufxm;+yD; rajymifhwajymif rpifhwpifcsKd;
xm;&wJh a&pdkudk,f}uD;udk bmt0wfeJ@rSrokwfypfbJ aea&mifatmuf ikwfwkwfxdkif&if; tajcmufcH
aeavmuf+yD”
udk&JxGwfu &,f+yD;ajymvmw,f?
“bmvdk@wkef;”usaemfu em;rvnfpGm jyefar;rdw,f?
“'Dvadk v/ usaemfu bdak X;eJ@[w kd ek ;f u wcef;wnf;ae&zl;awmh twGi;f odAs? ±H;k xGu&f uf a&csK;d cs
vJ&vdk@ a&csKd;&wdkif; bdkaX;tJ'DvdkaewmawG@awmh ar;=unfhrdw,f? bdkaX; rif;a&awGokwfypfæ awmf
=um tat;rdaetHk;r,fajymrdawmh oluðyH;+yD; rvkyfygeJ@Asmæ usaemfar$;qyfjymawG trsm;}uD;wdkuf
xm;&wmygw?hJ usaemfvJ ±kww f &uf oabmraygub f ;l ? aemuf olu qufajymw,f? okwyf pfvu kd f
&if tar$;eH@awGaysmufomG ;rSmayg?h ckæ 'Dtwdik ;f ol@[mol tajcmufcaH evdu k af wmh wud, k v
f ;kH tar$;
eH@omu pdrfh+yD;pGJ+yD;usefchJw,f? tJ'g rdef;reJ@awG@awmh axmifapmfreHawmhyJ ar$;aewmayghAsmæwJh/
usaemfhrdef;ru tar$;eH@om odyfóudufwmæwJh”
usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;ðyH;vdkufrd=uw,f/
“tJ'Dvdkaumifæ bdkaX;qdkwJhtaumif =uH=uHzefzef usifh=uHwwfyHkrsm;æ”
udk&JxGwfu tm;&yg;&ajym+yD; w[J[J&,fw,f?
“bdak X;uawmh uav;omomAsm/ toufuvJi,fao; tdraf xmifuvJuscgp cGv J m&&Smw,f?
wcsKd@rsm; toufuvJ}uD;+yD/ om;orD;awmifESpfa,muf&vdk@ tdrfaxmifoufawmif&vS+yD?
bdkaX;xufawmif cspfwwfao; odyftEkynmqefwm odyfuAsmqefwmAs”
usaemfuðyH;+yD; pvdkufawmhæ
“uAsmq&mæ b,fol@ajymwmvJAs”vdk@ udkodef;jrifhu oGufoGuf}uD;ar;w,f?
0if;wifhxGef; 65
“[m cifAsm;uvJ wcef;wnf;ae+yD; rodbl;vm;Asm”
usaemfu pum;udk csKdxm;vdkufw,f? udk&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD;vkyfaew,f?
“'Dae@[m vufudkify0gvJae@av”
usaemfu pum;pudk xyf+yD;qufvdkufawmh udk&JxGwfu [uf[ufyufyuf &,fw,f? +yD;awmh
&Suðf y;H }u;D eJ@ajymvdu k af o;w,f?“usLyfv#LŒd 0Sucf suaf wGawmh tukeaf y:ukeyf g+y”D wJ?h ol@tjzpfu 'Dvæ kd
ol@rmS tjrJwef; vufuikd yf 0k gav; wxnf&adS ewwfw,f? vufuikd yf 0k gu rde;f rudik v f ufuikd yf 0k g?
wcgeJ@wcg ±Hk;xGufwywfeJ@wywf=um; vufudkifyk0gav;awG[m ta&mifrwlovkd vufudkifyk0gay:
'DZikd ;f av;awG±yk yf akH v;awG[mvJ rwlwwf/ tjrJajymif;ajymif;aewwfw,f? tm;vH;k [m vSvyS yav;
awGcsnf;ygyJ?
reufapmapm bk&m;&Scd ;kd ykw;D pdy+f yD;&if use;f rma&;avhusichf ef;vkyaf vh&w dS ,f? ckeq f cG ek q
f v G yk wf m
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wm pojzifh pojzifh rsK;d udpk v kH @kd ygy?J q&m0efra,musmf ;jzpfwu hJ &kd x
J w
G u f use;f rma&;udt k av;xm;+yD;
avhusifhcef;rSefrSefvkyfavh&SdwmeJ@tòydif udk,fudk,fwdkifq&m0efjzpfwJh a,mufz}uD;udkodef;jrifh[mvJ
avhusichf ef;rSerf eS }f uD; vkyw f wfoyl g? OD;av;OD;xGe;f&edS u f awmh cg;avhusichf ef;av; acgi;f avhusichf ef;av;
avmufygy?J avhusichf ef;aumif;aumif;vkyaf vhr&Sw d mu usaemfe@J udv k aS &$ygy?J udo
k ed ;f jrifu h ol@[mol
avhusifhcef;vkyf±HkeJ@tm;r& usaemfhudkyg twif;qGJxl+yD; “a,mufz vmvm avhusifhcef;vkyf&atmif/
'DxrJ mS use;f rma&; ta&;}uD;w,f”ajym&if; rvkyv f yk af tmif wGe;f tm;ay;cdik ;f apwmrsK;d r=umc%vkyf
wwfw,f? ol@pdwfapwemudkem;vnfayr,fh usaemfu cyfysif;ysif;/ +yD;awmh olwdk@avmufvJrvkyf
wwf rvkyEf ikd ?f
*efzvm;cs+yD;&if a&mufwwf&m&majym=u qdk=u &D=uarm=u tawG@tñuHawGcsif; zvS,f=ueJ@
wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf tdwo f eG zf marSmufe;D yg; odae=u+yD;om; jzpfw,f? rdbaqGrsK;d nDtudk
armifErS om;orD;ta=umif;awGavmufru vuf&o dS w l @kd ZeD;awGe@J b,fv&kd cJ=h uwm/ b,fvkd &nf;pm;
oemjzpfcJh=uwmrsKd;txd pHkwumhpHkatmif odae=u&w,f? vlqdkwmu udk,fhta=umif;udk,f ajym
tjycsiq f ;kH ajymtjywwfq;kH owW0gwrsK;d jzpfwt hJ jyif wjcm;vlwa,muf&ŒJ tjzpftysuu f v kd J pdw0f if
pm;pGm em;tqifcsifqHk;/ em;taxmifwwfqHk; todvdkqHk;yk*~dKvfawGr[kwfvm;? cHpm;wwfolawG
tonf;ESvHk;&SdolawGqdkawmh 'Dvdkae&mtcef;usOf;av;xJrSmyJtwlwl b0=urRmqHk=u&wJhtcg ydk+yD;
ajymjzpf qdjk zpf =um;emem;qifjzpf=u&if; wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf yd+k yD;odvmcJ=h u&wm "rRwm
yJ r[kwfvm;?
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&JŒZeD; a'gufwmcifpef;0if;ta=umif;udkvJ usaemfwdk@rSm &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifae&+yD;om;? udk&JxGwf}uD;ZeD;
a'gufwmEG,fEG,fat; ta=umif;qdk&if ±Hk;xGuf axmifbl;0w&m;±Hk;rSmvJ r=umr=umqHkjzpfaeawmh
ydak wmif u|r;f 0if&if;ES;D +yD;om;jzpfaew,f? ud&k x J w G }f u;D u Zmwfvrf;yrmem;qifp&m tajymaumif;ol
qdkawmh olwdk@ESpfa,muf&JŒta=umif;u ydkvdk@awmif ±kyfvHk;ºuGaeawmhw,f?
udo k ed ;f jrifh r=umr=umajymwwfwmu “tifrwefcspyf gw,fqw kd hJ vifr,m;awG/ nDtudk armif
ESrt&if;awGawmif aoaocsmcsmwGf=unhf&if cifAsm;wdk@usaemfwdk@avmuf 'Davmuf vufyGef;wwD;
66 0if;wifhxGef;
5 wkduf/ tcef; 22
aecJ=h u&wmr[kwb f ;l aemf? tjyifrmS u vifr,m;qdw k mawmif wae@cif;vH;k ud, k t hf vkyu f , kd of mG ;&/
ud, k uhf pd uP , kd af qmif&u G &f eJ@ navmufyJ twlwel =u&wm nDtudak rmifErS qdo k nfxufawmif twl
wl ae=u& qHk=u& xdawG@qufqH=u&wJhtcsdef eJao;w,f? cifAsm;wdk@usaemfwdk@rsm;=unfhprf;æ *ef
zvm;cs av; ig; ajcmufrdepfavmufuvGJvdk@ (24)em&DvHk;vHk; ae@wdkif; twlwlrcGJrcGm aeae=u&wm
aemf æ” wJh?
“yÏmef;qufawGaygAh smæ bmoma&;oabmt&qd&k if yÏmef;qufawGayg”h pdwyf w k ;D }uD;eJ@ ud&k J
xGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD; rSwfcsufcscJhw,f?
“twlwlae=u&±Hkru æ acs;awmif wtifwHkxJ wtdk;xJyg=u&wmaemf” vdk@ udkvSa&$}uD;u
aemufawmh udkode;fjrifhu [D;ceJ&,fw,f?
“wtd;k xJ yg&wmayr,fh olcsn;f t&ifygw,fygAsm” vd@k usaemfu t&$e;f azmufawmh udo k ed ;f jrifh
u w[m;[m;&,fwJhtjyif “'guawmh udk,fhzifudk,f pepfwusxdef;csKyf trdef@ay;Edkifr_csif; uGm
wmudk;”wJh? tJ'Dvdk &,f&,farmarm aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifeJ@ i&Jcef;=um; jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;cJh&w,f/
reufpmxrif;pm;aomuf+yD;=ucsdefwdkif; wa&;warm xrif;vHk;pD=uavh&Sdw,f? tJ'DvdktcgrSm
awmh ud&k x J w G }f uD;rsuEf mS ay:rSm vufuikd yf 0k gav;wifv@kd vufuikd yf 0k gay:uar$;&eH@ukd wr#O;f r#O;f &SLae
vduk yf rkH sm; tom;us+yD; orx0g&ifw h a,muf&ŒJ xGuo f uf0ifouf &SLaeyHt k wdik ;f ygy?J zGzaG v; nifnif
omomav;yg? avsmif;vsuv f vJS sut f aetxm;eJ@ owdyÏmefrw S af ewmr[kwrf eS ;f vJ usaemfoad e
ygw,f? olu w&m;xdik &f if xdik &f uftaetxm;eJ@yJ reufwcg nwcg xdik w f wfoal v? xrif;pm;+yD;p
rsuEf mS ay: vufuikd yf 0k gav;wif+yD; touf&LS aewmu tcspu f od% k ;f psmefawG0ifaewmyg? 'Dvufuikd f
yk0gav;u rEG,Ef , G af t;u ±H;k xGuw f &m;±H;k vm&cge;D wywfe;D yg; ,k,, k ,udik w f , G t
f oH;k ðyvmcJw h hJ
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J w G uf ±H;k xGurf mS w,kw,o,fvm/ tdyw f ikd ;f
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pdwu f ;l csKcd sKad v;eJ@yg? aemufwywf±;kH xGucf sed af &mufawmh &ref}uD;wywfv;kH vH;k ol*±kwpdu k f toH;k ðy
vmcJhwJh vufudkifyk0gav;[m udk&JxGwf&JŒtaiG@toufawGu zHk;ae+yDaygh? tJ'Dvdktcsdef±Hk;xGuf
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topfav;udak y;/ olu ol@qu D oH;k pGx J m;+yD; vufuikd yf 0k ga[mif;av;udjk yefay;eJ@ vufuikd yf 0k gav;awG
[m cspfolESpfOD;&JŒarwWm&eH@awG tjyeftvSefxHkr$rf;ul;quf&m oufrJhwrefav;awGozG,f jzpfae=u
awmhwmayg?h b,fah vmuftEkynmqefvu kd w
f phJ w
d u f ;l ygv?J b,fah vmufuAsmqefvu kd w f hJ ork',
oauFwygvJ?
'Dvkd tEkpw d qf efvw S hJ v#KŒd 0Sut f a=umif;t&mawG[m ud&k x J wG }f uD;ud,k wf ikd &f ŒJ &Suu f ;kd &Suu f ef;
wydkif;wp ajzmifhcsufrSefzGifh[r_awGtay:uae qufpyfem;vnf odjrifvmcJh&wmawG jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh “ 'Dae@vufudkifyk0g vJae@av” vdk@ usaemfupvdkufawmh olu“usKyf v#KdŒcsufawG
awmh tukefay:ukefyg+yD ”wJh?
“ud&k x J w G af & æ 'DxrJ mS awmh tukeaf y:=u+yD;om;ygyAJ sm/ &Surf aeyge@J awmh? axmufvrS ;f a&;rSm
awmif ray:cJh&wJh[mawGawmif 'DtxJrSmawmh ay:ukefyg+yD? 'ga=umifh usaemf c%c%ajymwmaygh/
nDtudak rmifErS t&if;csi;f awmif usaemfw@kd avmuf vufyeG w f wD; raecJ=h u&zl;ygb;l vd@k ? +yD;awmh tck
0if;wifhxGef; 67
cifAsm;wdk@usaemfwdk@ wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf tao;pdwfodxm;=uoavmuf rod=uEdkifygbl;
vdk@” udkodef;jrifhu ðyH;aphapheJ@ ajymvmw,f?
“uJæ rxl;awmhygb;l / 'Dwcgawmh vlvpf&if rde;f rudk erf;jzpfatmifc;kd erf;cJt h ;kH r,f/ b,fEh , S w f ek ;f
zdk;odef;jrifh cifAsm;aumæ”
udk&JxGwfu &$wfaemufaemuf xyfajymawmh udkodef;jrifhu [D;ceJ&,faew,f?
“wajz;ajz;pD&ifcsuf tcscH&zdk@eD;ae+yDaemf/ axmifuusudkusrSm aocsmw,f? b,fESESpf tcscH&
r,fwm rajymwwfwm? axmifus+yD;&if axmif0ifpmvmawG@&if 'DvdktcGifhta&;r&Sdawmhbl;aemfæ
axmif0ifpmcef;rSmu oHZumpdyfpdyf}uD;jcm;+yD; awG@&rSm”
ud&k x
J wG u f xyfaemufaew,f?
“oHZumpdypf yd }f uD;jcm;xm;vJ vufnKd‡ ;av;avmufawmh&tH;k rSmyg ud&k x J w G &f ,f” vd@k usaemfu
0ifaemufvdkufawmh tm;vHk;&,f=uw,f?
“a[m'DuAsmq&m[m ol@rmS jyp&m &nf;pm;vJ wlww l efwefr&Sd rde;f rvJr&Sq d akd wmh ±H;k xGuw f ikd ;f
olrsm;vifr,m;twGJawGudkcsnf; tm;tm;,m;,m;av#muf=unfhae+yD; tukefvdkufrSwfaewm”
udk&JxGwfu usaemfhudk tðyH;eJ@ jyefwHk@jyefw,f?
“[dk;æ wywfausmf±Hk;xGufuav/ usaemfwdk@tr_wGJeJ@ olwdk@tr_wGJ wòydifeufwnf;±Hk;xkwf+yD;
jyefydk@awmhvJ wòydifeufwnf;As”
usaemfu pum;p±H&k adS o; ud&k x J w G u f [JceJ&,fae+yD? udo k ed ;f jrifu
h tH=h o[efrsucf ;kH }uD; yif=h unf
w,f?
“tcsKyfum;}u;D uvJ cifAsm;wd@k ow d t hJ wdik ;f tvHyk wd ?f eHab;tay:rSm av0ifayguaf o;ao;av;yJ
ygwm? 'gawmif oHacsmif;av;awGpu kd +f yD; um&Hxm;vdu k af o;w,f? tJ'gu&kd x J wG &f ,f +idr+f idru f kd txJ
rSm xdik rf aebl;? vufwzufu olrsm;eJ@wv JG ufxyd cf wfxm;awmh vGwaf ewJv h ufwzuf uref;uwef;
xkwf rsuEf mS }uD;uvJ av0ifayguo f w H ikd ef m;twif;wd;k uyf+yD; um;ab;txdw;kd uyfvmwJh rEG,af t;
udk vSrf;c:w,f? rEG,fat;u vSrf;+yD;vufurf;awmh ol@rSm t&trdvufn‡dK;csif;vSrf;csdwfvdk@Asæ tJ
oavmuf æ tJoavmuf”
udok ed ;fjrifu
h oabmusveG ;f pGm &,fw,f? usaemfw@kd xrJ mS Áa¹EN}uD;vSwhJ OD;av;OD;xGe;f &Sed }f uD;
awmif ðyH;vdk@?
“'Dvl tukefrSwfxm;wmAs/ tJ'gtjyifa&muf&ifawmh pmawGbmawG ra&;eJ@aemf”
udk&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD;wm;w,f?
usaemfwdk@wawG &,farmae=uwkef; xrif;xdk;xGef;qdkif tcef;a&SŒa&mufvmw,f?
“ud&k xJ w G w f @kd tqifoifjh yifxm; t0wfvx J m;awmh/ awmf=um cifAsm;wd@k ±H;k xGux f wk af wmhrmS ?
cifAsm;wdk@tr_wGJt&ifxkwfrSmvdk@ ±Hk;cef;rSm=um;vdkufw,fæ”
xrif;xdk;xGef;qdkifu 'Dae@±Hk;xGufqdkwmodaeawmh apmapmpD;pD;rsufESm&atmif udk&JxGwfudk
owif;vmay;w,f?
udk&JxGwfeJ@ udkvSa&$u tr_wGJwwGJwnf;? ESpfOD;om;acgif;tHk;vkyf+yD; tdyfae=uwJhudk,fhtxkyfudk
udk,fjznf=u+yD; tusôopf vHkcsnfopfav;awGudk,fpD vJ=u0wf=uw,f?
68 0if;wifhxGef;
5 wkduf/ tcef; 22
usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;[m wckvHk;taeeJ@ tr_wGJ}uD;wwGJwnf;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;taeeJ@vJ
wckwnf;jzpfayr,fh w&m;cHtjzpf owfrw S ±f ;kH wifc&H wmu w&m;cHcsn;f (58)a,muf}uD;rsm;awmif
qdak wmh oufqidk &f m qufpyf&m wl&mwl&mtvdu k cf +JG yD; tr_wiJG ,fav;awGtjzpf xyfqifch +JG yD; ±H;k wif
w,f? w&ufwnf;±Hk;xGuf=u&wmjzpfayr,fh wòydifeufr[kwf? wcgxkwf ESpfwGJ oHk;wGJ? tJ'Dawmh
wcef;wnf;twlae&ayr,fh tr_wGJcsif;usawmhrwl?
udk&JxGwfwdk@t0wfvJ+yD;csdefrSm usaemfwdk@usefvlawGvJ t0wftpm;ukd,fpD vJvdkuf=uw,f?
c%aeawmh udk&JxGwf udkvSa&$wdk@udk 0g'gwa,mufu vmxkwfw,f? 'Dae@ olwdk@twGJ[m
tapmqHk;?
“OD;av;æ bmvdkao;vJ/ a,mufz bmvdkao;vJ/ vdkwm&Sdajym aemfætdrfudkrSmvdkufr,f”
ud&k x
J w G ef @J uv
kd aS &$w@kd xGuo f mG ;=u+yD;aemuf udo k ed ;f jrifu h usaemfw@kd ukd ar;&Smw,f? OD;xGe;f &Sed u f
bmrSrvdkygbl;Asmvdk@ ðyH;+yD;ajymayr,fh usaemfuawmhæ
“a,mufz nDrrsm;vmw,fqdk&ifawmh udk,fhqDoGm;+yD;awG@vdkuftHk;vdk@ajymvdkufaygh” vdk@
aemufvdkufw,f?
'Dae@naeapmif; ±Hk;xGuftm;vHk;jyefa&mufvm=ucsdefrSmawmh tjyifu&&SdvmcJh=uwJh =um;chJ&
odcJh&wJh owif;ywif;awGawmif tjyeftvSef zvS,fESD;aESm aqG;aEG;ajymqdkjcif; rðyEdkif=uao;?
ud&k xJ w G uf xH;k pHtwdik ;f zsmay:rSmyufvuf}uD;vSev f @kd xH;k pHtwdik ;f vufuikd yf 0gtopfuav;u
rsufESm}uD;ay:rSm tkyfvdk@?
'Dwcgvufuikd yf 0k gav;u =unfjyma&mif? vufuikd yf 0k gay:rSm iSuu f av;armifEu HS acgi;f csi;f qdik f
vdk@? cspfcGef;wHk@wif u,ku,if taetxm;?
udk&JxGwf}uD; uodk%f;0ifae+yD? xdkifvsuf xvsuf uokd%f;rsKd;r[kwf/ avsmif;vsuf vJvsuf
uokd%f;?
*E<m±Hu k kd raemta=unf"mwfay: zrf;csKyfnKd‡ @iif,al eovm;/ arwWm&eH@ oif;jrjrudk ESv;kH aoG;xJt
a&muf wr#Of;r#Of;ydk@aqmifaeava&mhovm;? taoG;tom;0dnmOfudk ‘xHkul;’ovdk arwWm&eH@
woif;oif;awGukd *E<m±Hu k wqifh xHu k ;l qufo, G f pdrahf 0aeava&mhovm;? ol@[molyJ odygvrd rhf ,f?
ol@&ŒJ touf&LS oH xkwo f H pnf;csuef &DEEk =k um;rSm iSuif ,farmifEu HS awmh t+rD; uav;awGvy_ f
vdk@/ acgif;uav;awG v_yfvdk@?
wu,fhudk tEkynmqefvGef;vSwJh od*F g&jrifuGif;av;;wckyguvm;?
usaemf+idrfoufpGm =unfhaevdkufrdygw,f?Ò
0if;wifhxGef;
0if;wifhxGef; 69
ppf a -uma&;
70 0if;wifhxGef;
ppfa=uma&;
ppfa-uma&;
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
1?
ppfa=uma&;æwJh?
'Dpum;vH;k udk rSwrf w S x f ifxif yxrqH;k owdxm;+yD; awG@czhJ ;l wmu qdik ;f bkw}f uD;}uD; wckay:rSm?
tjynft h pHu k “ppfa=uma&;ESiw hf nf;cd;k a&;pcef;”wJ?h zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w f hJ ,cifemrnfausmf &ef
ukefaxmif}uD;qdkwm&JŒteD;ae&mrSm 'Dqdkif;bkwf}uD;eJ@ 0if;us,fus,f}uD;wck&Sdae+yD; bwf(p)um;eJ@
&efuek òf r@d xu
J v kd mwdik ;f 'Dqikd ;f bkw}f u;D ab;uaejzwfoef;oGm;vm&&if; jrifjrifae&wwfw,f? ppfwyfe@J
ywfoufwphJ cef;wckyx J if&ŒJ qdw k hJ v#yw f jyuftawG;eJ@ pdwx f rJ mS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;bmrS rcHpm;cJzh ;l rd? cHpm;
p&mvJ bmrSr&Sd? rsufapha&SŒwnfhwnfhrSmrdk@ rsufapheJ@jrifvdkuf&+yD; rsufaphxJrSmyJ aysmufoGm;cJhw,f?
udk,feJ@bmrSroufqdkif?
‘ppfa=uma&;’qdw k hJ 'Dpum;vH;k udyk J 'kw, d t}udrrf w S rf w
S x f ifxif awG@ñuH&wmusawmh axmuf
vSr;f a&;(6)qdw k hJ tukov kd &f yf0ef;wcktwGi;f rSm? c&D;oGm;[efvJG jzwfoef;oGm;vm&&if; awG@ñuH &wm
r[kwaf wmh? qdik ;f bkwaf &;xd;k xm;vd@k qdik ;f bkwaf y:rSm zwfvu kd &f wmrsK;d vJ r[kwaf wmh? qdik ;f bkwq f kd
wmvJr&Sd/ pmeJ@a&;xdk;xm;wmvJ r[kwf?
n}uD;rif;}uD;vma&mufzrf;qD;=u+yD; um;euf}uD;ay:wif/ tukov dk Ef pS af ,mufu b,fnm n‡yf
xdkifcsKyfudkifum 'DppfaxmufvSrf;a&;0if;}uD;xJ armif;ESifac:oGif;cHvdkuf&csdefxd bmha=umifhvJ/ bm
udpPvJqdkwm a&a&&m&mrod?
t0wfpnf;aESmifyw d x f m;jcif;cHvu kd &f wJh rsuaf phtpHu k kd twm;tqD;tydwt f yifr&Sd =unfjh rifciG hf
&vmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh vl[m rD;awGvif;xdefaewJhtcef;wcef;xJ a&muf&Sdaewm awG@vdkuf&ygawmh
w,f?
usaemfha&SŒwnfhwnfhrSm pm;yGJ}uD;wvHk;? pm;yGJa&SŒrSm tom;rJrJ aumufcsdwfcsdwfrsufESmeJ@ vl
wa,muf? olu pm;yGaJ emufuukvm;xdik rf mS ±_wif;wif;eJ@xikd af e&if; usaemfrh suEf mS udk vSr;f =unfah e
w,f? usaemfah b; b,fnmawGrmS vJ olw@kd tukov kd Ef ,
G 0f ifawGu av;ig;ajcmufa,muf? olw@kd rsuf
aphawGtm;vHk;[m usaemfhrsufESmay:qDudkyJ a'gifhtoD;oD;uaeOD;wnfxm;=uw,f?
“rif;udk bmvdk@zrf;vmovJqdkwm odvm;”
tom;rJrJ aumufcsw d cf sw
d uf ukvm;xdik af y: rmefygygxikd af e&if;uae atmify&JG ppfo}l uD;avoHe@J
vSrf;ar;w,f?
0if;wifhxGef; 71
“rodb;l ”
“atmfæ at;æ at;/ aemuf odrSmayghuGm/ at;udk˜ udk odvm;”
“rodb;l ”
“atmifoef;vGif qdkwmaum”
“rodb;l ”
tom;rJraJ umufcsw d cf sw d &f ŒJ rsuEf mS [m us;D uef;waumif&ŒJ rsuEf mS rsK;d uae 0Hyak vGrw J aumif&ŒJ
rsuEf mS / ajracG;eufwaumif&ŒJ rsuEf mS tjzpf zswcf eJ zswcf eJ ajymif;oGm;+y;D ol@&ŒJ tukov dk Ef ,
G 0f ifawGukd
acgif;qwfjyvdkufw,f?
tukodkvfyg;uGufom;awGu usaemfhudk wjcm;tcef;wcef;qDac:oGm;=uw,f? tukokdvf
waumifu usaemfhudk"mwfyHk wzswfzswf±dkuf+yD; rSwfwrf;wifw,f? wnfhwnfh/ ab;apmif;/ armfharmhf/
idu
k if ukd /f yHo
k ¾meftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@±ukd ,f ±l rkH u/ rsurf eS wf yf&jcif;r&Sad o;wJh usaemfu h kd rsurf eS w f ckyg wyfqif
ay;+yD; apwemAvyGeJ@ rSwfwrf;wifygw,f?
aemuftukov kd w
f aumifuawmh rdbbd;k bGm; OD;av;OD;}uD;uae nDtudak rmifErS &S&d o dS r# trsK;d
taqGtm;vH;k ta=umif;ar;jref;a&;c|wf pm&if;wifovd/k arG;cgp a&$yef;aiguaf wmuft&G,u f ae uae@
txdaecJhzl;wJhausif;/ wufcJhzl;wJhtwef;/ vkyfcJhzl;wJhtvkyftudkiftm;vHk;ta=umif; udk,fa&;ordkif;
rSww f rf;}uD;udk +cdr;f ajcmuf[ed ;f a[mufot H jynfeh @J E_u
d Ef u
d_ cf |wcf |wf ðypkarmfueG ;f wifygw,f? rSww f rf;
wifðypk&if; q,frdepfw}udrfavmuf +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdk qDref;ref;avh&Sdwmu “vdrfrajymeJ@aemf/
vdrfajymvdk@uawmh em+yDrSwf/ wdk@u jyefppf=unfhtHk;rSm”wJh?
aemufawmh jywif;aygufwck&JŒoHwdkifem; rsufESmtyfap+yD; vufESpfzufajr‡mufxm;ap+yD; vuf
ajr‡muftaetxm;rsKd;eJ@ vufeJ@oHwdkifudk wGJcsnfxm;vdkufygawmhw,f?
aemufawmh tukov kd w f aumif0ifvmvdu k /f ar;cGe;f wckar;vdu k /f rodb;l jyefajzrdvu kd /f rodb;l
ajym&aumif;vm;qdk+yD; ajcaxmufeJ@uef vufoD;eJ@xdk;vdkufeJ@ t&Sifvwfvwfi&Jjynfed'gef;udk ujy
toHk;awmfcHae&ygawmhw,f?
axmufvrS ;f a&;(6)i&Jcef;rSm (3)&ufajrmufawmh usaemftygt0if zrf;xm;ol*spu f m;wpD;wdu k f
pmudk *spfum;eJ@wifygw,f? wae&mudkydk@awmhzdk@qdkwm em;vnfvdkuf&ygw,f? tJ'DusawmhrS tuk
odkvf}uD;}uD;waumif&JŒtoHudk =um;vdkuf&ygw,f?
“rif;wdk@ppfa=uma&;rjywfao;bl;/ [dka&mufrS quf+yD;ppfa=uma&;0if&r,f” wJh?
‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf rSwfrSwfxifxif ñuHóudufvdkuf&jcif; jzpfyg
w,f? 'Dwcgu rsufapeJ@jrifvdkuf&jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg? pmvHk;awGr[kwf/ toH? toHudk aomwtm±HkeJ@
=um;vdkuf&jcif;? em;eJ@qwfqwf?
qdkif;bkwfay:u‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwJhpum;vHk;r[kwf? udk,fudk,fwdkif eifheifhonf;onf; yg0if
ywfoufcHpm;vdkuf&wJh/ b0eJ@&if;+yD;odvdkuf&wJh/ ESvHk;om;ay: &moufyefpGJxifcyfESdyf cHvdkuf&wJh em
usnf;zG,fpum;vHk;?
‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwm a0g[m&taeeJ@ tbd"mefrSm b,fvdkteufzGifhrvJawmh rajymwwf? ppf
um%m&Sirf sm;&JŒaxmufvrS ;f a&;yg;uGuif &Je,frmS vufawG@&ifqikd ñf uHawG@&zl;olawGtaeeJ@uawmh
72 0if;wifhxGef;
ppfa=uma&;
ppfum%myg;uGufom;rsm;u tay:pD;uae rma&ausma&eJ@ vlrqefpGm ppfar;/ tEdkifusifh ESdyfpuf
n‡O;f yef;a&;vd@k yJ teufziG &hf ygvrd rhf ,f? wenf;tm;jzifh csKyf+yD;ajym&&if ‘ppfa=uma&;’qdw
k m &uf&uf
pufpuf ESdyfuGyfa&;ygyJ?
2?
tif;pdefaxmifxJa&mufvmcJh&+yD;wJhaemuf ‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwJhpum;vHk;udk atmhESvHk;embG,f

aumif;avmufatmif edpP"l0 =um;ae&awmhw,f?
“olwdk@uawmh ppfa=uma&;jywf+yD/ [dkbufu rjywfao;bl;”
“cifAsm;wdk@aum ppfa=uma&;jywf+yDvm;”
“ppfa=uma&;rjywfao;&if/ xrif;awmif00pm;rxm;eJ@aemf/ Adkufjynfhae&if‘awmfcsm’ay;&if ydk
tE W&m,f}uD;w,f”
“ppfa=uma&;rSm awmifhcHEdkifzdk@ vdkw,fa[h”
“'Dppfa=uma&;uvJ jywf rjywfEikd b f ;l / aomhwo JG =H um;wdik ;f / igv
h mac: jyefwmvm;csn;f atmuf
arhaew,f”
“±Hk;wifawmhrSbJ/ ppfa=uma&;u jywf+yDajymEdkifrSm”
“ppfa=uma&;u wcgjyefvm&wdkif; toufig;ESpfavmuf ydkydk wdkoGm;w,f”
toHawGu em;xJoyH &l nfe@J avmif;csay;aeovdyk gb?J ‘ppfa=uma&;/ ppfa=uma&;’qdw k hJ pum;vH;k
[m tif;pdefaxmifwdkufcef;awG=um;rSm rpifykyfeH@vdk/ o&Jobufwaumifvdk/ iSufqdk;xdk;oHvdk/
,rrif;&JŒqdkif;qifhoHvdk/ a&m*E W&uyfqdk; ydk;r$m;waumifvdk vSnfhvnfysHŒESH@aeygw,f?
at;udq k wkd ahJ wmxJu zrf;rdvmolwa,mufe@J ywfouf+yD; ESp}f udrw f w d d ppfa=uma&; txkwcf H
&+yD; wywfavmuftem;&oGm;awmh ‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwmawmh jywfu+yDvdk@ pdwfESvHk; 'Hk;'Hk;csrdw,f?
ud, k ef @J vnf;}uD; }uD;us,u f s,yf wfoufwmr&S/d r=umrDjyefvw G Ef ikd wf ,fv@kd wGuq f ar#mv f ifx h m;wke;f
&Sad o;/ wu,fu, kd ef @J ywfoufcw hJ hJ aZmfO;D qdwk t
hJ aumif 0ifvmw,f? ‘ppfa=uma&;’eJ@ jyefEpS yf g;oGm;&
ygawmhw,f?
wu,fu ESpfyg;oGm;&w,fqdkwm pum;tjzpf ajym&wmyg? bDvl;qdkif;eJ@ ywf=urf;wdkufcH&+yD;
i&J}uD;&SpfxyfZmwfvrf;udk t&Sifvwfvwf u˜ cJh&awmhwmyg?
wcgw&H ae@/ wcgw&H n/ wcgw&H ae@a&mnyg tqufrjywf ppfa=uma&;xkwfwm cH&ygawmh
w,f?
tif;pdeef &ode}f uD;xJrmS ppfa=uma&;0if;qdw k m oyfoyf&ydS gw,f? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u wdu k ±f u
kd f
udkifwG,fzefwD; pDrHxm;wJh tukodkvf0if;/ uifaywdkif 0if;aygh? axmifxJvdkae&mrSmawmif xyfrH+yD;
oD;oef@pyg,&f , S f zefw;D xlaxmifxm;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&;ppftm%myg;uGuo f m;rsm;&JŒ trde@f & vdik pf if
& i&Jpcef;ZHek ,fajrayg?h emrnfq;kd eJ@ausmaf pmwJh r*Fvm'Hak &=unftikd u f ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yef;a&; txl;i&J
cef;(1)qdk&if/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ppfa=uma&;i&Jpcef;u eHygwf(2)vdk@ trSwfpOfwyfay;&ygvdrfhr,f?
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0if;wifhxGef; 73
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jcm;jcm; cyfa0;a0?
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owfvu kd rf ,f jzwfvu kd rf ,f xkvu kd rf ,f ESuvf u kd rf ,fqw kd hJ t*F g±yk ef @J bvD ;l qdik ;f wD;+y;D vufprG ;f jy=uol
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odygvrd rhf ,f? bmyJajymajym ywf=urf;wdu k of H Ade;f armif;oH bD;vl;}urd ;f }urd ;f oHxufawmh avajyxd;k oH
c|wfeif;oHudkem;qif&wmu udk,fpdwfESvHk;oufomcGifh&rdwmawmh trSef?
“cifAsm;Asmæ tvum;ae&if; temcHraeyge@J awmh/ cifAsm;vJ ynmwwfwa,mufy/J a[m'DrmS
wzufuazmfxm;wJhxGufqdkcsufawGæ zwf=unfhOD;? +zD;vHk;vSdrfhvHk;awGvm;/ wu,fyJvm;qdkwm
cifAsm;[mcifAsm; pOf;pm;=unfh” qdk+yD; avajyorm;wOD;u ay;jy&if;em;csw,f? 0efcHcdkif;w,f?
wa,mufuawmh æ
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yGix hf uG v f efysoH mG ;rSawmh rsuEf mS =uufae&muqD;cHaevd@k tusK;d r&Sb d ;l ? rsuEf mS =uufwckv;kH ðywfus
oGm;vdrfhr,f? cifAsm;awmifhcHav a&awG'va[m'%fcH&avjzpfvdrfhr,f ” wJh?
azmfaumif&JŒxGufqdkcsufwxyf}uD;udk pdrfajyeajyzwf±_ap&if; aq;ayghvdyfwvdyfawmif xkwf
wdu k v f u kd af o;&JŒ? tJ'v D &kd mS ;&Sm;yg;yg; avajyormawGxrJ mS u|eaf wmhtay: tEl;nHh taysmah jymif;qH;k
vd@k owfrw S &f r,fh yk*K~ v
d w f OD;u rd;k OD;wnaecif;rSm ac:xkwaf wG@w,f? wAH;k AH;k wcGr;f cGr;f xk=u/ xd;k =u/
±dkufESuf=uwJh ppfa=uma&;tcef;qufZmwfvrf;wGJ&Snf}uD;uvJ awmfawmf+yD;pD;oavmuf jzpfaewJh
tcsdefyg? u|efawmfuawmh aemufxyfbmZmwfvrf;wGJawGrsm; ay:vmjyefvdk@ygvdrfhqdkwJh pdk;&drfylyef
pdwfeJ@ apmifacgif;+rD;ðcH=um;uae wxdwfxdwf&ifckef&if; vdkufvmcJh&ygw,f?
tcef;xJa&mufawmh u|eaf wmft h &ifa&mufae+yD; pm;yGx J yd u
f ukvm;xdik rf mS tqifoifx h ikd af e+yD;
om;jzpfwJh olu “xdkifAsmxdkif” wJh?
“bmudprP x S ;l xl;axGaxGr&Syd gb;l / [dak umifxu G q
f ckd suef @J cifAsm;xGuq f ckd suaf wG=um; uGmaewm
awGawmh&Sdw,f? 'gvJ xm;ygawmh/ w&m;±Hk;a&mufrS &Sif;=uwmaygh ”wJh?
“tJ'aD umifu ol@[molajymcsio f vdk av#mufajymav#mufxu G x f m;wm ole@J awmh b,fwEl ikd yf gh
rvJAsm” vdk@ u|efawmfu awG;awG;qq ajzvdkufw,f?
“cifAsm;uawmh w&m;cHjzpfrmS yJ/ oufaotjzpfcw JG ifwt hJ xJ b,fvrkd S ygrmS r[kwb f ;l ? axmifus
+yD;xGufvmcJh&if EdkifiHa&;awG bmawGvkyfraeygeJ@awmhAsm? acgif;aqmifqdkwJhaumifawGu yg;awmif
wcsuft±dkufrcHwmawG trsm;}uD;yg? 'D=um;xJ cifAsm;u temcHvdk@vJ cifAsm;yJ cH&wmyJ? u|efawmf
78 0if;wifhxGef;
ppfa=uma&;
pdwrf aumif;ygb;l ? u|ef awmf wu,fajymwmyg? cifAsm; ,Hck sirf , S ykH g ”olu avat;av;eJ@ajym&if;
pD;u&ufwvdyf xkwfaomufw,f? u|efawmfhudkvJ wvdyfurf;ay;+yD; rD;ygn‡day;vmw,f? tem;u
a&aEG;=urf;tdk;xJu a&aEG;=urf;wcGufudkvJ iSJ@ay;jyefw,f? a&aEG;=urf;rS zefcGufwvHk;tjynfhyg?
“cifAsm;udk xk=u xdk;=uwJhtxJ u|efawmfrygwmawmh cifAsm;odygw,faemf? vlqdkwmuawmh
trsKd;rsKd;ayghAsm? wcsKd@us xkrSESufrS tajz&r,fvdk@,lqwm &SdrSmaygh? u|efawmfuawmh tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;
r[kwfbl;?”
avoHu ajz;ajz;av;jzpfovdk vlyHkuvJ cyfEGJ@EGJ@? +yD;awmh pD;u&ufudk zGmvdkuf&if; ðyH;awmifae
vduk af o;w,f? u|eaf wmfu iwfiwfe@J &xm;wJah q;vdyu f zkd mG &if; ol@rsuEf mS udk jyef=unfrh wd ,f? pdwx f J
rSmawmh “owdxm;aemf owdxm; ” vdk@ udk,fhudk,fudk,f owdjyefuyfxm;&w,f?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd bufuawmh tpd;k &udq k ef@usiv f y_ &f mS ;wJh v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:vmwm[m tE &W m,f
&SdwJh rD;awGcsnf;yJvdk@ ,lqygw,f? vHkðcHa&;eJ@ r+i‡drf;owfEdkif&if tukefavmifukefEdkifw,f/ vHkðcHa&;eJ@
wnf+idraf t;csr;f a&;udk ysujf ym;apEdik w f ,fv@kd jrifw,f? 'gayr,fh rD;udk b,fv+kd i‡rd ;f owf=urvJqw kd m
usawmh wa,mufeJ@wa,muf tjrifwl=urSmr[kwfbl;? wcsKd@u a&aEG;yGufyGufqleJ@ avmif;cscsif
w,f/ a&ylyel @J yufcscsiw f ,f? wu,fu rD;ud+k i‡rd ;f owfwt hJ cgrmS a&ylyel @J avmif;avmif;/ a&at;at;eJ@
avmif;avmif; rD;+idrf;oGm;zdk@u t"duyg? u|efawmfu a&at;orm;yg” wJh?
oluðyH;+yD; ol@pum;pudk vufpowfvdkufw,f? 'DwcgðyH;vdkufrdoluawmh u|efawmfyg? rsufESm
ay:rSmr[kwfbJ pdwfxJuae ðyH;vdkufrdwmyg?
“vGefcJhwJh (7)ESpfavmufuwnf;u aZmfOD;qkdwJhaumifudk tpte&cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh emr,f
trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ 'Daumifukd zrf;qD;&rdcjhJ cif;r&Sbd ;l ? tJ'aD wmh oluvJ wpwptaumif}uD;vmw,f? [dw k ek ;f
uzrf;&cJ&h if ol[m axmifav;ig;ESpt f vGeq f ;kH ayg?h tckawmh wu|e;f avmufe@J &ifqikd &f r,f? cifAsm;vJ
tJ'v D akd ygAh sm? aZmfO;D a=umifh cifAsm;ay:vmw,f? cifAsm;vdv k al wG trsm;}uD;ay:vmw,f? tzrf;cH=u&/
axmifus=u&r,f? tckvrkd ay:vmbJ ESpaf wG=umvmvd@k 'DxuftaumifawGy}kd uD;vmcJ&h if tckvykd 'k rf
5§navmufr[kwfawmhbJ tenf;qHk; 0rf;wl;wl;0rf;(122§1)awG jzpfukefEdkifw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'D
avmufe@J &yfomG ;&wmudk wzufuaeoabmxm;wwf&if/ oHa0*,lwwf&if b,fo@l tay:rS trke;f
ryGm;awmhbl;ayghAsm? t±_H;xJutjrwfvdk@oabmxm;EdkifvmwmayghAsm? tJ'DvdkyJ oabmxm;=unfh
vdkufygAsm”
u|eaf wmfxyf+yD;ðyH;vdu k rf jd yefw,f? &ifxrJ mS ygy?J tazmfc&H wm/ axmifusc&H rSmudak wmif =uHzef+yD;
aus;Zl;wif&OD;r,ft h ayguyf gy/J bmyJajymajym “ u|eaf wmfu a&at;orm;yg ” qdw k hJ ol@u=kd unf&h if;
u|efawmfðyH;vdkufrdw,f?
ppfa=uma&;utxGuf a&at;orm;qDutjyef/ wdu k cf ef;xJta&muf tJ'n D u u|eaf wmf uAsm
wyk'&f ygw,f? “wckaomqdik ;f 0dik ;f ”vd@k acgi;f pOfwyf+yD; pdwx f rJ mS yJ pyfxm;rdcwhJ uhJ Asmyg? uAsm&JŒtp
rSm ywf=urf;wdu k o
f /H ywf±u dk o
f /H Ade;f armif;oHawG pnfpnfnaH tmif azmfusL;ygw,f? +yD;awmh avajy
xdk;oH/ c|wfeif;oHawGeJ@ {nfhcHajzazsmf=uwmawGudkvJ jyqdkygw,f? uAsm&JŒtqHk;owfrSmawmhæ
avajyxdk;xdk;/ ywfrdk;&Gm&Gm
uAsmvGwfvGwf/ c|wfoHeif;eif;
0if;wifhxGef; 79
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&ifxJaocsm/ pGJ&rSmu
0dkif;awmfom[m wckxJ?
Zmwfwdkuf=uawmh wpkxJ?
wD;wJv h ufvJ 'DvufyJ æ vd@k jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf a&at;orm; avajyorm;udk u|eaf wmf
aus;Zl;wifvkdufygw,f? Ò
0if;wifhxGef;
80 0if;wifhxGef;
0if;wifhxGef; 81
t±l;wdu
k f
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1?
“'Daumift±l;/ t±l;wdkufydk@ æ ydwfvdkuf”
'kwd,axmifydkif}uD;bdk=unf&JŒrsufESmu wif;rmcufxefvSovdk avoHuvJ rmausm&ifhaxmf
aew,f?
'DEw_ rf ed @f o&H ŒJ atmufrmS usaemf 'Dt±l;wdu k x
f aJ &mufvm&w,f? vG,v f , G u
f u l l at;at;aq;
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ajcusif;cwfxm;jcif;cHae&wJh usaemfhudk *wfpwmydkrsufESmaygufeJ@ axmif=uyfoef;axG;qdkwJh
taumifu ac:vmw,f? ol@aemufrSmu 0g'gaygufpwa,muf?
om,m0wDaxmif axmifaq;±Hkt0ifayguf0a&mufawmh axmif=uyfoef;axG;u“a[haumif
cg;u ajcusif;óud;ðzwfvdkuf”vdk@ cyfwif;wif;ajymw,f?
ajcusi;f eJ@wqufwnf; oHa'guEf pS af csmif;ay:u uGi;f ESpu f iG ;f =um; vufjzpfºuGyºf uGytf w
d óf ud;av;
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vufudkif oHuGif;ESpfuGif;[m usaemfhajctpHka&SŒ ajrjyifay: usoGm;w,f? ajcaxmufrSmcwfxm;wJh
ajcusi;f uGi;f uawmh cwfxm;qJtwdik ;f ayg?h usaemfrh suv f ;kH tpHu k ywfywfvnfukd a0h=unfv h u kd af wmh
0ufbw k =f uufbw k v f yk x
f m;&m axmifwu kd t
f ay:xyfwckqu D ae usaemfb h 0wl&aJ bmfawGjzpfwhJ udpk EH k
wdk@ xGef;0if;/ atmifrif;wdk@u vSrf;=unfhaew,f? pdwfraumif;pGmeJ@ vSrf;=unfhae=uyHk&w,f?
“a[haumif xdkif”vdk@ oef;axG;uajymw,f? usaemfxdkifay;vdkufw,f?
“'Duae æ [dk t±l;wdkufqDtxd zm;ckef ckef0if”oef;axG;u *wfpwmydk rsufESmxm;tjynfheJ@
quftrdef@ay;w,f?
usaemfu qHk;jzwfcsufwckudk cs+yD;yg+yD?
“r0ifEdkifbl;”
“bmuG ratvdk;”
“r0ifEdkifbl;/ zm;ckef b,fawmhrSrckefbl;”
“r0iftHk;uGm r0iftHk;uGm”qdkwJh toHeJ@twl ausmay: abmvHk;uefovdk aqmifhuefvdkufwJh
oef;axG;&JŒppfzdeyftpHk[m b,fjyefnmjyef tqufrjywfa&mufvmygw,f?
usaemfch E<mud, k [f m ajray:vdrahf eygw,f? ajcaxmufu ajcusi;f tpHek @J ajcusi;f qdik &f m 'Gg'&mawG
&JŒtoH[mvnf; wAHk;AHk;toHawG=um; wc|rfc|rf wc|ifc|ifjrnf+yD; 'vdrfhacgufauG;ygvmygw,f?
82 0if;wifhxGef;
t±l;wdkuf
usaemfu tm;,l+yD;vJae&muae rwfwyf&yfzdk@ óud;pm;=unhfygw,f/
ajcusif;'&GwfwdkufeJ@ usaemfhcE<mudk,ftESH@tay: oef;axG;&JŒ vufoD;a&m ajcaxmufyg xdk;oH
uefoH vufprG ;f jyoHawG tqufrjywfusa&mufvm+yD; vJvu kd òf ydvu kd f a&SŒa&mufvu kd jf zpfaeygw,f?
“rif;u bmaumifrdk@vJuG/ EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;rðyEdkifbl; ajymtHk;uGm ajytHk;” “tvHudk
tav;rðycsifwJh ratvdk;/ rðytHk;uGm rðytHk;” qJoH qdkoH tòid;w}uD; ajymqdkoHawGeJ@twl zdeyfeJ@
aqmifu h efoH vufo;D eJ@ypfx;kd oH wAH;k AH;k wcGycf yG f wc|rcf |rt f oHawG[m ywf0ef;usit f ES@H qlnH pifxu G f
aeygw,f/
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xlylxHkusifoGm;&if; emrSef;rodEdkifawmhavmufa&mif a&maxG;oGm;&&if; 'vdrfhacgufauG; jzpfae&yg
awmhw,f?
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Edkifvdk@ t±l;wdkufydwfzdk@ axmifydkif}uD;u trdef@ay;vdkufwmvmydk@wm OD;wifatmif”qdkwJh oef;axG;&JŒ
toHxGufvmwmudkyg vJae&mu =um;vdkuf&ygw,f?
“at;at;æ ighay; ighay; igqufudkifvdkufr,f”qdkwJh axmif=uyfudkwifatmif Adkufyl}uD;toHeJ@
twl “at;Asm usaemfu taqmifjyefajy;&tHk;rSm cifAsm;bJ qufudkifvdkufawmh” qdkwJh oef;axG;&JŒ
toHuv kd J quf=um;&w,f? oef;axG; cyfou G of uG jf yefxu G o f mG ;csed rf mS axmif=uyfAu kd yf l udwk ifatmif
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Adkufyludkwifatmif}uD;qdkwmuvJ om,m0wDaxmifrSm vufoHajymifwJhae&mrSm emrnf}uD;?
tuf(z)tmpD w±kwEf pS af ,mufukd eHusK;d atmif±u kd cf zhJ ;l +yD;/ wa,mufq&kd if ol±u kd cf zhJ ;l wJh '%f&m'%f
csufeJ@yJ aooGm;cJh&zl;owJh? tJ'Dvdk vl?
usaemfw@kd ukd om,m0wDaxmifajymif;yd@k awmh usaemfw@kd ukd xm;r,fw h u kd w
f ef;udk óudjyifxm;cJ+h yD;/
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zl;pmqHkcJh&ol? tom;urJrJ/ vlu *ifwdkwkd awmifhawmifh/ txl;ay:vGifaewmu ol@&JŒtdk;p&nf;vdk
Adkufylyl}uD;eJ@ vlrdkufrsufESmayguf? 'gayr,fh bmvdk@&,frajymwwf/ oludkifwJhwdkufcef;wGJrSm oleJ@
usaemfw@kd av;ig;vavmuf twlqckH óhJ uHc&hJ ayr,fh usaemfw@kd e@J jy\emwcgrS rñuHczhJ ;l bl;? ±du k w
f EhJ u
S f
wJhae&mrSm emrnfqdk;eJ@ausmfapmwmawmh udkwifatmif}uD;[m eHygwfwpf?
usaemfu 'Dwcgawmh udkwifatmif}uD;&JŒvufpGrf;jyoHudk udk,fwdkifudk,fusñuH&awmhr,f/ udkif;
æ b,fvdkrsm;vufpGrf;jyudkifwG,fjyvdkufavrvJ/ óudufovdkomxkayawmhqdkwJh rsufESmrsdK;eJ@ ol@
rsufESmudk vSrf;=unfhvdkufw,f?
“vm æ vm/ [dak &SŒu wdu k cf ef;qD; cyfouG of u G 0f ifvu kd ”f vd@k av;oHcyfw;kd wd;k eJ@ajym&if; usaemfh
udk vufzsm;eJ@awmifrwdk@bJ t0ifcdkif;w,f? ±dk;±dk;yJ t0ifcdkif;w,f?
wdu k cf ef;xJ usaemf0if&+yD; wdu k cf ef;aomhuykd w d af e&if;u “rif;ætawmfru kd w f ahJ umifumG / igvJ$
,lvu kd v f @kd ayg/h Ed@k r[kwf rif;'dxufc&H Edik w f ,f/ oef;axG;u iguawmh t}uD;tus,q f ufxrk mS yJ ,H+k yD;
v$o J mG ;wmæ eJev J J yg;rSaygu
h mG / rif;[mu tawmfukd rdu k w f mud;k uG”vd@k avoHw;kd wd;k eJ@ wAspaf wmuf
awmufajymoGm;w,f?
0if;wifhxGef; 83
usaemf awmfawmfut kd =hH ooGm;rdwmawmh trSe?f rSm;wmrSew f m c%xm;/ ud, k u hf kd r±du
k rf ESucf hJ
wma=umifh aus;Zl;wifpdwf zsufceJ 0ifrdwmvJtrSef?
armarmememeJ@ zsmpkwaf y:vScJ svu kd rf &d if; 'Dwu kd xf aJ &mufvmcJ&h wJh tjzpftysuaf wG jyefpOf;pm;
rdaejyefw,f? axmif0g'gwyf=uyfoef;axG;&JŒ *wfpwmydrk suEf mS / axmifred ;f a*s;±H;k wm0efus axmifr;ª
av;oef;vGi&f ŒJ rsurf eS w
f 0if;0if;eJ@ jyZmwfrif;om;[efrsuEf mS / 'kw, d axmifyikd }f uD; bd=k unf&ŒJ a&$uikd ;f
rsufrSef}uD;=um;u &uf&ufpufpuf emZDrsufvHk;?
+yD;awmh “'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wdkufydk@ ydwfvdkuf ” qdkwJh pl;pl;&S&StoH?
tr_u EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;rðyr_?
trSefuawmh rqvtvHudk b,fwkef;urS tav;rðycJh=uwm tif;pdefaxmifrSmuwnf;u?
usaemfw@kd &aJ bmtm;vH;k rqvtvHtav;rðya&; qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S x
f m;=u+yD;om;? axmifajymif;zd@k
cGJxm;wJh tif;pdefaxmif(5)aqmiftay:xyf nrSmwkef;uvJ a&mufwJhaxmifrSm tvHtav;ðya&;
tpDtpOfrsK;d ñuHawG@&ifqikd &f &if rqvtvHut kd av;rðy=ua&;/ 'gayr,fh tm;vH;k eJ@u, kd cf sn;f teJpv k kd
jzpfae&if xD;xD;}uD;ay:vGirf aeapzd@k tjrifq h ;kH tvGeq f ;kH tjzpf trsm;enf;wl rwfwyfawmh&yfay;=uzd@k /
OD;n$wfjcif;/ tav;ðyjcif;rvkyfzdk@qdk+yD; qHk;jzwfxm;cJh=uygw,f?
om,m0wDaxmifa&mufa&mufcsif; oD;oef@wdkufcef;xJxnfhxm;jcif;cHvdkuf=u&awmh tvH
jy\emu &ifqdkifp&mtjzpfay:rvm?
wdkufxJ tm;&atmifxm;+yD;wJhaemuf taqmifawGqDcGJydk@vdkufwJhtcg wa,mufwaqmif
wcef;pDjzpfoGm;=uygw,f? ntdyfaqmifwuf&wJhtcg udk,fhtcef;udk,fus&mrSm ae=u&ygw,f?
om,m0wDaxmifrmS reuftyd af qmifziG chf sed f tvHwiftav;ðy tpDtpOf&ydS gw,f? tvHtav;
ðycsed rf mS tusO;f om;tm;vH;k ud, k &f &dS mtcef;xJuae rwfwyf&yfae=u&ygw,f? tav;ðyqdw k hJ toH
ay:vm&if wòyid f euf tav;ðy=u&ygw,f? tJ'v D kd tcsed w f ikd ;f usaemfu tcef;xJ&v dS tl yk }f u;D aemufrmS
oGm;&yfaewwf+yD; b,fawmhrS tav;rðyOD;rn$wf?
usaemfae&&mtaqmif&ŒJ taqmifr;ª wm0efusaewJo h ef;axG;u usaemfu h kd tpDtpOf&&dS dS oD;oef@
vduk af csmif;aeovm;/ b,fa=umifv h aJ wmh rajymwwf? usaemf tvHut kd av;rðywm odomG ;w,f?
usaemfhudkac:awG@+yD; bmvdk@tvHudktav;rðyovJqdkwmar;w,f? usaemfuvJ rðyEdkifa=umif;
ajzvdu k wf ,f? oef;axG;u pm;rwwf 0g;rwwfrsuEf mS xm;eJ@ “at;æ axmifr;ª ±H;k wifr,f”vd@k ajym+yD;
a'geJ@armeJ@ xGufoGm;w,f?
jy\emawmhp+yDqdkwm usaemfodvdkufygw,f? 'g[m &yfwnfcsufudpP? b,fvdkjzpfjzpf &ifqdkif
&awmhr,fqdkwm qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf+yD;/ tcef;rwlayr,fh waqmifwnf;wGif;&Sd usaemfhvdk 5§n
&JabmfESpfOD;udk today;ajymjyvdkufygw,f? 5§n &Jabmf(7)OD;&Sd&mrSm usaemftygt0if(3)OD;u 'D
taqmifrSm? usef(4)OD;jzpfwJh OD;azwif/ udkpHEk/ xGef;0if;/ atmifrif;wdk@u uyf&ufom; 0ef;us,f}uD;
twGif;u wjcm;taqmifrSm?
xrif;pm;+yD;ptcsdefrSm usaemfhudk wef;pD;wa,mufu vmac:ygw,f? rdef;a*s;±Hk;cef;qDoGm;&yg
w,f? rdef;a*s;±Hk;cef;pm;yGJrSm wm0efusaxmifrª;av;oef;vGif[m rsufrSefav;w0if;0if;eJ@ xdkif
aeygw,f? vlykH uEkEek @J jyZmwfrif;om;[efayguaf eygw,f? tusO;f om;eJ@ axmif0efxrf; b,fawmhrS
84 0if;wifhxGef;
t±l;wdkuf
wwef;wnf;xm; rqufqH&qdkwJhrl/ csrSwfyHkpHoGif;ay;xm;jcif;a=umifhvm;rajymwwf/ ol@a&SŒrSm
ukvm;xdkiftvGwf&Sdayr,fh usaemfhudk xdkifvdk@rajymyg? 'gayr,fh ol@rsufESmay:rSm &uf&ufpufpuf
ESdyfuGyfjyvdkufr,fa[hqdkwJh or±dk;usaxmifrª;wa,muf&JŒt&dyfta&mifazmfjyr_rsKd; rawG@&yg?
tem;u wef;pD;udk vufumtjyif xGucf ikd ;f vdu k +f yD;wJah emuf ole@J usaemf ESpaf ,mufwnf;tae
txm;rSm olu æ
“cifAsm;u tvHtav;rðyEdkifbl;vdk@ ajymw,fqdk/ wm0efus taqmifrª;u vmwdkifoGm;w,f”
usaemfhudk ‘cifAsm;’qdkwJhemrfpm;oHk;+yD; ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ar;vmw,f?
“usaemfu pajymwmawmhr[kwzf ;l ? olu bmvd@k tav;rðywmvJar;vd@k usaemfu ajym&wm”
olu pdwfraumif;[ef wcsuf=unfh+yD;/
“cifAsm;uvJAsmæ 'g}uD;us,fwJhjy\emrS r[kwfbJ/ tav;ðyvdkufaygh? acgif;ndwfvdkuf
+yD;oGm;wmyJ/ ðyvdkufygAsm”
usaemfu acgif;&rf;vdkufw,f?
“usaemf rðyEdkifbl;”
“Asm æ bmvdk@wkef;”olu em;rvnfovdk wtHhw=o=unfh+yD;ar;vmw,f?
“usaemf æ tck axmifusvmwm Edik if aH &;r_yg? tpd;k &udq k ef@usiw f hJ r,H=k unfwjhJ ypfry_ g? wjcm;
bmjypfrr_ S r&Sb d ;l ? tJ't
D wGuf tpd;k &u usaemfu h akd xmifcsxm;wm tck(3)ESp&f ydS g+yD? usaemf 'Dtpd;k &udk
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdygbl;/ 'Dtpdk;&&JŒtvHqdkwmudkvJ tav;rðyEdkifygbl;”
usaemfu óudwifpOf;pm;xm;+yD;om; pum;vHk;awGtwdkif; wvHk;csif;ajzvdkufygw,f?
“tpd;k &udk ,Hyk g r,Hyk gqwkd m usaemf bmrSrajymcsiyf gb;l ? usaemf ajymvd@k v&J r,fu h pd rP [kwyf gb;l ?
'gayr,fh EdkifiHawmftvHudktav;ðywmeJ@ tpdk;&udk ,Hkwmr,Hkwm bmrSrqdkifygbl;? cifAsm;vJ ynm
wwfwa,mufy/J pOf;pm;=unfyh g? w±kww f @kd ±k&mS ;wd@k vkd uGejf rLepfEikd if u
H acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG vm=uwJh
tcg olwdk@vJ EdkifiHawmftvHudk tjyeftvSef tav;ðy=uwmyJav? 'gæ ,Hkvdk@vdk@ajymrvm;? r,Hk
,Hk,Hk xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ESpfEdkifiHtvHudk tav;ðy&wmyJ? tJ'Dvdk oabmxm;vdkufayghAsm”
olu ajz;av;pGmajym&if;“uJæ b,fhES,fvJ”qdkwJh t=unfheJ@=unfhvmw,f?
usaemf&ŒJ vGrJ mS ;aewJt h jrift,ltqawGuakd cszsu+f yD; oabmxm;rSerf eS u f efuef xm;wwf=unfh
wwfatmif tydkifoGefoifvrf;jyay;vdkufEdkif+yDqdkwJht=unfhrsKd;eJ@usaemfhrsufESmudk ðyH;=unfhaew,f?
wu,fu h jkd yZmwf rif;om;wa,muft=unfrh sK;d ? vufcsmt±du k af umif;wJh ygarmuQ}uD;wa,muf&ŒJ
t=unfhrsKd;?
“tJ'gu oHwrefudpPyJ/ tjyeftvSef tav;ðy=uwmyJ/ ck[mu tJ'geJ@ rwlbl;av”
usaemfu apm'uwufvdkufawmh oluacgif;udk jyZmwfrif;om;wa,mufvdk [efygyg&rf;&if;
usaemfhrsufESmudk ai;=unfhjyefw,f?
“cifAsm; pOf;pm;=unfh/ cifAsm;vJ &efukefrSm ±kyf&Sif±HkawGoGm;+yD; ±kyf&SifawGbmawG=unfhzl;rSmbJ?
udk,fh[mudk,f ydkufqHay;+yD;oGm;=unfh&wJh ±kyf&Sif±HkawGxJ ±kyf&SifoGm;=unfhwmawmif ±kyf&SifvmcgeD;
EdkifiHawmftvHpjy&if tav;ðy=u&w,f? tav;rðy&if zrf;+yD;'%f±dkufEdkifw,f? w&m;pGJ+yD; ta&;,l
Edik w
f ,f? 'g[m Edik if aH wmf Oya'yJ? tck[mu 'Dae&m[m ±ky&f iS ±f akH wmifr[kwb f ;l ? axmifæ axmif?
0if;wifhxGef; 85
axmifxJrSmvJ EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;rðywm[m ta&;,lEdkifwJh jypfr_yJ? tJ'ga=umifhæ”
olu pum;pjzwf&if; usaemfhrsufESmqDxyft=unfhrSmæ
“tJ'gu udk,fu ol@±kyf&Sif±HkxJoGm;=unfhwmav? udk,fu ol@pnf;rsOf;udkrvdkufemcsif&if oGm;
r=unfhbJ aevdkuf±HkyJ/ udk,fu ol@*GifxJoGm;wmudk;/ rvdkufemwmrdawmh cHvdkuf&wm awmfao;wm
ayg?h tck[mu 'DaxmifxJ usaemfua&mufcsiv f @kd a&mufvmcJ&h wmr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd zrf;ac:+yD; rw&m;
xnfv h ukd v
f @kd a&mufvmcJ&h wm? tJ'o D wl @kd tay: r,H=k unfwq hJ ef@usiwf jhJ ypfrq _ wkd meJ@vJ axmifx0J if
ae&wm(3)ESp&f +dS yD/ aemufxyfvJ ESpaf wGuseaf o;w,f? tJ'gbmjzpfv@kd usaemfu olw@kd rqvtvHukd
tav;ðy&rSmvJ/ usaemfrðywm usaemfw&m;w,f”
usaemfuvJ usaemfhoabmxm;udk azmfxkwf&if; ol@&JŒ&Sif;jycsufudk jyefvnfacsyvdkufw,f?
olu [l;ceJoufjyif;wcsurf w _ x f w k &f if; “'g[m Edik if aH wmftvHygAsm/ Edik if aH wmfukd ud, k pf m;ðyxm;wJh
tvHyg/ bmtvHnmtvHqdk+yD;r=unfhygeJ@/ udk,fhEdkifiHudk udk,fav;pm;w,fqdkwJh oabm=unfhprf;
ygAsm”vdk@ quf+yD; &Sif;vif;w,f?
“tJvdkqdk&ifæ [dkwkef;u tvHa[mif;udk xm;ygvm;/ bmvdk@tvHajymif;wmvJ/ 'DtvH[m
rqvuvkyfxm;wJh rqvtvHyJ/ usaemf tav;rðyEdkifbl;”
usaemfuvJ ol@&Sif;vif;csufudk wcsufrusefqufacsyw,f? olu t=uHttdkufoGm;[efeJ@
tjyifbuf qDai;=unfhw,f? +yD;awmhæ
“usaemfu cifAsm;twGufajymjywmyg? usaemfvJ rwwfEdkifawmhbl;? ck[mu wdkifxm;wmqdk
awmh cifAsm;uvJ tav;rðyEdik b f ;l qdak wmh axmifyikd }f uD;qD owif;yd@k &rSm? tckaxmifyikd }f uD;u &efuek f
tpnf;ta0 oGm;aew,f? 'k - axmifyikd }f uD;qD owif;yd@k &vdrrhf ,f? axmifyikd }f uD;u olu pma&;q&m/
cifAsm;u i,fuwnf;u pma&;wJholqdk+yD; oHa,mZOf&Sdw,f? usaemfu cifAsm;udk jy\emray:ap
csifbl;? cifAsm;pOf;pm;ygtHk;”
olu usaemfhudk azsmifhzsygao;w,f?
usaemfu usaemfhydkif;jzwfxm;csuft& acgif;&rf;jyvdkufygw,f? “uJ - oGm;Edkif+yD”vdk@ olu
ajymawmh usaemftaqmifudk jyefvmcJhygw,f?
tck 'DaxmifrmS axmifyikd }f uD;r&Sb d ;l ? tpnf;ta0;oGm;wufaew,fqakd wmh usaemf 0rf;omovdk
vdkjzpfrdygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh axmifydkif}uD; q&m&efatmifarmifarmif[m usaemfeJ@&if;ESD;cJhol?
usaemftxufwef;ausmif;om;b0 i,fi,fwkef;u ol@tdrfrSm xrif;eyfaygif;rsm;pGm pm;cJhzl;w,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u olu uomaxmifrSm axmifydkif? usaemfu OD;av;uausmif;xm;ay;vdk@ OD;av;&SdwJh
tif;awmfrmS ? uomc±dik pf mayv_y&f mS ;r_awGxJ tif;awmfa&muf usaemf[m i,fi,f&, G &f ,
G ef @J yg0ifae
cJhzl;w,f? tJ'D pmayeJ@ywfouf+yD; q&m&efatmifarmifarmifeJ@ odu|rf;cJh&zl;+yD;/ usaemfq,fwef;ajz
awmh ol@tdrfrSmwnf;cdkif;+yD; ajzcJh&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tif;awmfrSm pmppfXmer&Sdao;vdk@ uomoGm;
ajz&r,fqakd wmh q&m&efatmifarmifarmifu usaemft h ay: vdv k v
kd m;vm;eJ@ pmaypdwef @J vufccH w hJ m?
txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u uAsmeJ@0wˆKwdkav;awGa&;aewJh usaemhfudk uavmiform;
av;wa,muftjzpf q&m&efatmifarmifarmifu odxm;cJhwm? usaemfq,fwef;atmifcJhwm
ol@trd rf mS wnf;cdak exdik af jzqd&k if;u atmifcw hJ m? usaemf&h ŒJ vufoif0wˆKwdak v;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmudk
86 0if;wifhxGef;
t±l;wdkuf
q&m&efatmifarmifarmif zwf±c_ zhJ ;l ygw,f? uH=urRm&JŒ tvSnt hf ajymif;awGatmufrmS q,fah v;ig;ESpf
t=umrSm usaemfeJ@q&m&efatmifarmifarmif jyefvnfawG@qHk&awmh olu emrnfausmfom,m0wD
axmif}uD;&JŒaxmifydkif}uD;? usaemfu tif;pdefaxmif}uD;uae axmifajymif;ydk@jcif;cH&wJh EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;? wu,fhudk 0wˆKwyk'fvdk 0wˆKqefaecJhygw,f?
tvHtav;rðyr_qdkwJhjy\emtwGuf aemufqHk;xdyfwdkufñuHawG@&rSmu oleJ@usaemfyg? olu
axmiftm%mydik /f usaemfu Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;? usaemfu usaemfEh ikd if aH &;&yfwnfcsut f & jywfjywf
om;om;&yfwnfzdk@ qHk;jzwf+yD;om;? 'DvdktajctaerSm olr&Sdbl;qdkawmh oleJ@ awhvGJvGJoGm;&wmqdk
awmh usaemfhpdwfxJ 0rf;omovdkvdkjzpfrdwmawmhtrSef?
wem&Davmuft=umrSm ‘tav;ðy’qdw k hJ toHawGe@J twl axmifred ;f a*s;±H;k zufqD 'kw, d axmif
ydkif}uD;bdk=unf 0ifvmwm&dyfceJ vSrf;jrifvdkuf&ygw,f?
ig;rdepfavmuft=umrSm wzuftaqmifu usaemfb h 0wl&aJ bmfawGjzpfwhJ OD;azwif/ udpk EH /k xGe;f
0if;wdk@wawG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf ac:xkwfjcif;cHae&wm usaemfhtaqmiftay:uae vSrf;jrif
ae&ygw,f? bdk=unfu wa,mufcsif; ac:ar;aewmyg? wa,muf+yD;wa,muf udk,fhtaqmifudk,f
jyefoGm;=uwmudkvJ usaemfjrifvdkuf&ygw,f? olwdk@b,fvdkajzqdk=uovJqdkwm usaemfrodyg?
aemufqHk; usaemhftvSnfhqD qdkufa&mufvmygw,f? usaemfhudk taqmifrª; oef;axG;udk,fwdkif
vmac:ygw,f?
'kw, d axmifyikd }f uD;bd=k unf b,fah vmuf yg;uGuo f m;yDoovJqw kd m tif;pdeaf xmifrmS uwnf;
u wpGef;wp =um;odzl;+yD;jzpfygw,f? axmifrª;av;b0uwnf;u tusOf;om;awGtay: b,fh
avmuf&uf&ufpuf pufvkyfwwfwm/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtay: =urf;=urf;&rf;&rf;
udkifwG,fESdyfuGyfwwfwm =um;od&zl;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? axmif;rª;b0u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk
udk,fwdkifvufoHajymifajymif0if&dkufcGJjycJh wm/ axmifwGif;a&muf ausmif;om;&Jabmfav;awGudk
yufyufpufpuf ±dkufESufaqmfyavmfwD;jycJhwmawG usaemfaumif;aumif;=um;odcJhzl;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
bd=k unf[m axmifr;ª av;b0uwnf;u emrnfq;kd eJ@ausmaf pmcJo h yl g? (rSwcf su?f ? e0w vufxuf
rSm &Jausmfolvm; &JAvvm;/ bGJ@awmif&cJhwJhol)
usaemf0ifvmwmudk 'kaxmifyikd }f uD;bd=k unf[ h m a&$uikd ;f rsurf eS =f um;uae cyfxefxef vSr;f =unfh
aeygw,f? ol@ab;rSm axmifrª;}uD;/ rdef;a*s;vf axmifrª;av;oef;vGifeJ@ axmif0g'gESpfa,mufwdk@u
Asm'dwfcHtaetxm;eJ@ ywf0dkif;0ef;&H&yfae=uygw,f? olu ppcsif; æ
“rif;u EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;rðybl;qdkuG”
“[kwfw,f”
“bmvdk@tav;rðyovJ”
tHudkwcsufwif;vdkuf+yD; olu qufar;w,f?
“usaemf EdkifiHa&;r_eJ@usvmwm”
usaemfu wdkwdkwkwfwkwfyJ tajzay;vdkufygw,f?
“'Dr,f/ a*s;rJeEf &l ,f (Jail Manual) rSm axmifvufpJG Oya'rSm tusO;f om;wdik ;f Edik if aH wmftvHukd
tav;ðy&r,f/ tav;rðyvd@k r&bl;uG/ tav;rðywm[m axmifpnf;urf; axmifOya'udk csK;d azmuf
0if;wifhxGef; 87
wmjzpfw,f”
ol@toHu ol@rsufESmeJ@vdkufzufvSpGm xefjyif;wif;rmaew,f? ol@rsufaphtpHkuvJ emZD
[pfwvm&JŒrsufaphtpHkvdkvdk/ tdkufcref;&JŒrsufaphtpHkvdkvdk pl;vufaew,f?
“axmifyikd }f uD;uvJ rif;udo k w d ,fqv kd @kd / igw@kd u ri;faumif;aumif;rGerf eG af ew,fq&kd if oufom
tqifajyr,fhae&mawmif csxm;ay;rvdk@? ckawmh rif;u p+yD;jy\emazmfwmayghuGm/ 'gæ axmif
jy\emay:atmif azmfwmuG” a'geJ@armeJ@ajym&if; ol@&JŒao;i,f&ufpufwJh rsufaphtpHkeJ@ usaemfh
rsufESmudk pdkuf=unfhw,f?
“axmifOya'udk b,fawmhrS tcsKd;azmuf rcHEdkifbl;uG/ rif; EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;ðy&r,f”
'g igth rde@f / armifrif;emcHap/ emudk emcH&r,fqw kd hJ wcsuv f w
$ tf rde@f ay;oHrsK;d eJ@ cyfwif;wif;ajym
vmw,f?
“usaemf tav;rðyEdkifbl;/ b,fawmhrS tav;rðybl;”
usaemfu wvHk;csif; at;at;aq;aq; tajzay;vdkufw,f?
bdk=unfrsufESmwckvHk; &Joxuf &Jvmw,f? qDOD;axmywfawGcsnf; pm;aomufrsKdqdk@vmcJhwJh
rsufESmtpftpf tqDysHysHrsufESm}uD;[m rmefzDaewJh AD,uferf0ufjzLodk;}uD;waumif&JŒ rsufESmrsKd;
jzpfvmw,f?
“rif;u b,fvdkaumifvJuG? igæ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsKd;pHkeJ@ñuHzl;w,f? [dk;wkef;u OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@
OD;baqGwdk@vdk yk*~dKvf}uD;awGeJ@vJ axmifxJrSm ñuHzl;w,f? olwdk@u odyfeyfw,f? odyfyg;w,f? odyf
pnf;±H;k wwfw,f? axmifxrJ mS b,fvykd *k Kd~ vfukd b,fvq kd ufq&H r,fqw kd m odyef m;vnfw,f? tae
acsmifatmifaewwfw,f?”
[kwfovm; r[kwfovm;qdkwmawmh usaemfrod?
'kw, d axmifyikd }f uD; bd=k unf[m usaemfrh suEf mS udk pdu k =f unf&h if; tm%mydik w f a,muf&ŒJ avoH
[efyeftjynfheJ@ quf&$D;aew,f?
“EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwm tJ'Dvdk nuf&w,f? rif;u bmEdkifiHa&;orm;vJuG/ udk,hfudk,fudk,f
taeacsmif atmifraewwfb;l ? ud, k t fh cGit hf a&; ud, k yf wd wf ahJ umif/ aomuf±;l yJ? 'g æ t}uD;rm;qH;k
axmifpnf;urf;csKd;azmufr_yJ/ EdkifiHawmfudkyg apmfum;r_yJ”
bdk=unfu usaemfhtay: t}uD;tus,fqHk;pGJcsuf}uD;awGygwif&if; tay:pD;uae armufarmuf
rmrm apmfum;jyaew,f?
“a[haumifæ rif;udk ig aemufqHk;ar;r,f/ EdkifiHawmftvHudk tav;ðyrvm;/ rðybl;vm;”
olu tHukd wcsu}f udwv f ukd +f yD; aemufq;kH &mZoHukd wif;wif;rmrmay;vmw,f? axmifr;ª av;
oef;vGiftyg tem;&Sdvltm;vHk;u usaemfhrsufESmqD vSrf;=unfhw,f?
“rqvtvHudk usaemf tav;rðyEdkifbl;”
usaemfhajzoHtqHk;rSm 'k axmifydkif}uD;bdk=unf[m wl;wl;cg;cg; rkef;rkef;wD;wD;t=unfheJ@
quf=unfh+yD;æ
“'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wdkufydk@ ydwfvdkuf”
aemufqHk; pD&ifcsufudk csrSwfay;vdkufygw,f?
88 0if;wifhxGef;
t±l;wdkuf
aemufqHk;awmh 'Dwdkufcef;usOf;av;xJa&mufvm&ygawmhw,f?
t±l;wdkufæ wJh? bdk=unf&JŒE_wfxGufpum;t& t±l;wdkufqdkyguvm;?
tif;pdefaxmifrSmaecJhwkef;uvJ wdkufaygif;pHkrSmaecJhzl;+yD/ t±l;wdkufqdkwmawmh r=um;zl;bl;cJh?
ppfacG;wdkuf/ vufyg;wdkufwdk@awmh =um;zl;cJhw,f? 'Dom,m0wDaxmifrSmvJ wdkufxJaecJh&zl;+yD/ v,f
orm;olykef}uD; q&mpHudkxm;cJhw,fqdkwJh wdkufudkvJjrifcJhzl;+yD/ t±l;wdkufqdkwmudkawmh r=um;zl;cJh?
bd=k unftqdt k & t±l;wdu
k qf akd wmh 'Dwu kd u
f kd bmvd@k t±l;wdu
k vf @kd ac:wmygvrd ?hf pOf;pm;aewke;f &Sad o;/
“[m; [m;æ b,facG;vlxif&rSmwHk;uG/ vD;bJa[h” qdkwJhtoHeJ@twl jzef;ceJ jzef;ceJ oJr_HawG
usvmw,f/ usaemft h cef;a&SŒtxd usvmw,f? ab;b,fnm aumfyuf qkyyf ufaeyH&k w,f? usaemfh
&JŒnmbufuyf&uftcef;u usaemfh&JŒrod&ao;wJh tcef;azmf&JŒtoHeJ@ vufpGrf;jyv_yf&Sm;aer_yg
uvm;?
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f ;kH udu
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ae&mu acgi;f axmif+yD;x=unfv h u
kd af wmh usaemfth cef;0a&SŒwnfw h nfrh mS tifrwef}uD;wJh acs;wH;k }uD;?
rmawmifhrJeufaewJh acs;wHk;}uD;? av;ig;ajcmufvufravmuf&Sdrvm; rajymwwf?
em&D0ufavmuft=umrSm “[mæ 'Daumifuawmh &rf;xm;jyef+yD/ acs;awGudk yGpm=uJvdk@/
oJawGa&mtESH@yJ/ 'kuQygyJ”qdkwJh nnf;oHeJ@twl wdkufwef;pD;jzpfyHk&ol[m wHjrufpnf;wdkwacsmif;eJ@
vdkufvSJaewmjrifvdkuf&w,f?
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wu,fu 'Dwdkuf[m aq;±Hk0if;xJuwdkuf? 'gayr,fh aq;±Hkwdkufawmhr[kwf? 'Dwdkuf&JŒa&SŒ

cyfuyfuyfrSm wxyfwdkufao;ao;wvHk;&Sdao;w,f? tJ'DwdkufxJrSmrS aq;&Hk0if;twGif;aecGifh csay;
xm;wJh ouf}uD;&G,t f wkd csK@d aexdik af e=uwJth wGuf aq;±Hw
k u
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vyfw,f?
usaemfhudkxnfh+yD;ydwfxm;wJhwdkufrSm tcef;rsm;rsm;r&Sdovdk/ wdkufydwfcHtusOf;om;vJ rsm;rsm;
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f nfatmif±;l ae+yDjzpfwhJ tusO;f om; t±l;
wa,mufyg?
usaemfh b,fbufcef;rSm vlr&Syd g? wcef;ausmrf mS awmh ±l;pðyaewJh vlwa,muf/ oGuo f u G v f nf
atmif ±l;aewmawmhr[kwf? wcsuf wcsufrSpdwfazmufwwfyHk&ygw,f? olu Armr[kwf/ tuf(z)
tmpD (FRC)vd@k pm&if;oGi;f xm;wJh tuf(z)tmpD w±kwpf pfppfwa,muf? Armpum;vJ odyw f wf[ef
rwlyg? axmifxJa&mufrS eJeJ yg;yg;yJ wwfxm;wJhArmpum;eJ@ usaemfhudk pum;ajymzdk@óud;pm;ygw,f?
olajymwJhpum;wdkif;udk usaemfu em;rvnf?
ol@uakd wmh ae@vnfwikd ;f wduk w f ef;pD;‘udv
k mb’u a&csK;d xkwaf y;wJt h wGuf usaemfvrS ;f jrif&yg
w,f? t&yf&Snf&Snf qHyif&Snf&Snf/ tom;ujzLjzLeJ@ vlyHkacsmav;wa,mufyg? rsufvHk;awGuawmh
yHkrSefrusvSbJ &Da0qdkif;ysaeygw,f? wef;pD;udkvmbu b,fvdka[mufa[muf Armpum;udkvJ
aumif;aumif;em;rvnf[efeJ@ olvkyfcsifovdk vkyfygw,f?
0if;wifhxGef; 89
“awmuf æ 'Dt±l;uvJ awmfawmfcufwmbJ/ awmf+yD[/ a&'gavmufcsKd;& awmf+yDaygh/ ighrSm
wjcm;vkyfp&mawG trsm;}uD;usefao;w,f/ ajymvJem;rvnfbl;? wu,fem;rvnfwmvm;/ em;
rvnfcsifa,mifaqmifwmvm;uGm/ aoomaocsifawmhwmyJ” udkvmb&JŒ nnf;oHu a&csKd;xkwf
wdkif;vdkvdk =um;aejrifae&w,f?
[kbd ufq;kH tpGe;f rSmu ESpaf ,muf? wa,mufwcef;pD? olw@kd uawmh jypf'%form;awG/ axmif
xJrSmxyf+yD; jypfr_usL;vGefvdk@ wdkufydwf'%fcwfxm;wm?
ae@vnfae@cif;awGrmS tuf(z)tmpDw±kwu f av;&JŒ w±kwo
f cD si;f atmfatmfqo kd /H oHwikd u
f kd ajceJ@
uef+yD; pnf;csufvdkufoHawG em;tlcref; =um;&ygw,f? wcgw&Hawmh wkwfwkwfrS rv_yfjyef?
usaemfah b;csi;f uyf tcef;azmft±l;uawmh awmfawmfukd tqJoefw,f? wcgwcgq&J if teJq;kH
em&D0uf? b,facG;rSvlrxifbl; qdkwmuawmh ol@vufoHk;pum;? &,fvdkuf&ifvJ cGufxdk;cGufvef?
usaemfhudk a&csKd;cGifhray;? *efzvm;vJcsp&mrvdk/ q,f&ufavmuf 'Dtwdkif;xm;w,f? tcef;
axmifhrSm oJyHkwyHkeJ@aygh? tif;pdefaxmif(6)wdkufrSmvJ acs;eJ@avmufeJ@aezl;awmh 'Davmufuawmh
usaemfhtzdk@ rqef;? &SdaewJhoJyHku odyfrqdk;vS? 0ifumpu ajcmufajcmufaoG@aoG@/ bmrSr&Sd? udk,fh
ypPnf;eJ@udk,f eJeJyg;yg; pdkpGwfeHapmfpðyvmcsdefavmufrSm quf&ufavmuft=umrSm wef;pD;udkvmb
vm+yD; oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfay;w,f? *efzvm;eJ@ tukefodrf;usKH;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf oJyHkrxm;awmhbJ *ef
zvm;ay;vmawmhw,f?
axmifrª;awG 0g'gawGvpf&ifvpfovdk vmvm+yD; usaemfhqDpum;pjrnfajymavh&Sdwmuawmh
wef;pD;udkvmbtygt0if crHkq&mawmf}uD;eJ@ b}uD;uH? olwdk@u aq;±HkwdkufrSm ae&olawG?
udkvmbu t&ifu bkef;}uD;? vlowfr_eJ@usvm+yD; vl0wfvJcJh&wmvdk@qdkw,f?
crH k q &mawmf } uD ; u touf ( 70)avmuf & S d a e+yD ? ouF e f ; eJ @ r[k w f a wmh / tay: jzL
atmufjzLaxmif0wfpHkeJ@? pdwfykwD;rJrJ}uD;udk vnfyif;rSmvG,fvdk@? yGJrdef@r&bJ w&m;a[mr_wJh?
“'gavmuf±l;ae&Smwm bmvdk@ t±l;axmifrydk@ao;wmvJ/ t±l;axmifydk@oifhwmaygh”
wae@ udkvmbudk usaemfhtcef;ab;u t±l;ta=umif;pum;pyfrd&if; ar;=unfhrdw,f?
“rodygbl;Asm/ [dkwkef;uawmh taumif;wJh/ axmifxJusrS ±l;+yD; tckvdkcGJxm;wm? oufqdkif&m
pmwifxm;w,fqdkvm;yJ? tif;æ axmifxJrSm ±l;oGm;wmawmifrvG,fygbl;Asm? qufæ wdkufydwfcH
xm;&w,f”
bkef;}uD;vlxGuf udkvmbu nnf;w,f?
crkHq&mawmf}uD;uawmh usaemfhtcef;a&SŒ tcsdef=um=umvm&yf&if;æ
“ykxkZaemæ OrRwWaumæ wJh? ykxkZOfrSefor# t±l;csnf;ygbJ? olwdk@u tm%m±l;? 'gayr,fh
'Dt±l;u wrl;omaewmawmh cufom;wum&JŒ”wJh?
usaemfðyH;vdkufrdygw,f?
b}uD;uHuawmh v,form;td}k uD;? rsuaf phu araumif;&Sm? 'DxaJ &mufrS ydq k ;kd vmwmvd@k ajym
w,f? wm0efauspyg; roGif;vdk@qdk+yD; olwdk@&GmaumifpDvl}uD;u ac: }udrf;awmh pyg;rSr&Sdwm bmoGif;
&rvJvdk@ jyefajym&if; tcsif;rsm;&mu "m;eJ@ckwfcJhwJhtr_wJh? toufuvJ ajcmufq,fausmf rsufaph
uvJ raumif;awmhv@kd aq;±Hw k u
kd f xJa&mufvmwm? tvHtav;rðyr_e@J a&mufvm&wmrSe;f odaewJh
90 0if;wifhxGef;
t±l;wdkuf
b}uD;uHuæ
“rdk;cg;a&aomufwJh yHkjyif=um;zl;w,fr[kwfvm;? rdk;cg;a&aomuf+yD; bk&ifvJ&l;/ rª;rwfawGvJ
±l;ukefwm? rdk;cg;a&raomufvdk@ r±l;wJhvlaumif;awGudk t±l;awGu t±l;t±l;vdk@ajymwm/ tJ'DvdkyJ
uG”wJh?
usaemfu 'Dwdkufcef;usOf;av;xJrSm qufvufwdkufydwfcHxm;&if; “'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wdkuf
ydwfvdkuf” qdkwJh 'k axmifydkif}uD;bdk=unfh&JŒrsufESmudkyJ c%c%jyefjrifaerd&if;/ bdk=unf[m
tm%m±l;vm;? rdk;cg;a&aomuf ±l;vm;qdkwmudkyJ o±kyfcGJ=unfhaerdygawmhw,f? Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
0if;wifhxGef; 91
6 wduk rf mS
avmufuukd w
f m cHz;l ovm;
0if;wifhxGef;
92 0if;wifhxGef;
6 wkdufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;
6 wdu
k rf mS avmufuu
kd w
f m cHz;l ovm;
0if;wifhxGef;
(1)
“(6)wdkufrSm avmufudkufwm cHzl;ovm;a[h”

arsmuft}kd uD;wifvwfajymajymaewke;f uawmh 'Davmufoabmraygurf ?d urBmay:rSm tifrwef
tcsKd;tqufrusvSwJh arsmuftdk}uD;waumifvdk vufjyifuukef;ukef;/ ezl;uwGef@wGef@/ rsufESm}uD;
u±_HŒwGwGeJ@ ol,kwfrmwdk@&JŒt*FgvuQ%mtm;vHk; ol@wa,mufxJtay:rSm tukefpkðyHwyfqif
ay;xm;ovm;xif&avmufwJh OD;wifvwfudk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;u “arsmuftdk}uD;”vdk@
v#Kd@0Sufemrnfay;xm;ygw,f? olvm+yDqdk&if wu,fudk arsmuftdk}uD;waumif0ifvmovdk ukef;uG
uke;f uGe@J 0ifvmwwfovdk wcef;cef;u wOD;OD;udak wmh rxdcvkwf xdcvkwjf zpfjzpf/ qly}l udr;f armif;wm
jzpfjzpf/ tjypf&Smwm oa&mfwmjzpfjzpf vkyfavh&Sdygw,f?
“a=omfæ bk&m;wumæ 'g tvSLcHZ&yfr[kwfzl;/ axmif - axmif/ axmifrSwdkuf - wdkufvdk@ac:
w,f/ tjyifrSmwkef;uawmh wdkufvdkufr,f cdkufvdkufr,feJ@&J&JawmufvmcJh+yD; tckrS aumif;r_wck
ae@pOfðy*dkufeJ@ pmav;awGudk pyg;vHk;aumufau|;aeovm;/ wdkufa&SŒrSm pmav;awGvmem;atmif
vkyfvdk@r&bl;/ r[m*±k%mawmf}uD;awGvJ pmav;awGtay:rSm jyoraeeJ@/ aus;apwrefawG pmap
wrefawGv$wfzdk@vJ pOf;pm;raeeJ@ r&bl;/ aemuf pyg;vHk;udk rpm;Edkifvdk@ aumufypfw,fqdk&ifvJ
udk,fh[mudkaumuf - +yD;awmh *efzvm;xJxnfh/ wdkufa&SŒypf+yD;pmarG;vdk@ r&bl;/ rSwfxm;”wJh?
(5)wdkufrSmae&wkef;u xrif;rpm;cif pyg;vHk;av;awGaumuf+yD; tcef;a&SŒrvSrf;rurf;rSm
vmvmem;wwfwJh pmav;ESpfaumifa&SŒypfau|;rdvdk@ ajcoHr=um;atmifvmacsmif;wwfwJh
arsmuftdk}uD;eJ@awG@oGm;+yD; tckvdk=o0g'ay;oGm;wmcHvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? (5)wdkuf[m tcef;(22)
cef;&Sdygw,f? tvsm;vdkuftcef;(22)cef;udk wcef;eJ@wcef;=um; tkwfeH&Hxyf+yD;jcm;xm;ygao;w,f?
teH(8)ay/ tvsm;(10)ayavmuf&Sdr,fvdk@xif&wJhtcef; av;awG[m wqufwnf;zGJ@pnf;xm;wm
jzpfwt hJ wGuf wcef;u pum;us,u f s,af jym&if uyf&ufom;tcef;uawmh cyfw;kd wd;k =um;&Edik yf gw,f?
'ga=umifh 0g'gawGtvpftvpfrmS wcef;eJ@wcef; cd;k cd;k +yD; pum;pjrnfajym=u avh&ydS gw,f? 0g'gawGuvJ
r=umc% tvpfray;yJ cdk;em;axmifavh&Sdygw,f? wdkufxJrSm wcef;eJ@wcef;vSrf;+yD; pum;ajymwm
[mvJ axmifOya't& tifrwef}uD;u,fwJh axmifpnf;urf;csdK;azmufr_}uD;wckygyJ? cdk;em;axmif
+yD; rdatmifzrf; pum;ajymwJholudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@[def;wwfa[mufwwfwmuawmh 0g'gawG
tm;vHk;vdkvdkygyJ? 'DxJrSm vufarmif;rSm t&pfESpf&pfwyfxm;wJh 0g'gt=uyf arsmuftdk}uD;[m
tqd;k qH;k jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 0g'g tvpf wcef;eJ@wcef; vSr;f tquftoG,ðf y pum;ajym=u&ygw,f?
u|eaf wmfu h akd wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd &aJ bmfwu G “uAsmq&m”wJ?h (ckcsed tf xd axmifxu J rvGw&f &Smao;
wJ)h udpk ;kd jrifu
h akd wmh ‘bm*sm}uD;’wJ?h udak usm0f if;udk awmh ‘ykavG’wJ?h atmifoef;jrifu
h akd wmh ‘ry'g’/
0if;wifhxGef; 93
taz OD;av;OD;±_wif}uD;udak wmh ‘rke@f qaD =umf’wJ?h ausmx f ;l udak wmh‘ud'k go’/emrnf0u S af wG toD;oD;
&Sd=uygw,f?
“rke@f qaD =umf/ rke@f qaD =umf ud, k w f ikd v
f yk w
f hJ rke@f qaD =umf” qdw k hJ a&S;a[mif;oDcsi;f oH}uD;xGuv f m+yD
qdk&ifawmh tJ'gOD;av; OD;±_wifvSrf;+yD;qufoG,faewJhtoHygyJ? “ry'ga& æry'g&JŒ/ armif}uD;
udk'gorSmjzifh cufu+yDuGm” qdkwJh Zmwfrif;om;[JoHxGufvm&ifawmh ausmfxl;u oleJ@tr_wGJ
atmifoef;jrifhudk vSrf;tquftoG,fðyoHygyJ?
“a=omf-bkef;}uD;/ a&;awmftrSef zwfawmhtoHwJh? zkef;}uD;vdk@ac:ayr,fh a&;awmhbukef;eJ@/
bkef;}uD;aygh? tif; - AHk;}uD;awmh vltaotaysmufydkrsm;wmaygh/ [kwfvm;AHk;}uD;” bmrSajymp&m
r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if arsmuftdk}uD;u vrf;qufav#mufoGm;&if; q&mawmf OD;y¾dwudk raxrJhjrif
vkyfoGm;wm=um;&avh&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tr_wyf+yD;zrf;xm;jcif;cH&wJhq&mawmf[m cyfrqdwf
vkyfaeavh&Sdayr,fh =um;&olwdkif;uawmh t0DpdcsKd;uyfr,fh arsmuftdk}uD;&JŒtoHudk em;=um;jyif;uyf
jzpf&wmcsnf;jzpfygw,f?
“a[h ausmfxl;/ 'Dvdkwdkufcef;rsdK;[m òrd@xJrSm pay:waomif;avmuf ray;bJr&bl;? wHcg;rS oH
wHcg;eJ@/ aomhcavmufrS ESpfckxyfwyfay;xm;ao;w,f/ tapmifhta&SmufuvJae@a&mnyg (24)
em&Dtajynf/h rif;wd@k tyd af ewmawmif wd@k 0g'gawGrmS tvJtvS,ef @J apmif=h uyfay;vd@k ? a[m - xrif;
pm;awmhvJ tcsed rf eS 'f aH ygux f rif;eJ@umG æ [J [J” arsmuft}kd uD;&JŒ&doaH vSmifo[ H m wOD;r[kww f OD;
awmh cH&ñuH&wmcsn;f jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd axmifxJ wdu k x
f 0J if&csed rf mS au|;wJx h rif;[m ‘qefjzL’
r[kwfao;yg? vHk;wD;xrif;? pyg;vHk;Edkif;csif;/ cJuygao;/ vHk;wD;qefrS atmufapmfuvJeHvdkufao;?
0ufawmifrpm;wJhpyg;udkrsm; =uHzef&SmazG}udwfcGJ+yD; csufay;aeovm;rajymwwf? 'efyef;uefjym;
yde±f ŒH_ ±_ŒH ay:u vH;k wD;xrif;yH[ k m eDww D 0D gwmwm ta&mifrsK;d pHyk gae+yD; trSww f rJt
h a0;uaevSr;f =unfh
vdkuf&if ‘'Haygufxrif;’ta&mif xaeygw,f? 'gudk arsmuftdk}uD;u‘'Haygufxrif;’vdk@ tr$rf;wif
ajymqdkvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
wcgawmh b,fhES,fvJa[h 'Haygufxrif;av; aEG;aEG;av;uGmvdk@ ausmfxl;udk arsmuftdk}uD;u
oGm;uvdawmh/ “'Dvkd 'Haygux f rif;av; cifAsm;vJpm;=unfyh gvm;”vd@k jyefEu S o
f =H um;vdu k &f ygw,f?
udk'goawmh jyefESufae+yDvdk@ pdwfxJuaevufckyfwD;ay;&if; qufem;axmif=unhfvdkufawmh æ
“trav; - armifrif;}uD;om;wdk@yJ pm;=uyg/ 0atmifpm;=uyg/ igawmhrpm;yg&apeJ@/ rif;wdk@om
wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyf rif;vkycf siw f hJ ‘tavmif;’ av;awGqakd wmh/ igajymwm tavmif;tvsmr[kwzf ;l aemf
tavmif;av;awG/ tavmif;av;awG”qdw k ahJ rsmuft}kd uD;&JŒa[mifzmG a[mifzmG toHe@J twl ezl;wGe@f
wGe@f ±ŒH_ ±_ŒH }uD;udk ESpq
f avmufxyf±ŒH_ +yD;xGuv f mwJh arsmuft}kd uD;&JŒrsuEf mS udk tcef;a&SŒu jzwfxu G o f mG ;
wmjrifvdkuf&ygwm,f? u|efawmfðyH;vdkufrdygw,f?
aoewfta=umif;od+yD; aoewfudkifvmcJhwJhol aoewfeJ@owfjzwfvmcJhwhJol[m aoewfudk
ydak =umufwwfovd/k axmifxw J u
kd xf t J a=umif;od+yD; axmife@J wu kd ef @J toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ðyvmcJo h l
axmifeJ@wdkufeJ@ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufvmcJhol[mvJ axmifeJ@wdkufudkydk+yD; a=umufvef@wwf wkefv_yfwwf
yHk&ygw,f?
a=umufwwfol[m ajcmufwwfolvJ jzpfyHk&ygw,f? arsmuftdk}uD;&JŒvufoHk;pum;uawmh “
94 0if;wifhxGef;
(6)wdkufrSm avmufudkufcHcsifovm;” qdkwmeJ@ “ (6)wdkufrSm avmufudkufcHzl;ovm; ” qdkwm jzpf
ygw,f? jy\emwckcak y:&if/ tvdrk uswu hJ pd w
P ckcak y:vm&if “ (6)wdu
k rf mS avmufuu
kd cf o
H mG ;&r,f”
qdkwJhpum;udk tm;&yg;& ±_HŒrJh+yD; ajymavh&Sdygw,f? tpurS cyfusOf;usOf;rsufayguftpHk[m ±_HŒrJh+yD;
tm;&yg;&ajymvduk wf t
hJ cg ezl;a=um±_ŒH ±_ŒH }uD;awG=um;xJ rSm rsO;f wom;wnf;vdk jzpfomG ;wwfygw,f?
tckawmh arsmuftdk}uD;&JŒ“ (6)wdkufrSm avmufudkufcHzl;ovm;a[h ”qdkwJhpum;udk u|efawmf
vufawG@cHpm;od&Sdae&yg+yD;? ememusnf;usnf; cg;cg;onf;onf; ñuHawG@ae&yg+yD?
ÐÐÐ
“'Daumifhudkæatmvf”
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a&;Adv k }f uD;waumifu 0g'guv kd rS ;f ajymvdu k +f yD;wJah emuf/ tif;pdeaf xmif ppfa=uma&;wdu k t f wGi;f uae
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uAsmpyf=unfhygw,f? pdwfeJ@zGJ@/ pdwfeJ@oD./ pdwfeJ@&Gwf/ pdwfeJ@rSwf? tm;vHk;aygif;qHkrdoGm;vdk@vm;awmh
rod? eJeJawmhcHEdkif&nf &Sdvmovdkvdk cHpm;&vmw,f?
“tom;xJu avmufxGuf”wJh? “opPmazmufavmufaumif”whJ? ArmvlrsKd;awG&JŒ qdk±dk;pum;
awGav? opPmazmufukd ‘avmuf’eJ@ E_id ;f w,f? u|eaf wmfuawmh avmufwaumifa=umifh avmufe@J
&ifqikd af e&wm vufawG@jzpfaew,f? u|eaf wmhu f ,
kd af y:wufvmaewJah vmufwaumifukd =unf&h if;
pum;ajymwwfwv hJ ‘l avmuf’waumif&ŒJ rsuEf mS udv k J cg;cg;onf;onf; jyefjyefowd&aew,f? a&$us;D
&JŒrsuEf mS / avmuf&ŒJ rsuEf mS / arsmuft}kd uD;&JŒrsuEf mS æ? tJ'rD suEf mS awGtm;vH;k udk zH;k v$r;f ypf+yD; yDyo D o
}uD;ay:vmwmuawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;qdw
k hJ ol&ŒJ rsuEf mS ygy?J u|eaf wmhu
f kd ±l;ae+yDvrkd xifyge@J ? rqD
rqdik Af smvd@k vJ rajymyge@J ? wu,fukd u|eaf wmfjrifjrifaerdwhJ rsuEf mS awGxrJ mS Adv k af e0if;rsuEf mS }uD;vJ
ygygw,f?
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w&ufawmh opfom;wHcg;}uD; 'dkif;ceJqGJyGifhoGm;w,f?

tvif;a&mifudk jynfhjynfh00jrif&vdk@ xdkifae&muae 0rf;yef;wom tjyifbufudk=unfhvdkufr,f
jyifawmh 0ifvmwmu arsmuft}kd uD;av? xH;k pHtwdik ;f avSmifovdv k kd tðyH;rJrh }hJ uD;eJ@ayg?h rsuEf mS ±_ŒH wGwG
}uD;udk tH=h oovdyk pkH rH sKd ;jzpfatmif wriftwif;zefw;D ,lvu kd +f yD; vufwzufu ESmacgi;f }uD;udyk w d &f if;æ
“atmf æ rif; rat;bl;vm;? rd;k wGi;f }uD;uGm/ olrsm;rsm;at;vGe;f vd@k taEG;xnfawmifxyf0wf
ae&+yD? rif;rSm tukefc|wfvdk@uGm æ tHhyg&JŒ æ tHhyg&JŒ” wJh?
u|eaf wmfu ud, k b hf }uD;avmuftouft&G,&f w dS o
hJ @l ukd “ratvd;k }uD;”vd@k aumfqyJ pfvu kd cf sif
pdwfudkreJ}uD;atmifh+yD; ol@udkcyfwif;wif; jyef=unfhaerdw,f?
“trav;æ [dkbufeJeJvSnfhyg/ rif;u wrifaighjyaeovdkyJ/ igu rif;toufrS&Sdao;&JŒvm;vdk@yg
0if;wifhxGef; 99
æ [m; [m;”
wHcg;udak qmifyh w d +f yD; jyefomG ;w,f? a'goawGu wvdyv f yd v
f u
d_ wf ufvmw,f? em&D0ufausmf
ausmfavmuf=umawmh wHcg;}uD;*sKdif;ceJ yGifhoGm;jyefw,f? 0ifvmwmu“xrif;xdk;”‘zdk;eDawmif’yg?
xHk;pHtwdkif;ESmacgif;}uD;udk ydwfvdk@? oluawmh u|efawmhftcef; wae@ESpfacguf rSefrSefa&muf&wJholyg?
reuf‘xrif;xd;k ’csed f xrif;yef;uefvmay;wacgu/f nae‘xrif;xd;k ’csed f xrif;yef;uefvmay;wacgu/f
aygif;ESpfacguf ra&mufa&mufatmif vm&olyg?
“a&mh - a&mh uae@tom;pm;ae@æ =uufom;wJAh sæ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; xrif;yef;uef 'efyef;uefjym;udk
oHwHcg;atmufuae xdk;oGif;ay;vmw,f? vHk;wD;xrif;yHkav;ay:rSm =uufajcaxmuf}uD;wacsmif;?
wu,fu =uufaygiw f aygijf zpf&rSm? yHpk t
H jynfah u|;&rSmu wywfrmS tom;pm;weyf? weyftwGuf
tom;(4)atmifp? (16) atmifpwaygiq f akd wmh (4)atmifp[m (7)usyo f m;avmuf&&dS rSm? aygi&f if;
uaer[kwaf yr,fh 'l;qpftxuf tom;awmf±akH wmhyg&rSm/ tckawmh wu,fu h kd ajcaxmufwacsmif;
omom? tom;u bk&m;pl;rdk;óud;ypf ygw,fqdk±Hkav;”
(5)wdu k w f ek ;f uvdok mqd&k if “rat;vd;k awG yHpk aH wmifrw&m;cd;k w,f? 'Dvakd jcaxmuf±;kd }uD; vm
ay;&ovm;uG” vd@k qJrrd mS trSe?f tckvJ yg;pyfu qJrad wmhrvdjk zpfomG ;+yD;rS wpHw k ckukd owd&oGm;rd+yD;
0rf;omvdkufwm? =uuf±dk;}uD;udk=unfh+yD; 0rf;omvdkufwm?
zdk;eDawmif opfom;wHcg;}uD;udk *sKdif;ceJqGJydwfoGm;wmawmif owdrxm;rdvdkuf? =uuf±dk;}uD;udk
tm;yg;w&qGJ+yD; reyfweyfcsufxm;wJhtwGuf tay:urmawmifhuyfaewJhta&jym;xlxl}uD;udk
*±kwpdkuf zJh,lpm;aomufaerdw,f?
vl@pdwfrsm;b,favmufcufovJ? t&ifu tckvdk rusufwusufcsufxm;&if awmfawmfa'go
jzpfrdayr,fh tckawmh tckvdkcsufwmudkawmif auseyfrdovdkvdkjzpfvdkufao;? El;El;eyfeyf jzpfae&if
tcuf? xrif;wqkyf [if;wqkyfeJ@ =uuf±dk;}uD;udkajymifpifoGm;atmifpkyf,lpm;aomuf+yD;wJhtcg ajc
axmuf±dk;rmrm}uD;om usefawmhw,f? t"dutoHk;csp&m a&&SnftoHk;csp&m}uD;wckawmh&+yD?
aemufaz;oGm;+y;D &if okwpf &mwkwaf csmif;}u;D wckawmh&+y?D =uufajcaxmuf±;kd wkwaf csmif;? oH;k +y;D
ao;&nfxJxnfhaq;/ +yD;&if eH&Haxmifxm;/ ±dk±dkaoaooHk;&if teJqHk;q,fhav;ig;&ufavmufawmh
tomuav;aygh? csOfaygif±dk;vdk aysmhacGtdzwfoGm;p&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmh? 0rf;omvdkufwJhjzpfjcif;?
avmufawGwifyg;txd txdk;tudkufcH&pu abmif;bDwdkav;wxnfavmufrsm; udk,frSm
0wfxm;cGiu hf seaf o;&if awmfawmfaumif;rSmyJv@kd pOf;pm;rd+yD; tJ'pD Of;pm;rdru _ awmh b,fvrkd S jynf0h cGihf
ray:vm? aemufaz;oGm;+yD; okwpf &mwkwaf csmif;av;wckavmuf&&dS ifaumif;rSmyJqw kd muawmh tck
jynfhpHkoGm;+yD? ,m,DjynfhpHkoGm;+yD? “vlwdk@=uH x&Hawmif acs;okwfcaemif;jzpf” qdkwJh i,fi,fwkef;u
=um;cJh&zl;wJhjyufvHk;pum;[m bm[kwfao;vdk@vJ? tckawmh “ vlwdk@=uH =uufajcaxmufawmif
acs;okwfwHjzpf ” oGm;&+yDr[kwfvm;?
xrif;pm;+yD;awmh oHwdkif=um;uaevufv#Ld+yD; a&av;wcGuf cyfaomufrdw,f? a&uvJ rsm;
rsm;r&Sd? rsm;rsm;&SdvJ rsm;rsm;raomuf&J? rsm;rsm;aomuf&if rsm;rsm;aygufrdayvdrfhr,f? rsm;rsm;
aygufrd&if ‘r[meHwmtdkif}uD;’acsmif;aygufoGm;Edkifw,f? wv_yfv_yfeJ@vm&wmawmif &ifbwfay:
txd a&mufa&mufvmwwfwhJ ‘avmuf’aumifawG[m acsmif;ayguo f mG ;vd@k uawmh q,fq rujref
100 0if;wifhxGef;
wJh tjrefE_ef;eJ@ ydkrdk'kuQay;=uvdrfhr,f? ausmwcif;pmtwGuf wpfESpfoHk;av;ta&twGuf ajcmuf
axmifeJ@ ajcmufajcmufaoG@aoG@ae&muav;wck zefwD;EdkifawmhrSmr[kwf?
“xdr/_ odr/_ TESpcf /k =uyf=uyfowdðy” wJ?h oJtif;*lq&mawmf}u;D uawmh 0dy\emw&m;awmfukd
avmukw&W mvrf;pOfbufuae wifjyoGm;cJw h ,f? u|eaf wmfuawmh ‘xdr’_ vJ xdreS ;f / odrb _ ufuae
odoad eygw,f? 'gayr,fh avmukw&W mr[kww f hJ avmuDvrf;uae jzpfaewJt h wGuf xd&if/ xdwmudk
od+yD; emygw,f? ESv;kH om;xJtxd emygw,f? t±d;k xJtxdemygw,f? w&m;r&Edik af o;bl;vd@k ajymcsif
vJ ajymygap?
avmufudkufxm;&muaejzpfvmwJh temawGudk=unfh&if;‘avmufaumif’&JŒ rsufESmudkvJ ajy;
ajy;jrifygw,f? avmufawGuv kd J aoaocsmcsm=unfrh yd gw,f? arsmuft}kd uD;&JŒtoHuvkd J jyefjyef =um;
aerdygw,f? a&$usD;&JŒrsufESmpkwfc|ef;c|ef;udkvJ ‘odr_’ w&m;u aumif;aumif;}uD;rSwfrdaeygw,f?
tm;vHk;&JŒtay:rSmawmh Adkvfae0if;&JŒrsufESm}uD;u v$rf;v$rf;oGm;ygw,f?
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tESpfESpfq,fausmfchJyg+yD?
avmufaumifawGvJawG@cJhzl;/ avmufudkufwmvJcH&zl;+yD; avmufudkuf'%f&mawG udk,frSm
aysmufum ESvHk;om;xJavmufom usefawmhayr,fh “ajcmufwdkufrSm avmufudkufwm cH&zl;
ovm;a[h” qdkwJh toHudkawmh ta=umif;qHkwdkif; jyefjyefowd&aerdygw,f? Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
0if;wifhxGef; 101
102 0if;wifhxGef;
(10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf
(10) bkw/f (14)a,muf

0if;wifhxGef;
(1)
“ xdkif ”
bkwfudkif&J@toH//
wbkwfvkH; xdkifvdkuf=u&w,f//
“ zdeyfcsKyf (10)bkwf (14)a,muf ”
rdef;a*s;vf ±kH;cef;av;xJuae wm0efusaxmifrª;qdkolu rsufESmxm;atmufodk;odk;eJ@
armfh=unfhw,f// usaemfwdk@bkwfudkif udkwifodef;u rwfwyf&yfykHpHtaetxm;jynfheJ howif;ydk@t+yD;
vmvwW@H aomtrde@f oH udk apmifv h ifah ew,f// axmifr;ª em;u wef;pD;u pm&Guyf pHk }H uD;ay: pm&if;awGukd
cyfoGufoGufa&;oGif;vdkuf&if; oGm;qdk+yD;ajymvdkufcsdefrSmawmh æ
“ x - xGuf ” qdkwJh bkwfudkif&J@toHeJ@twl/ (10)bkwfpm&if;0ifbkwfom;tm;vkH; xdkif&mrS
rwfwyf&yfvu kd =f u&+yD;/ tvky}f uD;0if; *dwaf yguq f D OD;wnfwef;pDxu G vf m=u&w,f// usaemfw@kd bkwf
a&S@rmS vJ wbkw+f yD;wbkwf tckvykd J wef;pD xdik x f pm&if;ay;xGucf mG =u&ovd/k usaemfw@kd aemufrmS vJ
qdkif&mqdkif&mbkwftvdkuf tvkyf}uD;ustusOf;om;awGu tpDt&D// qGrf;}uD;cHxGuf=u&wJh vlwef;
}uD;eJ@yJ wlovdkvdk/ or0g,rqdkif wef;pDwdk;pm;vkyfae=uwJh vlwef;}uD;eJ@yJ wloa,mifa,mif//
usaemfph w d xf rJ mS awmh ac|;wyftqGcJ x H m;&wJh ac|;wyfom;wef;}uD;[m rvkycf siyf gbeJ @J twif;vkyaf e&
wJt h vkycf iG q
f D wa&G@a&G@omG ;ae&wJyh pHk rH sK;d eJ@y+kd yD; wlaew,f// touft&G,af wGu rsK;d pkyH govdk tom;
ta&mifrsK;d pkH ykpH rH sK;d pkH tr_aygi;f pkH b0aygi;f pkH jzpfygw,f// tm;vk;H ruGrJ jym;wlnaD ewmuawmh axmifcs
cHxm;&+yD;om; axmifustusO;f om; axmifom;qdw k mygy/J / axmifcs+yD;wmeJ@/ axmifustusO;f om;
jzpf+yD;wmeJ@trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;[m tvky}f uD;wm0ef tcsc=H u&ygw,f// omreftusO;f om;rsm;
uawmh tvky}f uD;csc&H wm bmrSx;l xl;jcm;jcm; odyrf jzpf=uayrJh wcsK@d qkd tvky}f uD;csxm;cHpm&if;0if
jzpfomG ;+yDqw kd m 0rf;awmifom=uao;ayrJ/h usaemfw@kd uawmh wpufuav;rS 0rf;rom=uyg// b,fvkd
vky+f yD; 0rf;om&rSmvJ// pOf;pm;=unfah væ/ [dw k ek ;f uqd&k if Edik if aH &;yk'rf eJ@axmifcsc&H wJh edik if aH &;orm;
qd&k if bDuvyfpf ay;&w,f// oD;oef@Eikd if aH &;orm;tcGit hf a&; ay;&w,f// tckawmh æ'D acG;rsK;d rqv
ppftpd;k &u wrifoufouf,w k rf m+yD;usaemfw@kd tay: tpDtpOf&&dS edS EH rdS jf yD; omreftusO;f om;awGe@J
wef;wljzpfatmif tvky}f uD;csxm;ay;rSe;f odae&awmh b,fvv kd yk 0f rf;om&rSmvJ// +yD;awmh ajymvdu k f
ao;? axmifxJa&muf&if axmifom;yJ &Sdw,f/ tm;vkH;axmifom;yJ/ EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwm r&Sdbl;/
bmaumif}uD; nmaumif}uD;qdkwmawG Al;0rSmc|wfxm;cJh/ 'DxJrSm bmaumifqdkwmrSrvdkcsifbl; æ
wJ/h / omref&mZ0wfre_ @J tusO;f om;awGuawmh/ tvky}f uD;csxm;cH&+yD;+yDqakd wmhæ (uGm) &r,f/ (uGm)&
&if axmifusavsm&h ufw;kd +y;D &Edik rf ,f/ jrefjrefvw G zf @kd tcGit hf a&;&Edik w f ,fv@kd jrif=u+y;D usaemfw@kd vakd wmh
0if;wifhxGef; 103
b,frSmcHpm;emusifr_ &Sd=uyghrvJ// (uGm) qdkwmu axmifwGif;a0g[m&wckaygh // uGmwm;vD;qdkwJh
t*Fvyd pf um;uae vmwmaerSmaygh // uGmwm;vD;qdw k m av;ykw H yku H kd qdvk w
kd mr[kwv f m;// wESprf mS
- (12)v/ (12)v&J@av;ykHwykH[m (3)vaygh// tvkyf}uD;us tusOf;om;tzdk@/ tJ'Dvdk(3)vjynfhwdkif;
wuGm&w,f// wESpfqdk&if av;uGm &w,f// uGmudkxyf+yD; tqifhcGJxm;vdkufao;w,f// (u) }uD;
uGmwJ/h (c)acG; uGmwJ/h (*)i,f uGmwJ/h / (u)}uD;uGm qdw k mu yxrwef;pm;ayg/h wuGmudk &uf(40)ausmf
}u;D rsm;awmif av#m&h ufay;owJ/h / wESpaf v;uGm qdak wmh wESpaf v#m&h ufucsn;f &ufaygi;f (160)ausm/f
(170)ausmf// ESpf0ufeD;yg;aygh // (c)acG;uGmu wuGm &uf(30)ausmf/ (*)i,fuGmu (28)&uf qdkvm;yJ/
tJ'gayrJh csKyfxm;wmu uGmawG b,favmuf&vdk@ av#mh&ufawG b,favmufrsm;rsm;/ tm;vkH;ðcH
vdkuf&if okH;ykHwykHudkufxufawmh rydkap& æwJh// qdkvdkwmu axmifokH;ESpftcscHxm;&&if trsm;qkH;
av#mh&uf[m wESpfyJ&r,f/ (2)ESpfxufenf;+yD;awmhawmh/ axmifuxGufcGifhr&Edkifbl;/ tenf;qkH;
jypf'%f(2)ESpcf &H r,fqw kd hJ oabmaygh // wckawmh &Syd gw,f/ tvky}f uD;xJomG ;ae&wmu taqmifrmS
ae&wmxufawmh enf;enf;*Gif ydu k s,o f a,mifa,mif vGwv f yfoa,mifa,mif cHpm;&w,f// usaemf
wd@k ukd eHErdS +f yD; bmEdik if aH &;orm;rS r&Sb d ;l / tm;vk;H axmifom;yJvkd ah ºuG;a=umfowfrw S x f m;ayrJ/h olw@kd
udk,fwdkifu rodromtodtrSwfðyjyD; ac:a0:ae&wmuawmh “ 5§n ”awG æwJh? 5§n æ tkyfwJh?
ac:vJac:p&mygyJ?
tJ'w D ek ;f u usaemfw@kd tr_ww JG l tkypf w k l axmifcscv H u
kd &f olawGucsn;f ta,muf(50)ausm}f uD;
rsm;awmif &Syd gw,f// taqmifrmS a&mufawmh tcef;awG cG+J yD;ae&mcsxm;ovd/k tvky}f uD;rSmvJ ae&mcGJ
+yD;csxm;w,f// wcsK@d u tvky}f uD;,ufuef;rSm/ wcsK@d u vuform;rSm/ usaemfw@kd uawmh zdeyfcsKyfqkd
wmrSmæ//
tvky}f uD;,ufuef;/ vuform;/ zdeyfcsKyfqw kd hJ tvkyXf me/ tvky±f cHk si;f wlwmawmif/ reufwef;pD
+yD;xGu&f wJt h cgrmS awmh bkwq f w
kd mcsi;f u wljyefwmr[kw/f / ol@bw k ef @J o/l ud, k bhf wk ef @J u, kd f xGu=f u&
wm// wcsKd@bkwfu q,fa,mufavmufyJ &Sdwm&Sdovdk/ wcsKd@u q,fhav;ig;a,muf/ wcsKd@bkwfu
ta,mufEpS q f ,favmuf pojzifh pojzifh &Sw d ,f// tckusaemfw@kd bw k [ f m (14)a,muf&w dS ,f// eHywf
(10)ajrmuf bkwjf zpfw,f// 'ga=umifh axmifwiG ;f pnf;urf;owfrw S cf sut f & bkwu f ikd vf yk o f ul w&m;
0if t0iftxGufowif;ydk@&awmh/ “ tvkyf}uD;/ zdeyfcsKyf/ 10 bkwf-14 a,muf”
bkwu f ikd u f udw k ifoed ;f // olu usaemfw@kd vkd 5n r[kw/f vlowfre_ J ah xmifusvmol// axmifouf
awmifawmfawmfav; &aejyD// vlu ydeyf ed &f n S &f nS f rJraJ jcmufajcmuf/ vlowform;±kyf eJeaJ v;rSrxGu?f
rsufrSef}uD;w0if;0if;eJ@/ awmausmif;q&m *dkufrsKd;aygufaew,f// ol@tajymuawmh rcHEdkifvGef;vdk@
a'gotavsmuf vlowfru _ sL;vGev f m&wmyg æ wJ/h / [kwaf vmufp&m &Syd gw,f// bkwu f ikd o f m vkyaf e
&ayrJh wjcm;bkwu f ikd af wGv/kd ociftm;& - u|eyf g;0tvkyrf sK;d vkyw f mr&S&d mS // zdeyfcsKyf±x Hk rJ mS vJ ol[m
zdeyfcsKyfu|r;f usio f l zdeyfcsKyfq&m// “ ud, k v hf wl @kd jy\emrwufatmif/ usaemft h ay:vJ ykrH usatmif/
vnfovdkom=unfhae=uAsm ææ cifAsm;wdk@[m ynmwwfawGyJ æ” vdk@ wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfajym+yD;/
wcsKd@udpP roda,mifrjrifa,mif aqmifay;w,f// c|efwm csufwmawG rvkyf//
tvkyf}uD;us axmifom;tkyf axmifom;wef;}uD;u ppfab;'kuQonftkyf}uD; wa&G@a&G@oGm;ae
wmeJ@vJ =uH=uHzefzefwal eoa,mif xifrjd yefw,f// =unfah v æ vufawGu ºuGyºf uGyt f w d af v;awGukd
104 0if;wifhxGef;
(10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf
ud,k pf uD ikd v
f @kd // taoG;ta&mifawGuvJ rGrJ aJG jcmufajcmufe@J // tjyifrmS b,favmuftom;jzLjzL/ 'DxrJ mS
a&mufvm&if e*dt k jzLa&miftom;[mvJ jzLajcmufajcmufyjJ zpfomG ;&um w±kwb f ed ;f pm;tom; jzpf
oGm;&ygw,f// tpurS cyfrrJ q J &kd ifawmh a*:&if*sD tom;ta&mif ayguv f m&ygw,f// b,fvrkd S pdpk akd jy
ajyr&Syd g// vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f tvdt k avsmuf ud, k af &mifu, kd 0f gawGyg rSed o f mG ;&ovdyk gy/J / a&a=umif/h tpm;
taomufa=umif/h ae&xdik &f r_awGa=umifw h ifru/ edp"P 0l tqJtqdk tqltaiguf t}udr;f tarmif;awG
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k Zf if
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aqmifwa,muf&@J emrnfr[kw&f ygb;l Asm æ vd@k renf;}uD;&Si;f jyvdu k &f wmawmif/ t±ku d t
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aemufwa,mufuawmh yavmifatmifpef;// usaemfw@kd bw k x f rJ mS awmh t&yftykq;Hk // awmfawmf
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0if;wifhxGef; 107
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olu pdwfu cyfxufxuf// ol@taru ol@udk cspfvdkufykHuvJ wkefaeatmifudk cspf&SmowJh// emrnf
awmif b,fawmhrS tjynfhrac:/ twdwf – twdwfvdk@yJ ac:owJh// OD;oef@ta&;tcif;r_eJ@ ausmif;om;
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usaemfw@kd uawmh ol@ukd ol@u, G &f mrSm vDeif}uD;vd@k yJ ac:=uw,f// ole@J usaemf[m taqmifrmS
wcef;wnf;vJ twlae&±krH u tdyaf wmhvJ ab;csi;f uyf// ab;csi;f uyfqw kd m wu,fu h akd b;csi;f uyfyg?
108 0if;wifhxGef;
(10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf
yufvufvSeftdyfom±kH ausmwcif;pm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;ae&mav;om&wmrdk@wa,mufeJ@wa,muf[m
xdqufaewmygy/J / ol@vykd J usaemf&h @J ab;wzufrmS ab;csi;f uyfvmusou l awmh wGaH w;u c&pf,mef
oif;tkyq f &mawmf}u;D q&mapm',fe, D ,fyg// q&m',f}u;D u u&iftrsK;d om;yg // ol@ZeD;u autif,l
acgi;f aqmif}uD;ref;bZH&@J wrl awmif awmfw,fv@kd xifygw,f// olu autif,el @J ywfouf+yD;ygvmwJh
17§1-2 yg // wcgw&H tjyifupDrcH suaf =umifh “omwD;'D ” qdw k mawG tpkvu kd t f ðyHvu kd f odr;f usL;H +yD;
0ifvmwJhtcgrsm;rSmqdk&if usaemfwdk@&J@wudk,fpmae&mav;awGyg xyfusK@Hay;vdkuf&+yD; vDeif}uD;wdk@
q&m',f}uD;wdk@[m usaemfh&J@ab;csif;uyf tjzpfuae/ ausmcsif;uyf &ifcsif;uyftqifhtxdawmif
a&mufa&mufoGm;&ygao;w,f// omwD;'Drsm; crsmuawmh wcsKd@rsm; acs;ykH;}uD;eJ@ao;tdk;tem; acgif;
qdu k tf yd &f awmhwt hJ xdjzpfomG ;&ygw,f// usaemfw@kd urS wwfeikd o f r# yl;Edik of r# yl;uyfusK@H ±ek @f ray;bl;
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atmif jrif&=um;&ygvdrfhr,f//
vlom;pifppfawGuae wd&p>mefxuftjzpfq;kd &wJb h 0usa&mufae&olawGukd vk;H ceJ cJceJrsu0f g;
xifxifjrifawG@&EdkifwJhae&m[m axmifvdk@yJ qdkvdkufcsifygw,f// axmiftm%myg;uGufom;rsm;/
axmifajconf;vufonf;rsm; qDref;ref; }udr;f 0g;avh&w dS hJ “ axmifu/G bmrSwo f vJ/ rift h arviftrd f
aeovdkaevdk@r&bl;/ rEdkif Edkifatmifudkifr,f/ axmifu rEdkifvdk@/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&&,f æ jyefac:oGm;yg
awmhvkd t h pd;k &qDjyefy@kd &wmaxmifordik ;f rSm b,fwek ;f urS r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;/ b,fawmhrv S J &Srd mS r[kwb f ;l ”
qdwk hJ vlrqefveG ;f vSwhJ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;eJ@tnD &uf&ufpufpufEydS u f uG jf ywwfwm orm;±k;d us
jzpfaeovdk/ “ axmifrqef@awmhvdk@ axmifxJxyfrydk@=uygeJ@awmh/ xyfrxnfh=uygeJ@awmh” vdk@awmh
b,fawmhrS ajym=uqd=k uvdrrhf ,fr[kw/f / rqef@qef@atmif xnf=h uzd@k / wDaxG;}uD;vdjk zpfae±krH u iydoyd f
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jzpfygw,f// tJ'v D kd tcgwikd ;f usaemfah b;csi;f uyf c&pf,mefoif;tkyq f &mawmf}uD;q&m',fe, D ,f[m
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udak X;atmif[mvJ oufjyif;&Sn}f uD;awGut kd qufrjywfcs&if; rsuaf rSmif}uD;udk ñuwfaewwfygw,f?
vDeif}uD;eJ@ usaemf[m r=umr=umwm0efuswwfwJh [if;csufwm0efcH&r,fhae@rsm;rSmvJ twlwl//
tvSnu hf s[if;csuw f m0efuswikd ;f / ESpaf ,mufwwGw J =JG u&&if ole@J usaemf[m wwGw J nf;// reufpmu
awmh trsm;tm;jzifh ykpH yH [ J if;&S+d yD;om;// pepfwuswikd ;f wdwu G cf supf m;&wJh bk&H u d mQ ygq,fxyk af v;awG
xJu oifhavsmf&m[if;wckckeJ@wGJzufpm;vdkuf=u±kHom //
ygq,fvmEdkifoljzpfap/ rvmEdkifoljzpfap/ usaemfwdk@ 5§n tkyf zdeyfcsKyf0iftm;vkH;[m udk,fh
rdom;pkqu D axmif0ifpmvmawG@v@kd &vmcJu h or# bkt H jzpftyfEo HS rd ;f qnf;pkpnf;xm;+yD; twlcw JG rf;
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0if;wifhxGef; 109
axmifxJrSmawmh tqdk;qkH;// 0ufawmifpm;rSm r[kwfwJh[if;// 'Dawmh bkH&duQmygq,fxkyfxJu [if;
au|;[if;&Hav;rsm;eJ@rpm;&ufraomuf&ufae@z@kd npm wdik ;f wdcsex f m;&wmav;rsm;eJ@[if;oD; [if;&Guf
av;rsm;t=uHtzefvyk &f mS azG+yD;/ &Hzef&cH gaq;vdyef @J 0,f,+l yD; a&maESmcsuðf ywfwhJ csu[ f if;av;wcGuf
ygatmif vkyf&w,f// [if;csufpm;&w,fqdkvdk@ vG,fvG,fululrsm;awmh rxifvdkufygeJ@// axmifxJrSm
axmifOya't&u [if;csupf m;zd@k aeaeomom rD;awmifarG;cGi&hf w dS mr[kw/f / 'D=um;xJu odomodap
rjrifapenf;eJ ch ;kd 0Su+f yD;csuðf ywf=u&wm// xif;tjzpfo;Hk zd@k opfwo kd pfp a&$abmfpmtp up/ vuform;
bkww f m0efus t=uHtzefvyk o f el @J qufo, G +f yD; aq;vdyaf y; 0,fxm;& odr;f qnf;0Suo f x
kd m;&wm?
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0,f&&Sm&r,fu h pd rP sK;d rSmawmh Adv k Zf ifaumh}uD;[musaemfw@kd xrJ mS txufjrufq;Hk // 0,fwmrSm tm;ud;k
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pdu
k cf if;ao;ao;av;wck &Syd gw,f// zdeyfcsKyfa&uefbm,m&J@ tydik t f pm;& a&uefab;u olu, kd wf ikd f
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i±kwo f ;D / [if;EkE, G af wG pdu k yf sK;d xm;avh&ydS gw,f// 'Dvv kd yk u f ikd Ef ikd zf @kd 'Dvakd &uefav;&J@ a&uefbm,m
jzpfz@kd tjyifurdom;pkuae oufqikd &f maxmifr;ª axmifyikd f tm%mydik rf sm;udv k ikd ;f 0if+yD;rS tydik t f pm;
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tjrJwef; r_eaf waw// 'gayrJh taqmifa&uefbm,m cg;ydu k Ef u _d f ca&mhqw kd ahJ umifavmufawmh odyf
rduk rf u kd ±f idk ;f r&Sv
d /S / ca&mhqw kd ahJ umifuawmh a&csK;d cscsed rf sm;qd&k if tvsm;0g;w±ku d o f mom teHwvH
ausmaf usmaf vmuf&rdS ,fh av;axmifyh Hk a&uefEw _ cf rf;ay: om;a&jym;cg;ywfvufu&rf;+yD; vSnyhf wfajy;
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a&wcGufavmufrsm; a,mifrSm;cyfrdvdk@uawmh/ jzef;ceJaeatmif vufu cg;ywfu cg;ywfpmau|;
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uawmh usaemfwdk@tay: 'gavmuftm%mrjyvS// AdkvfZifaumhu 'D"m;jyAdkvfeJ@ta=umif;taygif;
oifhvS+yD; "m;jypdkufcif;u [if;oD;[if;&Gufudkawmif &atmif,lwwfw,f// wcgw&Hawmif;,lvdkuf/
wcgw&H aq;vdyfay;0,fvdkufeJ@aygh//
Adv k Zf ifaumh&@J pnf;±k;H a&;enf;emuawmh "m;jyAdv k u f kd aq;ukay;jcif;// "m;jyAdv k &f @J zifrmS aoG;pkem
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D mG ;+yD; zifuaoG;pkemudk cGpJ w d cf ef;0ifaewmjrifc&hJ
wJh udpk ;kd 0if;uawmh “ Adv k Zf ifaumhawmh atmfya&;&Si;f 0ifaejyD ” vd@k Adv k Zf ifaumhr=um;atmif usaemf
wd@k qv D m+yD; aemufpp ajymwwfw,f// usaemfw@kd rmS ðyH;=u&w,f// tJ'v D kd t=uHtzefrsK;d pkeH @J &,lxm;
=u&wJh &moDtvdu k [ f if;oD;[if;&Guaf v;awGukd ygq,fxyk yf gtrd yf @kd [if;av;rsm;eJ@oifah vsmo f vdk a&m
aESmcsuðf ywfa&;wm0ef wenf;tm;jzifh naepmcsu[ f if;wcGuyf ga&;wm0efuakd wmh tvSnu hf swwGJ
110 0if;wifhxGef;
(10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf
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w,f//
reufpmudk tvkyf}uD;rSmyJ avG;=u&ayrJh naepmuawmh taqmifjyefa&mufrSpm;=u&w,f//
taqmifjyefa&muf xrif;xd;k csed f vufpaJG wmfaumfZvkcH u G u f , kd pf eD @J wef;pD/ vlpw
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hJ csed rf mS taqmife@J
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a0wJt h vSnhf olrsm;udyk J omomxd;k xd;k a0ay;vdu
k rf ad wmh udak X;atmifcrsm usaemfah =umifh tjrJvv kd kd
eJeJyJ&oljzpfoGm;&wm pdwfraumif;// 'gayrJh rwwfEdkif/ tm;ememeJ@yJ tjrJvdkvdkjzpfcJh&w,f//
(3)
udpk ;kd 0if;tqdt k wdik ;f uae@±u dk &f r,fh cGwJ rf;us zdeyfcmG awGukd wa,mufwvufpD cyfou G o f u G f
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Edik yf grh vJ// usaemfw@kd ukd axmiftm%myg;uGuo f m;rsm;u wrifeEH rdS +f yD; npfxm;cdik ;f xm;wmjzpfawmh
usaemfw@kd uvJjyefjyD; wwfEikd o f r# ynmjy& acsmifcjkd y& xdu k w f efovdw k @Hk jyefjy&wm w&m;w,fv@kd jrif
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r,fh zdeyftrsKd;tpm;awGr[kwfwmvJ aocsmvSoaygh//
“ usaemf±kdufvdkufwJh 'Dzdeyfuawmh uHqdk;olarmif&Sif wywfavmufpD;vdkufrdwmeJ@ ajcaxmuf
oHpl;+yD; ar;cdkifydk;av; bmav;tqpf&oGm;Edkifw,f ”
iodik ;f acsmif;}uD;u oabmuspmG ajym&if; [D;ceJ toHxu G af tmifawmif &Dvu kd af o;w,f// tm;
vk;H ðyH;rd=uw,f// wu,fu usaemfw@kd &aJ bmfrsm;[m pdwaf umif;ESv;Hk aumif;&Scd sio f al wG/ jzLjzLpifpife@J
±k;d ±k;d om;om;ðyrlqufqcH sio f al wGjzpf=uygvsuf vufawG@cg;pnf;cHae&wJb h 0awGu usaemfw@kd ukd 'Dvkd
rðycsif ðycsifatmif wGef;ydk@xm;wm jzpfygw,f//
zdeyfcGmawGjzpfovdk ±kduf+yD;csdefrSmawmh tvkyf}uD;twGif;&moDOwktajctaeudk tuif;yg;yg;
tuJcwf=unfv h u
kd =f uw,f// &moDOwk aumif;aew,f// b,f0g'gq;kd axmifr;ª qd;k rS0ifvmwmr&S?d apm
apmydik ;f u olw@kd zed yfcsKyfpufu, kd pf eD @J w*sK;H *sK;H tvkyv f yk af e=uwJah pm=uufz}uD;eJ@ udpk ;kd xGw}f uD;awmif
a&aEG;cdk;wnfzdk@ jyifqifae=u+yD//
usaemfw@kd vJ vufxrJ mS wl}uD;awGu, kd pf u D ikd v
f @kd tvkyo f rm;}uD;awGpwdik t f jynfah yguaf e&mu
wlawGupkd m;yGaJ y: ypfcsxm;vdu k =f uawmhw,f// =uh=uHzefzeff uAsmwyk'u f kd oGm;owd&aerdao;w,f?
uAsmu udk,OfrGef&J huAsmvdk@yJ xifygw,f//
“ wl}uD;wudik u f ikd ef @J æud, k u hf v k m;xdik f ud, k ±f u
dk af eyga&mhvm; ” qdw k hJ uAsmyg/ // odyu f v kd yS +yD;/
wdkwdkav;eJ@xdrdvSwJh uAsmav;yg // usaemfwdk@tjzpfuawmh wl}uD;wudkifudkifeJ@ udk,fhukvm;xdkif
0if;wifhxGef; 111
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zdeyfcsKyf±kHav;&JJ@tjyifzufab;rSm tbOD;bOD; wukyfukyfvkyfaewm jrif&w,f// zsmwcsyfpm
avmufy&J rdS ,fh =u=H uzH efzefajrae&musO;f usO;f av;ay: tbu rken f if;cif;av;jzpfatmif pdu k af e&Smwm
jzpfw,f// ol@rek @f nif;yifav;awGu tckrS tyifaygucf gpyJ &Sad o;w,f// tJ'gav;awGukd wxGmavmuf
yJ&rdS ,fo h pfpwdak v;eJ@ wukyu f yk af jrqGay;aewmrSe;f usaemfov d u kd w f ,f// bmyJjzpfjzpf toD;t&Gupf rd ;f
qdk wckro S iG ;f cGirhf &Sw
d hJ 'Dvakd xmifxrJ mS / naepm[if;wcGucf suw f t hJ cg tifrwefvt kd yfaewJ[ h if;&Guf
pdr;f av;&Edik af &;twGuf tb[m tckvw kd ukyu f yk f t=uHtzefvyk pf u kd yf sK;d ae&Smwm// tzG@J ukd axmufyhH
ay;tyfEdkifzdk@ pdkufysKd;aewm// cdk;+yD; pdkufysKd;ae&wm// axmiftm%myg;uGufom;rsm; vsmt±kd;r&Sdwdkif;
ta=umif;jyajymqdkwmuawmh om;pdkom;pdrf; [if;oD;[if;&Gufpdrf;udkaxmifwGif;w&m;0ifoGif;cGifhðy
vdu k &f if 0rf;a&m*gw@kd bmwd@k jzpfuek rf mS pd;k vd@k / tusO;f om;rsm;use;f rma&;twGuf ydwyf ifuef@owfxm;
&wmqdyk /J / wu,fukd use;f rma&;udk tav;xm;ay;wJyh /Hk *±kwpdu k f apwemxm;ay;aewJyh /Hk / wu,fu
olw@kd csuðf ywfau|;aewmurS wu,fu h kd use;f rma&;eJ@wpufuav;rS rnD!w G /f wywfwcgyJ pm;&wJh
ykpH tH om;uvJ b,fawmhrS rusu/f / axmifr;ª axmifyikd rf sm;cd;k vd@k uv hJ @kd &atmif ykpH jH ynfw h ,fxif&atmif
wyGuq f al vmufrmS yJ tom;wk;H }uD; uke;f ±ke;f azmif;ºuGaewke;f rusuw f usuaf vmufe@J ay;vdu k af u|;
vdkufwmrsKd;csnf; jzpfw,f// qefu atmufapmfeH/ iydu ydk;xdk;// [if;&Gufudk a&vkHðywfau|;wJhtcgus
awmhaumæ// [if;&Guu f kd a&awmifpifatmifaq;[efrwl/ npfnpfywfywf oJe@J &yS &f yS /f / csOaf ygijf zpfjzpf
[if;EkEG,fjzpfjzpf tjrpfawmifygvdkufao;/ ESD;óud;jywfeJ@wDaumifjywfawmif wcgw&Hygvdkufao;// 'g
a=umifh tvky}f uD;usawGwikd ;f u naepm[if;av;udk ud, k hf [mud, k f t=uHtzefvyk +f yD; csuðf ywfpm;Edik f
zdk@ óud;pm;=u&wm//
tbOD;bOD;[m 'DxJrSm usaemfwdk@tkyfpkxJrSm touft&G,ft}uD;qkH;//xm;0,fom;}uD;//
ocifAodef;wifeJ@awmif aqGrsKd;eD;pyfawmfao;ovm;rod// [dk;wkef;uwnf;u uGefjrLepf}uD;//
axmifvJuscJhzl;wm t}udrf}udrf// zqyvacwfu axmufvSrf;a&;u ol@udkzrf;+yD; ajcovkH;rsOf;vkH;eJ@
}udwfppfaq;wmrsKd;awGvJ cHcJh&zl;ol// tckvJ touf(70)eD;rS ygvm&jyef+yD// tbudk touft&G,f
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rawG@awG@atmif&Sm+yD; cGJay;avh&Sdw,f// tpawmh usaemfwdk@ bkwfom;awGu aumif;aumif;rod//
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“ bavma&S ææbavma&S ”eJ@ ac:wwfw,f//
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tdk;ykH;udkif+yD; a&uefbufqD oGm;ae+yD// 'Dae@[if;csuf wm0efxrf;aqmifzdk@ [if;&Gufaq;zdk@ a&cyfzdk@
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a&;acwfO;D uwnf;u axmifusz;l ol// emrnfausmo f m,m0wDaxmifxr_}uD;acwfwek ;f uawmif ygz;l
ovdkvdk// OD;av;OD;xGef;jrifh}uD;uawmh a&aEG;awG wzl;zl;r_wfaomufaew,f//
rsurf eS }f uD;eJ@yjJ zpfwhJ OD;ausmjf rifu h awmh ol@tusu ô kd vufEpS zf ufe@J uikd +f yD;/ y,fy,fe,fe,f aphaph
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óuu d óf uu d /f b,favmufoef@&iS ;f atmifaeae/ use;f rma&;todawG owdawG b,favmufy&J &dS /dS 'DxrJ mS
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qyfjymaumif;aumif;rok;H &vd@k wifru/ t0wfaumif;aumif;rzGy&f / oef@&iS ;f a&;aumif;aumif; rvkyf
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0if;wifhxGef; 113
tvky}f u;D rxGucf if ol@txkyf ud, k t hf xkyf t0wfxyk af ygi;f pku H kd wae&mwnf;rSmyJ tyk}H u;D wykx H t J jzpf
pkypHk x
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jyef@E@HS ap+yD;om; tvdv k jkd zpfomG ;w,f// ae@vnftm;&if oef;}uD;r&Sm/ oef;}uD;rppfqifa&;vky?f rvkyEf ikd f
&if r=umrD0aJ wGayguzf @kd aocsmoavmufjzpfomG +yD? OD;av;OD;ausmjf rifu h [oFmwxl;}uD;om;/ olvJ
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;wOD;// ol@nDawmfarmifwa,mufuawmh rqv v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
wa,mufvv kd kd bmvdv k akd jymoH=um;zl;w,f// 'gawG odvrJ odcsiaf wmh/ aoaocsmcsm ar;zl;jref;zl;jcif;
vJr&Sd // Edik if aH &;,k=H unfcsuq f wkd m nDtudak rmifErS t&if;jzpfayrJh wlcsirf S wlwwf=uwm/ jy'g;wvrf;
oHwvrf;jzpfaewwf=uwmawG trsm;}uD;//
usaemf OD;av;wdk@0dkif;xJ 0ifxdkifrdjyD;csdef r=umrDrSmyJ udkpdk;0if;}uD;wa,muf ðyH;ðyH; ðyH;ðyH;eJ@0ifvm
w,f//
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wGJvJwydkif;wpeJ@// rsufrSef0dkif;av;vdkvdk bmvdkvdk// bm&,fvdk@yDyDoo ykHray:ao;//
“ armifpdk;0if; æbmxdk;aewmvJ/ rif;[muæ”
rsurf eS }f uD;yif&h if; OD;av;OD;jrpdeu f ar;vdu k af wmh/ Adv
k Zf ifaumhu [D;ceJ toHxu G af tmif &Dw,f?
usaemfuvJ pdwf0ifwpm; vSrf;=unfhaerdw,f// udkpdk;0if;}uD;uvJ oGm;jzJ}uD;eJ@ðyH;aew,f//
“ 'Daumif ol@red ;f r raX;zd@k b,mpD,mxd;k aewmOD;av;&/ csnef @J x;kd wJh Zmxd;k yef;xd;k b,mpD,m
av/ 'Dxo J rl sm;awGu óud;ykw;D wd@k bmwd@k x;kd =uw,f/ oluawmh æ t[D;” Adv k Zf ifaumh ajym&if;ajym
&if; &Daew,f//
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aygufoGm;rdw,f// wu,fudk =uH=uHzefzefpdwful;//
“a[haumif æ rif;[mu raX;uaum 0wfrSmvm;/ +yD;awmh æ twdkif;rod txGmrodeJ@uGm”
AdkvfZifaumh}uD;u &D&Darmarmajymawmh æ
“ Advk Zf ifaumhuvJ/ ud, k rhf ed ;f rtwdik ;f / ud,
k vhf ufu ud, k [ hf mud, k f od+y;D om;aygh ”wJ?h udpk ;dk 0if;&J@
ajzvdu k yf [ Hk m vl}u;D awGtm;vk;H ðy;H pdpd jzpfomG ;&ovdk usaemfvðJ y;H vdu k rf ad wmhw,f? tJ'v D kd 0dik ;f zG@J &aD rm
ae=uwkef;rSmyJ æ
“ tm;vkH; em;axmifa[h ” qdkwJh toH}uD;woH us,fus,favmifavmifxGufvmw,f//
tm;vkH;em;pGifh+yD;om; jzpfoGm;w,f//
“ axmif0ifpma[h æaxmif0ifpm/”
tm;vk;H oufjyif;ud, k pf D csvu kd rf =d u&if; pdw0f ifpm;pGm ar#mv f ifjh cif;}uD;pGmjzifh em;axmifaevdu k rf d
=ujyefw,f// tm;vkH;em;axmifa[h æqdkjyD;/ trdef hay;oHvdkvdk =oZmoHvdkvdktjynfheJ@tay:pD;uae
ajymqdkvdkufwJhtoHawGxJrSmawmh 'DtoH[m em;axmif&wm em;qif&wm taumif;qkH;toH//
tm;vkH;tm;vkH;u b,folurS rausreyfrjzpfrdwJhtoH// wwfEdkif&if 'Dvdktay:pD;utoHrsKd;awmh
wae@tacgufw&m vm+yD;ajymajym/ b,folurS ròidrjiif r=unfrjzL rjzpfrdwJhtoH//
“ pdk;0if; æ/ awG@vdkol æraX;”
“ wif0if; ac: AdkvfZifaumh æ/ awG@vdkol æ rjrpdef”
114 0if;wifhxGef;
(10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf
toHu 'DrmS yJ&yfomG ;w,f// aemufxyf xyfac:oHr=um;&awmh// emrnf&w
G o
f rH ygawmh// ukeo
f mG ;
+yD//
udpk ;kd 0if;u Adv
k Zf ifaumhukd ðyH;ðyH;}uD;=unf&h if; cyfou
G o
f u
G f rwfwyf&yfvu
kd w
f ,f// +yD;awmh ESpOf ;D
om;ðyH;ðyH;}uD; cyfoGufoGufeJ@rajy;±kHwr,f xGufoGm;=uwmudkvJ usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;u yDwdawGeJ@
=unfhaevdkuf=urdw,f// // Ò
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
0if;wifhxGef; 115
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
ud,
k af &;tusO;f
1954 Zefe0g&DzGm;?
ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f / a&$bòkd rd@e,f/ awm&Gmw&GmrSm arG;zGm;w,f?
1973 ckEpS rf mS rd;k a0r*~Zif;uae uAsmjzifh pmayavmu
twGif; w&m;0ifa&muf&Sdw,f?
1973 rS 1988 twGif; rkd;a0/ aomif;ajymif; axGvm/
jrwfav;r*~Zif;wk@d rmS uAsm/ 0wˆKwdk oa&mfpmawGa&;cJw h ,f?
yxrqkH;vkH;csif;pmtkyf[m uAsmpmtkyf? q&mwifrkd;eJ@
!Ge@f =uL;wk@d trSma&;om;ay;=uwJh vk;H csi;f uAsm&Snpf mtky?f
“ Edk;aeaom vuFmonf ” (1980 jynfhESpfxkwf) jzpf (6) wkdufrSm
w,f? avmuf u kdufwm cHzl;ovm;
1982 rS 1986 txd EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpf yk'fr ESifh
5§neJ@ tif;pdeaf xmif/ om,m0wDaxmifw@dk rmS aecJ&h w,f? tjcm; axmif 0wˆKwdkrsm;
&Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHtwGif; ppftpdk;&udkqef@usif
uef@uu G cf =hJ uwJh pmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;vufrw S af &;xd;k uef@uu
G v
f m$ wif&mrSm yg0if vuf
rSwfa&;xdk;cJhw,f? ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; pme,fZif;or*~ (,m,D)rSm omreftzGJ@0if
tjzpf yg0ifw,f?
Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGay:ayguv f mwJt h cg jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw/D A[kad umfrwDtwGi;f a&;
rª;tzG@J 0if(1)/ ygwzD suo f rd ;f cH&+yD;0&rf;ajy;wJth cg rE aW v;rSma&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ pmtkyf
uawmh “ 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfykH” (vkH;csif;uAsmpmtkyf)eJ@ “e0wppftpdk;&. vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; (1990) ” wkd@jzpfw,f?
jynfyudka&mufvm+yD;aemuf a&;om;xkwfa0jzpfcJhwJh pmtkyfawG uawmh æ
1? cGyfa'gif;wkd@&J@wGefusL;oH ( uAsmpmtkyf/ wuUodkvfpdef&wktxdrf;trSwf Auou
xkwf/ 1995)
2? a&$vDrSm oduQmESpfxyfeJ@vl (uAsm/ 1996)
3? axmifpka[mif;udk EkwfqufaxmifpkopftwGuftóud æ (uAsmpmtkyf/ Edk0ifbm/
2000 jynfhESpf)
4? oHwdkif=um;aºuGoGm;&wJh =u,fpifawG (±kyfykHv$mpum;ajy/=o*kwfv/ 2001)
rd;k óud;/ acwfòydi/f a'gi;f tk;d a0/ opPm pwJh pmapmifr*~Zif;*sme,fawGrmS vJ uAsm/ 0wˆK/
aqmif;yg;av;awGa&;aew,f? a&;cJhw,f?
116 0if;wifhxGef;
P.O Box 93, Mae Sot, Tak Province 63110, Thailand

e.mail: info@aappb.org website: www.aappb.org
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Burma’s Prisons and Labour Camps:

Silent Killing Fields
Summary
250
In October 2008, reports
emerged from Burma that the
200 military junta had ordered its
courts to expedite the trials of
150
political activists. Since then,
100
Sentenced 357 activists have been handed
Transferred down harsh punishments,
50 including sentences of up to 104
years.1 Shortly after sentencing,
0
the regime began to
systematically transfer political
prisoners to prisons all around
Burma, far from their families. This has a serious detrimental impact on both their
physical and mental health. Medical supplies in prisons are wholly inadequate, and often
only obtained through bribes to prison officials. It is left to the families to provide
medicines, but prison transfers make it very difficult for them to visit their loved ones in
jail. Prison transfers are also another form of psychological torture by the regime, aimed
at both the prisoners and their families. Since November 2008, at least 228 political
prisoners have been transferred to jails away from their families.2 The long-term
consequences for the health of political prisoners recently transferred will be very serious.
1
AAPP, 30 April 2009.
2
1
At least 127 political prisoners are currently in poor health. At least 19 of them are in
urgent need of proper medical treatment. Political prisoners’ right to healthcare is
systematically denied by the regime. Burma’s healthcare system in prisons is completely
inadequate, especially in jails in remote areas. There are 44 prisons across Burma, and at
least 50 labour camps3. Some of them do not have a prison hospital, and at least 12 of the
prisons do not even have a prison doctor.4
The regime’s treatment of political prisoners directly contravenes the 1957 UN standard
minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners. The International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) carried out its last prison visit in Burma in November 2005. In January
2006 the ICRC suspended prison visits in the country, as it was not allowed to fulfil its
independent, impartial mandate.
Since 1988 at least 139 political prisoners have died in detention, as a direct result of
severe torture, denial of medical treatment, and inadequate medical care. Many, like Htay
Lwin Oo, were suffering from curable diseases such as tuberculosis. He died in
Mandalay Prison in December 2008. He had been due for release in December this year.
1. Political Prisoners In Poor Health
There are currently at least 127 political prisoners known to be in poor health.5
The health of the following political prisoners is of particular concern. They are in urgent
need of proper ongoing medical treatment. Many of them are being held in remote
prisons, far from their families.
Case: Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the National League for Democracy and 1991
Nobel Peace Prize winner, held under house arrest for 13 of the past 19 years.
On Friday 8 May 2009 Aung San Suu Kyi was placed on a drip
by her doctor’s assistant because she has low blood pressure,
and is dehydrated and unable to eat. The authorities have so far
refused to allow the assistant access to her home for follow-up
treatment. On Thursday 7 May, her family doctor Tin Myo Win
had been denied permission to enter the house after waiting several hours to carry
out a regular medical check- up. He was arrested later that evening, and his
whereabouts are currently unknown.6
3
The number of active labour camps fluctuates according to the regime’s current infrastructure projects,
which prisoners held in labour camps are forced to work on without compensation.
4
5
6
The Irrawaddy, 9 May 2009.
2
Case: Min Ko Naing, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former
political prisoner. Currently held in Kengtung Prison, Shan State
Min Ko Naing suffers from a deteriorating eye condition, high

blood pressure and numbness in his hands. He is currently held
in solitary confinement and is not allowed to exercise. He is
suffering from a medical condition which means he is unable to
sweat, and is in pain. There is no regular doctor in the prison.7
Case: Htay Kywe, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former political
prisoner. Currently held in Buthidaung Prison, Arakan State
Htay Kywe has been tortured in Buthidaung Prison. He has also

been denied food and the right to exercise. He has not been
allowed to bathe regularly and has developed scabies as a result.
He suffers from high blood pressure. He is currently held in
solitary confinement. There is no doctor at the prison, which is
over 700 miles from his family in Rangoon.8
Case: Hla Myo Naung, leading member of the 88 Generation Students group and
former political prisoner. Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State
Hla Myo Naung is already blind in one eye. He is now

experiencing similar symptoms in his good eye to those he
experienced before he lost the sight in his other eye, and is at
serious risk of going blind. He urgently needs specialist
treatment. Myitkyina Prison is over 900 miles from Rangoon
where his family lives, and there is no prison doctor there.9
Case: Ko Ko Gyi, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former political
prisoner. Currently held in Monghsat Prison, Shan State10
Ko Ko Gyi has recently been suffering from a weak digestive

system. In the past he has also suffered from liver stones and
hepatitis B. After he was released in 2005, he received some
treatment for his liver problems.11
7
AAPP, April 2009.
8
9
10
This is a very isolated prison in North-eastern Burma, also in an active conflict zone.
11
3
Case: Su Su Nway, National League for Democracy youth member, labour activist
and former political prisoner. Currently held in Kale Prison, Sagaing
Division
Su Su Nway suffers from a congenital heart condition. She was

recently admitted to the general hospital in Kale. She has now
been transferred back to prison. She is very weak and is unable
to walk unaided. In the past, Su Su Nway has been moved to
solitary confinement as a punishment for asking prison
authorities for better medical care. There is no prison doctor in the prison, which
is 680 miles from Rangoon.12
Case: Win Mya Mya, National League for Democracy Division Organiser.
Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State
Win Mya Mya suffers from low blood pressure. She also has a
nerve condition, caused by injuries she sustained during the May
2003 Depayin massacre. There is no doctor in Puta-O Prison,
which is over 500 miles from Mandalay, her home town.13
Case: Pyae Phyo Hlaing, student activist, currently held in Buthidaung Prison in
Arakan State
Pyae Phyo Hlaing is currently unable to eat, because of stomach

pain. There is no doctor at Buthidaung prison, which is over 700
miles from Rangoon.14
Case: Thu Rein Aung, labour activist, currently held in Kyaukpyu Prison in
Arakan State
Thu Rein Aung is suffering from an eye condition, and has

recently lost a lot of weight due to a gastric problem.15
12
AAPP, April 2009.
13
AAPP, April 2009.
14
AAPP, April 2009.
15
AAPP, April 2009.
4
Case: Wai Lin, labour activist, currently held in Myitkyina Prison in Kachin State.
Wai Lin is suffering from tuberculosis and his health is rapidly

deteriorating. There is no prison doctor at the prison, which is over 900
miles from Rangoon.16
Case: Tun Tun Oo, National League for Democracy youth member, member of the
Human Rights Defenders and Promoters Network, currently held in Meiktila
Prison, Mandalay Division
Tun Tun Oo is currently experiencing pain in his body, due to

muscular tension. The prison is over 300 miles from Rangoon,
where his family live.17
Case: Myint Naing, member of the Human Rights Defenders and Promoters
Network, currently held in Kale Prison in Sagaing Division.
Myint Naing is suffering from a hernia and persistent headaches.

There is no doctor at the prison, which is 680 miles from
Rangoon.18
Case: Aung Thu, member of the 88 Generation Students group and former
political prisoner. Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin
State.
The muscles in one of Aung Thu’s legs have seized, and he cannot
stand up or move properly. His tongue is retracted, and he is
showing signs of nerve damage, which could lead to paralysis.
He has not received the specialist medical treatment he needs. 19
16
AAPP, April 2009.
17
AAPP, April 2009.
18
AAPP, April 2009.
19
AAPP, April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 April 2009.
5
Case: Myo Yan Naung Thein, member of the 88 Generation Students group and a
former political prisoner. Currently held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State
He was badly tortured under interrogation following his arrest in

December 2007. He is now suffering from paralysis and cannot
walk unaided. He has not received proper medical treatment,
and is currently held in Thandwe Prison in Arakan State, where
there are no neural medical specialists.20
Case: U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian, film-maker, and former political prisoner.
Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Northern Kachin State, over 900 miles
from Rangoon
Zarganar has been suffering from liver problems, spondylitis

[inflammation of a vertebra], hypertension and heart disease.
After losing consciousness for several hours on 16 April, he was
finally allowed hospital treatment eleven days later on 27 April.
According to ECG test results, his heart is swelling. He needs
proper ongoing medical care.21
Case: Than Naing, National League for Democracy Youth member, currently held
in Maubin Prison.
Than Naing has HIV and requires proper ongoing medical

treatment.22
Case: Kyaw Kyaw Thant, Weekly Eleven journal editor and Cyclone Nargis
volunteer, currently held in Insein Prison.
Kyaw Kyaw Thant is currently in poor health, and has been

denied adequate treatment. In March this year he reported
having breathing difficulties, after being kept in a small cell and
denied regular exercise, according to family members. On 24
April 2009 he reported experiencing chest pains, but his family
have not been given permission to take him to a specialist.23
20
AAPP September 2008 and Radio Free Asia, 5 January 2009.
21
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Mizzima 28 April 2009
22
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Radio Free Asia, 4 December 2008.
23
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, April 24 2009.
6
Case: U Than Lwin, National League for Democracy MP, currently held in Loikaw
Prison, Kayah State.
U Than Lwin is over 70 years old and suffers from cataracts. He is blind
in one eye and needs ongoing medical treatment.24
Case: Khun Tun Oo, Shan National League for Democracy MP, currently held in
Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State.
66 year-old Khun Tun Oo is suffering from hypertension and his

diabetes is getting worse. He has not received proper treatment
since his arrest and imprisonment in 2005.25
The main health problems experienced by political prisoners are:
• Dysentery – bacterial or viral infection, from unhygienic conditions and over-

crowding
• Scabies – from unhygienic conditions
• Cholera – from contaminated water
• Malaria – no mosquito nets, no medication
• Piles / Haemorrhoids – cold hard surfaces
• Anaemia – lack of nutrients
• Hypertension – sometimes stress-induced
• Heart disease – sometimes stress-induced
• Stroke – sometimes stress-induced
• Paralysis – from injuries received during torture
• Eye problems – prolonged periods in poorly lit, damp conditions
• Tuberculosis – damp, bad ventilation and over-crowding26
24
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma 20 January 2008.
25
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, 7 April 2009.
26
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centres and Prisons, AAPP 2006.
7
2. Prison transfers
One of the major concerns for Burma’s political

prisoners right now is the impact of prison
transfers. The medium to long-term effect of prison
transfers on political prisoners’ health is likely to
be very serious, and may directly result in more
deaths in prisons.
Since October 2008, at least 228 political prisoners

have been transferred to remote jails, far from their
families. Prison transfers have a direct impact on
healthcare for prisoners. Within the prison system,
there is no reliable way for political prisoners to
obtain the correct medicines they need from prison
authorities. Medical supplies are wholly
inadequate, and often only obtained through bribes
to prison officials.
Families are therefore the main provider of

medicines and food, and when a prisoner is
transferred to a remote area it is very difficult for
the family to provide medicine when it is needed.
Pro-democracy activists are usually the main
Map of prisons in Burma breadwinners for their families, so when they are
arrested, the family’s income is drastically reduced.
Travel and accommodation costs for prison visits are often prohibitive. In many cases,
prisons are hundreds of miles from the political prisoner’s hometown, and the
infrastructure and public transport system are poor.27
27
Only close family members in possession of their ‘family registration’ document provided by local
authorities are allowed to visit political prisoners in prison. This document is an official record of family
members resident at the same address. This means that others – for example friends or extended family
members based in the areas closer to the prison - are not allowed to visit.
8
Case: Shwe Maung, National League for Democracy member. Currently held in
Pyapon Prison, Irrawaddy Division.
"I gave him some medicines, but we are living in constant fear for
his health. When he was in Insein jail, I was able to see him once
a month. Now I can't even do it one in two months." Than Than
Win, Shwe Maung’s wife. He is suffering from gastric illness.28
In addition, in January 2009 many family members reported that there was a ban on visits
to political prisoners for the whole month. In some cases family members were only
informed of the ban after they had travelled hundreds of miles to see their loved ones.
This increases the suffering for political prisoners and their families, and also impacts on
healthcare. This type of ban is another form of punishment for prisoners and their
families.
Case: Nilar Thein, leading member of 88 Generation Students group and former
political prisoner. Currently held in Thayet Prison, Magwe Division, 340
miles from Rangoon.
"We could not meet her for nearly two months and don't know
about her health condition. Now we are worried about her health
after hearing she is vomiting almost daily. She is said to have a
peptic ulcer and is being kept in solitary confinement.” Mother-
in-law of Nilar Thein.29
Case: Thin Thin Aye aka Mie Mie, leading member of 88 Generation Students
group and a former political prisoner. Currently held in Bassein Prison,
Irrawaddy Division, 140 miles from Rangoon.
“I wanted to see her and ask her about her health situation face
to face. The prison authorities said she is in good health. But I’m
really worried because she has been suffering from gout.
Anyway, I will keep coming back to visit her with my daughter,
even if they say they won’t allow visits.” Hla Moe, Mie Mie’s
husband.30
28
Democratic Voice of Burma, 4 March 2009.
29
Mizzima, 20 January 2009
30
Democratic Voice of Burma, 18 January 2009.
9
Case: U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian, film-maker, and former political prisoner.
Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Northern Kachin State, over 900 miles
from Rangoon
"Myitkyina prison jailor U Hla Shwe had promised me that I

could see Ko Zargana one day before my departure from
Rangoon. But he didn't let me meet him when I arrived there. I
requested them to let me meet him but they refused. So I did not
leave the food parcels and other packages that I brought from
Rangoon with the jailors as I was not certain it would reach Ko
Zargana," Ma Nyein, Zarganar’s sister-in-law. Zarganar has been suffering from
liver problems, spondilytis, hypertension and heart disease.31
High-profile political prisoners are more likely to be sent to the most remote prisons,
where the weather is harsh. In some cases the weather is very cold for long periods.
Prisoners are then more susceptible to illness.
In other cases the weather is very hot and humid, and mosquitoes are prevalent. No
measures are taken to prevent malaria spreading through mosquito bites. Political
prisoners are not allowed mosquito coils or mosquito nets, nor are they given any
preventative medicine. Thus, they easily contract malaria. The rainy season is fast
approaching and malaria is a major health concern for many of Burma’s political
prisoners.
Malaria, HIV and tuberculosis (including drug-resistant strains of TB) are all prevalent in
Burma. Prison populations are particularly vulnerable to these three diseases, due to
overcrowding and lack of adequate medical care.
According to the World Health Organisation, morbidity rates for malaria in Burma are
highest in Arakan, Kachin, Karen, and Kayah states, and Sagaing and Tenasserim
Divisions.32 All are border areas in Burma. During the recent prison transfers, high-
profile political prisoners have been moved to prisons in these areas.
31
Mizzima, 8 April 2009, and AAPP 30 April 2009.
32
World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South East Asia. Figures from 2006
10
Prison Division or State No. of political High-profile political prisoners

prisoners held held there
there
Khamti Sagaing Division At least 15 U Gambira, leader of the All
Burma Monks’ Alliance
De Nyein Lin, leader of the All
Burma Federation of Student
Unions
General Soe Ten, Chairman of
the Shan State Peace Council
Htin Kyaw, solo protestor and
founder of the Myanmar
Development Committee
Kale Sagaing Division At least 44 U Ohn Than, solo protestor
Su Su Nway, labour activist
Buthidaung Arakan State At least 25 Htay Kywe, leader of the 88
Generation Students group
Sithu Maung, leader of the All
Burma Federation of Student
Unions
Kyaukpyu Arakan State At least 17 Sai Hla Aung, Shan National
League for Democracy
Sittwe Arakan State At least 31 Than Tin aka Kyi Than, 88
Generation Students group
member
Thu Rein Aung, labour activist
Kawthaung Tenasserim At least 14 Htay Win Aung aka Pyone Cho,
Division 88 Generation Students leader
Kyaw Kyaw aka Zayar Thaw,
rapper and leader of Generation
Wave
Tavoy Tenasserim At least 8 Zaya aka Kalama, 88 Generation
Division Students group
Mergui Tenasserim At least 17 Kyaw Kyaw Htwe aka Marky, 88
Division Generation Students group
Puta-O Northern Kachin At least 12 Khun Tun Oo, elected MP from
State the Shan National League for
Democracy
11
Prison Division or State No. of political High-profile political prisoners

prisoners held held there
there
Myitkyina Kachin State At least 2633 U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian
and film-maker
Hla Myo Naung, 88 Generation
Students group
In the past, political prisoners have died as a direct result of being moved to a prison with
high rates of malaria infection, and subsequently being denied adequate treatment.
Case: Thet Win Aung, leading member of the Basic Education Students’ Union,
who died in Mandalay Prison in October 2006
Thet Win Aung was sentenced to a total of 60 years. He was very

badly tortured under interrogation. He was first held in Kale
Prison, Sagaing Division, where he took part in a hunger strike
calling for political prisoners’ rights. He was then transferred to
Khamti prison, where he contracted cerebral malaria. He was
denied medical treatment for a long time. Eventually, he was transferred to
Mandalay Prison for treatment, but it was too late. He died there in October
2006.34
Prisoner transfers are decided by three groups of people; the Judiciary, Ministry of Home
Affairs and Prisons Department. Doctors or medics will have little or no say in the
decision to move a prisoner. Therefore a prisoner may be moved while they are very ill or
in the middle of treatment.
Prisoners may be transferred to prisons where there is no healthcare, or transferred when

they have been given permission to have medical treatment. Thus prison transfers are also
used as a way to stop political prisoners getting the medical treatment they need.
Case: Hla Myo Naung, leading member of the 88 Generation Students group and
former political prisoner. Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State
Hla Myo Naung has been blind in one eye since October 2007.
He is currently experiencing similar symptoms in his good eye to
those he experienced before he lost the sight in his other eye, and
33
All figures from AAPP, 30 April 2009
34
AAPP, October 2006.
12
is at serious risk of going blind. He urgently needs specialist treatment, but he is

in Myitkyina Prison, over 900 miles from Rangoon where his family lives, and
there is no prison doctor there. "The people there don’t know much. Even in
Rangoon there are only two eye specialists who can treat this kind of ailment.
There are no proper medical instruments there [in prison] either. They just looked
at his eye and prescribed eye drops," Aye Aye Mar, Hla Myo Naung’s wife.35
In remote areas, prisons are less likely to have a hospital ward or a doctor in regular
attendance.
Case: Min Ko Naing, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former
political prisoner. Currently held in solitary confinement, Kengtung Prison,
Shan State.
“I am mainly concerned that he might have a stroke due to the

high blood pressure. I left with him some medicines. It would
be better if there is a regular doctor at the prison.” Kyi Kyi
Nyunt, Min Ko Naing’s sister. She was allowed only 20
minutes to talk with her brother, having travelled hundreds of miles from
Rangoon to reach Kengtung in eastern Burma.36
Case: Thein Than Tun, member of the 88 Generation Students group. Currently
held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State.
“I am worried about his health because there are no medics or

doctors in Thandwe prison in Arakan State. It is very difficult to
get here because the roads are so bad.” Wife of Thein Than
Tun.37
2.1. Current Situation in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State (over 900 miles from
Rangoon)
There are currently at least 26 political prisoners held in Myitkyina Prison, one of the
most remote prisons in Burma. 13 of them are unable to receive visits from family
members, due to the prohibitive costs and distances involved.38 A round trip from
Rangoon to Myitkyina costs approximately 48,000 kyats ($48) per person. This does not
35
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Radio Free Asia 18 March 2009
36
Democratic Voice of Burma, 4 March 2009.
37
Radio Free Asia, 19 February 2009
38
AAPP, February 2009.
13
include accommodation, food or local transportation costs. In many cases this exceeds a
family’s monthly income, as the average worker in Burma earns a little over a $1 a day.
There are serious concerns for the health and well-being of those 13 political prisoners.
As they are unable to receive family visits, they will not get supplementary food or
medicines. And their mental health is likely to suffer due to the lack of contact and moral
support from their families.
2.2. Current Situation in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State (over 1,100 miles
from Rangoon)
There are currently at least 12 political prisoners in Puta-O Prison, one of the most
remote prisons in Burma. 11 of them are unable to receive family visits; there are serious
concerns for their health and well-being.39 A round trip by public transport to Puta-O
Prison can take up to 14 days, due to the poor infrastructure. It is extremely difficult for
family members to visit.
Case: Aung Thu, member of the 88 Generation Students group and former political
prisoner. Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State.
The muscles in one of Aung Thu’s legs have seized, and he cannot
stand up or move properly. One of the reasons for his condition is
that during his prison transfer, he was held in iron shackles.40
“His tongue is retracted, his nerves are damaged, and his leg
muscles are wasting away. I’m really worried that these are all
symptoms leading to paralysis. A doctor visits him every two
weeks, but there is no specialist there. I worry that the doctor will not understand
his symptoms, and misdiagnose him.”Myat Myat Tun, Aung Thu’s wife.41
3. Brutal torture at interrogation centres and prisons
Torture is state policy in Burma, and common practice at interrogation centres and
prisons. Common forms of torture include sleep deprivation, beatings and stress
positions. Prisoner punishments - such as solitary confinement and placing prisoners in
punishment cells - exacerbate existing injuries and creates additional health problems.
Solitary confinement cells are worse than a regular cell. They are smaller in size and the
prisoner is placed in shackles. They must sleep on a cold concrete floor without any
blanket or mat, which can lead to tuberculosis, and makes existing injuries more painful.
39
AAPP, February 2009.
40
Source: AAPP, February 2009.
41
Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 April 2009.
14
Prisoners are not allowed to shower and the small pots used as toilets are not emptied, as
a result excrement remains uncovered and gives rise to maggots and a foul stench.
Many 88 Generation Students group members currently in prison are former political
prisoners who have already spent long periods in solitary confinement. Some of them are
being held in solitary confinement now, along with monk leader U Gambira.
When political activists are first detained, they are often subjected to brutal torture during
the interrogation period that can result in their death or leave them with permanent
injuries. After they have been tortured they are denied medical assistance and treatment
for the injuries they have received.
Case: Myo Yan Naung Thein, member of the 88 Generation Students group and a
former political prisoner. Currently held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State
He was badly tortured under interrogation following his arrest in

December 2007. He is now suffering from paralysis and cannot
walk unaided. He has not received proper medical treatment,
and is currently held in Thandwe Prison in Arakan State, where
there are no neural medical specialists.42
Torture often continues in prison. Sometimes after a prisoner has been tortured the
authorities try to hide the injuries by denying family visits.
Case: Aung Kyaw Oo, National League for Democracy member. Currently held in
Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State
He was beaten by five wardens, the prison chief and the prison
administrator. His wife went to visit but was unable to see him. "When I
went to the prison on 3 January, the prison authorities did not allow me to
see him as he was in bad shape. His face was black and blue and he had
some minor damage to his ribs. The prison officials told me to come back
on 13 [January]”.43
Many injuries sustained as a result of torture then become permanent and political
prisoners carry the injuries their whole life.
42
AAPP September 2008 and Radio Free Asia, 5 January 2009.
43
Democratic Voice of Burma, 8 January 2009.
15
Case: Aung Kyaw Oo, former political prisoner, held in Insein & Tharawaddy
Prisons from 1991 – 2005
“When I was in Insein Prison, I wanted to stand up for prisoners’

rights. I defied the prison jailer’s orders to do ‘poun-zan’
[assume a stress position with the head bowed down] in front of
the jailer and prison authorities. The jailer beat me. I saw about
ten other guards watching what was happening. Then the jailer
put iron shackles on my feet and placed a hood over my head. After that I don’t
know how many guards beat me. The next day the jailer and guards tried to make
me do poun-zan again. I refused, and the same thing happened again. After those
beatings, my left ear was bleeding. Now I cannot hear properly in that ear.”44
4. Long-term imprisonment and prolonged detention
Prolonged detention means that a political prisoner’s health deteriorates over time and
s/he becomes more and more susceptible to illness. In Burma’s prisons, a long jail term
sentence is like a drawn out death sentence. The combination of torture, harsh prison
conditions, lack of healthcare, and poor hygiene has a severely detrimental impact on the
physical and mental health of the prisoner. This increases the likelihood that a prisoner
will contract a serious illness such as tuberculosis or malaria, from which they will be
unable to recover or suffer from permanent health problems.
Of the activists sentenced since October last year, over 30% were handed down sentences
of 10 years or more.45 Twenty-three members of the 88 Generation Students group were
sentenced to at least 65 years in prison. Of those twenty-three members, twenty of them
have already spent time in prison due to their political activism. There are serious
concerns for the health of at least four of them, Min Ko Naing, Htay Kywe, Hla Myo
Naung, and Ko Ko Gyi. All suffer from chronic health problems caused by prolonged
periods in detention.
Case: Htay Aung, former political prisoner, held in Insein & Bassein Prisons from
1996 – 2002
“I contracted tuberculosis in Bassein Prison. At the time I

couldn’t tell the prison guards about my condition, because I had
already lost my voice after several years of exposure to the cold
concrete floor I slept on. So, I coughed up enough blood to fill a
small cup. When the superintendent came around for his weekly
44
From an interview conducted at AAPP, April 2009.
45
16
inspection I showed him. They just transferred me to the leprosy ward. I didn’t
get any proper treatment from the authorities. My mother visited me in prison
every two weeks, and brought me tuberculosis medicine. If she hadn’t done that, I
don’t think I would be alive today.”46
Prison authorities and/or military intelligence often keep political prisoners in jail beyond
the date they should have been released, even if they are in poor health. This can cause
severe mental suffering. There have been cases where political prisoners have been kept
in prison after completing their original sentence and denied medical treatment, and have
died as a result.
Case: National League for Democracy Minhla Branch Chairperson Aung May
Thu, who died in Tharawaddy Prison in September 2002
Although Aung May Thu completed his 10 year prison term in

November 1999, he continued to be detained under Section 10(A)
of the State Protection Law. He suffered from a persistent fever
for two weeks in September 2002, and was eventually
hospitalized in Tharawaddy Prison. He died two days later.47
Currently, at least 19 political prisoners are known to be held in labour camps.48

Imprisonment in labour camps is tantamount to a death sentence. Conditions in labour
camps are particularly harsh. Prisoners are forced to do heavy work and given very little
food. 49
5. Denial of medical treatment
When high profile political prisoners are imprisoned, Burmese Intelligence (Military
Intelligence, Special Branch Police, the Office of Military Affairs Security (OMAS)) will
receive daily reports from prison authorities. The reports include health concerns. Thus, if
the prisoner requests medical help the Intelligence personnel will be informed. Ultimately
the Intelligence personnel will decide if the political prisoner can receive medical care.
46
Extract from interview on file at AAPP. Former political prisoner detained in Insein Prison 1996-1997,
Bassein Prison 1997 – 2002. See also extract from Thomas Fuller’s New York Times article
47
Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, AAPP, May 2006.
48
They are: Bo Bo Zaw aka Chit Chit Zaw, Han Thaw Min Aung, Khin Oo, Kyaw Hlaing aka Japan Gyi,
Kyaw Thu, Kyaw Thura Aung, Kyaw Zaw, Maung Khaing aka Maung Maung Naing, Myo Aung Swe,
Myo Thant aka Iqsamein, Myo Win aka Sling, Nay Lin Soe, Nyi Nyi Zaw aka Islam, Pho Phyu, Soe Win
aka Nyunt Aye, Tin Htoo, U Pyanyar Thiha aka Myint Oo, Win Myint, and Zaw Lin aka Zaw Lwin.
49
AAPP, April 2009. In October 1990, many monks participated in the boycott, pattam nikkujjana kamma
or “overturning the bowl”, refusing to accept alms from members of the armed forces and their families.
As punishment some were transferred to labour camps, and 19 monks died there.
17
Case: Kyaw Kyaw Thant, Weekly Eleven journal editor and Cyclone Nargis
volunteer, currently held in Insein Prison.
Kyaw Kyaw Thant is currently in poor health, and has been

denied adequate treatment. In March this year he reported
having breathing difficulties, after being kept in a small cell and
denied regular exercise, according to family members. On 24
April 2009 he reported experiencing chest pains, but his family
have not been given permission to take him to a specialist.50
Military Intelligence have denied requests for medical care to seriously unwell prisoners,
made by prison doctors or prison authorities. As a result, political prisoners have died.
Case: Khin Maung Lwin, member of the Green Stars Youth Front and the
Democratic Party and Patriotic Youth Organisation, who died in Puta-O
Prison in January 2006.
He suffered from hypertension, heart disease, malaria, urinary

tract problems, and haemorrhoids. He and his family repeatedly
requested the prison authorities, the International Committee of
the Red Cross, and intelligence personnel to allow for treatment
in a township hospital. The prison Chief Warden also reported
his case to the Prison Department five times. The prison doctor
recommended that he needed to have proper treatment. However, he was not
allowed to go to the hospital.51
6. Inadequate medical care
There are 44 prisons across Burma, and at least 50 labour camps. Some of them do not
have a prison hospital, and at least 12 of the prisons do not even have a prison doctor.52
Even the prisons which have a hospital have an insufficient number of skilled medical
staff in relation to the number of prisoners. For example, Insein prison holds up to 10,000
prisoners, yet there are a maximum of three doctors to look after many prisoners with
serious health problems.53
50
AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, April 24 2009.
51
Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, AAPP, May 2006.
52
AAPP, 30 April 2009
53
AAPP, 30 April 2009
18
In some cases, instead of qualified medical doctors, the prisons have medical “staff”. But
they have had minimal training. A former political prisoner related the situation in
Shwebo prison.
“There is no hospital in Shwebo prison, Sagaing division. There are only

three medics who had medical training for just three months. When
prisoners need hospital treatment, they are transferred to Shwebo
Township hospital, but only if they have money to pay for treatment. The
worst thing is that there is no guard ward in the hospital. The police
aren’t able to take care of security for prisoners, so instead prisoners
have to be handcuffed to their bed by the hand and/or legs until they left
hospital.”54
Prisons with no hospital will also use criminal prisoners trained by medics, or political
prisoners with limited medical knowledge. They do not have sufficient training to
properly diagnose illness.
Case: Kay Thi Aung, student activist, currently held in Tavoy Prison, Tenasserim
Division
In January 2009, 23 year-old Kay Thi Aung suffered a

miscarriage in prison, due to lack of adequate medical care. She
was pregnant at the time of her arrest in September 2008. In
March 2009 she was transferred to Tavoy Prison in Tenasserim
Division, almost 400 miles from her family in Rangoon.55
Case: Than Naing, National League for Democracy Youth member, currently held
in Maubin Prison, Irrawaddy Division.
In December 2008, his wife reported that Than Naing has HIV
and his health is deteriorating. She stated that prison authorities
haven’t given him proper treatment.56
Prison hospitals have very limited supplies of medicine. Even when proper medication is
provided, it is rarely provided in sufficient amounts. Medications have a set dosage that
must be taken for a certain number of days in order to have any effect. Frequently,
54
Former political prisoner released from Shwebo Prison in June 2007. AAPP interview conducted
December 2008.
55
AAPP, 23 January 2009.
56
Radio Free Asia, 4 December 2008.
19
prisoners will have their receipt of medications ended far short of the required time,
leaving the condition unimproved.
Before January 2006, when the International Committee of the Red Cross was still able to
visit prisons in Burma, it donated medicine in an effort to improve prison conditions.
However ICRC donated medicine was confiscated by prison authorities and sold back to
the prisoners.
“The ICRC visited Mandalay prison three times while I was there. During
these times, conditions did improve to a certain extent. However, we found
out that though the ICRC had donated much medicine to the prisons, the
authorities kept it to themselves to sell, while giving the prisoners poorer
quality medicine.”57
“Though the ICRC provided the prisons with the appropriate medicine, all
these medicines were kept by the authorities and then sold. Prisoners had
to pay for the medicines they received, or rely on families for the proper
medicine.”58
7. Poor nutrition
Prison officials do not comply with the regime’s own jail manual regulations on ‘daily
allowances of articles of diet, per head, for the various classes of C class prisoners’ (C
class prisoners are the lowest class of prisoner)59. According to prisoner testimonies
political prisoners receive very low quality food from prison authorities. The rice is often
over or undercooked so as to lose any nutritional value. The fish paste is of the lowest
quality, and the curries are little more than water with a few pieces of unwashed
vegetables. Insects, stones and sand are often mixed into the curries. Despite a weekly
ration of meat, it is usually only about a one inch cube and is only served boiled. The lack
of sufficient nutritious food in the prisons contributes to a weakened immune system,
leaving a prisoner susceptible to illness and disease.
It is left to the families of political prisoners to provide the essential food items. However,
they do not always reach prisoners.
57
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons, AAPP, 2006.
58
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons, AAPP, 2006.
59
Jail Manual, Chapter 17, Clause 1077, P447.
20
Case: Tun Tun Naing, National League for Democracy member, currently held in
Meiktila Prison, Mandalay Division.
"I brought some fish sauce and vegetables like cabbage to him as he had
asked for them before in a letter he sent me. But the prison officials
refused to accept those items for him; they said cabbage was prohibited
as it might damage the inmates' health because a lot of insecticides were
used in growing them. They said instant noodles were also prohibited as
the prison had no hot water to give the inmates to prepare them. Instant
coffee mix packs bought from outside were not allowed either – only
those sold by prison officials were allowed." Wife of Tun Tun Naing. 60
Many prisoners in Insein prison suffered from additional health problems after Cyclone
Nargis struck on 2 and 3 May last year. The cyclone ripped the roof off the food
warehouse, and rice stores were soaked. Although the International Committee of the
Red Cross replaced the rice as soon as they found out about the situation, prisoners were
only fed the new rice for three days. Authorities then fed prisoners mouldy, inedible rice.
As a result many prisoners suffered from diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting, dizziness, skin
allergies and typhoid. Female prisoners in the women’s compound of the prison are
known to have suffered more than others. The prison authorities did provide adequate
medical care to those who fell ill as a direct result of their neglect.61
Conclusion & Recommendations
The regime’s policies and practices of torture; harsh sentences handed down by kangaroo
courts; systematic transfers to remote prisons; and systematic denial of healthcare are all
designed to ensure that political prisoners never leave prison. The regime’s policies and
practices have already resulted in the needless deaths of at least 139 political prisoners in
Burma’s interrogation centres, jails and labour camps since 1988.
Overcrowding in prisons exacerbates the spread of communicable diseases like malaria,

tuberculosis and HIV. Together with corruption within the prison system, the lack of
proper medical care (when it is granted) and poor nutrition, these factors are contributing
to a growing health crisis for Burma’s current political prisoners and the prison
population as a whole.
60
Democratic Voice of Burma, 8 January 2009
61
AAPP, May 2008.
21
Recommendations
1. The UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in Myanmar must carry out
an independent investigation into the systematic denial of healthcare for political
prisoners.
2. The UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health should carry out an independent
investigation into the health conditions in Burma’s prisons and labour camps.
3. Any organisation working on the three diseases of HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in
Burma should not ignore the situation in prisons and labour camps.
4. The UN Security Council should exert pressure on the military regime to grant the
International Committee of the Red Cross full and unrestricted access to fulfil its
independent, impartial mandate to inspect prisons.
22
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Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars
1
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma)
2
3
Publishing and Distribution
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners

(Burma)
May 2006
Copy
1500
Address
AAPP
P.O Box 93
Mae Sot
Tak Province 63110
THAILAND
Email
aappb@cscoms.com
Website
www.aappb.org
4
Acknowledgements
In writing this report, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners

(AAPP) seeks to honor the democracy activists who died while behind
bars. They are modern day martyrs in the struggle to free Burma.
We also commend the bravery of the families of deceased democracy

activists for their willingness to share information regarding their loved
ones, and for their courage in calling on the authorities to reveal the
true circumstances surrounding their loved one’s death.
We would like to thank all the former political prisoners, democracy

and human rights activists who provided information to us. We likewise
appreciate the efforts of the staff and members of the AAPP to
compile information, provide translations, write the report and assist
with editing.
We further thank the staff and members of Burma Action Ireland and
the US Campaign for Burma for their editorial comments which helped
us to improve on the content of the report. We also wish to thank
them, and Burma Campaign UK, for helping our report reach the
international community.
We appreciate the time taken by Ye Tun Oo to complete the layout of

the report.
The AAPP is grateful to the National Endowment for Democracy for

providing the facilities used to research and write this report.
We are further grateful to Development Coorporation Ireland for

generously providing the funding which made this report possible.
5
The publication of this report has been funded by

Development Cooperation Ireland.
6
“I grieved so much as Polaris
if my heartBurmese
was broken.Library
I still feel(hurt
Singapore ) when I see his
and very upset
picture. I still burst into tears when I look at his picture. I tell myself that it would have been
better if I could replace him because I am over 60 years old now. I cried in front of them (the
authorities), saying my son shouldn’t be dead yet. And I prayed for others not to face a similar
tragedy to mine…
I wouldn’t be that sad if my son was a criminal. Obviously, he was not. He died for his country
and that’s why I can’t feel anymore.
I don’t want to blame them [authorities] further since they are absolutely out of control. My son
died because they closed their ears and didn’t want to listen to us. I would feel less hurt if he had
died in my hands.
I just pray that there will be no more deaths like my son’s in the future. And if I ever offended
them [authorities] in my previous life, I hope I gain release from my sufferings in this life.”
-Daw Than Aye speaking about her son, Ko Khin Maung Lwin
“I am not looking to accuse a person for my father’s death by saying “Why did he die and who
made him die?” I understand clearly who is responsible. It is not a person; it is the bad political
system. Of course, the military dictatorship is responsible. That is why I don’t have any personal
feelings of hate or bitterness. There have been too many lives lost and blood sacrificed under the
military dictatorship. There have been too many lives damaged. I am trying to console myself as
this has not just happened to my father.”
-Ko Kyaw Zaw speaking about his father, U Kyi Tin Oo (Poet)
“I will never forget that my father introduced my siblings and I to the history of Burma, especially
the student movement. Our country is very beautiful. There are many rivers, mountains and delightful
natural scenes, but there has also been many sounds of crying, moaning and anger. Missing fathers
and sons, mothers and daughters, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters...they scream while searching,
crying from the torture. Whenever political activists die in prison or the interrogation center, their
families have no right to bury the bodies of their loved ones. Our nation is overwhelmed with grief.
Many activists have been killed by the junta. I want peace and stability for my country. I pray that
those who sacrificed their life for democracy and human rights, including my father, can find rest.”
-Ko Salai Yaw Aung speaking about his father, U Saw Win (MP)
8
Contents
Foreword
Executive Summary 17
Recommendations 19
I. Introduction 22
II. Interrogation Centers 22
III. Prisons 24
IV. Labor Camps 26
V. Disappearances 27
VI. After Release 27
VII. Death 28
VIII. Conclusion 29
Appendix A (i): List of Interrogation Deaths 30

Appendix A (ii): Biographies of Interrogation Deaths 31
Appendix B (i): List of Prison Deaths 39

Appendix B (ii): Biographies of Prison Deaths 45
Appendix C (i): List of Labor Camp Deaths 122

Appendix C (ii): Biographies of Labor Camp Deaths 123
Appendix D (i): List of the Disappeared 126

Appendix D (ii): Biographies of the Disappeared 128
Appendix E (i): List of Deaths after Release 133

Appendix E (ii): Biographies of Deaths after Release 134
Appendix F (i): Map of Burma’s Prisons and Labor Camps 144

Appendix F (ii): List of Burma’s Interrogation Centers 145
9
10
Foreword
Nothing is more revealing about the situation of human rights in a country than
the existence of political prisoners. They embody the denial of the most basic
freedoms essential to humankind, such as freedom of opinion and assembly.
Moreover, the very manner in which such persons are treated further reflects
upon the level of esteem in which a Government holds its own people. At least
1,156 of Myanmar’s citizens are behind bars, without access to the guarantees of
due process, for the exercise of their political rights. The judicial system, far from
affording individuals basic standards of justice, is employed by the Government
as an instrument of repression to silence dissent.
From the outset of my work on Myanmar, I made a point of visiting and reporting
regularly on the plight of political prisoners. Aside from my own appraisal of the
conditions of detention, I have always counted on the credible information
provided by the Assistance Association of Political Prisoners.
The following report unveils the tragic deaths of democracy advocates and human
rights defenders in Myanmar’s detention sites or shortly after their release. As I
write, news has emerged that yet another political prisoner has died in custody.
The death of U Ko Oo brings to nine, the total number of political prisoners
known to have died since early 2005 alone.
The deplorable conditions of places of detention in Myanmar are well-documented.

Allegations of incommunicado detention, torture, ill-treatment, poor diet,
substandard hygiene levels, absence and denial of adequate medical attention, are
all too commonplace. Such conditions and treatment are generating and
exacerbating the serious health problems of prisoners. It is of deep concern that
since January 2006, the International Committee of the Red Cross which was
carrying out formidable work in Myanmar is no longer free to make independent
and confidential visits to places of detention.
As I have proposed in the past in connection with other heinous violations of

human rights, I believe that it is now time for the international community to urge
the Government to establish an independent enquiry into the rapidly mounting
deaths of political prisoners in Myanmar. Such an investigation should seek the
accountability of those responsible and compensation for the victim’s families. It
should also include the cases of disappearances.
11
This report further serves to vividly highlight the urgency for the Government to
accede to core international human rights instruments so as to prevent the death
of another Myanmar citizen.
In recognition and fulfillment of its pledge first made fifteen years ago and
repeatedly since, to honor the political will of the people of Myanmar, the release
of all remaining political prisoners will signal the preparedness of the Government
to now rise to its outstanding responsibility. Once freed, they could have a decisive
role in Myanmar’s long-anticipated transition to democracy. The postponement
of democratic reform can be justified no longer.
I applaud the remarkable group of committed advocates who comprise the

AAPPB, for their steadfast dedication to bringing to light the hidden world of
Myanmar’s prisons. They truly merit the encouragement and support of the
international community. I also commend Development Cooperation Ireland and
the other organizations which supported the publication of this report.
The lives of those whose names are inscribed upon these pages are powerful
symbols of the tenacity and courage of the people of Myanmar to resolutely
strive for the realization of democracy and the exercise and enjoyment of
fundamental rights and freedoms.
Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
12
Foreword
The Burmese government, like most dictatorships, does its best to hide
the crimes it commits against its people. Perhaps on some level it knows
that what it does is shameful. But more likely, it views secrecy as another
means to torment its persecuted opponents. It tells them: “Not only will
we harm you physically, but no one in the world will know we did this to
you. No one will know that you suffered. No one will know that you
even existed. And if they do not know, they will not care.”
By documenting the scourge of torture in Burma’s prisons, the AAPP shines

a light on the government’s cruelty, and restores to its victims some of the
dignity that their government tries to deny them. The report catalogues in
meticulous detail the names, the stories, and the fate of political prisoners
who were tortured, in many cases to death, simply because of their peaceful
pursuit of human rights. It will help ensure that these good people are
remembered and honored, and that the officials who persecuted them are
one day held accountable for their crimes.
The report also reminds us of the horrors the Burmese democracy movement
must endure to pursue its aims, and its remarkable moral courage in staying
the course. Its efforts have repeatedly been met with violence, yet it has
never fought fire with fire — it has stuck steadfastly to a non-violent path.
Its members have been ruthlessly persecuted, many killed, others
imprisoned or forced into exile, yet still it preaches reconciliation with the
military government of Burma. All it truly demands is dialogue — a
solution to Burma’s problems that is negotiated calmly between its
government and its people.
As the report shows, many courageous Burmese have been willing to risk
torture and death rather than renounce their beliefs or give up their non-
violent struggle. Those around the world who have supported the cause
of human rights in Burma, and who face comparatively little risk, also
must not give up or let up. The report rightly urges the U.N. Security
Council to become engaged on Burma, including by appointing a
commission to investigate the commission of human rights crimes there.
13
The Burmese government’s policies clearly threaten the Burmese people;
they also threaten the stability of Burma’s neighbors and thus merit Security
Council action. All nations should support this effort.
Tom Malinowski
Washington Advocacy Director
Human Rights Watch
14
Foreword
In May 2005, a young man in Burma sat down in a local restaurant to eat his
dinner. While eating, he was suddenly accosted by several men and taken to an
unknown location. Seven days later, he was dead.
Aung Hlaing Win was tortured to death in one of Burma’s many interrogation
centers. His only crime was being a member of the National League for
Democracy (NLD), a political party in opposition to the brutal rule of Burma’s
military regime. Three days after his death, the authorities finally informed Aung
Hlaing Win’s family of his fate, claiming his death was a result of a heart attack,
not torture. They further tried to bribe his family into keeping silent, and cremated
the body of Aung Hlaing Win without the family’s consent. The authorities
responsible for Aung Hlaing Win’s death have been identified, yet no action has
been taken to hold those responsible accountable.
Such has been the all too common fate of several political activists detained since
1988. Since the democracy uprising in Burma in 1988, the military regime has
brutally suppressed all opposition through the use of arbitrary detention, torture
and ill-treatment. Torture and ill-treatment has subsequently been the cause of
death for many democracy activists in Burma.
Torture in Burma’s interrogation centers and prisons is brutal and systematic.

Political prisoners are subject to extreme physical assaults resulting in internal
bleeding and unconsciousness. Those who survive the beatings are left with physical
pain for the remainder of their lives.
In Burma, torture is not limited to physical assaults, but extends to the authorities
maintenance of general prison conditions and the ineptness of the prison health
care system. Prison authorities routinely and deliberately aggravate prison conditions
and deny medical care to political prisoners, causing a level of suffering tantamount
to torture.
Some political prisoners have been forced to work in Burma’s gulags, labor camps
spread through out the country where prisoners are made to do back-breaking
work on starvation rations. Political prisoners have died in the labor camps.
A number of political prisoners have disappeared. For these prisoners, their fate
is a mystery, and their families must endure the agony of not knowing where their
loved ones are, whether they are alive or dead.
15
For those who
Assistance surviveforprison,
Association lifePrisoners
Political afterwards is extremely difficult. The inability
(Burma)
to afford proper medical care has led to the deaths of many political prisoners
shortly after their release. Additionally, the mental anguish that political prisoners
have had to endure often proves too much, and a few political prisoners have
consequently committed suicide.
Burma’s interrogation centers and prisons are reflective of the broader political
situation in the country. The conditions and treatment endured in these locations
reveal the intention and policies of the military regime. Torture is state policy in
Burma. It is condoned by the ruling regime with the expressed purpose of
eliminating any opposition to their continued rule. When torture or ill-treatment
results in death, the authorities use the deceased person as an example. Fear of a
similar fate to their dead colleagues, friends and family members silences many in
Burma.
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) has compiled information
for all known cases of death in custody since 1988. However, it is not possible to
know all cases of death in custody, or even to have complete information for all
the known cases. Additionally, since the military coup in 1962, democracy activists
in Burma have faced arbitrary detention, torture, ill-treatment, and even death.
The full truth of these cases remains unknown as well. Only when Burma is a free
and democratic society will the true extent of the military regime’s crimes be
known.
Within Burma’s prisons, a parallel struggle to that outside the prisons has been
taking place. It is a struggle against the injustice and brutality of the authorities. It
is a struggle for democracy and human rights. Though this report exposes the
brutality that has led to the deaths of democracy activists, it also shows the courage
of these fallen men and women. While they did not live to see the realization of
their dream, their memory is carried in the hearts of those who continue to struggle
for the realization of a free Burma.
Tate Naing
Secretary
16
Executive Summary
After the 1988 people’s uprising in Burma, thousands of people were

arrested and imprisoned. Nearly all have faced torture or ill-treatment at
the hands of the authorities. Such torture and ill-treatment has resulted in
death for many.
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners has documented the

cases of 127 democracy activists who died after enduring torture or ill-
treatment in custody. Due to the political situation in Burma, all cases of
death in custody are not known. Further, many details of the known cases
cannot be collected.
Information in this report concerning the political background and the

circumstances of death for each democracy activist was taken from their
families, the former political prisoners who met the deceased in prison,
publications of political parties, human rights organizations and even the
SPDC, and documents from the prison and medical staff of the prisons.
Over the course of a year, all relevant information was gathered and verified.
Of the at least 127 deaths, 90 have died in prison, 8 in the interrogation

centers, 4 in the labor camps, and 10 shortly after being released from
prison. 15 activists have disappeared from the prisons, and their
whereabouts remain unknown to date.
Since early 2005 alone, 9 democracy activists have died behind bars. The
increased number of deaths in the past year is reflective of the rise in
torture and ill-treatment. It is also indicative of the State Peace and
Development Council’s (SPDC) policy. The SPDC is attempting to
systematically silence political dissent in Burma. Torture and ill-treatment
of political prisoners is one means by which they implement their policy.
17
This report looks at Burma’s interrogation centers, prisons and labor camps
to explain the cause of death for those who have passed away while detained
by the military regime. Torture and ill-treatment are endemic in these
locations. The general prison conditions and prison healthcare system are
aggravated and cause a level of suffering equivalent to torture in the majority
of political prisoners’ cases.
The disappearance of political prisoners has occurred in fifteen documented

cases, though there are likely several undocumented cases. A section of
the report details the known cases of disappearance, and explains the
regime’s frequent withholding of information on a political prisoners’
location in order to terrorize their families.
After release from prison, several political prisoners face physical and mental
illnesses for which they are unable to receive treatment. The lack of
treatment is due to varying factors, but primary among them is the lack of
money and general knowledge about the health concerns of political
prisoners. Several political prisoners have died from the inability to treat a
basic illness. Further, the mental health care system in Burma is virtually
non-existent, leaving former political prisoners with no means of relieving
their mental suffering. Some political prisoners have committed suicide as
a result. This report looks at the circumstances surrounding the deaths of
those political prisoners who died shortly after release.
When political prisoners die, their families face many problems. The families
of deceased political prisoners have often been informed of their loved
ones death only after the authorities have cremated the body, so that any
evidence of torture or ill treatment is destroyed. Additionally, the authorities
are known to have pressured doctors into falsifying the results of their
autopsy. Though most do not, if a family attempts to challenge the
authorities’ explanation for their loved ones death, they have no
independent witnesses to verify their claims one way or the other.
18
The families of political prisoners have on some occasions been offered
bribes to remain silent as to the cause of their loved ones death. Most
reject the bribe, and a few have defiantly spoken about the real cause of
their loved one’s death. Further, families of deceased political prisoners
often must bury their loved ones according to the direction of the
authorities. Intelligence personnel often infiltrate funerals, noting which
people attend so that they can later be detained and interrogated. The
aftermath of political prisoners’ deaths is explained in this report.
Finally, this report provides detailed information on the political background

and death of nearly all documented cases of death in custody. These brief
biographies are meant to demonstrate the brutality of the authorities and
the innocence of the victims.
Though in a number of the cases of death in custody, the authorities

responsible for the individuals’ death are known, no action has ever been
taken to hold them accountable. 127 democracy activists have been killed
with complete impunity.
Currently, there are at least 1,156 political prisoners in Burma. Several are
in poor and rapidly deteriorating health, and many are at risk for torture. If
they are not released immediately, they will face the same fate as those
who have died in custody.
Recommendations
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners recommends that:
The United Nations (UN)

The UN Security Council adopt a binding resolution to empower the
Secretary-General in his efforts to facilitate national reconciliation
and democratization in Burma;
19
The UN form an independent commission to investigate human rights
violations in Burma, particularly as regards arbitrary detention,
torture, ill-treatment, and subsequent deaths;
The UN Commission on Human Rights (or) the UN Human Rights
Council take effective measures to end arbitrary detention, torture,
ill-treatment and the resulting deaths of democracy activists in
Burma’s interrogation centers and prisons.
The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)

The SPDC release all political prisoners immediately and
unconditionally;
The SPDC release all severely ill political prisoners on humanitarian
grounds;
The SPDC ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention Against Torture (CAT), and
implement substantive measures to bring the behavior and treatment
in the interrogation centers and prisons into compliance with these
treaties;
The SPDC allow an international commission, under the auspices of
the UN, to investigate all allegations of torture, ill-treatment,
disappearance and death in custody in a prompt, impartial and
effective manner, and bring the perpetrators to justice according to
the rule of law.
The SPDC immediately enter into political dialogue with the National
League for Democracy and ethnic representatives to carry out the
necessary changes in Burma.
Governments
Governments demand the SPDC release all political prisoners
immediately and unconditionally;
Governments call on the SPDC to allow an independent international
commission to investigate all allegations of human right violations in
20
Burma, and to commit to taking the necessary action against those
accountable for such violations;
Governments call on the UN Security Council to adopt a binding
resolution to empower the Secretary General in his effort to facilitate
national reconciliation and democratization in Burma;
Governments increase pressure on the SPDC economically, politically
and diplomatically until it agrees to enter into dialogue with the
National League for Democracy and ethnic representatives to make
the necessary changes in Burma.
NGOs and International Organizations

Organizations join the international campaign to stop arbitrary
detention, torture and ill-treatment in Burma through advocacy and
public statements;
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work to build the
capacity of former political prisoners to document human rights
violations in the interrogation centers and prisons;
NGOs seek to assist former political prisoners inside Burma with
physical rehabilitation and psychological counseling for trauma;
NGOs look to provide assistance to the families of political
prisoners so that they are able to visit their loved ones in prison,
assist their loved ones with health care needs, and address their own
educational and professional needs.
21
I. Introduction
The cause of death for one hundred and twenty-seven democracy activists
in custody since 1988 has been torture and ill-treatment.
In Burma’s interrogation centers, prisons and labor camps, torture is

widespread and systematic. The authorities deliberately inflict physical,
psychological and sexual abuse to a degree causing severe and unrelenting
suffering. Though one hundred and twenty-seven individuals have died
from such torture, several more have been tortured to the point of death,
only to somehow survive.
Several political prisoners have died only days or weeks after their release.
This is the result of the inability of political prisoners to afford proper
health care. Easily treatable diseases turn deadly, and many have then died
needlessly.
There are fifteen known cases of disappearances after being taken into
custody. These disappearances are likely a fraction of the actual number.
Disappearance of a loved one is particularly cruel, as family members and
colleagues are left to wonder whether their loved ones are alive or dead.
The difficulties that the families of deceased political prisoners must face
shows the full scale of the military regime’s cruelty. Often, the body of the
political prisoner will be cremated before the family can view it, a false
autopsy will be filed and the family will be offered a bribe to keep silent
about the circumstances of their loved ones death. Families are made to
adhere to the authorities’ orders regarding funerals and intelligence personnel
watch over the funerals, taking note of who comes. No one is allowed to
rest in peace.
II. Interrogation Centers

Political prisoners are generally arrested at nighttime. They are taken from
their homes without warrant, hooded and handcuffed, and made to lay
down in a van. They are then brought to one of the country’s interrogation
centers where they are interrogated and most often tortured.
22
The torture in the interrogation centers is usually the most brutal. Political
prisoners are denied food, water, sleep and the use of the toilet. They are
questioned and threatened when they fail to give the answer the authorities
want. The threats include threats of torture, rape, and death, not only of
the political prisoner, but his colleagues and family members as well.
Among the physical torture endured,brutal beatings are the most common.
These beatings frequently last until the prisoner falls unconscious. In many
cases, the prisoner is forcibly woken from his or her unconsciousness to be
tortured and abused again. Other physical torture includes: rolling an iron
bar up and down the shins until the flesh is ripped; forcing political prisoners
to hold unnatural positions for extended periods of time; forcing political
prisoners to assume positions of an ‘airplane,’ ‘motorbike,’ ‘semigwa dance,’
or ‘crocodile;’ tying political prisoners down for an extended period of
time with ropes or chains; water torture; beating a single spot on a prisoner’s
body for hours on end; burning with cigarettes, hot wax, lighters or electric
rods; and electric shocks.
Among the mental torture inflicted is the use of incommunicado detention.

When a political prisoner is arrested, neither their families nor a lawyer is
informed of where they are being taken. It often takes weeks, months and
even years to learn of a loved ones location. Incommunicado detention is
a noted precursor to torture, as no one can be held accountable. It also
causes untold mental suffering for the individual detained. Other mental
torture includes: blindfolding and hooding a prisoner; blaming the prisoner
for the torture; witnessing other prisoners being tortured; no legal recourse
to defend oneself; false releases; lack of family visits; isolation and solitary
confinement; playing on phobias; and using inappropriate titles of address.
Sexual abuse also occurs during interrogation, including: threats of rape;

harassment; molestation; beating or electrically shocking an individual’s
23
genitals; and one documented attemped rape of a male political prisoner
with a dog.
At least eight people have died since 1988 while being interrogated.
After the authorities are satisfied with their interrogation of an individual,

the political prisoner is then brought to one of the country’s prisons. There
they face not only the above described torture, but also the harshness of
the general prison conditions and the deadly incompetence of the prison
health care system, both of which often amount to torture.
III. Prisons
The conditions in Burma’s prisons are among the worst the world over.
Prisons are overcrowded and unsanitary. A variety of animals and insects
inhabit the prison cells. Political prisoners are made to sleep on cold,
concrete floors in thin, cotton uniforms. A chamber pot acts as a toilet, but
is only allowed to be emptied once a day, giving rise to a horrible smell and
maggots.
Political prisoners must stay with several other prisoners which facilitates
the spread of disease. The showers of political prisoners are restricted to
once a week, sometimes once a month. Prisoners are not given a proper
amount of soap to clean themselves, and are made to use only around 7 to
8 plates of water when showering. Uniforms are soiled, but only allowed
to be washed once a week. Female political prisoners face many problems
during menstruation.
The food rations provided to political prisoners are of the poorest quality
and of an insufficient amount. Political prisoners are generally given under
or over cooked rice, watery curry, and a small amount of fish paste. Once
a week they are allowed a small portion of meat, though it is often of the
worst quality. The food given is dirty or contaminated by other objects. As
a result, political prisoners are reliant on their families to receive sufficient,
quality food. The authorities’ decision to limit family visits has a real impact
on the ability of political prisoners to remain nourished.
24
Families are also the main source of proper medical care for political prisons.
The health care system in Burma’s prisons is nearly non-existent. Patients
must pay bribes to be allowed to stay in the hospital and receive care.
Those unable or unwilling to pay bribes face numerous difficulties to stay
healthy while in prison.
Political prisoners are rarely allowed to see the prison doctor, and often are
instead examined by a medic. The medics frequently fail to conduct a proper
examination, and many basic and easily curable diseases become deadly as
a result. When a political prisoner is prescribed medication, they then face
the challenge of being given the proper medicine.
Despite the fact that the International Committee of the Red Cross has
donated numerous, high quality medicines to the prisons, political prisoners
rarely ever benefit. These medicines are sold on the market, and prisoners
are then given lower quality medicine. Many political prisoners have received
fake medicine and even the wrong medicine. When injections are required,
a single needle is often used on many patients without any attempt at
sterilization. This has spread disease among prisoners; most notably it has
led to some political prisoners contracting HIV/AIDS.
Prison hospitals are overcrowded, unsanitary and lacking a sufficient number

of trained medical staff. Prisoners often decline to go to the hospital as
they are afraid of catching diseases there. When a political prisoner is allowed
to go to a hospital outside the prison, they are shackled and taken to a
special ‘guard ward.’ Despite the weakness of the political prisoners, some
have died with shackles still on their feet.
Another factor leading to the death of some political prisoners is the level
of violence and abuse in the prisons not only from the authorities, but
from the criminal prisoners as well. Political prisoners are kept in cells with
criminal prisoners who have been given weapons and been encouraged by
the authorities to abuse political prisoners. The criminals develop a
hierarchical system by which they gain favor with the authorities and
25
intimidate political prisoners. Some political prisoners have died after
beatings they received at the hands of criminals.
Section 10(A) of the State Protection Law allows for detention without
charge or trial for up to five years and is often used to extend the already
arbitrary and unjust prison sentences of the most active politicians. Keeping
political prisoners in the described conditions for long periods of time
results in permanent physical and mental problems, but has also led to the
deaths of a number of political prisoners.
At least ninety political prisoners have died while in prison.
IV. Labor Camps

At least four political prisoners have died after being assigned to work in
one of the country’s many labor camps.
When political prisoners are sentenced, many are given a prison term with
hard labor. In Burma, the use of forced labor for many of the regimes’
development projects is rampant. The political prisoners forced to work in
the camps are chosen in a lottery-like system without regard for their age
or health condition. Those with money are able to bribe the authorities out
of going to the camps.
Those taken to the labor camps face torture. They are made to carry out
exhausting physical labor in the burning sun without adequate water or
nutrition. The denial of sufficient nutritional intake in relation to the work
being done is perhaps the primary factor behind the illnesses and death of
many labor camp workers.
Those running the camps offer no sympathy, forcing individuals to work

when they are clearly ill. Additionally, on site accidents are common due
to the nature of the work being done (building roads, breaking rock,
portering). Many have been left to die without any effort made to inform
that individual’s family.
26
V. Disappearances
The cases of disappearance after a person is detained are extremely difficult
to document. As a result, only fifteen cases have been documented at this
time. Disappearing people has been prohibited under international law,
and in some cases has been classified as torture. In many cases, the likely
fate of the disappeared is torture and death, but the lack of information
creates uncertainty and false hope in the families of the disappeared.
The extent of the problem of disappearances in Burma remains to be

investigated.
VI. After Release

When political prisoners are released, they face numerous hardships. One
such hardship is the inability to find proper medical treatment for the physical
ailments which they suffer. Former political prisoners are unable to pay for
the extensive treatment and medications they need. Further, the health
care system in Burma as a whole lacks the resources to properly address
the physical suffering that results from torture and ill-treatment.
Political prisoners have also faced psychological torture while in prison.

When released, they must attempt to rebuild their identity. They are often
turned away from universities and jobs. If they do find work, they remain
under the constant watch of the Military Intelligence. Their family and
friends are watched as well, leading to an end to many relationships. The
difficulty of reintegrating into society has further exacerbated mental
suffering. In Burma, rehabilitation and counseling services are not offered,
and there is a stigma attached to those with mental illnesses. As a result,
former political prisoners do not address their psychological problems, and
a few have subsequently committed suicide.
At least ten political prisoners have died shortly after their release from
prison.
27
VII. Death
Political prisoners are often the main income earner in their family. Their
death, in addition to the emotional suffering, places an enormous financial
burden on those they leave behind. Family members are left to sell off
possessions and seek work in order to manage their day to day survival.
When a political prisoner dies, their family is rarely informed immediately.
In some cases, the authorities will order an autopsy and bury the body
without consulting the family. Autopsies are a key way in which the true
circumstances of a political prisoners’ death are hidden. The military
intelligence intimidates doctors into writing autopsies which falsify the
reasons for death. If the family wants to contest the authorities’ explanation
for their loved ones death, they are unable to call independent witnesses.
As families rarely challenge the authorities, autopsy reports are not made
public.
The authorities are known to have cremated the bodies of deceased political
prisoners so that the scars of torture and ill-treatment can not be seen. The
family is not given a choice in the decision to cremate the body. Occasionally,
the cremated remains are buried in the prison compound or in a graveyard
without informing the family. When a family asks to be given the remains,
they are denied.
Bribes have been offered to the families of deceased political prisoners in

an effort to silence them. They are told not to speak about the true
circumstances of their loved one’s death, and threatened with harm if
they do. Few families though have accepted the bribes of the authorities.
When a family is given the body of a deceased political prisoner, they must
arrange for a funeral. Yet even funerals are controlled by the authorities.
The authorities will tell a family that they are only allowed to hold the
funeral at a randomly chosen time, which has resulted in family members
missing their loved one’s funeral. Furthermore, Military Intelligence officers
attend the funerals of political prisoners to note who attends. These
individuals can be detained and interrogated later for their political
affiliations.
28
The oppression of the military regime extends even into death.
Conclusion
This report exposes the circumstances surrounding the deaths of one
hundred and twenty-seven democracy activists. The cause of death in these
cases was torture and ill-treatment. The torture is physical, psychological
and sexual. Torture is also seen in the general prison conditions and the
health care system, which brings about untold suffering which has resulted
in death.
When political prisoners die, their families face additional hardships due
to the cruelty of the authorities. False autopsy reports hide the true cause
of death, while the authorities ensure that no action is taken to question
their explanation regarding the death. The families’ efforts to honor their
dead are restricted and even prohibited by the authorities.
Impunity for the deaths in custody of political detainees has been complete.
Though the names of those responsible for the deaths of several political
prisoners is known, no action has been taken to hold them accountable.
They are shuffled within the prison system, able to torture and ill-treat
anyone in their charge. The investigation into and prosecution of those
responsible for the one hundred and twenty-seven cases of death in custody
of democracy activists is necessary for Burma to move toward a just system
that respects the human rights of all its citizens.
29
30
Appendix A (i): List of Interrogation Deaths
Name Date of Date of Organization Age Location of Address
Arrest Death Death
Aung Hlaing Win 1 May 2005 7 May 2005 NLD 30 Interrogation Center Mayangone, Rangoon
Aung Min 6 Sep 1998 21 Oct 1998 NLD 53 Military Camp,
Mandalay Mandalay
Htay Lwin 3 Oct 2005 3 Oct 2005 NLD Police Station Aungmyae Thazan,
Mandalay
Maung Ko@
Maung Lay 10 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 NLD 64 Interrogation Center Natogyi, Mandalay
Maung Ko @
Min Thit 23 Oct 1990 9 Nov 1990 NLD 54 Interrogation Center Pakokku, Magwe
Mohamad Elias 13 June 1992 19 June 1992 NLD 68 Interrogation Center Maungdaw, Arakan
Saw Stand Ford 7 July 2005 July 2005 Interrogation Center Eimme, Irrawaddy
Soe Htay 12 Apr 1991 16 Apr 1991 NLD 19 Interrogation Center Rangoon
Appendix A (ii): Biographies of Interrogation Deaths
Name: (Ko) Aung Hlaing Win

Date of Arrest: 1 May 2005
Date of Death: 7 May 2005
Age at Death: 30
Aung Hlaing Win, son of U Maung Maung, lived in Mayangone Township,

Rangoon Division and was a member of the National League for
Democracy (NLD). He worked with his father-in-law on politics and
organizing for the NLD.
On 1 May 2005, he was accosted at Lucky restaurant in downtown

Rangoon by an unknown group of men, assumed to be soldiers. No one
knew where he was taken.
On 10 May 2005 the commander of an interrogation center, Lt. Col. Min

Hlaing, came to his family and informed them that Aung Hlaing Win died
on 7 May 2005 from a heart attack while at the interrogation center.
According to the autopsy, confirmed by four medical specialists from North

Oakkalapa Hospital, Aung Hlaing Win died before he got to the hospital
and was sent to the hospital as a corpse. Dr. Zaw Zaw Oo and three other
medical specialists found 24 external wounds on the body; 3 ribs were
fractured, and a fourth rib was broken in two causing bruising to his heart.
Bruising was also found around his throat and trachea, and his stomach
and colon were found to be decaying.
When his family learned that their loved one had passed away, they released
a statement. In this statement, the family said, “Ko Aung Hlaing Win
passed away unexpectedly, or because of an unknown reason.” But, the
31
authorities forced them to change the words to “Ko Aung Hlaing Win
passed away because of general diseases.”
Aung Hlaing Win was arrested without warrant and the authorities did not
inform his family of his location or reason for arrest. He was subsequently
tortured to death while being interrogated. The authorities then destroyed
the body of Aung Hlaing Win without informing his family, and tried to
intimidate his family into not speaking out by offering them money, which
they refused to accept. The authorities not only tortured Aung Hlaing Win
to death, but they concealed all information regarding the circumstances
of his death. Lt Col Min Hlaing, Capt Sai Aung Win and Capt Zaw Min
Kyaw were responsible for Aung Hlaing Win’s death, yet no one has been
held accountable.
Name: (U) Aung Min

Date of Arrest: 6 September 1998
Date of Death: 21 October 1998
Age at Death: 53
Aung Min was the office manager of the National League for Democracy
(NLD) Divisional Office (Mandalay Division), the joint secretary of North
Eastern Township (Mandalay) and the chairperson of the NLD (Mawragiwa
Quarter). He actively and loyally participated in the political activities of
the NLD. He was arbitrarily arrested on 6 September 1998 by MI staff
even though he had not committed any crime.
While in interrogation, Aung Min became ill due to the conditions in the
detention center, but did not receive any medical attention. He died on 21
October 1998 while in interrogation.
According to his family, Aung Min did not have any health problems prior
to his arrest.
32
His funeral was on 23 October 1998 at Kyarnikan cemetery and was
attended by over 100 NLD members in uniform. The NLD then issued a
statement, No. 96 (10/98), which called into question Aung Min’s sudden
death during interrogation.
Name: (Ko) Htay Lwin

Date of Arrest: 3 October 2005
Age at Death: 30
Htay Lwin was a supporter of NLD and was arrested at 4pm on 3 October
2005 by local authorities, including chairman Ba Tint, and members of
the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA). He was beaten
brutally by Ba Tint and Tun Min Latt, a USDA member, as well as other
unidentified police, during interrogation.
At 10pm the same day, he was taken to No. 4 Police Station. When his
wife tried to visit him, she was not allowed to see him or provide him with
dinner. Around midnight, a car belonging to the USDA came to the police
station to retrieve the corpse of Htay Lwin and send it to Mandalay General
Hospital.
The next morning, Htay Lwin’s wife was called to the hospital and informed
of her husband’s death. She was told to bury her husband immediately,
with the expenses being paid by the USDA and police. Though she initially
refused, demanding the corpse be returned to her, eventually the police
intimidated her into burying him right away. She was informed that she
would receive 300,000 kyat (USD 300) as compensation.
33
The case was reported to the Chief of Police, as well as the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Htay Lwin: Mourners View Htay Lwin’s Body
Htay Lwin: Corpse
34
Name: (U) Maung Ko
(alias) Min Thit
Date of Death: 9 November 1990
Age at Death: 54
Maung Ko was born in Pakokku Township, Magwe Division in 1936. His

parents were U Tin and Daw Saw Yin. In 1968, he earned a BA degree
from the Workers’ College (Rangoon). He then worked as a manager for
the Port Authority Department until 1986. He also studied in England,
Germany, Norway and Sweden.
During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he actively participated in the

demonstration as the general secretary of the All Burma Port Workers’
Union.
He then became a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD)

when the party was formed. Later, he performed his political duties as a
member of the NLD’s Social Supporting Committee and the Organizing
Committee, Tenasserim Division branch.
He was arrested on 23 October 1990 for attending the “Parallel Government

Establishing Meeting” convened in Mandalay on 29 September 1990.
Maung Ko was detained and interrogated at the Yay Kyi Ai interrogation

center. He died on 9 November 1990 as a result of torture he endured
during interrogation.
His body was sent to Rangoon General Hospital. The medical staff identified
the body as Maung Ko’s and informed his family. There were many wounds
on his neck and the lower part of one of his legs was completely shattered.
35
When Maung Ko died, Ms. Sadako Ogata, a representative of the United

Nations Commission on Human Rights, was in Rangoon. General Saw
Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council at the
time, said while in Mandalay:
“We have no torturous means to interrogate anyone. That guy confessed

to what he did and to his future plans, and soon after he hung himself with
a blanket. We are not responsible for his death.”
Maung Ko: Corpse
Maung Ko: Left Leg. The wounds on his legs are believed to be the result
of torture by electric shock.
36
Name: (U) Mohammad Elias
Date of Arrest: 13 June 1992
Date of Death: 19 June 1992
Age at Death: 68
Mohammad Elias from Maungdaw Township, Arakan State was the

secretary of the NLD branch in his native town. In June 1992, a bomb
exploded in his township, and the authorities soon accused him of planting
this bomb. He was arrested on 13 June 1992.
During interrogation, Mohammad Elias was brutally tortured. The

authorities, knowing he was a Muslim, forcibly poured pig fat into his
mouth.
As a result of the torture he endured, he was sent to Maungdaw township

hospital on 9 June 1992. He died there on 19 June 1992. The authorities
claimed that he died of a stomach ailment. However, he had been in good
health before he was arrested.
Name: Saw Stand Ford

Date of Arrest: July 2005
Date of Death: July 2005
Age at Death: 40
Saw Stand Ford, of Karen ethnicity, was a middle school teacher. On 7

July 2005, over thirty local people in Ah Thoke Township and Ta Gu Seik
Village of Einme Township were arrested, including Saw Stand Ford.
37
Light Infantry Battalion 93, based in Myaungmya Township, carried out
the arrests. They thoroughly searched for weapons they believed the villagers
were holding for the Karen National Union (KNU) in the church in Ta Gu
Seik village, the village cemetery and residents houses. The soldiers did
not find any weapons.
During the interrogation period, the soldiers used torture, including electric
shocks. As a result, Saw Stand Ford died.
Among the detainees, sixteen villagers were sent to Rangoon. The

interrogation period in Rangoon lasted more than one month. Eventually,
all were freed on 12 August after receiving severe torture.
Before they were freed, the authorities asked the villagers not to talk about
the interrogation to anyone, especially foreign media. The authorities also
said that the government would sponsor development projects in the village
and give 300,000 Kyats (about USD 300) as compensation for Saw Stand
Ford if they did not speak about how he died.
However, Saw Stand Ford’s family refused the compensation. They instead
asked the authorities to punish the persons responsible for his death.
Name: (Ko) Soe Htay

Date of Arrest: 12 April 1991
Date of Death: 16 April 1991
Age at Death: 19
Soe Htay was a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD).
On 12 April 1991, he was arrested and sent to Military Intelligence Unit
12 (MI-12).
Four days after he was arrested, he died. His death is believed to be the
result of torture.
38
Appendix B (i): List of Prison Deaths
Name Age Previous Date of Date of Prison Prison Org Address
Law Arrest Death Term
Aik Ko 31 5-j, 17/1 Oct 1990 13 Oct 1993 8 Years Thayet Student Hlaing, Rangoon
Arsara ,Ven 35 5-j, 17/1 Jan 1991 15 Mar 1996 10 Years Thayet Monk Lamadaw, Rangoon
Aung Kyaw
Moe 38 5-j, 17/1 20 July 1989 13 May 1998 20 Year Tharawaddy BCP Kamayut, Rangoon
Aung May
Thu 61 5-j, 10(A) Aug 1989 17 Sep 2002 20 Years RGH NLD Tharawaddy, Pegu
Aung Myint
Thein 37 5-j, 17/1 July 2005 5 Nov 2005 Detained Insein DPP Shwe Paukan, Rangoon
Aung Naing 1998 Jun 2005 7 Years Kale Student Rangoon
Aye Lwin 38 122/1, Oct 1988 Dec 1992 Life Insein Thingangyun, Rangoon
302/2,149 Sentence
Aye Mu(Ma) 21 17/1 16 Sep 1997 May 1998 5 Years Tavoy MDUF Thayetchaung, Tenasserim
Maung Thaw
Ka@Ba Thaw 65 5/A, 5/B 5 Oct 1989 11 Jun 1991 20 Years RGH NLD Kyauktada, Rangoon
Bo 1999 1999 Insein Civilian
Bo Than 70 122/1 1983 Mar 1997 Death Insein KNU Nyaunglebin, Pegu
Done Sentence
Bo Tha Khu 122/1 1982 1998 Death Insein KNU
Sentence
Chit Htaung 50 1989 19 Dec 1990 Myingyan NLD Phasawng, Kayah
Cho Gyi 38 17/1 July 1990 1993 Mandalay NPF Mandalay
39
Gaung Shay 20 17/1 1991 1992 3 Years Mergui KNU Mergui, Tenasserim
40
Hamit 21 17/1 1988 1988 Death Insein Student
Sentence
Hla Khin 43 Aug 1998 31 May 1999 Detained Insein NLD Shwepyitha, Rangoon
Hla Shwe 17/1 1991 1996 10 Years Myingyan Bogale , Irrawaddy
Hla Than 49 122/1 23 Oct 1990 2 Aug 1996 25 Years RGH NLD MP Kemmendine, Rangoon
Hse Shi 23 17/1 1989 18 Oct 1990 7 Years Insein KIA Kachin State
Htay Aung 37 5-j 1995 7 Years Insein Lawyer
Khin Mg Aye 57 5-j May 1996 2002 7 Years Mandalay Mandalay
Khin Mg 124(A)
Lwin 38 17/20 5 Jan 1998 11 Jan 2006 10 Years Putao Dawbon, Rangoon
Khin Mg
Myint 42 17/1 28 Oct 1997 21 July 2004 8 Years Kale NLD Latha, Rangoon
Khin Mg Life
Myint 17/1, 122 1991 2001 Sentence Myingyan KNU Bogale, Irrawaddy
Khin Mg
Myint 63 17/1 6 Nov 1989 16 Feb 1993 20 Years Insein PPP Dedaye, Irrawaddy
Khin Mg @
Bo Set Yaung 68 17/1-2 2 Nov 1989 7 Mar 1990 20 Years Insein BCP Bahan, Rangoon
Kinn Sein 53 17/1 Jan 1999 16 Jan 1995 8 Years RGH PPP Prome, Pegu
Ko Lay 50 5-j Mar 1990 1992 7 Years Mandalay NLD Bamaw, Kachin
Kyar Gyi 1989 1992 10 Years Myingyan
Kyaw Din 58 505/B 20 Oct 1997 24 Jul 1999 2 Years Wakema NLD Wakema, Irrawaddy
Name Age Previous Date of Date ofPrison Prison Org Address
Kyaw Myo 18
Thant 27 5-j Jul 1989 20 May 1990 Months Maubin DPNS Bogale,Irrawaddy
Kyaw Soe 22 17/1 Jan 1988 Feb 1989 Insein Student Insein,Rangoon
Kyi 17/20 1992 1994 6 Years Tharawaddy Tharawaddy,Pegu
Kyi Saung 60 5-j 21 Dec 1995 May 1996 Detained Myaungmya NLD Myaungmya,Irrawaddy
La Khong
Lay @ Tin
Maung Myint 5-j 20 June 2001 Mandalay NLD Madaya,Mandalay
Leo Nichols 65 17/20 April 1996 22 June 1996 3 Years Insein Diplomat Norway
Mahn David 58 17/1 1989 12 July 1992 8 Years Insein ABKO Wakema,Irrawaddy
Mai Aik Pan 40 17/1 2 Oct 2001 31 July 2002 7 Years Moulmein PSLF Namsasng, Shan State
Maung Ko 58 5-j, 17/1 1996 15 Nov 2002 14 Years Insein CPB Kyaukpadaung,
Hospital Mandalay
Maung
Maung Aye 24 5-j 4 Aug 1989 5 July 1991 5 Years Tharawaddy NLD Kamayut,Rangoon
Maung
Maung Aye 59 505/B Sep 1999 21 June 2002 4 Years Bassein NLD Labutta,Irrawaddy
Min Thu 50 5-j 28 Apr 1998 13 June 2004 7 Years Insein Hospital NLD Rangoon
Min Tun Wai 42 26 May 2005 29 May 2005 5 Days Moulmein NLD Kyaikmayaw,Mon State
Mya Shwe 54 5-j Dec 1996 27 Apr 1999 7 Years Tharawaddy NLD Sanchaung,Rangoon
Myat Thu 48 333 Feb 1997 May 1997 2months Taungoo NLD Taungoo,Pegu
Myint Maung 65 5-j 24 Aug 1991 Nov 1995 5 Years Pegu NLD Kyauktaga,Pegu
41
42
Myint Swe 32 122/1 24 Oct 1988 8 June 1996 20 Years Thayet Dala,Rangoon
Myo Win 17/1-2 1990 Pegu Dawbon,Rangoon
Nai Aung Lun 45 122/0, July 2003 28 Sep 2005 Life RGH NMLP Mon State
386/1 Sentence
Nyo Win 59 10/A 18 June 1989 8 Mar 1991 10(A) Insein PPP Shwe Kyin,Pegu
Hospital
Nyunt Zaw 35 17/1,5-E Aug 1991 1 Jan 2000 7+7Years Tharawaddy ABSDF Henzada,Irrawaddy
Oo Tha Tun 82 5-j 7 Mar 1990 14 Aug 1990 3Months Sittwe ALD Myauk U,Arakan
Sai Pha Than 64 11 Sep 2002 11 Oct 2002 Detained Kengtung NLD Shan State
Saw David 58 5-j Jun 1989 2 Aug 1992 4 Years Karen
Saw Do Saw
@Saw Than 50 17/1-2 Mar 1997 10 Oct 2003 20 Years RGH KNU Karen State
Saw El Thar 122/1 Oct 1991 May 1998 10 Years Myingyan Bogale,Irrawaddy
Saw Haryay 56 17/1 2000 2001 10Years Myaungmya Lattputa,Irrawaddy

Saw Hla Chit 57 17/1 31 Mar 1991 13 Mar1997 8 Years Insein Bogale,Irrawaddy
Saw Kyaw
Lwin 50 17/1 Oct 1991 Aug 1992 10 Years Myingyan Ngapudaw,Irrawaddy
Saw Pow June 1989 1994 Death Insein KNU

Htay Sentence
Saw Sa Do Death
Saw 53 122/1 1982 12 Dec 2003 Sentence Insein KNU Lepa Dan,Irrawaddy
Saw Tin Death
Myint 48 122 1982 1 Aug 2001 Sentence Thayet KNU Lepa Dan,Irrawaddy
Saw Win @ Tharawaddy
Kyaw Zaw Lin 61 5-j,6-1 23 Apr 1991 7 Aug 1998 11 Years Hospital NLD(MP) Htilin, Magwe
Saw Yin Thit 35 122/1 Oct 1991 Jan 1996 20 Years Myingyan Bogale, Irrawaddy
Sein Hla 75 17/1 Nov 1990 1992 10 Years Insein CPB Yankin, Rangoon
Sein Win 54 10/A Oct 1988 8 Jan 1991 10/A Insein Hospital Thongwa, Rangoon
Shein Tin 68 5-j,17/1 Feb 1994 28 Jan 2004 7+3 Taungoo PPP Rangoon
Years Hospital
Si Thu @ Ye 10Years
Naing 35 5-j,10/A June 1991 12 July 2001 +10/A Tharawaddy Student Sanchaung, Rangoon
Soe Win 74 17/1-2 July 1990 3 May 1992 20Years Insein PVO Mayangone, Rangoon
Sotpatar 122/1,
Manne 30 21/A June 1989 1992 14 Years Taungoo N/Okkala, Rangoon
Tha Tun 82 5-j May 1990 19 Aug 1990 3 Years Insein ANLD Arakan
Than Htwe@ Tavoy ABFSU
Ba Ba 25 17/1 1989 1990 Detained Hospital (Tavoy) Tavoy, Tenasserim
Than Tun 27 122/1 1989 1997 10 Years Taungoo Thingangyun, Rangoon
Than Win Insein NLD Maubin, Irrawaddy

Thein Tin 56 10/A 18 Mar 1996 Feb 1998 10/A Insein NLD N/Okkalapa, Rangoon
Tin Aung 50 5-j 1998 Bassein Wakhema, Irrawaddy
Tin Hlaing@
Tin Haung 5-j Dec 1991 1994 Insein NLD N/Okkalapa, Rangoon
43
44
Tin Maung
Win 51 23 Oct 1990 18 Jan 1991 25 Years Insein NLD Khayan, Rangoon
Tin Shwe
(Monywa) 67 5/A, B, J Nov 1990 8 June 1997 18 Years Insein NLD Monywa, Sagaing
Tun Aung
Kyaw 52 1999 2003 Held NLD Mandalay
Tun Sein 58 5/j June, 1992 19 Feb 1996 10 Years Insein Kemmendine, Rangoon
Win Bo 39 5/j 1997 26 Aug 2000 21 Years Moulmein Mawlamyine Gyunn,
Irrawaddy
Zaw Myo Htet 122/1,
@Zaw Zaw 28 386/1 16 July 2003 19 Oct 2004 2 Years RGH Min Hla, Mandalay
Zawtika,Ven. 60 5/j 22 Oct 1990 Dec 1992 3 Years Insein Monk Puzundaung, Rangoon
Appendix B (ii): Biographies of Prison Deaths
Name: (Ko) Aik Ko

Date of Arrest: October 1990
Age at Death: 31
In 1988, Ai Ko was a student at the Workers’ College, as well as a service

man. During the 1988 popular democracy uprising, he provided supplies
for the demonstrators. Later, he served as an organizer for the Workers’
College Union. In addition, he worked at the Mingaladon Workers’ Union
in the Mingaladon Tatmadaw (Army) Garment Factory.
Ai Ko was arrested in October 1990 and was accused of having

connections with an unlawful organization. On this charge, he was given
7 years imprisonment with hard labor. He was then transferred from Insein
to Thayet prison on 23 November 1991.
At beginning of 1993, Ai Ko became ill. His body temperature was

fluctuating between extremes. Therefore, he requested the prison authorities
allow him to seek treatment at the prison hospital. His request was denied.
In October 1993, he was again suffering from a serious fever. When other
political prisoners complained to the prison authorities that he should have
proper treatment, he was brought to the prison hospital. In the prison
hospital, the medic, Sergeant Kyaw Myint, injected him with Vitamin B
and glucose without conducting a proper examination. As a result of this
neglect, a few hours after the injection, Ai Ko died at Thayet prison
hospital. After his death, an autopsy revealed that he was suffering from
malaria and typhoid. He was 31 years old when he died.
45
Even though Ai Ko died of malaria, a common disease contracted by

political prisoners, the prison hospital failed to test for malaria prior to his
death.
Name: Rev. Arsara

Date of Arrest: 23 January 1991
Date of Death: 25 March 1996
Age at Death: 35
Rev. Arsara lived in Thayet Taw Monastery, Rangoon. He actively

participated in the Young Monks Union during the 1988 people’s uprising.
After the military coup in 1988, he fled to the Thai-Burma border as the
authorities wanted to arrest him.
In May 1989, he went back to Rangoon. On 3 October 1990, several

monks, including Rev. Asara, marched from Ngar Htat Gyi Monastery to
Shwe Dagon Pagoda.
On 23 January 1991, the Military Intelligence arrested him and sentenced

him to ten years imprisonment under Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency
Provisions Act. In November 1991, he was transferred from Insein prison
to Thayet prison.
In January 1996, Rev. Arsara became very ill and suffered from jaundice.
However, initially, he was not allowed to go to the hospital. On 12 January
1996, he was allowed to go to the hospital in Thayet prison. At that time,
his health condition was rapidly deteriorating. On 14 March 1996, the
authorities sent Rev. Arsara to Thayet Township hospital. He passed away
the next day.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ba Shin and Jailer
Khin Maung Swe.
46
Name: (U) Aung Kyaw Moe
Date of Arrest: 20 July 1989
Age at Death: 38
Aung Kyaw Moe actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising

and eventually joined the United National Democracy Party (UNDP) where
he continued advocating for democracy and human rights.
On 20 July 1989, he was arrested by the Military Intelligence and accused

of contacting the Communist Party Burma (CPB). For this, he was
sentenced to 20 years imprisonment with hard labor.
He was then sent to Insein prison, and in 1996 transferred to Tharawaddy.

During his prison life, he was well-respected because of his honesty and
sacrifice. He treated all his fellow prisoners with respect and compassion.
After his sentence was reduced to 10 years, due to the 1993 amnesty, he
was set to be released in 1997. However, the authorities continued to
detain him without offering a reason.
At this time, several political prisoners were being detained past the expiry
of their prison sentences, under section 10(A) of the State Protection Law.
Feeling this to be unjust, several prisoners decided, on 8 May 1998, to
demand that the authorities release those who had completed their
sentences. Aung Kyaw Moe joined U Kyi, Ko Thein Htoo, Ko Myint Yee,
Ko Kyaw Oo Nyo, Ko Thein Zaw and U Aung Than in making this
demand.
47
On the Superintendent’s weekly inspection, they threatened to go on a
hunger strike if the authorities did not meet their demand. When the
authorities failed to comply, the seven began their hunger strike.
The authorities responded by shackling the prisoners and placing them in

solitary confinement. Further, they were denied any drinking water. All
this was meant to break the spirit of the hunger strikers, but they persisted
in their strike.
While the other prisoners were transferred to different prisons, Aung Kyaw
Moe remained alone in Tharawaddy, forced to assume poun-zan positions
and threatened with severe action if he did not end his strike.
On 12 May 1998, the authorities entered Aung Kyaw Moe’s cell a final
time, warning him of impending torture if he did not end his hunger strike.
Aung Kyaw Moe replied that he would stay on his hunger strike until he
died. Angered by this response, the authorities took him out of his cell and
beat him unconscious. They then took him back to his cell, denying him
any medical treatment. The next day, 13 May 1998, Aung Kyaw Moe died
from the torture he received at the hands of the prison authorities.
The authorities did not inform Aung Kyaw Moe’s family about his death.
When his family heard from other people that he had died, they questioned
the prison authorities as to the cause of his death. They were told that he
died of sudden illness and that it was necessary to bury him at once.
However, the authorities did show the family a picture of Aung Kyaw
Moe’s corpse, which was clearly covered with scars from the torture he
had received.
48
Name: (U) Aung May Thu
Date of Arrest: 24 August 1989
Date of Death: 17 September 2002
Age at Death: 61
As a student, Aung May Thu joined the All Burma Federation of Student
Unions (ABFSU) and became chairman of the ABFSU Oakpo Township
Branch. He was in charge of the organizing committee of the Rangoon
District Student Union (Tharawaddy Branch) from 1960-62.
In 1963, during the internal peace movements, he led the Four District
Demonstration, marching from Minhla to Kantawmin Garden in Rangoon.
He also demonstrated against fraud in the Southeast Asia Games Festival.
He was arrested in the union building compound on 30 November 1963
and sent to the notorious Coco Island prison in 1965.
He participated in the hunger strike in Coco Island in 1968 and, as the

strike was successful, was taken back to Insein prison. He was released
from Insein prison on 12 April 1972, but was later rearrested and detained
in August 1976. He was then detained a third time on 6 April 1984.
In October 1988, he joined the National League for Democracy (NLD)

and later became the chairperson of the NLD (Minhla Branch). He was
arrested for a fourth time on 24 August 1989 and sentenced to 10 years
imprisonment under the Emergency Provisions Act, Section 5 (J), by a
Military Tribunal held in Insein prison on 6 November 1989.
Although he completed his 10 year prison term on 6 November 1999, he

continued to be detained under section 10 (A) of the State Protection
Law.
49
Aung May Thu suffered from a persistent fever for 15 days in September
2002, and was hospitalized in Tharawaddy prison. He died two days later
on 17 September 2002.
Aung May Thu: Corpse
Aung May Thu sacrificed his life for his country, serving nearly 25 years in
prison for his efforts to bring democracy and human rights to Burma. He
ultimately died from the neglect of the authorities for the well-being of
political prisoners.
At the Cemetery: Aung San Suu Kyi and Aung May Thu’s family
50
Name: (U) Aung Myint Thein
Age at Death: 37
Aung Myint Thein lived in No. 12 quarter, Shwe Pauk Kan Township,
Rangoon. He joined the Democracy and Peace Party after the 1988 people’s
uprising.
Later, he became a human rights activist and collected information on the

human rights situation in Burma. He did so at great risk to his personal
safety, and with the knowledge that his actions could lead to his arrest.
On 28 August 2005, the authorities held a press conference in which they

announced that ten people had been arrested, including Aung Myint Thein.
They reported that Aung Myint Thein was ‘given training on the world’s
labor disputes, employer-employee issues and participated in a mass
organizational course for three days.’ These activities were deemed a threat
to the rule of the SPDC.
After he was sent to Insein prison, he was charged under Section 16 (3),
Section 17 (1) of Unlawful Association Act and Section 5 (e) and (j) of
the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act.
In prison, Aung Myint Thein suffered from severe lung disease. His suffering
was compounded by the lack of health care in the prison. He was also
reportedly tortured during the interrogation period. Four months after being
sent to Insein prison, he died at 2:00 pm on 5 November 2005. At 6:00
pm, officers of the local police department went to his residence. They
told his family members that he died in prison from diarrhea.
51
The next morning at 5:00 am, his five siblings went to Insein prison. The
authorities allowed three of them to view the corpse. They told the
authorities that they wanted to cremate the corpse the next day. The
authorities refused and urgently arranged to have the cremation at 11:30
am that day in Yay Way cemetery.
Name: (U) Aye Lwin

Date of Death: December 1992
Age at Death: 38
Aye Lwin lived in Thingangyun Township. He actively participated in the

1988 people’s uprising. After the military coup in late 1988, he was arrested.
He was accused of raiding the Thingangyun Township Police Department
during the uprising.
On 19 November 1989, he was sentenced to death under Section 122 (1),

302 (2) and 149 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The authorities gave
amnesty to prisoners in 1989. As a result, his death sentence was changed
to twenty years imprisonment.
Aye Lwin took part in a hunger strike with other political prisoners in
Insein prison in 1990. He was subsequently severely tortured.
In 1992, after an argument with a warden, he was beaten and put in solitary
confinement. He was seriously injured and vomited blood. He did not
receive any medical treatment and later died in solitary confinement in
1992 December.
Two political prisoners complained to the authorities when Aye Lwin was
tortured and put in solitary confinement. The authorities responded by
torturing both of them.
52
Name: (Ma) Aye Mu
Date of Death: May 1998
Age at Death: 21
Ma Aye Mu was born in Byat Wi Tha village, Theyetchaung township,

Tennasserim Division. Her parents were U Maung Sein and Daw Aye Tin.
She belonged to Mergui/Tavoy United Front (MTUF) based in Tennasserim
Division.
On 16 September 1997 around 6:00 am, she and three other women ran
into soldiers in Yay Pu village, Theyetchaung Township. The soldiers were
led by Captain Kyaw Thu and belonged to Unit No. 2 of No. 267 Light
Infantry Battalion (LIB). The women were arrested.
In the evening around 4:00 pm, the troops left for Kyel Chan Village.
Captain Kyaw Thu stayed in the house of U Maung Lwin, the chairman of
Village Law and Order Restoration Council (VLORC). The soldiers stayed
in seven houses in the village. The detainees were put in the residency of
U Ohn Nyunt.
At around 9:00 pm, Captain Kyaw Thu took Aye Mu to the house where
he was staying for interrogation. She was raped once. About 10:00 pm,
she was sent back.
On 17 September, at about 9:00 pm, she was taken away again. She was
raped and sent back at about 10:00.
Finally, she was sent to Tavoy prison and received five years imprisonment.
Aye Mu was raped and tortured during interrogation and while in prison.
Her health deteriorated, but Tavoy Prison had almost no medical treatment
for the prisoners. Authorities finally sent her to a hospital outside the prison.
53
However, Aye Mu died in prison in the second week of May. The prison
authorities did not inform her family about her death. Captain Kyaw Thu
(now Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Thu) is currently based in Division No. 44.
Name: (U) Ba Thaw

(alias) Maung Thaw Ka
Date of Death: June 1991
Age at Death: 65
Ba Thaw was a major in the Burmese Navy. After he retired from the
Navy, he became a writer. His pen name was Maung Thaw Ka, and he was
an expert at writing satire. He blatantly criticized the political system and
policy of the Burmese Socialist Programme Party (1962-1988). He
translated several poems and writings into Burmese. His famous book
“Battle Ship 103” is based on his experience in the Navy.
Ba Thaw actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, joining

with other writers to petition the military to stop shooting demonstrators.
He also appealed to his fellow navy men to stand on the side of the people.
He served as chairperson of the Journalists Union.
After the military coup, political parties and organizations were allowed to
form. He co-founded the National League for Democracy (NLD) and
became in charge of the Sagaing Division branch.
Because of his appeals to the Navy, he was sentenced to 20 years

imprisonment when he was arrested in 1989. He was accused of trying to
factionalize the Navy.
54
His books were banned at this time. Long after his death, in 1998, one of
his books, “Guru of Poetry” was allowed to be published.
Ba Thaw suffered from paralysis before he was arrested. In prison, he

suffered from a stroke as a result of the torture he received after he
participated in the September 1990 Hunger Strike in Insein prison. He
received little medical treatment. He requested the authorities to give him
specialized treatment. He was repeatedly denied.
After suffering from a severe heart attack in June 1991, he was sent to
Rangoon General Hospital. He died three days after being hospitalized.
His death appears to be directly linked to the torture and ill-treatment he
received while in prison.
The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Pyone Cho and Prison
Doctor Soe Kyi.
Name: (U) Bo Than Done

Date of Arrest: 1982
Date of Death: March 1997
Age at Death: 70
Bo Than Done was born in Nyaung Lay Bin district. He was a platoon
leader of the Karen National Liberation Army, Karen National Union. He
was arrested on duty in 1982 during the Pegu Mountains Recapturing
Operation. He was sentenced to death in 1983 under Section 122 (1) of
the High Treason Act.
His sentence was reduced from death to life imprisonment under the regime’s
General Asylum 4/89 on 21 January 1989.
55
Due to aging and malnutrition, he suffered from several different diseases.
In January 1997, Bo Than Done was transferred from Insein Prison Hospital
to Rangoon General Hospital, where he was held in the guard ward, as his
kidney disease worsened. When he was in Rangoon General Hospital, he
suffered from memory loss, failing nerves and had great difficulty talking.
He died in the guard ward on the third week of March 1997.
Many of the Karen prisoners have died in prison due to malnutrition, as

they are unable to contact or receive support from their families living in
remote areas.
Name: (U) Chit Htaung

Date of Death: 19 December 1990
Chit Htaung served as a Sergeant in the Meiktila Artillery while Burma

was under Japanese control during the World War II. After the war, Burma
briefly became a democratic country and he became an assistant to the
Minister for Kayah State Affairs.
In the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he led the people from Phasawng in

Kayah state. After the 1988 military coup, he became a member of the
National League for Democracy (NLD) Phasawng Township branch. After
he was chosen as the NLD nominee for Phasawng constituency during the
run-up to the 1990 election, he was arrested.
Chit Htaung is remembered as saying, during his time in Myingyan prison:
“They (military leaders) were shamed in front of the international community because
of the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. Therefore, they are trying to kill us one by one
56
and systematically. We think we will win if we survive this killing and get out of
prison alive.”
Chit Htaung was transferred back and forth from Loikaw prison to
Meikhtila prison to Myingyan prison. While in Myingyan prison, he noticed
that he had asthma, which required medicine that the prison could not
provide. As his family could only visit him once every three months, he
was unable to get the proper medicine. On 18 December 1990, after repeated
requests by Chit Htaung and his fellow political prisoners, the prison
authorities finally took him to the hospital. He died in the hospital on 19
December 1990 as a result of the wilful neglect of the authorities.
Name: (Ko) Gaung Shay

Date of Death: 1991
Age at Death: 20
Gaung Shay lived in Ka Byin Village, Mergui Township, Tenasserim

Division. He was a Karen ethnic and an activist in the underground
movement. In 1991, he was arrested in a house in Wa Kone Village. The
house owner and a member of the Karen National Union were also arrested
at this time.
Gaung Shay received three years imprisonment with hard labor under section
17 (1) of the Unlawful Association Act. He was sent to Mergui prison.
In Mergui prison, prisoners were not given enough rice, and they never
received the required weekly ration of meat. They were denied drinking
water, and only allowed to shower twice a month at which time they had
to line up in the hot sun. The prison was very crowded as the authorities
57
put about a hundred prisoners in a hall suitable for not more than fifty
prisoners. Gaung Shay became weak as a result. Later, he died of diarrhea.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Aung San and
Wardens Bin Sai, Win San and Nyunt Han.
Name: (U) Hla Khin

Date of Arrest: 26 August 1997
Age at Death: 43
Hla Khin was a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD)
Shwe Pyi Tha Township branch.
While Aung San Suu Kyi was planning a campaign trip to Anyarsu, Hla
Khin was arrested on 26 August 1998.
On 6 September 1998, while initially detained at Riot Police Battalion (9),

he was later taken to Light Infantry Battalion (219) in Ye Mon Military
Town where he continued to quarrel with the Military Intelligence (MI)
personnel.
After his interrogation at Ye Mon, Hla Khin was transferred to Insein prison.
The authorities claimed that he hanged himself in the prison cell.
In an NLD statement on 8 June 1999, the NLD noted the following:
“The authorities in announcing his death alleged that he indulged in alcohol which
resulted in brain damage and suicide. This is questionable. He had been imprisoned
for nine months. How was it possible for him to have access to liquor? If he had that
58
affliction, did the authorities take any remedial steps? It is not impossible for this
disease to be cured.
His family members are in great shock and were not able to give any explanation
whatsoever to the members of the League when inquiries were made. It is very likely
that they had been threatened and intimidated by some person or organization. No
response was obtained to questions about whether the family was given permission to
view the corpse or to bury it. However on the 7th day after his death, in accordance
with Buddhist beliefs and custom, the League offered prayers and food to Buddhist
monks on his behalf.”
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Lu Hla and Prison
Doctor Soe Khaing.
Name: (U) Hla Than

Date of Death: 2 August 1996
Age at Death: 49
After retiring from the army after serving as a Sergeant between 1965 and
1967, Hla Than became a lawyer. During the 1988 democracy movement,
he joined the Rangoon Lawyers’ Council. When the National League for
Democracy (NLD) was founded, he became the chairperson of the NLD’s
Kyemmendine Township branch, Rangoon Division.
59
He was elected as a Member of Parliament from the Coco Island
constituency. He was imprisoned in Insein prison for working to form a
parallel government. He was given 25 years imprisonment.
He was given an additional 7 years imprisonment after he worked with

other political prisoners to send a letter to Yozo Yokota, UN Special
Rapporteur for Burma.
After suffering from a dangerously high fever, Hla Than was taken to the
guard ward at Rangoon General Hospital. He died there on 2 August 1996.
According to his medical record, he was HIV positive. It is possible that he
contracted HIV while in Insein, as doctors and medics often fail to sterilize
syringes used on political prisoners. Several former political prisoners have
noted the lack of proper care in administering injections, and the general
lack of proper health care while in the prison, all of which likely led to Hla
Than’s death.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Warden
Saw Zin Mya and Prison Doctor Thin Phay.
Name: (Ko) Hsi Shi

Age at Death: 23
Hsi Shi lived in Kachin State. He was a part-time soldier in the Kachin
Independence Army (KIA). He and some KIA soldiers were arrested in
1989 in Kachin State. They received seven years imprisonment each. They
were moved from Myitkyina prison to Insein prison. They were not allowed
prison visits, as they did not have contact with their families.
60
In early October 1990, Hsi Shi became seriously ill with malaria. He
repeatedly requested that the authorities send him to the prison hospital.
The prison doctor went around the prison once a week. On 16 October
1990, Hsi Shi waited for him to come.
In the morning at 9:00 am, he was moved to another location in the prison
as the Director General of Prison Department was to visit Insein Prison
on that day. When the Director General went back at noon, Hsi Shi was
taken back to his cell. He almost passed out, but was not sent to the hospital.
Some time after 9:00 pm, he passed out and the authorities sent him to the
hospital ward in prison. Two days later, he died.
The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Tun Soe and Prison Doctor
Soe Kyi.
Name: (U) Khin Maung Aye

Date of Arrest: May 1996
Date of Death: 2002
Age at Death: 57
Khin Maung Aye was born in Mandalay, central Burma. He was arrested in
May 1996. It was learned that he had a book entitled “From Dictatorship
to Democracy” written by Gene Sharp. He was given seven years
imprisonment under the Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act.
He suffered from gastric ailments in Mandalay prison. As a result, he stayed

in the hospital ward in prison for about two years. In 2002, his stomach
problem worsened. One day after he vomited blood, he died.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) met with him about
four times while visiting the prisons. The ICRC reportedly encouraged the
61
authorities to free Khin Maung Aye due to his health condition, but the
authorities refused.
Khin Maung Aye died a few months before his prison term was completed.
The prison authorities were Chief Warden Aung Zin and Jailer Zaw Win.
Name: (U) Khin Maung Lwin

(alias) Nay Min Aung
Date of Arrest: 5 January 1998
Date of Death: 11 January 2006
Age at Death: 38
Khin Maung Lwin was born in Dawbon Township, Rangoon. He was the
son of U Aung Kyi and Daw Than Aye. His participated in the 1988 nation
wide democracy movement as part of the Green Stars Youth Front.
After the demonstration, he worked for the Democracy Party and Patriotic
Youth Organization. In 1995, Khin Maung Lwin was a witness in a rape
trial. The authorities claimed he gave false testimony, and he was sentenced
to 18 months imprisonment. In 1996, he was released.
On 5 January 1998, he sent 38 copies of a letter entitled “Help” to the

State Buddhist Monk Council, military leaders and Aung San Suu Kyi. The
letter said:
62
“People are in a dilemma. The state leaders should show understanding of the problem.
The monks in the past requested the leaders to understand for the sake of the nation.
It is time for the monks to request once again.”
Khin Maung Lwin was arrested for this letter. On 4 March 1998, he was
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for sedition under Section 17 (20) of
the Printers and Publishers Act (1962) and Section 124 (a) of the Criminal
Procedure Code.
On 17 May 1998, he was moved from Insein prison to Kale prison. On 5

May 2002, he was moved to Loikaw prison. On 29 December 2002, he
was moved to Putao prison.
In Putao prison, he suffered from hypertension, heart disease, malaria,

urinary tract problems and hemorrhoids. He and his family repeatedly
requested the prison authorities, the International Committee of the Red
Cross and intelligence personnel to allow for treatment in a township
hospital. The prison Chief Warden also reported his case to the Prison
Department five times. The prison doctor recommended that he needed
to have proper treatment. However, he was not allowed to go to the
hospital.
On 10 January 2006, he passed out and died in Putao prison at 9:30 am.
The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Tun Myint Thein.
63
Name: (U) Khin Maung Myint
Date of Death: 21 July 2001
Age at Death: 42
Khin Maung Myint was the son of U Khin Maung Toe and Daw Myint
Myint. He was an activist during the 1988 people’s uprising. He became a
member of National League for Democracy (NLD) after it was founded in
late 1988. NLD’s Latha Township branch was based in his house.
In 1995, he became a member of a working committee in Rangoon Division.

The committee was responsible for the founding of the NLD’s Rangoon
Division Youth Wing. He was also a member in the Supporting Committee
for the Central Youth Wing.
Khin Maung Myint was arrested on 28 October 1997 following an attempt

by the NLD to hold a meeting with Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD youth in
Mayangone Township in Rangoon. On that day, the military authorities
blocked a delegation of NLD members from holding the meeting. Many
NLD members were forced into waiting vehicles and dumped near townships
outside Rangoon.
On December 1997, he was imprisoned under Article 5(j) of the 1950

Emergency Provision Act and under the Gambling Act. He was sentenced
to one extra year imprisonment under the Gambling Act because when the
Military Intelligence (MI) personnel searched his house, they found the
corner piece of an illegal lottery ticket.
Khin Maung Myint’s elderly mother and family members had a difficult
time trying to visit him in prison, as the authorities moved him from Insein
prison to Kale prison. Like other prisons around the country, Kale prison,
64
located in northeastern Burma, is notorious for poor accommodation and
insufficient food.
Khin Maung Myint was infected with malaria in Kale prison. He was
repeatedly denied medical treatment outside prison.
On the afternoon of 21 July 2001, authorities finally sent him to the hospital
outside prison. He died at 4pm that day in the hospital.
Name: (U) Khin Maung Myint

Date of Arrest: June 1989
Date of Death: 16 February 1993
Age at Death: 63
Khin Maung Myint served as a liaison between Thakin Soe and Bo Ne

Win during the Japanese occupation of Burma. At that time, he was only
fourteen.
Khin Maung Myint was a well-known student leader in Burma. As an

executive committee member of the All Burma Federation of Student
Unions (ABFSU) in 1953, he fought for student rights and for democracy
for the whole country.
When the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) emerged in 1959, he became a

member of the central committee and eventually became the general
secretary. When the Union National United Front (UNUF) was set up by
merging progressive political parties, he served in the chairman’s committee.
Calling for an end to the civil war and for internal peace, Khin Maung
65
Myint actively led Pegu Township during the Internal Peace 6 Districts
Demonstration.
In 1965, all the leaders of the People’s Progressive Party were arrested
after refusing to disband, as the military regime had outlawed all political
parties. Khin Maung Myint was sent to Coco Island in 1969 where he refused
to participate in the so-called “self-reliance” program. He also refused to
accept the “Honorary Citizen” award given by the Burmese Socialist
Programme Party (BSPP).
As a former student leader, Khin Maung Myint advised demonstrators

during the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. After the military coup, he became
chairperson of the People’s Progressive Party when it was reestablished.
He then set out to make anti-regime speeches around the upper Burma
region.
He was arrested in June 1989 and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment on

6 November 1989 under the Unlawful Associations Act.
Khin Maung Myint sacrificed himself for his country, as is seen in his
multiple detentions under various un-democratic and brutal regimes.
At the end of 1991, Khin Maung Myint began to suffer from dysentery. He
was hospitalized in Insein prison in 1992. After suffering from chronic
dysentery for over a year, he died in Insein prison on 16 February 1993
from the authorities and doctors ineptitude in treating his illness.
The prison authorities at this time were Prison Doctor Soe Kyi.
66
Name: (U) Kinn Sein
Date of Arrest: January 1991
Age at Death: 53
Kinn Sein was born in Prome City, Pegu Division. His father was U Ngwe
San. He was active in the underground movement for the Burma
Communist Party (BCP), while earning his living as a dentist. He joined
the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) when political parties were allowed
to form after 1988. He became the vice chairman of PPP (Prome District).
He was arrested by the Military Intelligence in January 1991. He was

sentenced to 8 years imprisonment under the Unlawful Association Act,
Article 17 (1), for his contacting the BCP on 30 May 1991.
Kinn Sein suffered from a chronic fever and fainted in October 1994.
Because he fainted frequently and was so weak, he was sent to Insein
Prison Hospital. When the prison doctors were no longer willing to treat
him, he was sent to the guard ward of Rangoon General Hospital. Two
days before his death, he was transferred from the guard ward to another
ward on the first floor of Rangoon General Hospital. He died on 16 January
1995.
Although the Military Intelligence (MI) informed his family that he had
died of TB, it was reported that a doctor had confirmed that Kinn Sein
died from AIDS.
The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tha Oo, Jailer Soe
Myint, Prison Doctor Thinn Phay.
67
Name: (U) Khin Maung
(alias)Bo Set Yaung
Date of Death: March 1992
Age at Death: 68
Bo Set Yaung was from Zigon Township, Pegu Division. He graduated

from Military Academy Class 3 when Burma was under Japanese rule. He
was a military officer in the revolution against Japanese rule.
General Ne Win’s repressive military government (1962-1988) awarded

him for his activities in the revolution. He refused to accept the award.
In 1989, he was arrested and accused of being in contact with the

Communist Party of Burma. He received harsh torture during a long
interrogation period in Yay-Kyi-Ai, a notorious MI center. On 2 November
1989, he was sent to No. 5 Special Military Tribunal in the Insein prison
compound. He received five years imprisonment under Section 5 (J) of the
1950 Emergency Provisions Act.
Bo Set Yaung’s wife received five years imprisonment and his eldest
daughter received twenty years imprisonment.
Bo Set Yaung’s health worsened as a result of torture during interrogation.

He was also getting old. He was made to stay on the cold concrete floor of
a tiny cell for over two years. He received poor medical treatment in prison
hospital when his health condition deteriorated. He died in the prison
hospital.
Authorities claimed that Bo Set Yaung’s death was related to heart problems
which even he did not know about.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay and Prison
Doctor Soe Kyi.
68
Name: (U) Ko Lay
Date of Arrest: March 1990
Date of Death: 1992
Age at Death: 50
Ko Lay was from Bamaw township, Kachin State. He was a member of

the National League for Democracy. There was a ceremony held on the
two year anniversary of Phone Maw’s (a student activist) death on 13 March
1990. Ko Lay was arrested for his participation in the ceremony.
He was charged under Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act and
sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The authorities sent him to Bamaw
prison. In April, he was moved to Mandalay prison, middle Burma.
He had heart disease before his arrest and had already had two operations.
When he was about to be arrested, the doctor had already planned for a
third operation.
In Mandalay prison, Ko Lay informed the Chief Warden about the

treatment he should have, but he was refused proper treatment.
Eventually, he was sent to Mandalay hospital when his health condition

worsened. A few days after arriving to the hospital, he died.
The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tun Aung Kyaw,
Jailer Chit, and Prison Doctor Aye Cho.
Name (U) Ko Oo
Date of Arrest: April 2000
Age at Death: 64
Since the NLD’s founding, Ko Oo was an active member. He became the

secretary of Thayet Township, and made his residence the party’s office.
After the Committee Representing People’s Parliament (CRPP) was formed
in 1998, he was detained for a short period of time after refusing to remove
69
the party signpost from his house. He further refused to resign from the
party despite pressure from the Military Intelligence (MI). His son was also
arrested, falsely charged and imprisoned.
Ko Oo was arrested by the MI in April 2000 and given two years

imprisonment under Articles 363 and 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure
Code. Seven years were later added to his sentence, making a total of nine
years imprisonment.
While in prison, Ko Oo suffered from serious arthritis and gastritis, yet the
authorities did not provide adequate medical treatment. Moreover, he was
referred to the hospital only at the last minute. His liver problems developed
as a result of poor nutrition and insufficient medical care. He died from
complications with his liver at Thayet Hospital on 23 March 2006.
Name: (U) Kyaw Din

Age at Death: 58
Kyaw Din was chairman of the National League for Democracy, Wakema
Township branch, Irrawaddy Division. The Military Intelligence personnel
arrested him on 24 July 1997 and accused him of spreading rumors and
committing an offence against the public order. He was sentenced to 2
years imprisonment under section 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure Code
for spreading rumors.
Kyaw Din suffered from pneumonia, kidney problems and hypertension

while he was in prison. The authorities sent him to Myaungmya hospital
on 19 October 1997. He died in the hospital at 5:30 pm the next day.
70
On 26 December 1997, the NLD noted his death in a paper entitled

“Cracking down on the legally registered NLD:”
“(Kyaw Din) was reportedly ill for unknown period and sent to Myaung Mya hospital
on 19 October 1997. At that time, there was no chance for him to live. He reportedly
died on 20 October 1997 because he had diarrhea as a result of improper meals. His
family asked the authorities not to cremate the dead body within three days according to
the tradition. The Myaungmya prison authorities did not listen to the family and
cremated the body on 21 October 1997. Then, his family requested to collect the
remaining bones and ashes. The authorities denied their request. They sent the family
back to Wakema Township as soon as they cremated the body.”
Name: (Ko) Kyaw Myo Thant (alias) Japan Gyi

Age at Death: 27
Kyw Myo Thant was born in Bogale township, Irrawaddy Division. He

was a final year university student specializing in history when he took
part in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. He became the secretary of
DPNS’s Bogalay township branch. In his capacity as secretary, he wrote a
letter to the Chairman of the then Township Law and Order Restoration
Council inquiring about the arrest of party members in his township. He
was then arrested under the Act 2/88 and accused of breaking marshal
law. He was sentenced to 18 months.
In prison, Kyaw Myo Thant insisted that he was arrested unlawfully without
reason and demanded to be treated as a political prisoner. The prison
authorities responded to his demand by severely beating and torturing him.
Due to the harsh torture and beatings, Kyaw Myo Thant was unable to eat
well or digest food properly. His health then began to deteriorate. As he
did not receive appropriate medication or treatment, his health situation
71
worsened day by day. In May 1990, he became unconscious and was
hospitalized. The doctors found that his digestive system had broken down
completely. Though the doctor tried to treat him, he eventually died on 20
May 1990.
The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tin Win, Jailer Myint
Htoo and Medical Staff Tin Win.
Kyaw Myo Thant’s Funeral:

Funeral Procession Led by DPNS Members
72
Kyaw Myo Thant’s Funeral: Cremation
Name: (U) Kyi

Kyi actively participated in National League for Democracy. In 1992, some

former political prisoners from the Democratic Party for A New Society
wrote a report based on their prison experiences. The report was entitled
“Hell in Tharawaddy Prison.”
Kyi was arrested after he helped distribute this report. He received six
years imprisonment and died while in Tharawaddy prison.
The prison authorities Chief Warden Myint Thein, Jailer Tin Tun and
Prison Doctor Phyo Wai Aung.
73
Name: (U) Kyi Saung
Date of Arrest: 21 December 1995
Age at Death: 60
Kyi Saung was from Irrawaddy Division. He took part in the 1988 people’s
uprising and became a member of the National League for Democracy
(NLD). His position in the NLD was Joint Secretary of the Myaungmya
Township branch.
Kyi Saung joined the Karen New Year ceremony in Warpya Village,
Myaungmya Township. He read the NLD’s Karen New Years message
during the ceremony.
The authorities arrested him without giving any reason and sent him to
Myaungmya prison. Later, he was charged under Section 5 (J) of the
Emergency Provisions Act.
Kyi Saung was getting old, and his health had worsened from the
interrogation period. Five months after arriving in prison, he died in May
1996.
Name: (Mr.) Leo Nichols

Age at Death: 65
Leo Nichols was an Australian citizen who worked as honorary consul to

Burma for Norway (1969) and Denmark (1978).
In 1993, he was appointed as honorary consul for Norway, Denmark, Finland

and Switzerland. During his time in Burma, he became close friends with
74
Aung San Suu Kyi. As a result, the junta intensely disliked him.
On 5 April 1996, he was arrested in Rangoon. He was accused of illegal

possession of fax machine and telephone switchboard. On 20 May 1996,
he was sentenced to three years imprisonment and made to pay a USD
5,000 fine. He was sent to Insein prison.
The authorities interrogated Leo Nichols almost every night in the first
days of his arrest. His health condition was worse each time he returned
from the interrogation room, according to political prisoners in Insein prison
who shared a cell with him. Further, he suffered from hypertension and
diabetes.
On 22 June 1996, he died in Insein prison.
Ohn Gyaw, then Foreign Minister, claimed that Leo Nichols died in
Rangoon General Hospital (RGH) while he was having a meal. However,
eyewitnesses said that he was sent to RGH after his death.
His family members were not able to take part in his funeral. The diplomatic
community sought answers from the regime regarding Leo Nichols death,
but a truthful explanation has yet to be given.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw and
Warden Thin Phay.
Name: Mahn Da Weik

Age at Death: 58
Mahn Da Weik was born in Wakema Township, Irrawaddy Division. In

1950, his village was attacked by government troops. Soldiers burnt the
75
village to the ground, and raped or killed the villagers. Two of Mahn Da
Weik’s sisters were killed.
Mahn Da Weik later participated in political movements. On 6 November

1963, there was a six province demonstration for peace building in Burma.
Mahn Da Weik acted as a committee member for the demonstration. At
that time, he was also Chairperson of the Karen National Union.
In 1963, the military government stopped the ongoing peace talks with
armed groups. Student leaders and dissidents were arrested. Mahn Da
Weik was one of them. He was put in prison for seven years without trial.
After his release, he secretly worked for the Karen ethnic people against
the military dictatorship.
In 1978, he was sentenced to death for high treason. In 1980, the government
announced a general amnesty on prisoners around the country, and he was
released.
In 1988, Mahn Da Weik participated in the people’s uprising. In 1989, he

was arrested after he secretly contacted the Karen National Union on the
Thai-Burma border. He received eight years imprisonment.
While in prison, Mahn Da Weik had to sleep on the cold concrete floor. As
a result, he suffered from a paralyzing stroke in 1992. The authorities did
not give him proper medical care. He was left in his cell for weeks.
On 29 June 1992, he was sent to Rangoon General Hospital. Thirteen

days later, he died. Authorities claimed that he died from lung cancer.
Before he died, his hands and legs were put in handcuffs and stocks.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay and Prison
Doctor Soe Kyi.
76
Name: Mai Aik Pan
Age at Death: 40
Mai Aik Pan was born in Namsang, Northern Shan State and the son of
Aik Heang and Ei Yueal. He became a member of the Palaung State
Liberation Party (PSLP) in 1984, a party which would later refuse to sign a
ceasefire agreement with the regime. He was sent to the National
Democratic Front (NDF) headquarters as the representative of the PSLP
in 1986.
He was one of the founders of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF)
on 12 January 1992 and was assigned to the Central Executive Committee.
At the first convention of the PSLF held in July 2000, he was elected as
joint secretary. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Paloung
Youth Cooperative Working Committee and the Palaung Women’s
Organization based on the Thai-Burma border.
He was arrested by the Military Intelligence near the Thai-Burma border

on 2 October 2000 while he was in the underground movement. He was
sent to Moulmein prison and put on trial where he was sentenced to 7
years imprisonment under Articles 17 (1) and 13 (1) of the Unlawful
Association Act. When he was arrested, his health was good.
Mai Aik Pan was hospitalized at Moulmein General Hospital due to his
deteriorating health on 22 July 2002. On 26 July, the prison doctor submitted
an official letter about Mai Aik Pan’s health to the Superintendent of the
prison, asking for Mai Aik Pan to be allowed to go to a hospital outside the
prison. He was sent to a general hospital outside the prison around 1:30 in
77
the afternoon of 31 July, 2002. He died of dropsy at about 3:15 the same
day. Prison authorities then informed his family about his death.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Thet Shay, Jailer
Kyaw Than Myint and Prison Doctor Soe Win.
Name: (U) Maung Ko

Date of Arrest: 10 December 1990
Age at Death: 64
Maung Ko was born in Mandalay City in 1926. His parents were U Thein
and Daw Ngwe Thae. He went underground in 1949 and became a member
of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). When the CPB formed a Special
Provision consisting of Kyaukse, Tada-U, Myingyan, and Natogyi
townships in 1955, he became a political organizer for the Special
Provisional Army. In 1959, he was arrested for the first time in Myinmu
Township and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
In 1976, some young people in Mandalay went underground to join the

CPB. Military Intelligence personnel arrested and interrogated Maung Ko
to get information about them.
In 1987, while implementing the underground activities of the CPB, Military

Intelligence chased after him. He then went to Mong Koe CPB headquarters.
In September 1988, he became the secretary of the 4828 Committee of

the CPB and sneaked back inside the country to continue underground
activities. Military Intelligence arrested him in December 1990.
78
Maung Ko was interrogated at Military Intelligence Unit 1 (MI-1) in
Mandalay. He died from the brutal torture he received there.
Name: (U) Maung Ko

Age at Death: 58
Maung Ko was born in Kyauk Padaung Township, Mandalay Division. He

was first arrested by then General Ne Win’s Burma Socialist Programme
Party (BSPP) government in 1979. He was accused of forming a left-wing
literature study group. In 1980, he was released from Mandalay prison under
the general amnesty decree 2/80.
In 1988, he joined National League for Democracy (NLD). He became a

member in NLD’s election committee, Kyauk Padown Township branch,
before the 1990 multi-party general election.
While living in Kyaukbadown Township, Maung Ko was arrested in 1996.

He was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment under the 1950 Emergency
Provisions Act 5 (J) and Article 17(1) of the Unlawful Association Act.
He was accused of having contact with the Communist Party of Burma.
Maung Ko was transferred from Insein prison to Tharawaddy prison in

1997. He was routinely tortured while in prison.
His health condition worsened in Tharawaddy prison beginning in 2002.

Because he did not receive treatment, though his condition was obvious,
his heart disease rapidly worsened. The authorities shuffled him from the
Tharawaddy prison hospital to the Insein prison hospital and back when
his condition seemed to improve.
He was sent to Insein Township hospital when his condition later again
worsened. Eventually, on 15 November 2002, he died of a heart attack in
the hospital. 79
Name: (U) Maung Maung Aye
Date of Arrest: September 1999
Date of Death: 21 June, 2002
Age at Death: 59
Maung Maung Aye was born in Labutta Township. His parents were U
Kyaw Sein and Daw Ohn Shin. He graduated from Government
Technological Institute and also received a law degree.
During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he took a leadership role in his

township’s general strike. He joined the NLD when it was founded in late
1988.
In September 1999, Military Intelligence arrested him because of his

involvement in the 9999 movement. He was sentenced to 4 years under
Act 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure Code, for disseminating rumors.
Maung Maung Aye first became ill at Myaungmya prison and was transferred
to Pathein prison on 4 June 2002. As the doctor in the prison hospital was
not able to treat him, he was then hospitalized at Bassein Hospital on June
21. He died at 2:15 pm on 25 June 2002 while in the hospital.
Name: (Ko) Maung Maung Aye

Age at Death: 24
Maung Maung Aye was born in Kamaryut Township, Rangoon. He was a

member of National Democracy Party (NDP).
80
He was arrested in July 1989, and accused of distributing pamphlets which
threatened state security. He was charged under Section 5 (J) of the
Emergency Provisions Act and sent to Insein prison. On 4 August 1989,
he was given five years imprisonment.
In November 1989, he was moved to Tharawaddy prison.
Maung Maung Aye was seriously ill in July 1993. He was sent to the prison
hospital ward on 23 July and died the same day. The prison authorities said
that his death was related to a lung problem.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Myint Thein and
Prison Doctor Khin Maung Thein.
Name: (U) Min Thu

Age at Death: 50
Min Thu was born in Rangoon. His father was U Kyaw Shein. He was a
lawyer and member of National League for Democracy.
In 1998, a book entitled “Burma’s Student Movement” was published.

The authorities arrested the politicians, student activists and former student
leaders believed to be involved in writing the book. Min Thu was arrested
on 28 April 1998. Later, he was sent to Insein prison and sentenced to
seven years imprisonment under Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions
Act.
81
Min Thu suffered from hypertension, heart disease and a bulbous growth
on his bones. Therefore, he had to go to the prison hospital in Insein. In the
first week of June 2004, the authorities sent him to the Insein Township
hospital. A few days later, he died.
According to his family, the state run newspapers did not accept his obituary
notice.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi, Jailer of
Hospital Ward, San Win and Prison Doctor Soe Khaing.
Name: (U) Min Tun Wai

Date of Arrest: May 2005
Age at Death: 42
Min Tun Wai lived in Khaing Sabel Street, Kyaikmayaw Township, Mon
State He belonged to the National League for Democracy, Kyaikmayaw
Township branch.
On 26 May 2005, the Kyaikmayaw Township Court sentenced him to five

days imprisonment for drunkenness and starting fights in the street. After
being sentenced, he was sent to Moulmein prison right away.
On May 28, 2005 (at about 8:10 pm), Min Tun Wai became delirious. He
was then made to lie face down as a rope was tied around his arms and
legs. As he struggled violently, several criminal prisoners, assigned by the
prison authorities as prisoners in charge or night watchmen, beat and kicked
him severely. He was repeatedly punched in the face and about the head
by these prisoners. His lips were badly bruised from the beating, and he
called out his daughter’s name incessantly all night.
82
This incident took place at Ward 1 on the ground floor at the right side of
the main entrance.
There was a lackey named Myo Win (prison number 8342/C, C stands for
Convicted) in that ward. He governed the ward on behalf of the jailer, and
gave the night watchmen bludgeons and clubs. He allowed them to beat
other prisoners. The warden also allowed them to beat and strike the other
prisoners. The worst of the night watchmen was Nyan Tun Aung (prison
number 8962/C, sentenced to one year imprisonment for defecting from
the army) and Tun Ko (prison number 8952/C, a child soldier, 17, who
also defected from the army). Nyan Tun Aung and Tun Aung (sentenced
to one month imprisonment) punched and beat Min Tun Wai’s body, face,
back and chest repeatedly. When Min Tun Wai lost consciousness, they
rested for a while. And then they beat him again and again. Whenever Min
Tun Wai regained consciousness, he murmured his daughter’s name.
As a result of this torture, on 29 May 2005 (at about 4:00am) Min Tun Wai
died.
Min Tun Wai’s body was given to the prison doctor by the Superintendent
of Moulmein prison. The doctor did not accept his corpse. Therefore, his
corpse was sent to an outside hospital for an autopsy. The autopsy revealed
that he had bruises and wounds all over his body, as well as a broken hand.
Though his sentence was only to last five days, he was in fact tortured to
death.
The prison authorities ordered the prisoners in charge and the night
watchmen not to discuss this case. U Tin Maung Ohn, a jailer who served
as a duty officer that night, claimed that Min Tun Wai tried to climb the
rafters in the ward and had fallen on his face which caused the wounds and
bruises on his corpse. However, the reality is that U Tun Tun, the senior
jailer, and U Tin Maung Ohn allowed the beating to take place, and actually
encouraged those prisoners in charge or night watchmen to beat and punch
other prisoners.
83
Because the ICRC had requested the prison authorities not to deal with
bludgeons and clubs, they found a way around this restriction by allowing
the prisoners in charge and the night watchmen the right to hold bludgeons
and clubs.
The prison authorities at that time were Tun Tun and Tin Maung Ohn.
Name: (U) Mya Shwe

Date of Arrest: December 1996
Date of Death: 27 April 1999
Age at Death: 54
Mya Shwe lived in Sanchaung Township, Rangoon. He actively took part

in the National League for Democracy (NLD) since it was founded in
1988.
He regularly attended the public gatherings in front of Daw Aung San Suu
Kyi’s residence after her release in 1995. Even after the authorities restricted
those gatherings, he routinely attended.
Mya Shwe also actively helped and supported the December 1996 student
movement. After that movement, Military Intelligence arrested several NLD
members, including Mya Shwe.
The Northern Insein Provincial Court sentenced him to seven years

imprisonment. He was then transferred to Tharawaddy prison on 15
November 1997.
84
In late 1998, Mya Shwe was suffering a severe toothache when the Chief
Warder was doing a routine prison inspection. The prison authorities accused
him of showing disrespect, and then beat him. They then shackled him and
put him in a solitary confinement cell.
Even when his punishment period was over, he was not sent back to his
original cell block, but rather placed in a cell with other criminal prisoners.
At the time, his health condition worsened.
Mya Shwe also suffered from diarrhea. He often went to the prison hospital
for weight loss, low blood pressure, and malnutrition. As the authorities
did not take effective action or administer proper treatment, he was in a
critical, life-threatening condition in 1999. In April, he was moved to
Tharawaddy Township hospital where he died a few days later on 27 April
1999.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Win Myint, Jailer
Aung Maw Oo and Prison Doctor Aung Than.
Name: (U) Myat Thu

Date of Arrest: 21 February 1997
Age at Death: 48
Myat Thu was born in Nyuan Sa Khan village, Taungoo township. His
parents were U Phoe Phuu and Daw Kyi. While he was at Moulmein
University in 1970, he participated in the student movement. As a result,
he was expelled. In 1973, he was allowed to again attend university where
he received his Bachelors of Science.
During the nationwide people’s uprising in 1988, he was among the first
people in Taungoo township to participate in the strike against the military
government. He was detained for one day.
85
After the military coup in September 1988, he and some activists set up a
local branch of the National League for Democracy (NLD). He was the
chairperson of NLD Executive Committee (EC), Taungoo Township.
He was detained when the political parties were about to nominate their
representatives for the 1990 election. He was freed after the process was
finished. As a result, he was not allowed to participate in the election.
In October 1991, Military Intelligence Unit 3 (MI-3) arrested him and
interrogated him for a few days.
On the evening of 21 February 1997, all EC members were arrested. Police

officers, soldiers and intelligence personnel arrested them. They were
detained in the compound of No. 39 Light Infantry Battalion.
Later, they were used as porters when the SPDC troops began military
operations against the Karen National Union. Myat Thu was eventually
freed from being a porter in the military operation. His health condition
had deteriorated.
Soon after being released from being porter, the local authorities went
around town with loudspeakers to collect the “porter fee.” They claimed
that those who did not pay would be arrested and forced to become porters.
Myat Thu was angry as he was just freed from being a porter. He then
destroyed their loudspeakers and amplifier. As a result, he was arrested
and charged with showing defiance to the authorities. He was sentenced
to two years imprisonment.
His health condition had deteriorated as a result of working as a porter for

six months. In prison, he had to sleep on the concrete floor, and there was
a lack of medical treatment. He was sent to Taungoo Township Hospital,
but it was too late for treatment. He died in May 1997.
86
Name: (Ko) Myint Swe
Age at Death: 32
Myint Swe was from Dala Township, Rangoon. He enthusiastically

participated in the 1988 people’s uprising. On 24 October 1988, he was
arrested while raiding a local police department during the uprising. He
was moved from Insein to Thayet prison.
In June 1996, there was a dispute between him and Khin Maung Swe, a
prison official in Thayet prison. As a result, he was sent to a cell in which
a mentally-ill prisoner was kept. He repeatedly reported to the prison
authorities that it was dangerous for him to stay with such a person. The
authorities neglected him. A few days later, the mentally-ill prisoner beat
Myint Swe to death using a yoke.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ba Shin and Jailer
Khin Maung Swe.
Name: Naing Aung Lun

Age at Death: 45
Naing Aung Lun is the son of U Bo Gyi. He worked in New Mon State
Party (NMSP), which signed a ceasefire agreement with the military
government in 1995.
In July 2003, nine activists, including Naing Aung Lun, were arrested in
Rangoon. Some of them had been collecting information about forced
87
labor. They were accused of high treason and starting riots. They were
taken to Insein prison.
On 28 November 2003 they were sentenced to death under Section 122

(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code.
After their lawyers appealed, their death sentences were changed to life
imprisonment on 12 May 2004.
In prison, Naing Aung Lun’s health condition deteriorated. He was sent to

the hospital ward and then the Insein Township hospital. Early in September
2005, he was moved to Rangoon General Hospital.
On 14 September, Norway-based Democratic Voice of Burma claimed

that he was infected the HIV virus. At about 9:00 am on 28 September, he
died.
The authorities informed the NMSP about his death.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Soe Tin.
Name: Naw Thin Su

Age at Death: 27
Naw Thin Su was a Karen ethnic woman. She was born in Taung Pyauk
village, Thayetchaung Township, Tennasserim Division. Her parents were
88
Saw Thee Swe and Naw Tin Si. She belonged to the Mergui/Tavoy United
Front (MTUF) based in Tennasserim Division.
On 16 September 1997, around 6:00 am, Naw Thin Su and three other
women ran into soldiers in Yay Pu village, Thayetchaung Township. The
soldiers were led by Captain Kyaw Thu and belonged to Unit No. 2 of No.
267 Light Infantry Battalion (LIB). The women were arrested.
In the evening around 4:00 pm, the troops left for Kyel Chan Village. When
they arrived, Captain Kyaw Thu stayed in the house of Maung Lwin, the
chairman of Village Law and Order Restoration Council (VLORC). The
soldiers stayed in seven houses in the village. The detainees were put in
the residency of U Ohn Nyunt.
At around 9:00 pm, Second Lieutenant Khin Maung Zaw took Naw Thin
Su for interrogation. She was put in the house of U Thein Shwe, a member
of the VLORC. She was raped twice. The next day, she was sent back
around 3:00 am.
On September 17, at about 10:00 pm, she was taken away again. She was
raped and sent back at about 11:00.
Finally, Naw Thin Su was sent to Tavoy prison and sentenced to five years
imprisonment. Naw Thin Su was brutally raped and tortured during
interrogation and while in prison. As a result, she died in Tavoy prison on
10 February 1998.
The prison authorities claimed that her death was related to a health
condition. They did not inform her family about her death. Captain Kyaw
Thu (now Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Thu) is now in Division No. 44.
Second Lieutenant Khin Maung Zaw (now Major Khin Maung Zaw) is
now in No. 104 Light Infantry Battalion.
89
Name: (U) Nyo Win
Date of Arrest: 18 June 1989
Age at Death: 59
Nyo Win was born in 1932 in Shwekyin Township, Pegu Township. His
parents were U Kyin Swam and Daw San Yin.
While he was at Rangoon University, he was one of the committee members

in the “Friendship Reading Club,” which students used to read and discuss
literature.
He had a leading role in the student movement calling for the establishment
of a national education system, ending the civil war and finding peace.
From 1954 to 1960, he was an executive committee member of the All

Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU). He also was general
secretary of the University Student Union and chairperson of the Student
United Front.
In 1963, he was arrested for his involvement in the armed struggle and
imprisoned for nearly two years. He was arrested again in 1968 and served
over a year in prison.
He participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising in the Post-War and

Independence Era Old Students Association. He made anti-dictatorship
speeches around the country.
When political parties and organizations were allowed to form, he became

the joint-secretary of the People’s Progressive Party and the general
secretary of the League of Democratic Alliances.
90
He was arrested on 18 June 1989 and detained under section 10 (A) of the
State Protection Law.
While in Insein prison near the end of February 1991, Nyo Win began to
suffer from a sore throat in addition to tumors and boils which were
beginning to cover his body. He was not provided the proper amount of
water to drink or shower, causing his disease to worsen. Only when he
could not eat or drink did the authorities take him to Insein General
Hospital. By then, his disease had spread and was untreatable. He died on
8 March 1991 as a result of the prison’s inadequate health care.
Nyo Win was known to have endured much torture, along with other
members of the People’s Progressive Party,
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay, Jailer
Pyone Cho and Prison Doctor Soe Kyi.
Name: (U) Nyunt Zaw

Date of Arrest: August 1991
Age at Death: 35
Nyunt Zaw was born to U Lay Nyunt and Daw Tin Kyi in Ruby quarter,
Henzada Township, Irrawaddy Division in 1965. He received his degree in
mathematics from Bassein College in 1987.
He was in charge of the organizing committee of the All Burma Federation

of Student Unions (ABFSU, Henzada District).
91
Nyunt Zaw fled to the Thai-Burma border after the military coup in August
1988 and joined the All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF). He
slipped back into Burma in 1990 to carry out some of his work, and was
eventually arrested by the Military Intelligence (MI) in August 1991. He
was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for his contact with anti-regime
groups.
While in Insein prison, he, along with twenty-two other political prisoners,
attempted to contact the United Nations about the inhumane prison
conditions and to publish a journal commemorating the Diamond Jubilee
of the University of Rangoon. As a result, they were sentenced to an
additional seven years imprisonment under section 5(e) of the Emergency
Provisions Act.
He was transferred from Insein to Tharawaddy prison on 15 November

1997.
Nyunt Zaw suffered from dysentery in July 1999 which progressively

worsened. However, the doctor mistakenly diagnosed his illness as
tuberculosis and he was thus given TB medicine, not the medicine that he
needed. In September 1999, he was suffering from a stomach ache and his
belly became swollen. The doctor, again mistakenly, determined that he
was suffering from cancer and so treated Nyunt Zaw for such. Two months
later, on 1 January 2000, Nyunt Zaw died.
An autopsy later revealed that he had in fact died from liver cirrhosis.
Tin Tun and Prison Doctor Aung Than.
92
Name: (U) Oo Tha Tun

Date of Arrest: 7 March 1990
Age at Death: 82
Oo Tha Tun was born on 23 November 1917 in Mrauk-U Township,

Arakan (Rakhine) State. He was an Arakanese scholar and distinguished
historian. He also studied Buddhism.
When political parties were allowed to form in late 1988, he join the Arakan
League for Democracy (ALD). In the 1990 general election, he was a
candidate in Kyauktaw Township, Constituency 2.
After the election campaign in Pyar Chaung village, Minbya Township, the
authorities arrested Oo Tha Tun. As a result, he was not able to take part
in the election in May 1990, and U San Tha Aung of the “Mro (or) Khami
National Solidarity Organization” was then elected for the constituency.
The authorities charged Oo Tha Tun under Section 5 (J) of the Emergency
Provisions Act and sentenced him to three years imprisonment. He was
sent to Sittwe prison.
In prison, U Oo Tha Tun’s health condition deteriorated as he was getting

old. He did not receive enough food or health care. On 14 August 1990,
he died in prison.
The Thailand-based Irrawaddy Publishing Group’s “Death in Custody”

report (Second Edition, 1999) noted that his death was due to “lack of
sufficient medicine and proper health care.”
93
The junta responded to this in a statement entitled “The Truth” as follows:
“U Tha Tun was 75 years old and a Pyi Thu Hluttaw representative for Kyauktaw
Township Constituency-2 and a patron of the Rakhine League for Democracy of
MraukU Township, Rakhine State. He made instigative speeches with the intent to
break up national unity, and his speeches were recorded and distributed. Hence, he
was sentenced on 22-5-90 to three years’ imprisonment under Section 5(j) of the
Emergency Provisions Act.
While serving his sentence in Sittway Prison, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the
prison hospital on 14-8-90. To say that he died due to the lack of sufficient medicines
and care is a false accusation because he was being given medical treatment at the
prison hospital. However, cerebral hemorrhage causes sudden death.”
Name: Sai Pha Than

Date of Death: October 2002
Age at Death: 64
Sai Phat Than played a leading role in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising.
He participated in the movement to form the National League for
Democracy, Shan State branch.
Sai Pha Than went to farmers around Kengtung Township and collected
information about selling rice. The Burmese authorities often force farmers
to sell their paddy at a low price. Farmers have to sell a set amount of
paddy in paddy buying centers. The authorities also instruct the farmers to
grow certain qualities of paddy. If any farmers fail to do so, she or he will
be punished.
Military Intelligence personnel frequently threatened Sai Pha Than to stop

his activities, but he ignored them.
94
Sai Pha Than was arrested on 11 September 2002 by Captain Min Thu
Aung and Sergeant Maung Kyaw of Military Intelligence Unit 22 (MI-22),
the Special Branch, Policemen and members of the Ward Peace and
Development Council. At the same time, Saw Nandi, the chairperson of
Kengtung Township NLD branch was arrested.
They were interrogated at MI- 22.
On 25 September, Sai Pha Than’s mother died. He was allowed to mourn

at his mother’s funeral. After this, however, he was sent to prison. He was
in good health at this time. Later, he was sent to Kengtung prison.
A few days after arriving in Kengtung prison, Sai Pha Than’s health began
to deteriorate.
When he was sent to the hospital on October 10, he had to be placed on a

stretcher, as he was unable to walk. At 5pm the same day, his family was
allowed to visit him in the hospital, but he was unable to speak. While his
family provided him with all the medicine he needed, carefully attending
to him all night long, Sai Pha Than died at 7:38 am on 11 October 2002.
An autopsy revealed that Sai Pha Than had a wound on his right side when
he died, as well as fluid in his brain, liver cirrhosis, yellowed skin and
intestines. The doctor concluded that he suffered from malaria in the brain
and jaundice. The doctor, however, was watched by the authorities, which
likely means that, as with most doctors in Burma’s prisons, he felt pressure
to write what the authorities wanted with out regard for medical ethics.
When Sai Pha Than’s friend, Saw Nandi was released on 6 July 2005, he
stated to the Democratic Voice of Burma that he believed the authorities
had poisoned Sai Pha Than:
“There (at the interrogation center), they fed us well. In the morning, they gave us tea
and fried rice and for lunch, rice and curries. On the day they were going to send us to
95
prison, they didn’t give us the lunch we usually had, but a cup of tea. As it was
unusual and rather strange, I didn’t drink the tea and threw it away. Then, I became
very worried for Sai Phat straight away. We were reunited at the prison. I asked him
if he drank the tea and he told me that he drank it as he was very hungry. Only then
did I know that he was poisoned by the military intelligence. Sai Phat became ill after
a week and the people concerned gave him injections and medicines. I had to look after
him for awhile. A week later, his condition was so bad that he could not speak. When
I asked prison authorities to send him to hospital, they told me that they were only
responsible for his detention and that only the intelligence people could take him away.
Then, the intelligence took him away and I only heard later with sadness that he died
in the hospital.”
Name: Saw El Thar

Age at Death: 38
Saw El Thar was arrested on October 1991 in Bogalay. He was charged

under the Unlawful Associations Act, Article 17 (1), and sentenced to 10
years imprisonment.
Saw El Thar was weak and his health deteriorated because his family could
not visit and support him. He died due to lack of nutrition and the lack of
proper healthcare in Myingyan prison.
Saw El Thar was an ordinary civilian. He was unjustly arrested. Some

prisoners in Myingyin have estimated that around 60 Karen ethnic prisoners,
who were also arrested unjustly, have died in Myingyan prison. But,
communication among prisoners is not allowed, and so the names of the
dead and the circumstances of their death cannot be recorded.
The prison authority at the time was Chief Warden Lu Hla.
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Name: Saw Sar Do Saw
Age at Death: 52
Saw Sar Do Saw was born in Thayetchaung village, Letpadan Township,

Pegu Division. He once worked as a school teacher, and was a member of
the Karen National Union (KNU).
In 1982, under the KNU’s Pegu Mountains Restoration Operation,

Sardusaw was located in the Pegu Mountains and was arrested by the
Burmese Socialist Programme Party troops. He was sentenced to death on
24 February 1983.
Although the regime has made several general amnesty announcements (in
1989, 1992, 1993 and 1997), Saw Sar Do Saw’s sentence was only reduced
from death to life imprisonment in 1989, reflecting the Military Intelligence’s
(MI) decision to detain political prisoners, especially ethnic minorities, for
extended periods of time without respect for their own declarations of
amnesty.
Due to his detention of more than twenty years, and the possibility that he
would be held under inhuman conditions indefinitely, Saw Sar Do Saw’s
mental and physical health began to deteriorate. On 24 November 2003,
he was hospitalized in the guard ward of Rangoon General Hospital. He
died at 11:30pm on 12 December 2003, and was buried the next day at
Yay Way cemetery.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi and Prison
Doctor Soe Khaing.
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Name: Saw Win
Age at Death: 61
Saw Win was born on 14 May 1938. His parents were U Kyaw Nyunt and
Daw Aye Hla. He lived in Htilin Township, Magwe Division.
While he was in university, Saw Win participated in the Student Front,

University Student Union, and Friendship Reading Club.
After graduating, he worked for the Botataung Newspaper as a sports

reporter and assistant editor. He wrote various commentaries and feature
articles in the Botataung Newspaper, Ngwetaryee Magazine and Forward
Journal. His pen name was Kyaw Zaw Lin.
Several of his feature articles, particularly “Time” and “Chin-Burmese

Friendship,” were well known.
Eventually, he stopped writing to run his own business, as his family needed
the income. During this time, he was frequently taken and questioned by
the authorities.
In the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he supported and gave guidance to

the young students. In the 1990 Election, he was elected as a Member of
Parliament (MP) from Htilin constituency, Magwe Division, representing
the National League for Democracy.
He was arrested on 23 April 1991 and imprisoned for eleven years under
Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act and Article 6 (1)
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(abusing public property), wrongly accused of running an unlawful wood
business.
The authorities told Saw Win (once in 1992 and again in 1995) that he
would be released, but he remained in prison until his death.
Saw Win suffered from chronic asthma while in Tharawaddy prison, and
was hospitalized at Tharawaddy District Hospital due to his worsening
asthma and hypertension on 5 August 1998. Two days later, on 7 August,
he died. The authorities had not provided him with the proper medical
care.
Tin Tun and Prison Doctor Aung Than.
Name: Saw Yin Thit

Date of Death: January 1996
In 1991, the SPDC troops raided the Karen soldiers’ hidden arsenal in
Bogalay Township, Irrawaddy division. As a result, there was shooting
between the SPDC troops and Karen soldiers. Later, SPDC troops, using
heavy weapons and helicopters, raided several villages around U Ni Su
village. The troops burned down buildings and killed the villagers they
suspected of helping the Karen soldiers.
The villagers still alive were arrested and interrogated. Hundreds of the
villagers died during the interrogation period. The rest were sent to the
prisons around Burma after receiving ten years to life imprisonment. One
of the villagers arrested was Saw Yin Thit, who received ten years
imprisonment under the Unlawful Association Act, Section 17/1.
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Though Saw Yin Thit was strong and healthy when he first entered Myingyin
prison, he died in January 1996 from lack of nutrition and proper medical
care.
At that time, political prisoners in Myingyin were not allowed to share

their food. When the authorities noticed that food had been shared, they
would torture and place those prisoners in solitary confinement.
Name: Saw Hla Chit

Age at Death: 57
Saw Hla Chit was born in Bogale Township, Irrawaddy Division. He was a
Karen ethnic and a Christian priest. He was arrested for having contact
with the Karen National Union and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.
In Insein prison, he became ill several times. In March 1997, the authorities
sent him to Rangoon General Hospital. A few days later, he died.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Jailer
Saw Zin Mya and Prison Doctor Soe Naing.
Name: Saw Do Saw (alias) Saw Than

Age at Death: 50
Saw Do Saw belonged to the Karen National Union (KNU). In combat

between the SPDC troops and KNU soldiers on 10 October 1996, he was
captured after he was wounded in the right leg by a bullet.
100
In March 1997, a Military Tribunal in Moulmein Township sentenced him
to twenty years imprisonment under Sections 17 (1) and (2) of the Unlawful
Associations Act.
The authorities sent him to Insein prison on 23 April 1997.
On 20 April 2003, he was sent to Rangoon General Hospital to receive

treatment for lung cancer.
In June and July 2003, he received radiotherapy treatment. He agreed to a

surgical operation in August. The International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) donated medicine to him.
On 2 October, Father Bruno of Rangoon’s St. Paul’s Church went to the

guard ward of the hospital and encouraged Saw Do Saw, praying for him.
On 8 October, he was removed from the guard ward for an operation.
On 9 October, between 9:00 am and noon, he was operated on and was

unable to sleep that night.
On 10 October, Father Bruno went to visit him again for encouragement

and ran into Cap. Myo Tun Tint of Military Intelligence Unit 14 (MI-14),
who treated Father Bruno impolitely.
At 3:27 pm, Saw Do Saw passed away.
His funeral was attended by one family member, four persons from the
church, three hospital workers, three police officers and one intelligence
personnel.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi and Prison
Doctor Soe Khaing.
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Name: Saw Kyaw Lwin (alias) Kyaw Lwin

Date of Death: August 1993
Age at Death: Over 50
Saw Kyaw Lwin was from the Karen ethnic group. He was born in
Ngapudaw Township, Irrawaddy Division, and was a member of the Karen
National Union (KNU).
In October 1991, the SPDC troops attacked the villages around Bogalay
Township. Saw Kyaw Lin and many Karen villagers were arrested.
Saw Kyaw Lin was sentenced to ten years imprisonment under Section 17
(1) of the Unlawful Association Act.
Early in 1993, he and the other Karen prisoners arrested at the same time
were moved from Insein prison to Myinggyan prison.
When they reached the gate of Myinggyan prison, the prison authorities
wrapped them in blankets and beat them brutally. Later, they were all
placed in solitary confinement.
The prisoners were not allowed enough food to eat, and gradually Saw
Kyaw Lwin’s health deteriorated.
In August 1993, he asked the authorities to give him more to eat, shouting
out that he was hungry. The authorities did not give him the meal he
requested, and instead harshly beat him until he passed out. They
immediately sent him to the Myinggyan Township hospital, but he died a
few hours after reaching the hospital.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Lu Hla.
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Name: Saw Tin Myint
Age at Death: 62
Saw Tin Myint was born in Irrawaddy Division. He belonged to the Karen
National Union (KNU).
In 1982, KNU attempted to seize the Pegu Mountains they once occupied.
They had several battles with the junta’s troops.
Saw Tin Myint was arrested in one of these battles. On 24 February 1983,
he was sentenced to death under Section 122 (1) of the Criminal Procedure
Code for high treason.
In 1989, the military government announced a general amnesty. Some

prisoners were freed under this amnesty, while others had their prison
sentences commuted. Saw Tin Myint’s death sentence was commuted to
life imprisonment. However, he was unclear as to how long he had to stay
in prison.
Saw Tin Myint’s health condition worsened due to malnutrition, lack of

family visits and support and the nearly 20 years spent in prison. When he
fell ill, he became extremely weak due to the lack of nutrition. On 1 August
2001, he died in Thayet prison.
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Name: (U) Sein Hla (alias) Iron Sein Hla

Date of Arrest: November 1990
Date of Death: 1992
Age at Death: 75
Sein Hla joined the Burmese Communist Party (Red Flag BCP) when the
party was formed in 1946. He led the police protest during the 1946 general
protest. He became a member of the central committee after the BCP
party had become an underground party. In 1972, he supported the policy
of the BCP party “to discuss peace despite the possibility of being arrested.
He was subsequently arrested, but released a couple of years later. He was
involved in the “Political Theory Study Group” convened at Thakin Soe’s
house after Thakin Soe’s release in 1980.
Sein Hla was arrested in 1990 for associating with a student who had secretly
entered Burma to complete work for the All Burma Student Democratic
Front (ABSDF). He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
Sein Hla died at the Insein Prison Hospital at the beginning of 1992 due
lack of nutrition and the poor prison health care system.
Name: (U) Sein Win

Age at Death: 54
Sein Win, nicknamed Yangyi Aung, was born in Yangyi Aung village,
Thongwa Township, Rangoon division.
He was an executive committee member of the University Student Union

in 1959-60 and later became the deputy chairperson.
104
As a student, he led many demonstrations and other activities. Students
relied on him for his bravery, activeness and dedication. While participating
in an anti-imperialist demonstration in 1961, he was beaten repeatedly on
his back by the Union Government’s police causing him to become disabled.
During the events of 7 July 1962 he led many students. Also, during 1963,
he became a member of what was known as the “peace troops” at the
“international peace meetings.” Because of this, he was sent to Coco Island
by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) where he participated
in a hunger strike demanding an end to the BSPP using the island to confine
prisoners sentenced to life.
A ceremony for political prisoners due to be released was convened in the

hall of Insein Prison in 1972. During the ceremony, Sein Win refused to
shake hands with prison authorities saying “I never shake hands with
enemies.”
When the 1988 democracy uprising began, he was an influential teacher

in the area, and led the joint strike committee comprised of three
townships (Kyauktan, Thongwa, Kayan). When the police decided to
surrender their weapons during the uprising, they gave them to Sein Win.
As a result, Sein Win was arrested under the Weapons Act, but received
no formal sentencing.
Because of the low quality of prison food and inhumane prison conditions,
he began to contract diseases in his liver and colon. His abdomen became
swollen, but still he received no treatment. He was then unable to eat.
Eventually, he was sent to Insein General Hospital for surgery. He
underwent surgery with the iron-shackles still around his ankles. The
operation was not a success and he died around 8 pm that evening.
105
Name: (U) Shein Tin

Date of Arrest: February 1994
Age at Death: 68
Shein Tin served in the Inndine COD battalion during the Anti Fascist
People Freedom League (AFPFL) era until 1967. He was arrested for his
connections with the Burma Communist Party (BCP) in 1967. He was
released from Insein prison in 1970. He then became a member of the
People’s Progressive Party (PPP) in 1988. When the PPP was declared
illegal in 1989, he continued his party duties underground.
He was arrested by the Military Intelligence (MI) again in 1994 for contacting
the BCP. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment with hard labor under
the Emergency Provisions Act, section 5 (J), and the Unlawful Associations
Act, Article 17 (1), in February 1994.
Shein Tin was transferred from Insein to Taungoo prison in November

1997. He was hospitalized at Taungoo General Hospital as his health began
to deteriorate in January 2004.
Despite being diagnosed with lung cancer and being in such pain that he
was moaning incessantly, the prison authorities still brought him back to
Taungoo prison. Days later, as he clearly was dying, the prison authorities
had no choice but to send him to Taungoo General Hospital. He died of
lung cancer on 28 January 2004 while being prepared for transfer to Insein
General Hospital.
When Shein Tin died, he was only a couple days away from completing his
ten-year sentence. Still, he was not allowed to die peacefully in his home,
as the MI refused to allow him, or other political prisoners, remission days.
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Name: (U) Sithu (alias) Ye Naing
Date of Arrest: June 1991
Age at Death: 35
While Sithu was a second year botany student at the University of Rangoon
(Kemmendine Campus), he participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising.
Prior to August, he was involved in several demonstrations demanding

democracy and human rights, including the Red Bridge Movement (March
16) and the Rangoon University Student Demonstration (March 17). Along
with 116 other members of various organizations, he was actively involved
in petitioning the military regime to form a National Interim Government.
After the military coup on 18 September 1988, he assisted the All Burma
Student Democratic Front (ABSDF).
When explosions rocked the Mandalay Electrical Power Corporation and

Sanchaung Township, Sithu was arrested and sentenced to 12 years
imprisonment by a Special Military Tribunal on 30 December 1991.
When asked by the judge during his trial whether he was guilty or not, he
replied, “Don’t ask me if I am guilty or not. I don’t recognize your right to
judge me. Charge me as you like. But, this is unjust.”
In August 1995, he was transferred from Insein to Tharawaddy prison.

Even though he completed his prison term on April 2, 2001, he continued
to be detained under section 10 (A) of the State Protection Law. The
Minister of Home Affairs, Tin Hlaing, remarked at this time that “his rebel
mind is still strong.”
107
At this time, though, his health began to deteriorate.
When Sithu began to display flu-like symptoms, he informed the prison

doctor, but was simply told to take “paracetamol,” one of the few medicines
provided in the prisons. After suffering a 103 degree temperature, labored
breathing and chronic coughing for four days, he told the doctor and again
was dismissively told to take “amoxycillin and benedryl”.
On June 25, 2001, Sithu’s fever reached 105 degrees, which led the doctor
to recommend “septrim” in addition to the other medication mentioned.
When his fever reached 107 degrees four days later, Sithu was finally taken
to the prison hospital.
Sithu’s health continued to decline. His breath continued to be labored,

and he could no longer eat, leading to severe dehydration. The doctor simply
treated him with machinegun therapy, and guessed that he might have
malaria and paratyphoid.
As Sithu had suffered from malaria in February 2001, this recurring illness
weakened his immune system. Finally, on 6 July, the Tharawaddy Township
doctor and a specialist examined him and ordered the authorities to give
him medication, namely “septrim,” which is an antibiotic pill, and
“cefomtral,” which is an antibiotic injection. By this time, Sithu’s lungs
were swollen and his liver enlarged.
He was then taken to a special ward of Tharawaddy General Hospital (the

“guard ward” reserved for political and other prisoners) on 7 July, and by
July 12 he was dead.
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Name: (U) Soe Win
Age at Death: 74
Soe Win was born in Rangoon. His father was U Chit Maung and his mother
was Daw Sein Daing. He was a younger brother of Bo Zeya, a member of
Thirty Comrades. He himself was a member of the People’s Comrades led
by General Aung San.
In 1956, he worked at the Rangoon Ten Mile Chicken farm as a manager.

He later resigned from the job and joined the People’s Comrades party.
After the 1963 peace talks between the Communist Party of Burma (CPB),
led by Thakhin Than Tun, and the Revolutionary Council, led by General
Ne Win, failed, Soe Win was arrested, and later released in 1970.
In January 1987, he contacted the CPB and participated in underground

activities.
When the State Peace and Development Council allowed political parties
to form, he founded People’s Comrades, and became its General Secretary.
He was arrested in July 1990 and accused of having contacts with illegal
organizations. He was charged under sections 17/1 and 17/2 of the
Unlawful Associations Act and was sentenced to 20 years.
In the beginning of 1992, he was taken to Insein prison hospital as he was

suffering from dysentery and diarrhea. He died on 3 May 1992.
109
Name: (Ko) Than Htway (alias) Ba Ba

Date of Death: 1990
Age at Death: 25
Than Htway was born in Myaung Palel Quarter, Tavoy Township, Tenasserim
Division. He studied at State High School No. (1), Tavoy Township. He took
a leading role in the 1988 people’s uprising in Tavoy. He also worked for the
Tavoy District Student Union. The day after the military coup in September
1988, he and all members of the Student Union went to the No. 10 Battalion
of the Karen National Union.
In early 1989, he went back Tavoy Township to participate in the underground

movement, but he was arrested. After being tortured in an interrogation center,
he was sent to Tavoy prison.
Than Htway died while in prison, charged under section 17 (1) of the Unlawful
Associations Act. At that time, there was a soldier who was imprisoned for
murder. The prison authorities appointed him as the prisoner-in-charge, and
he and the authorities cracked down on the political prisoners.
In early 1990, Than Htway was put in solitary confinement because he

complained about the oppression of prisoners. He told the authorities that he
was suffering from a stomach disease. The prisoner-in-charge, Tin Shwe, and
other prison staff attacked him repeatedly using batons. He was seriously
injured and vomited blood. Five days later, the authorities sent him to the
Tavoy Township hospital for medical treatment. The next day he died in the
hospital’s guard ward.
The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden San Thein, Jailer Tin
Shwe (alias) Michael, Maung Aye and Tun Win.
110
Name: (U) Thein Tin

Age at Death: 56
Thein Tin was a student leader in the early 1960s. He was a columnist for
several monthly magazines. His pen names were Tin Thein Maung and Pa-
Hta-We Maung Tin. He lived in Innwa Street, South Okkalapa Township,
Rangoon.
He actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. Later, he

became a member of the Township Organizing Committee for the National
League for Democracy.
He became an assistant at the Rangoon Divisional Organizing Committee

for the NLD in 1989. He worked with Tin Maung Win, an elected MP
from Kayan constituency, who also died in prison.
Thein Tin was arrested and detained under section 10(A) of the State
Protection Law on 18 March 1996 as the regime was attempting to oppress
the NLD, by arresting its most active members, after the release of Aung
San Suu Kyi from house arrest.
Thein Tin was well-known for meticulously taking care of his health, and
actually ran a pharmacy, making him knowledgeable about the various
medicines available in Burma. He was even licensed to practice
acupuncture.
When he was detained, he was unable to receive visits from his family, and
only allowed to receive one package from them. His family was entirely
111
unaware of his health condition.
He was rushed to the emergency room of Rangoon General Hospital on 3

December 1997. His wife was allowed to see him the next day. He told his
wife that he had suffered from severe dysentery for four months in prison.
He could not get boiled rice regularly, and so was malnourished. Lacking
any medication, his health was deteriorating. As Thein Tin was a pharmacist,
he was well aware of the medication he needed (for his liver), but he was
denied the proper medicine by the authorities and instead given medication
for gastric illnesses.
While his family desperately tried to help him for over two months, they
were unable to properly do so due to the indifference of the authorities.
He was given over 20 injections, and even had a blood transfusion. It was
too late, though, and Dr. Khin Maung Win of the liver ward at Rangoon
General Hospital informed his family on 15 February 1998 that he would
only live for a few more days.
Only when he was surely going to die did the Minister of Home Affairs
decide he could be released. Upon his release on 15 February, however, he
was immediately taken to the hospital. He died on 18 February 1998.
The prison authorities were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Jailer Chit Maung
and Prison Doctor Soe Khaing.
112
Name: (U) Tin Maung Win

Age at Death: 51
Tin Maung Win was born on 20 November 1939. His parents were U Myo
and Daw Than Shin.
While he was in high school and university, he participated in various

associations related to student affairs, literature, and sports.
He was arrested and detained by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party

(BSPP) from December 1963 to September 1970.
During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he participated in the uprising

as a member of the post-WWII Old Student Leaders Organization.
When the National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed, he was
part of the Divisional Organizing Committee and chief of the Rangoon
Division Organization Committe
Tin Maung Win was elected in the Khayan (2) constituency in the 1990
general election.
He worked to organize the Gandhi Hall Conference of the Members of

Parliament, and was thus arrested in October 1990.
From his arrest to his death, Tin Maung Win was not allowed visits from
his family or colleagues. Only through the family visits of other political
prisoners did his family learn that he had chronic dysentery. Although his
113
family tried to send him the medicine he needed, the prison authorities did
not allow this.
He died in Insein prison on 18 January 1991. His family was informed the
next day about his death, and told they could attend his funeral in Kyantaw
cemetery. Prison authorities informed his family that he died of leukemia.
Tin Maung Win did not get medical treatment while he was suffering from
chronic dysentery. When his family saw his body after he died, his body
was nearly a skeleton. His family found a wound between his eyebrows.
Though he had had kidney disease, he was frequently tested by doctors to
ensure he remained healthy. Prior to his arrest, he had received a clean bill
of health, which means that his death from “leukemia” is unlikely.
Name: (U) Tin Shwe

Date of Arrest: 29 November 1990
Age at Death: 67
Tin Shwe was born in Monywa on 5 April 1930. He attended Rangoon and
Mandalay universities between 1952 and 1960, and was a leader in student
union movements.
After his education, he joined Thakhin Ko Daw Hmaing’s Internal Peace

Association and participated in internal peace movements and efforts to
stop the civil war. He eventually became a lawyer and author, penning
several books using the pen name, Monywa Tin Shwe.
114
During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he participated actively in the
uprising. He was the Vice-Chairman of the Burma Lawyers’ Union and
the Chairperson of the Insein Township Strike Committee.
Tin Shwe was one of the founders of the National League for Democracy
(NLD).
After Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest, he tried to perform
his duties while evading arrest in Mandalay Division. When the regime did
not hand over power after the 1990 elections, he secretly worked to form
a parallel government and was subsequently arrested.
The unsanitary and inhumane prison conditions made Tin Shwe’s health
steadily decline. After two heart attacks, he was hospitalized at Rangoon
General Hospital twice in April 1997. The regime denied his family’s request
that he be allowed to see a heart specialist.
Tin Shwe died from a heart attack, and the regime’s purposeful negligence,
in Insein prison on June 8, 1997. He is survived by his wife Daw Myat Thu
and three sons.
Name: (U) Tun Sein

Date of Arrest: June, 1992
Age at Death: 58
Tun Sein was born in Rangoon. He studied politics while working at Hlaing
Gunny Factory, Rangoon. He was a true follower of Thakhin Lay Maung,
a well known politician. He was also a member of the Labor Union of the
United National Unity Front.
115
When the peace talks failed in 1963, many politicians, including Tun Sein,
were arrested. He was sent to Coco Island prison. Following a hunger strike
at the island demanding that political prisoners in bad health be sent back
to the mainland, Tun Sein was taken back.
He was released and hired at a jute factory in 1973. He participated in the

Labor Strike in 1974 and was arrested and imprisoned a second time. He
was released under the general amnesty in 1980.
During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he set up the “Union of Prisoners

in 1970s” and participated in the uprising. After the military coup, he helped
his colleagues who formed political parties. Due to his activities, he was
arrested by the Military Intelligence and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
On 19 February 1996, Tun Sein died at the Insein prison hospital from
general deficiency due to lack of family support, and malnutrition due to
poor prison food.
Name: (U) Tun Aung Kyaw

(alias) Thakhin Mipwar
Date of Death: 2003
Age at Death: 52
In 1990, Tun Aung Kyaw was arrested and sentenced to five years
imprisonment with hard labor. During that time, he suffered from
tuberculosis, and therefore had to visit the jail hospital many times. He
was released at the end of 1994.
After being released, Tun Aung Kyaw treated his disease, but lacked the
money for proper care. As a result, his health worsened. However, he still
116
continued to be involved in political movements for democracy and human
rights. In 1997, while in the hospital, Military Intelligence raided the hospital
and arrested Tun Aung Kyaw. He was sentenced to seven years
imprisonment with hard labor.
After Tun Aung Kyaw was released from prison, he was involved in the
2003 Depayin Massacre in which Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the
NLD were attacked. As he tried to escape from the authorities, he was
caught and beaten to death.
Name: (U) Win Bo

Age at Death: 39
Win Bo, a former army captain, was arrested on the way back from the
Venerable Thu Mingalar Linkarra of Kabaaye Maha Gandharyone
Monastery. He went there to deliver a petition from the Head Monk of the
Shwe Kyin Sect, which included one thousand monks’ signatures and was
intended for Senior General Than Shwe, former dictator U Ne Win and
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
The Shwe Kyin Sect is the strictest religious organization. It teaches and
disciplines the monks to obey all the rules of Buddha (vinaya patimokkha).
Normally, monks from this sect were not involved in politics, even during
the 1988 people’s uprising.
The SPDC was worried about the sect’s participation in politics as it would
encourage other monks from the whole country to participate.
Consequently, the SPDC asked the head monk of the Shwe Kyin Sect to
stop their activities. However, Win Bo was arrested for his role as messenger.
117
He was sentenced to twenty one years imprisonment under Article 5 (J) of

the Emergency Provisions Act and Article 17 (20) of the Printers and
Publishers Act.
On 6 July 2000, he was moved to Moulmein prison together with some

other prisoners from Insein prison.
In Moulmein prison, he was killed by twenty three prison employees for

defending prisoners’ rights.
These are the events leading up to his murder:
(1) He quarreled with Sergeant Chit Kyaw, who was the assigned prison
guard, during jail closing time, at about 5:30 pm on August 15, 2000.
Coincidentally, in the same evening, two convicts escaped from the prison.
(2) There was a rape case in Moulmein prison on August 18, 2000. Maung
Aye, a prisoner who was the disciplinary in-charge, raped a prisoner who
was a deserter. Win Bo was informed about this by the victim. Once he
became aware of this case, he requested Sergeant Chit Kyaw to let him see
the warden of the jail. One member of the Military Intelligence (5) listened
while he was met and complained to the prison authorities, including
Sergeant Chit Kyaw, on behalf of the rape victim. Maung Aye was then
sent to a punishment cell for the rape he committed.
(3) Maung Aye shouted abuse the whole night, but no guard stopped him.
Win Bo complained to the assigned Sergeant Chit Kyaw and denounced
their inability to follow rules and regulations. The junior warden, Chit
Maung, and Sergeant Chit Kyaw framed Win Bo in the case of the two
criminal prisoners who escaped on August 15, 2000.
118
Win Bo and his two friends and fellow political prisoners, Moe Kyaw Thu
and Zaw Min Min Latt, were accused of having contact with the two
escapees and of organizing strikes in the prison. They were then reported
to the senior warden of the jail.
Win Bo, Moe Kyaw Thu and Zaw Min Min Latt were brought to punishment
cells with their hands cuffed behind their backs. They were placed in the
cells so four empty cells lay between them. They were then stripped naked
and flogged with one inch diameter wooden sticks by twenty three prison
guards until the guards were satisfied. Win Bo’s ribs were broken during
the beating because he was hit harder than others.
One of his ribs punctured his liver. He demanded to see a doctor for
treatment, but no one listened to him. He died an hour after the flogging.
The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Htay Win, Warden
Chit Maung and Jailer Tin Maung Cho.
119
Name: (Ko) Zaw Myo Htet
(alias) Zaw Zaw
Age at Death: 28
Zaw Myo Htet, a university student, was arrested with other eight activists
on 16 July 2003. He was given the death penalty under Section 122 (1) and
386 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code. He was accused of trying to
assassinate military leaders and trying to destroy the country’s peace and
stability.
Zaw Myo Htet’s lawyer asked that his client be released without charge, but
the authorities would not relent, as Zaw Myo Htet was known to support
insurrection against the state. Eventually, the death sentence was commuted
to 3 years imprisonment. The Supreme Court of Burma on 14 October 2004
further reduced the sentence to a 2 year prison term.
As he was suffering from jaundice, he was sent to Insein Prison Hospital.

However, as his health situation worsened, he was transferred from the prison
hospital to the emergency ward of Rangoon General Hospital for better
treatment on 5 October 2005.
Because Rangoon General Hospital was unable to provide medicine in a timely

manner, his family provided him with the needed medicine. Although he was
given an intravenous glucose drip, it was too late for him. While he was given
treatment, his liver was damaged such that it was not functioning properly.
The prison authorities never provided him with the needed medicine. As a
result, he died on 19 October 2004 at 3pm in the emergency ward of Rangoon
General Hospital. He was 28 years old.
120
When his family asked a charitable organization in Rangoon to arrange a
public funeral for their loved one, their request was denied and they were
told that only the prison authorities were allowed to bury him.
Name: Rev. Zawtika

Date of Death: December 1991
Age at Death: 60
Rev. Zawtika was one of the famous Sayadaws of the renowned Shwe
Phone Pwint monastery in Rangoon. He was one of six Sayadaws from the
monastery who participated in the pattan nikkujjana kamma (Religious
Strike) in October 1990. He was later arrested by the Military Intelligence
(MI) along with other five monks. He was derobed by force, and sentenced
to 3 years imprisonment. Though he was derobed by force, he continued
to observe the precepts of monk hood until his death.
Rev. Zawtika’s health condition worsened during December 1992 and he

was taken to Insein prison hospital. After a few days, he was transferred to
the ‘guard ward’ of Rangoon General Hospital. Within a few days, he passed
away. Though Rev. Zawtika’s legs were disabled, he was in iron shackles
at the time of his death.
121
122
Appendix C (i): List of Labor Camps Death
Name Date of Date of Organization Age Location of Address
Arrest Death Death
Cho Gyi July 1990 1993 NPF 38 Labor Camp Mandalay
Ko Lay Mar 1990 1992 NLD 50 Labor Camp Mandalay
Maung Maung
San 21 Feb 1998 1998 NLD 59 Labor Camp
Min Thu April 1997 NLD Porter Taungoo, Pegu
Saw Tun Nwe 21 Feb 1998 Feb 1998 NLD 75 Porter Taungoo, Pegu
Appendix C (ii): Biographies of Labor Camps Deaths
Name: (U) Cho Gyi

Date of Death: 1993
Age at Death: 38
Cho Gyi actively took part as a leader of a Nan Shay marching column in
Mandalay during 1988 pro-democracy uprising. He became a central
executive committee member of the National Political Alliance.
He was also an artist. He drew a portrait of Thakhin Ko Daw Hmaing, a

well-known writer and peace builder of Burma, to raise funds for the
Alliance. He took part in the NISC after the Alliance was annulled by the
military authorities. While he was performing his duties with NISC, he
had to evade arrest by Military Intelligence. Eventually, he was arrested in
July 1990.
Cho Gyi was transferred from Mandalay prison to Myikyina prison in Kachin
State. He was sent to Sunprabon labor camp. In 1993, as his health
condition had deteriorated, he was sent to Myitkyina prison hospital. He
died two days later while in the hospital.
The authorities claimed that he had escaped from the labour camp and
died from diarrhoea in Mandalay General Hospital on 7 August 1990.
123
Name: (U) Min Thu (aka) U Maung Gyi

Date of Arrest: 21 Feb 1997
Date of Death: 1997
Age at Death: 55
U Min Thu (aka) U Maung Gyi received his primary school education from
Taungoo convent mission school, and received his middle and high school
education from Mandalay No. (2) State High School. He graduated from
university in Mandalay with a degree in psychology.
During the 1988 uprising, he was involved in the Taungoo Shwe San Daw
people’s movement. He served as a treasurer in the NLD Taungoo branch
after the military coup in 1988. He was arrested in October 1991 for his
connections with the PLF (People Liberation Front). He was 51 years old
at that time.
He was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment with hard labor on March 13,

1992. He spent over 2 years in prison before being released in 1994.
He was later arrested again, and sent to the frontier area as a porter. He
could not walk because he had to carry a heavy bag on the rough road, and
he was not provided enough food. Old age and bad weather further
exacerbated his condition. Those people unable to walk and carry were
beaten by the soldiers.
Finally, Min Thu died in jungle because of ill treatment. His dead body
was thrown into a hole in the jungle, along with that of another political
detainee and porter, Saw Tun Nwe.
U Min Thu left behind his wife and two children.
124
Name: Saw Tun Nwe
Date of Arrest: 21 February 1997
Date of Death: February 1997
Age at Death: 75
Saw Tun Nwe was born in Taungoo Township, Pegu Division. He belonged
to the National League for Democracy (NLD), and was the vice chairperson
of NLD Executive Committee (EC), Taungoo Township.
In the evening of 21 February 1997, all EC members were arrested. Police

officers, soldiers and intelligence personnel arrested them. They were
detained in the compound of No. 39 Light Infantry Battalion.
The detainees were kept in the military barracks. Later, they were used as
porters during SPDC troops’ military operations against the Karen National
Union.
For several days, they had to walk for miles in the jungle while being forced
to carry heavy weapons until they reached the battle area. The weather in
the area was bad.
Saw Tun Nwe, 75, died on the way. Before he died, he received beatings
and little food. The porters later said that they left the dead body of Saw
Tun Nwe in the jungle because they did not have any opportunity to bury
him.
125
126
Appendix D (i): List of The Disappeared
Name Age Date of Date of Organization Prison Address
Arrest Disappearance
Khin Maung Ka Htee Village, Thayetchaung
Cho 39 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Township, Tenasserim Division
Shwe Baw 35 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Kinshaeyart, Tavoy Tenasserim
Tin San 30 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Chaungwa Pyin Village,
Tavoy Township, Tenasserim
Naing Oo @ Taung Pyant Village, Thayet
Aung Naing 31 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Chaung Township, Tenasserim
Kyaw Naing @ Peinnaltaw Village, Tavoy
Kyaw Lwin 32 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Township, Tenasserim
Than Zaw 31 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Gon Nyin Seik Village, Thayet
Chaung Township, Tenasserim
Ohn Lwin 41 Nov 1992 25 Mar 2002 MDUF Mergui Winkabaw Village, Tenasserim
Cho Lwin@ Hsidek Village, Thayetchaung
Ma Lwin(F) 30 Feb 2002 July 2002 NLD Kawthaung Township, Tenasserim
Kyaw Aye 21 Feb 2002 July 2002 NLD Kawthaung Thakyentaw Village, Longlon
Township, Tenasserim
Kyaw Naing Soe 26 2002 17 Sept 2002 MDUF Kawthaung Kywechan Village, Tavoy
Township, Tenasserim
Tin Tun 2002 17 Sept 2002 ABSDF Kawthaung Tavoy Township, Tenasserim
Name Age Date of Date of Organization Prison Address
Arrest Disppearance
Maung Shwe@
Bike Pu 2002 17 Sept 2002 MDUF Kawthaung Tavoy Township, Tenasserim
Kyaw Myint 2002 17 Sept 2002 MDUF Kawthaung Tavoy Township, Tenasserim
Thinn Pe 30 5 Sep 2002 5 Sept 2002 MI-19 Win Kapaw, Mergui Township,
Tenasserim
Ba Sein 27 May 2002 2002 MI-19 Saw Phyar Village,
Mergui Township, Tenasserim
127
Appendix D (ii): Biographies of the Disappeared
Seven Political Prisoners Disappear
In November 1992, nine members of the Myeik-Dawei United Front, an

opposition group based on the Thai/ Burma border, were arrested when
they attempted to re-enter Southern Burma to collect information and
organize residents in the area. The nine opposition members were arrested
in Kyeini Taung village, Bokepyin Township, Tenasserim Division, by Major
Tun Aung Kyaw and other members of the Burma Army Light Infantry
Division (LID) 432. After their arrest the prisoners were taken to the LID
432 military base where they were subjected to interrogation and torture.
From the military base, the detainees were sent to Mergui Prison, in
Tenasserim Division. Here they were subjected to further torture and
mistreatment, including being forced to stand for long periods of time with
an iron rod placed horizontally between their shackled legs, and being kept
in cells measuring only 8 x 12 ft, for two years. At no time during the
almost 8 years that they spent in detention, were any of these individuals
formally charged with any crime, or given a trial. In addition, those detained
were also denied any contact with their families or with representatives
from the International Committee of the Red Cross.
In April 2001, two of the original nine detainees were released. On 25

March 2002, at 8pm the remaining seven prisoners were removed from
Mergui Prison by Major Soe Hlaing of LID 265. Inside sources report that
the prisoners were taken to an undisclosed location on Done Kyun Island,
located in Kyunsu Township, Tenasserim Division. At present the
whereabouts and condition of these seven political prisoners remains
unknown. Before they were taken from Mergui Prison the detainees were
reported to be in poor health as a result of the physical and psychological
torture that they had been subjected to, and the poor living conditions in
the prison. AAPP has received unconfirmed reports that these seven
prisoners were executed upon arrival to the island.
128
The seven political prisoners who have disappeared from Mergui prison
include:
1) Name: (U) Khin Maung Cho
2) Name: (U) Shwe Baw
3) Name: (Ko) Tin San
4) Name: (Ko) Naing Oo (alias) Aung Naing
5) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Naing (alias) Kyaw Lwin
6) Name: (Ko) Than Zaw
7) Name: (Ko) Onh Lwin
129
Two Political Prisoners Disappear from Kawthaung Prison
In February 2002, seven members of the Thayetchaung branch of the

National League for Democracy (NLD) were arrested as a result of their
political activities. The arrests took place in Ngapyaw Or village, in the
western part of Zar Dead Gyi Island, Tenasserim Division. The NLD
members were reportedly subjected to severe torture in detention before
being sent to Kawthaung prison. In the first weeks of July 2002, two of
the seven prisoners, Cho Lwin (alias Ma Lwin) and Kyaw Aye were taken
from Kawthaung prison by soldiers from LIF 262 and LIF 267 led by Captain
Tin Maung Win. Cho Lwin and Kyaw Aye were reportedly taken to Ngapyaw
Or Village, Zar Dead Gyi Island, but there has been no confirmation of
their location since they left Kawthaung prison.
1) Name: (Ma) Cho Lwin (alias) Ma Lwin (Female)
2) Name: (Ko)Kyaw Aye
Four Political Prisoners Disappear from Kawthaung Prison
On 17 September 2002, Sergeant Thein Myint, the commander of LIF

224 and LIF 262, took four other political prisoners from Kawthaung Prison
and reportedly brought them to Makyonkalit Village, Lam Pake Island,
Tenasserim Division.
130
Three of these prisoners, Tin Tun, Kyaw Lwin and Maung Swe (alias Bike
Pu), had previously been arrested in Thailand by Thai police while traveling
by boat to Ranong. After their arrest, Thai authorities deported them directly
back to the military authorities of LIF 262. As all three were members of
political opposition groups, they were arrested and sent to Kawthaung
Prison.
Two other opposition group members, San Lwin and Kyaw Naing Soe
were picked up separately by Thai police in Ranong. After being detained
for six days at the Ranong police station, Thai authorities handed San
Lwin and Kyaw Naing Soe directly over to Sergeant Tin Saw from LIF
262. Both men were then sent to Kawthaung Prison. Later in 2002, San
Naing (alias) San Lwin was transferred to Insein prison.
The fate of the four prisoners who were taken from Kawthaung Prison to
Makyonkalit Village, Lam Pake Island is unknown. Family members of
the prisoners have confirmed that they have had no access to their relatives
since they were taken from Kawthaung Prison.
Prisoners missing from Kawthaung Prison include:
1) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Naing Soe
2) Name: (Ko) Tin Tun
131
3) Name: (Ko) Maung Shwe (alias) Bike Pu
4) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Myint
Two Men Disappear Following Arrest by Military Intelligence
On September 9, 2002, a farmer, Thinn Pe, was arrested by members of

Military Intelligence Unit 19 (MI-19) in Kangal Ward, Mergui, Tenasserim
Division. Despite the fact that Thinn Pe was not known to have any
political affiliations, he was charged with having contacted members of
political opposition groups. Since the time he was taken into custody by
members of MI-19, Thinn Pe’s whereabouts remain unknown. Another
farmer, Ba Sein, was arrested at the same time, and has likewise
disappeared.
1) Name: (Ko) Thinn Pe
2) Name: (Ko) Ba Sein
132
Appendix E (i): List of Deaths after Release
Name Age Date of Date of Prison Organization Previous Address
Arrest Death Term Law
Bo Ni Aung 42 1991 12 Jun 2001 Life ABSDF 17/1 Tamwe, Rangoon
Twin Zar Oo@
Kauk Kyay 25 July 1991 1995 4 Years ABBEFU 5-j Mandalay
Kyaw Min 66 20 May 1996 1 May 1999 NLD (MP) 5-j Pazundaung, Rangoon
Kyi Tin Oo 60 1 Mar 1994 24 July 2004 14 Years CPB 5-j , 17/1 Hlaing, Rangoon
Thuta Aung 31 31 Dec 1991 Aug 1997 6 Years 17/20 Kemmendine, Rangoon
Wanay Soe @
Nay Win 45 1998 20 July 2004 10 Years NLD 5-j , 17/1 Ye, Mon State
Yawada,Ven 52 Aug 1990 29 Jan 1999 12 Years Monk’s Union Mandalay
Zaw Win Tun 24 21 Oct 1988 30 Dec 1988 Student Tharkayta, Rangoon
Khin Maung Gyi 2001 Feb 2005 3 Years ALD 17/1 Myrauk U, Arakan State
Nay Win Aung 22 Dec 1988 Dec 1988 Student 17/1 Hmawbe, Rangoon
133
Appendix E (ii): Biographies of Deaths after Release
Name: (U) Bo Ni Aung

Age at Death: 42
After the 1988 democracy uprising, Bo Ni Aung joined the All Burma
Students’ Democratic Front (ABSDF) on the Thai-Burma border. He
eventually returned secretly to the country, but was arrested for his
involvement with the ABSDF in 1991. He was brutally tortured by the
MI. During this time, he was injected with a drug which made him reveal
information unconsciously, and subsequently he became paranoid as to
what might happen to him. Further, he suffered from various diseases
throughout his prison term.
Bo Ni Aung was sentenced to life imprisonment, which was later reduced

to 10 years under a general amnesty. At this time, his health started to
deteriorate rapidly. Though he was transferred to Thayet prison, he was
soon sent back to Insein Special Prison for medical treatment. He was
suffering from problems such as a weak heart, hypertension and mental
illness, but he was not allowed to see a doctor. He also often had seizures,
for which he was injected with a sedative at least two or three times a
week.
When receiving these injections, used and dirty needles were used on the
patients. A sign in the hospital would inform the patient of the number of
needles available for that day. The MI informed him that if he wanted to
be treated at an outside hospital he was have to sign a statement agreeing
not to discuss the torture he had endured while in interrogation. A former
political prisoner who was with Bo Ni Aung at the time recalled him saying,
134
“I couldn’t promise not to say anything about MI’s brutal torture in order
to get treatment because they are trying to cover up the truth.”
Bo Ni Aung still managed to survive his prison term, but died shortly after
release due to HIV/AIDS contracted in prison.
Name: (U) Khin Maung Gyi

Date of Death: February 2005
Khin Maung Gyi, a member of the Arakan League for Democracy, from
Myauk U township, Arakan State was arrested in 2001. Under Section 17
(1) of the Unlawful Association Act, he was sentenced to three years
imprisonment. He was held in Sittwe prison, Arakan State.
Though Khin Maung Gyi was released at the end of 2004, his health
condition quickly deteriorated as a consequence of ill-treatment in prison.
He died in February 2005.
Name: (U) Kyaw Min

Date of Arrest: 21 May 1996
Age at Death: 66
Kyaw Min was born on 9 November 1933. He lived in Pazundaung

Township, Rangoon. His parents were U Ba Kyaw and Daw Aye Kyi. In
the Rangoon University community, he was well known as Architect U
135
Kyaw Min. He went to the United States when he was a third year student
in Rangoon University. In 1957, he graduated. From 1958 to 1960, he
taught at Rangoon University.
When the National League for Democracy (NLD) was founded in 1988,
he was appointed to the Central Executive Committee.
In the 1990 general elections, he was elected from the West Bassein
Constituency 2, Irrawaddy Division.
He was arrested in 1991 and charged under Sections 5 (a), (b) and (j) of
the Emergency Provisions Act. He was released on May 20, 1992.
He was detained again between 21 May 1996 and May 1998 in Insein
prison. At that time, he was infected with jaundice. He died after his release
on 1 May 1999.
Name: (U) Kyi Tin Oo

Age at Death: 60
Kyi Tin Oo was born in Sakargyi Township, Irrawaddy Division in 1944.

U Tun Kyi and Daw Tin Sar were his parents.
He was imprisoned twice under the Burmese Socialist Programme Party

(1962-1988) for his political activities. His first period of imprisonment
lasted three years, and his second period lasted four years.
136
He was detained for a few months after the military coup in 1988. And he
became a member of NLD(Hlaing Township).
On 1 March 1994, the regime arrested five people, including Kyi Tin Oo,
accusing them of having contacts with the Communist Party of Burma.
They were charged under Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act
and Section 17 (1) of the Unlawful Associations Act. He was subsequently
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
Kyi Tin Oo was released from Insein prison on 26 March 2004.
Kyi Tin Oo suffered from diabetes, hypertension and heart disease resulting
from the torture and lack of nutrition he endured while in the interrogation
centers and prisons. His health steadily deteriorated during his 10 years in
prison. His thigh was pierced with a sharp bamboo stick during
interrogation, and his wound was still dripping pus when he was released.
Kyi Tin Oo passed away from a heart attack at 6:30 am on 24 July 2004.
Name: (Ko) Thuta Aung

Date of Death: August 1997
Age at Death: 31
Thuta Aung lived in Rangoon’s Kemmendine Township. He actively took

part in the 1988 nationwide democracy movement, and later joined the
Rangoon District Student Union.
137
In March 1991, the junta reopened the universities, which had been closed
since 1988. Thu Tha distributed pamphlets in Rangoon University. The
pamphlets were about freedom of education. Military Intelligence Unit 14
(MI-14) subsequently arrested him.
On 21 December 1991, he was tried by a Military Tribunal in the Insein

prison compound and given six years imprisonment.
In Insein prison, his health condition deteriorated and he was sent to the
prison hospital ward. In the prison, the prison doctors usually use only one
needle when they give treatment to the prisoners. As a result, diseases are
easily spread among the prisoners.
Thuta requested the doctor use a disposable needle for treatment, but the
doctor neglected his request, and he did not receive any treatment. A week
later, Thuta’s health deteriorated and he requested medical treatment. The
doctor gave him treatment using what he said was a disposable needle.
On 9 April 1993, Thuta was released under a general amnesty. He received

a medical check-up in a local clinic, and was informed that he was infected
with HIV. After becoming sick several times in July 1996, he finally went
to Rangoon General Hospital (RGH). The doctor at RGH informed him
that he had AIDS. He was sent to the hospital for communicable disease in
Rangoon. One month later, he left the hospital though his health was getting
worse. He died in August 1997.
Thuta was a second year student studying for a Master of Science, majoring
in physics before he was arrested. He also taught private tuition classes in
mathematics and physics. He is known to have remained celibate and stayed
away from drug use.
The invitation letter for his funeral noted that he died from a communicable
disease he was infected with in prison.
138
Name: (Ko) Thwin Zar Oo

(alias) Kauk Kway
Date of Death: 1995
Thwin Zar Oo studied at No. 11 State High School of Mandalay and

participated in the High School Student Union during the 1988 democracy
movement.
In 1989, he joined the High School Student Union in Mandalay Division,

and contributed satires to underground publications such as the Ottamma
Journal and the Yoma Journal. He wrote satires against the military
government under the title of “Let me tell what I know.”
In July 1991, he was arrested while he was ill and having medical treatment.
Aung Aung, Nyi Nyi Win (alias) J Gyi, Kyaw Thin Aung and Nyein Chan
were arrested at the same time.
Thwin Zar Oo became thin and had jaundice. He asked the authorities to
contact his family to obtain the medicine he needed, but they refused.
Later, all those arrested received three years imprisonment each. The health
care situation in Mandalay was poor, and as a result Thwin Zar Oo’s health
condition deteriorated. 1994, he was released from Mandalay prison.
Thwin Zar Oo’s health condition continued to worsen, but his family could
not afford the proper health care. Finally, he was not able to walk. In 1995,
he died.
139
Name: (U) Wanay Soe

(alias) Nay Win
Date of Arrest: April 1999
Age at Death: 45
Wanay Soe was born in Ye Township, Mon State. He graduated from

Rangoon Painting and Carving School. Between 1975 and 1988, he
published two books of poems in the Rangoon University compound. He
served as editor of Pyit Hmu Magazine for a period of time. His real name
was Nay Win, though he preferred to use his pen name.
In 1984, he volunteered in the “Reading and Writing for All” campaign in

his township. Later, he became a teacher at the Ah Sin Village Monastery
School.
During the 1988 uprising, he was the strike leader in the village. After the
National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed in late 1988, he became
the secretary of the NLD branch in his village. In 1989, he was arrested
and charged under Section 5 (j) of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act
and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was freed in 1991.
In 1996, he joined the Ye Township NLD branch. At the end of 1998, he

was re-arrested and charged under Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency
Provisions Act and under Section 17 (1) of the Unlawful Associations
Act. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Although he was released
from Moulmein Prison on 24 June 2004, he was still suffering from liver
problems.
Wanay Soe suffered from liver cancer and dropsy in prison at the beginning
of June 2004. His health situation became life threatening within a month
because the prison authorities did not provide him any medical treatment.
140
When he was released, his health situation was beyond treatment. Less
than one month after his release, on 20 July 2004, Wanay Soe passed away
due to liver cancer at Moulmein General Hospital.
Name: Rev. Yawada

Date of Arrest: August 1990
Age at Death: 52
Venerable Sayadaw Yawada was the Chairman of the Mandalay Division

Sangha Thamaggi (Mandalay Monks’ Union). He led the Aindawyar column
during 1988 pro-democracy uprising.
Sangha Thamaggi published the Ottama monthly journal which featured

anti-military dictatorship poems, articles, and cartoons.
After the junta de-legitimized the National Political Alliance, Ever Green
Youths, and the People’s Progressive Party, Rev. Yawada participated in
the NISC, which was an umbrella organization of Mandalay-based political
forces from 1989 to 1990. He was the No. (1) spokesperson among four of
the organizations.
He had once sent letters of objection to the Sangha Nayaka and Department
of Religion regarding the selection of representatives to the whole Burma
Sangha representatives’ meeting held in Rangoon in 1990.
NISC published the Ahlinyaung journal which explained human rights

violations in prison, as well as other human rights violations. The military
141
regime’s actions were compared to the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights.
Rev. Yawada led the annual commemorative movement on 8 August 1990

and the Pattan nikkujjana kamma (Religious Strike) in October.
In October 1990, he was arrested and de-robed by force by the Military

Intelligence. During interrogation, he was electrically shocked and beaten
severely until he vomited blood. He was then sentenced to 12 years
imprisonment and sent to Mandalay prison. He was later transferred to
Ohbo prison (new Mandalay prison).
Ohbo prison was newly built at that time. Therefore, the cement floors
were still wet, and the location was in a wide, barren plain. Rev. Yawada’s
health condition subsequently worsened day by day. Under the
circumstances, the authorities did not provide efficient medical treatment.
Though monks must have all their meals before noon, Rev. Yawada was
provided daily offerings late in the afternoon. His mental and physical
conditions deteriorated.
He was released in August 1998.
Though he received the proper medical treatments after his release, he

passed away on 29 January 1999 from the illnesses he contracted in prison.
Name: (Ko) Zaw Win Tun

Age at Death: 24
Zaw Win Tun was a third year student at Rangoon University, majoring in
physics, when the 1988 people’s uprising occurred. He was a student leader
during the uprising, and was subsequently targeted by the authorities for
142
arrest. On 21 October 1988, Zaw Win Tun was finally arrested with his
father.
Both were brutally tortured at an interrogation center. As a result, Zaw

Win Tun was seriously injured, and was unable to stand.
On 16 November 1988, the authorities released Zaw Win Tun, but he was
unable to move from his bed for a month. On 30 December 1988, he died.
Though unable to confirm, Zaw Win Tun’s death is believed to be the first
death from torture in the interrogation centers or prisons after the 1988
uprising.
143
Appendix F (i): Map of Burma’s Prisons and Labor Camps
Prison
Labor Camp
144
Appendix F(ii): List of Burma’s Interrogation Centers*

Name Location Concerned Area
Ye Kyi Ai Central Military All Burma
Intelligence, Rangoon
MI-1 Mandalay Mandalay Division
MI-2 Taungyi Taungyi
MI-3 Pegu Pegu Division
MI-4 Irrawaddy Irrawaddy Division
MI-5 Moulmein Mon State
MI-6 Mayangone Rangoon
MI-7 Dagon Hlaing, Kamayut, Bahan,
Dagon, Alon San
Chaung, Kemmendine
MI-8 Myitkyina Myitkyina
MI-9 Lashio Lashio
MI-10 Sittwe Sittwe, Rakhine
MI-11 Prome Pandaung, Pegu Division
MI-12 Burma Rifle Regiment-4 Thingangyun, Tamwe,
Mingalar Taung Nyunt,
Bahan
MI-13 - -
MI-14 Botahtaung Kyauktada, Pabedan,
Latha, Lanmadaw
MI-15 Meiktila Meiktila
MI-16 Mandalay Mandalay
MI-17 Kale Kale
MI-18 Buthi Daung Buthi Daung
MI-19 Mergui Tenasserim Division
MI-20 Monywa Monywa
MI-21 Bamaw Bamaw
MI-22 Kengtung Kentung, Shan State
MI-23 Kunheng Kunheng, Shan State
MI-24 Tachilek Tachilek
MI-25 Pa-an Pa-an, Myawaddy,
Kawkarik
MI-26 Dagon Myo Thit Dagon Myo Thit,
Rangoon
MI-27 Loikaw Kayah State
MI-28 Mawlaik Mawlaik, Sagaing
Division
MI-29 Langhko Langkho, Shan State
145
Name Location Concerned Area
MI-30 - -
MI-31 Yuzana Garden City Rangoon
Airforce MI-1 Mingaladon Insein, Mingaladon
Navy MI-1 Irrawaddy Navy Base Botahtaung, Puzuntaung,
Tanyin
Tanyin
Tanyin
Defense Services Highland, Prome Road All Burma
Military Security-1
Special Branch Aungthabyai, Mayangone All Burma
(Headquarters)
Police Intelligence Kyauktada All Burma
(Headquarters)
*There are several unknown and inaccessable locations where political prisoners have been
interrogated. Political prisoners are sometimes interrogated in government ‘guest houses’
and on military bases which prohibit civilian access.
146
References
News Sources
British Broadcasting Corporation
Democratic Voice of Burma
Irrawaddy
Khit Pyaing
Radio Free Asia
The Voice of Arakan
Voice of America
Organizations
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Documentation Unit
Reporters Without Borders
US State Department
Publications
A Star Falls Behind Bars. Win Tint Tun. August 2001.
Burma: A Land Where Buddhist Monks are Disrobed and Placed in Dungeons.
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. November 2004.
Burma’s Democratic Movement. Ven. Khay Mar Sara. All Burma Young
Monks Union. December 2002.
Death in Custody. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. Second Edition. 1999.
Forever a Revolutionary. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners.

October 2002.
Letters from Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi. Penguin Books. January 1997.
147
Missing Letters, Missing Poems. Nyan Zan. Series of 11 articles published

in Moe Gyo and Khit Pyaing. 2003-2005
Spirit for Survival. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners.

September 2001.
Stories from the Cemetery of the Living. Nay Linn. March 2000.
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons.

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. December 2005.
State Peace and Development Council

The Communist Party’s Movements for State Power. August 5, 1989
The Conspiracy of those who are Reliant on External Elements Acting as Stooges,
and Foreign Nations Interfering in the Internal Affairs of the State. September
9, 1989.
The CPB, KNU and Sein Win’s Destruction of the Country. 15 December
1990.
Web of Conspiracy, Complicated Stories of Treacherous Machinations and

Intrigues of BCP UG, DAB and some NLD leaders to Seize State Power. 12
July 1990
*The title for this report is in reference to the eight seconds of silence
generally observed at the funerals for those democracy activists who
have died since the democracy uprising in 1988.
148
About the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners-Burma
(AAPP)
The campaign to improve prison conditions is part of the human rights struggle.
What is the AAPP?
Since the 1988 popular democracy movement was crushed in a ruthless

crackdown by the military regime, thousands of people have been arrested,
tortured and given long prison sentences for their beliefs and political
activities. Moreover, even after political prisoners are released, they
continue to face horrible treatment. The military uses all available means
to intimidate and harass former political prisoners in order to prevent
them from conducting political activities. When extraordinarily sensitive
occasions take place in the country-such as the anniversary of the 1988
pro-democracy uprising- former political prisoners are usually re-arrested,
interrogated and detained for an unlimited amount of time without reason.
The military regime also uses many different tactics to attempt to isolate
former political prisoners from society. The main weapon of the junta in
marginalizing former political prisoners is denying them economic and
educational opportunities. For these reasons, many former political
prisoners are forced to live in exile. Many former political prisoners who
previously gave assistance to their fellow political prisoners wanted to
continue these activities. In order to be effective and efficient in performing
these activities, and to honor student leader Min Ko Naing, arrested by
the regime in March 23,1989 and only recently released after 16 years in
prison, a group of former political prisoners established the AAPP on the
11th anniversary of Min Ko Naing’s arrest.
What We Do:
1. Assist families of political prisoners to visit their loved ones.
2. Support political prisoners by providing necessities, such as food
and medicine.
3. Monitor prison conditions.
149
4. Publicize arrests, torture, prison conditions and life stories of
imprisoned political activists and artists.
5. Advocate before international bodies; provide information to

Amnesty International, International Committee of the Red Cross,
Human Rights Watch, etc.
6. Assist former political prisoners with their mental and physical

rehabilitation from torture and isolation.
Objectives:
1. To report on the military regime’s oppression of political prisoners

presently detained in various prisons.
2. To encourage the support of international governments and

organizations in pressuring the Burmese military regime to stop
current and further persecution of political prisoners.
3. To secure political prisoners’ fundamental human rights, and to

provide them with basic necessities, such as food and medicine.
4. To protect political prisoners upon their release from harassment

and intimidation by the military regime, including when they are
looking for employment, continuing their studies, associating with
friends and colleagues, and especially if they decide to resume their
political activities.
5. To aid in the reconstruction of the former political prisoners’ lives,

including both their mental and physical well-being.
150

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P.O Box 93, Mae Sot, Tak Province 63110, Thailand

Burma’s Prisons and Labour Camps:

1. Political Prisoners In Poor Health

Min Ko Naing suffers from a deteriorating eye condition, high

Htay Kywe has been tortured in Buthidaung Prison. He has also

Hla Myo Naung is already blind in one eye. He is now

Ko Ko Gyi has recently been suffering from a weak digestive

Su Su Nway suffers from a congenital heart condition. She was

Pyae Phyo Hlaing is currently unable to eat, because of stomach

Thu Rein Aung is suffering from an eye condition, and has