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tefaxmfeD toufxGufí oGm;awmhonf/
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atmhawAD,ef\ vufwGif 0wfqifxm;aom vufpGyfudk jrifvdkuf&aom
tcg rl;vJrwwfjzpfoGm;onf/ xdkvufpGyfrSm uvD,dkygx&mu om;
jzpfoltm; ay;tyfcJhaom eef;pOftarGqufchonfh vufpGyfjzpfaeaom
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oGm;awmhonf/
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tqdyfjyif;xefaom a>rwpfaumif\ tudkufcHNyD; vlYavmurS pGefUcGm
oGm;awmhonf/ uvD,dkygx&m\ txdef;awmfrsm;rSm ocifr\tjzpfudk
rsuf&nfrqnfEdkifjzpfNyD; tqdyfudk,fpDaomufí ocifr oGm;av&m
wrvGefc&D;odkY vdkufygoGm;Muawmhonf/
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aom vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 2000 ausmfu tD*spfEdkifiH\ tvSbk&ifr
12 vif;a0jrdKif
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ordkif;wGif tBuD;us,f tcrf;em;qHk; Zmwfum;BuD;wpfum; jzpfcJhonf/

aiGukefaMu;ustrsm;qHk; Zmwfum;BuD;wpfum;vnf;jzpfcJhNyD; rif;orD;
o½kyfaqmifaps; yxrqHk;tBudrf trsm;qHk;ay;cJh&aom Zmwfum;BuD;
wpfum;vnf; jzpfco hJ nf/ rlvu Zmwfum;wpfum;vH;k xkwv f yk pf &dwuf kd
a':vmESpfoef; owfrSwfcJh&m rif;orD;o½kyfaqmifaMu;twGuf a':vm
wpfoef; ay;cJh&avonf/
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pma&;q&m umvdk rm&D,m z&efZ;D ½d;k ( )\ ]uvD,kd

ygx&m\ b0ESifhacwf}( )trnf&Sd

pmtkyfudk a':vm 15 000jzifh 0,f,lí ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;xkwfvkyf&ef

1958 ckESpfuyif jyifqifpDpOfcJhonf/

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rif;om; yDwmAifhcsf? rmhcftefaxmfeDtjzpf rif;om; pwDAifAdGKuf wdkYjzifh
½dkuful;&ef pDpOfcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhwu,f ½dkuful;aomtcg uvD,dk
ygx&mtjzpf t,fvDZbufawvm? qDZmtjzpf &ufZf [,f&pfqif?
rmhcftefaxmfeDtjzpf &pfcsufbmwef? atmhawAD,eftjzpf a&m'D
ruf'dk0,f wdkYjzifh ½dkuful;cJhavonf/
þZmwfum;udk 1958 ckESpfu pwifí ½dkuful;&ef pDpOfcJhaomf
vnf; 1960 jynfhESpftxd r½dkuful;Edkifao;yJ ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m
av;OD;om ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/
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ñTef;topf ta&;cdkif;cJhonf/ 'g½dkufwm rifrdkvD,efvnf; tayguf
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q&m jzpfí ZmwfñTef;udk pdwfBudKuf topf jyefa&;awmhonf/
rlv'g½dkufwmESifh xkwfvkyfol 20 &mpkajracG;ukrÜPDOuúX wdkY
onf a&mreef;awmf&ifjyifudk vef'ef&Sd 8 {ucGJ&Sd ae&mwpfckü tcrf;
tem; aqmufí ½dkufcJhMu&m vef'efaqmif;\ tat;'Pfudk ½kyf&Sif
wpfzGJUom;vHk; tvl;tvJ cHcJh&avonf/ txl;ojzifh Zmwfum;½dkuf
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wpfaeYvQif a':vm 7500 txd wufcJhí a':vmoHk;oef; epfemcJh&
avonf/
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wufvmcJhavonf/ rif;orD; vZfawvm\ aeYpOfzD;vdrf;jyifqifp&dwf
onfyif a':vm 70 000xd ukefuscJhonf/

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jzpfí bmwefuvnf; tdrfaxmifESifhjzpfonf/ vZfawvmESifh bmwef
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[dk;av;wausmf jzpfcg BudKwifaiG oef; 20 cefY &cJhavonf/
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14 vif;a0jrdKif
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ukefusaiGESifh wGufcsufMunfhvdkufvQif a':vm oef;ESpf&mausmf jzpfí
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umvu jrefrmjynfwGif jyocJh&m vlBudKufrsm;NyD; 0ifaiGaumif;cJhonf/
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wnf&Sdaeoa½GUumvywfvHk; ordkif;onf wnf&Sdí aernfom jzpfonf/
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ppfaoemywdcsKyfBuD; eydkvD,ef\ q&m0efu eydkvD,efudk ppfajrjyifrS
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usonfxufusvmcJhonf/
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tusyftwnf;rsm; tjrifhrm;qHk;odkY a&muf&Sdvmojzifh 1789-ckESpfwGif
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ajymufusm;ppfaMumifh armfpudkwGif jyifopfppfom; 170 000 aoqHk;
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csLcsmvm NyD/ olYudk,fol ,HkMunfrIvnf; avsmhenf;oGm;cJhw,f/ ppfonf
60 000 &JUa&SUrSm ol&Sdjyef&if ppfonf 100 000 jzpfoGm;w,fvkdY

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jyifopfwyfrawmfwGif omrefppfAdkvfuav;b0rS wdkufyGJwdkif;

atmifjrifNyD; AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvmaom eydkvD,ef bdkemywfonf 1800ckESpf
wGif xdktcsdefu jyifopfEdkifiHtm; csKyfudkifxm;aom ig;OD;tpdk;&tzGJUudk
zsufodrf;um rdrdudk,fudk ]{u&mZfbGJU} cH,lvdkufavonf/
pd w f " gwf tvG e f j yif ; xef í wef c d k ; tmPm jrif h r m;a&;
arQmfvifhcsuf tvGefBuD;cJhaom eydkvD,efonf Oa&mywpfwdkufvHk;udk
odrf;ydkufzdkY BudK;pm; vmcJhonf/ eydkvD,ef\ usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufrIudk ½k&Sm;?
y&yf&Sm;ESifh MopBwD;,m; oHk;EdkifiHwdkYu r[mrdwfzGJUí jyefvnf ckcH
wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/
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ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfvkdufonf/ Zmbk&if\ &nf½G,fcsufum;
urÇm BuD;udk eydkvD,efESifh cGJa0í pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrnf[laom &nf½G,fcsuf
jzpfonf/
jyifopfEdkifiHESifh ½k&Sm;EdkifiHwdkY\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;um; wm&SnfrcH?
Mum&SnfrcdkifNrJcJh/ 1802-ckESpfwGif jyifopfwyfrawmfBuD; Oa&myta&SU
ydkif;odkY csDwufvmjyefojzifh ½k&Sm;wyfrsm;u EdkifiHtwGif;ydkif;txd qkwfcGm
cJh&onf/ armpudkNrdKU tvGeftxd qkwfcGmay;cJh&onf/ eydkvD,efonf

½k&Sm;rsm; Nidrf;csrf;a&; urf;vSrf;tvmudk apmifhcJhonf/ ½k&Sm;wdkYu raph
pyfbJ NrdKUawmfudk ajrvSefrD;½dIUcJhonf/ jyifopfwyfrsm;onf ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\
jyif;xefvSaom aqmif;&moD'Pfudk tvl;tvJcH&if; ydkvef EdkifiHtxd
qkwfcGmoGm;cJh&awmhonf/ 1812-ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ½k&Sm; wyf
rsm;onf cHppfrS xdk;ppfodkYajymif;í wdkufcdkufvmcJhMuonf/ eydkvD,ef\
jyifopfwyfrsm;onf &moDOwk'Pf? pm;eyf&du©m jywfvyfrI'PfESifh ppf
yef;rI 'Pf wdaYk Mumifh aemufq;kH 0gwmvl;wdu k yf t
JG Ny;D ta&;edro
hf mG ;cJ&h av
awmhonf/
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EdkifiH\ jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;onf eydkvD,ef wdkufyGJ tjzpftysufrsm;\
½dkufcwfrIudk tawmfcHcJhMu&onf/ 1801 ckESpfwGif Zmbk&if eef;wuf
vmcJhonf/ ½k&Sm;txufwef;vTm vluHkxH todkuft0ef;Mum;wGif jyifopf
,Ofaus;rI taiGUtoufrsm; vTrf;rdk;aeonf/ jyifopfpum;ajymrS
txufwef;usonf/ vl&m0ifonf/ jyifopf,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk
usifhoHk;rS txifBuD;onf[k ,lqaecsdef jzpfonf/
tvufZE´m;udk,fwdkifyif Oa&myvpfb&,f0g'udk vufcHoabm
usp jyKvmonf/ ½k&Sm;EdkifiHonf NrdKUpm;BuD; pyD&efpuD\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh
pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepfodkY jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ 1812-
ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;0g'Drsm;u qefYusifcJhMuí NrdKUpm;BuD; pyD&efpuD
&mxl;rS jyKwfoGm;NyD; uGefqmaA;wpfrsm; tmPm&vmcJhonf/ 1825
ckESpfwGif rSL;rwfEG,f0if tcsdKUu awmfvSefx<ucJhMu&m ta&;edrfhoGm;
cJhojzifh Zmbk&ifu jyif;jyif;xefxef zdESdyfvmcJhawmhonf/
tNidrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfrif;om;BuD; eDudkvdkif bdkvuGefpuD\om;
rif;om; tif'a&onf pdefYyDwmpbmh*fwGif tdrfaxmifESifhaeonf/
tif'a&onfatmifjrifausmfMum;vdkoljzpf&m rxifr&Sm;ae&onfhb0udk
rauseyfEdkif/ 1805-ckEspfwGif jyifopfwyfrsm; ½k&Sm;EdkifiHodkY jrm;OD;vSnfh
vmaomtcg tif'a&onf udk,f0efaqmifZeD;udk zcifESifh ESrvufodkY
tyfum ½k&Sm;wyfrawmftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhawmhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
22 vif;a0jrdKif
ul;wl;ZmAf\wyfwiG f ppfa&;Adv k u
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cJhonf/ rdom;pku olYudk aoNyD[k xifrSwfcJhMuonf/
raoraysmuf jyefa&mufvmaom tif'a&onf ZeD;onfudk
toufr½D u kH av;om jzpfco hJ nf/ ZeD;onf uav;arG;Ny;D Ny;D csi;f uG,v f eG f
oGm;cJhonf/ om;uav;udk eDudkvdkif[k trnfay;onf/ zcifrif;om;BuD;
ESifh ESr rm,mwdkYu uav;udk auR;arG;apmifha&SmufcJhMuonf/
ppfwyfrS tNidrf;pm;,lvdkufNyDjzpfaom tif'a&onf vlrIa&;
e,fy,fwGif vpfb&,ftodkuft0ef;ESifhaygif;oif;usifvnf&if; NrdKUpm;
BuD; tDvsmtif'a& a&mhpawmh\orD; emwm&SmESifh awGUqHkNyD; cspfBudKufrd
onf/ tif'a&\zcif rif;om;BuD;u tif'a& 'kwd,tBudrf tdrfaxmif
jyKrnf qdkonfudk wm;onf/ wpfESpf tenf;qHk;apmifhyg[k qdkonf/
xdkYaemuf tif'a&tvkyfudpöjzifh c&D;xGufonf/ c&D;rxGufcif emwm&Sm
tm; tcuftcJ wpfpHkwpf&mawGUvQif olYoli,fcsif; yD,mxH tultnD
awmif ; yg[k r S m um xG u f o G m ;onf / yD , m\ZeD ; u emwm&S m tm;
wdwfwdwfykef;ZeD; &Sdaeol olYarmif temwdkvf ul&m*sifESifh ay;pm;csifí
em;csonf/ emwm&Smu ul&m*sif\ pdwf"mwfudk odcsifí tif'a&ESifh
aphpyfxm;onfudk zsufodrf;vdkufonf/
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onf wyfxJodkY jyef0ifum a&SUwef;odkY xGufvmcJhonf/ xdktcsdef rSmyif
tif'a&\ zcifBuD;onf vlBuD;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyD; rm,mrSm
v,form;rsm;tMum;wGif txD;usefaecJh&onf/ rm,mhudk emwm&Sm\
tpfukd eDuv kd ikd f a&mhpawmhu u,fwifxm;onf/tif'a&onfabmf½'kd ED kd
wdkufyGJwGif 'Pf&m&cJhí olYudk armfpudkodkY jyefo,fvmcJhMuonf/
emwm&Smu tif'a&tm;armfpudkNrdKUta&SUajrmufbufa'o,m½dkqvuf
½Gmuav;wGif toufaoqH;k oGm;csed t f xd jyKpak y;cJo
h nf/tif'a&\om;
uav;eD u d k v d k i f u d k t if ' a&\ES r rm,mES i f h c if y G e f ; eD u d k v d k i f a &mh
pawmhwdkYu jyKpkapmifha&SmufNyD; arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ eDudkvdkif onf zcifvdk
xufjrufol vli,fav;wpfa,mufjzpfí vmavonf/
tif'a&\ oli,fcsif; yD,monf NrdKUpm;BuD; ]bl;wl;aZmhyf}\

w&m;r0ifom; jzpfonf/ Oa&mywGif aexdkifBuD;jyif;NyD; ynmoifMum;
cJhonf/ zcifBuD; uG,fvGefcgeD;wGif ½k&Sm;odkY jyefvmcJhonf/ zcifBuD;u
olYtm; tarGpm; tarGcHxm;cJhNyD; w&m;0ifom;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK
aowrf;pm a&;cJhonf/ aiGrufaom rif;om;BuD; AmqDvDul&m*sifonf
yD,mtm; orD;ESifh xdk;íay;pm;cJhonf/ orD;u ½kyfacsmonf/ acwfqef
NyD; wpfudk,faumif;qefonf/ olrtpfudk\ oli,fcsif; ]'dkvdka[mhAf}ESifh
Nidaeonf/ yD,mESifh 'dkvdka[mhAf aoewfcsif; csdef;ypfMu&m 'dkvdka[mhAf
'Pf&m&cJhonf/ yD,monf ZeD;onfESifh oD;jcm;aexdkifcJhawmhonf/
tif'a&\ZeD; qHk;aomtcg emwm&SmESifh vufxyfzdkY tBuHay;cJh
olrSm olyifjzpfonf/ a,mufzu emwm&Smtm; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif
aeaomtcg a,mufzonf wdwfwdwfykef;r,m;&SdaMumif;? a,mufzudk
r,HkESifh[k ajymcJholrSmvnf; olyifjzpfonf/ yD,monf emwm&SmESifh
tif'a&wdkYudk aphpyfay;ae&if;uyif emwm&Smudk oludk,fwdkif cspfcifae
rdNyDqdkonfudk od&aomtcg emwm&SmESifh tqufjzwfNyD; aexdkifcJhawmh
onf /
ESpfESpftMum ZeD;qHk;oGm;í ol vGwfvyfoGm;onf/ jyifopfwyf
rsm; armfpudkodkY csDwufNyD; odrf;ydkufvkdufaomtcg vltawmfrsm;rsm;
NrdKUawmfrS rcGm? ½kyfzsufí aeMuonf/ wpfaeY oltzrf;cH&NyD; axmifxJ
a&mufoGm;onf/ aumhqufppfom;rsm; vTwfí ol axmifrS vGwfvmcJh
onf/ olYNcHajray:wGif ae&if; 1913 ckESpfwGif emwm&SmESifh vufxyf
cJhawmhonf/
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us,fqHk;ESifh taumif;qHk; 0w¬K&SnfBuD;rsm;xJwGif ½k&Sm;pma&;q&mBuD;
]vD , d k e D u d k v mApf c sf awmf v f p wd G K if ; }(
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24 vif;a0jrdKif
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eydkvD,ef ppfyGJumvudk aemufcHZmwftdrfwnfxm;NyD; 1820 ckESpfumv
wGif tqHk;owfxm;onf/ t"duZmwfaumif tif'a&? yD,m? eDudkvdkif?
emwm&Sm? rm,mwdkYESifh tjcm;Zmwfaumifaygif; 150 ausmfwdkYjzifh &uf
azmufxm;onf/ ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}udk 0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'ftjzpfxuf
]ordkif;armfuGef;}BuD;tjzpf pmayynm&SiftcsdKUu tuJjzwfcJhMuonf/
]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}0w¬KBuD;udk 19 &mpkESpf Oa&myppfordkif;tjzpf
pmayordkif;ynm&SiftcsdKUu owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ ordkif;om
ru Oa&my\ ordkif;yg jzpfonf[k qdkcJhMuonf/
]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}0w¬KBuD;udk ½Iaxmifhaygif;pHkrS avhvmEdkifay
onf/ &k&SedkifiH\ xdkacmwfu txuffwef;vTm vluHkxH todkuft0ef;
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p&d k u f r sm;? y#d y u© taetxm;rsm;? yk x k Z if v l o m;rsm;\
yifudk,fp&dkufrsm;? twå? rmeESifh ukodkvf tukodkvfpdwfxm;rsm;udk
þ0w¬KMuD;xJwGif xifvif;pGm awGYNrifedifayonf/
]ppffESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;} 0w¬KMuD;udka&;ol pma&;q&mMuD; ]vD,dkeDudk
vmApfcsf awmfvfpwdGKif;}udk armfpudkNrdKUawmfawmifbuf ul;wl;NrdKUuav;
teD;&Sd ,mpem,m ydkvD,mem aus;&Gmuav;wGif 1828 ckESpfwGif arG;
zGm;cJhonf/ rdbrsm;rSm csrf;omaom aNr&Sifrsm; NzpfMuonf/ i,fpOfu
Nyifopfq&mwpfa,mufESifh tvGwfpmoiffcJhNyD; umZefwuúodkvfwGif
qufvufynmoif,lcJhonf/ wuúodkvfwGif oHk;ESpfaeNyD; bJGUr&bJ
wuúodkvfrS xGufvmcJhonf/
ESpftwefMum bmtvkyfrSrvkyfbJ aevmcJhNyD; wyfxJodkY0ifcJh
onf/ aumhau;qyfawmifwef;wGif ESpftwefMumaecJhNyD; c&dkif;rD;,m;
ppfyJGwGif 0ifa&muffwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
ppfwyfrS xGufNyD; taemufOa&myedkifiHrsm;odkY ESpfMudrfoGm;vnf
ywfcJhonf/ w&m;olMuD;tNzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD; aNruRefrsm;twGuf pmoif
ausmif; wnfaxmifay;cJhonf/
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t&G,fNzpfí tdrfaxmifa&; tqifraNy NzpfcJhonf/ odkUaomfvnf;

tqifraNyonfhMum;u om; orD; 13 OD;&cJhao;onf/
1852 ckESpfwGif ]uav;b0} ( ) 0w¬KNzifh pmpa&;cJh
onf / xd k Y a emuf ]aumh q uf } ( )0w¬ K ? ]qD A mh p f w d k y d k }
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atmfodka'gufc&pf,ef bmom0ifwpfOD;Nzpfaom awmfvfpwdåKif;
onf ruG,fvGefrD aemufqHk;ESpfumvrsm;wGif tdEd́,edifiH acgif;aqmif
MuD; ]r[wår*E¨D} udk q&morm;wpfOD;tNzpf udk;uG,f qnf;uyfcJh
onf /
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owfrSwfNyD; bmoma&;*dkPf;uav;wpfck wnfaxmifcJhonf/ v,fajr
rsm; ESifh pnf;pdrfypönf;rsm;udk pGefUvTwfum v,form;wpfa,mufvdk
0wfpm; aexdkifpm;aomufNyD; udk,fwdkif v,f,mtvkyfrsm; vkyfudkifcJh
onf /
touf 82 ESpft&G,fwGif tdrfrSxGufvmcJhNyD; pdwfysufavvGifh
avQmufoGm;aecJh&if; 1910 ckESpf edk0ifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif aus;vuf
blwm&Hkav;wpfck teD;rSm tqkwftat;rda&m*gNzifh vJusaoqHk; oGm;
cJhonf/
awmfvfpwdåKif; uG,fvGefaMumif; taMumif;Mum;í vma&muf
Munfh½Iaom ZeD;onf qdkzDrSm cifyGef;onfudk rSwfrdjcif;yif r&Sdawmh[k
qdkavonf/
26 vif;a0jrdKif
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yxrqHk;tBudrf ½dkuful;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ½k&Sm;EdkifiHESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;
ü ESpfBudrf ½dkuful;cJhonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif tDwvD tar&duefzufpyf
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(
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tjzpf rif;orD; atpD'a&[wfbef;? yD,m tjzpf rif;om; [ife&D

zGef'g? tif'a& tjzpf rJvfz,f&m? temwdk ul&m*sif tjzpf Apfwdk&D,dk
*wfpref;? [,fviful&m*sif tjzpf teDwmtufpfbmh*f wdkYu t"du
yg0ifo½kyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}0w¬KBuD;udk tyDjyifqHk; ½dkuful;EdkifcJholrSm
½k&Sm;'g½dkufwmBuD; qma*s;bGef'gcRwf ( ) jzpfonf/

qma*s;bGef'gcRwfonf 'g½dkufwmtjzpfomru o½kyfaqmifrif;om;

tjzpfESifhvnf; atmifjrifcJhol jzpfonf/ ol yg0ifo½kyfaqmifcJhaom
]vlom;Mur®m}( )½kyf&Sifonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m ½kyf&Sif

xl;cRefqk &&SdcJhaom Zmwfum;jzpfonf/

'g½dkufwm qma*s;bGef'gcRwfonf þ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}Zmwf
um;BuD;udk ig;ESpfMum tcsdef,lí BudK;BudK;pm;pm; ½dkuful;cJhonf/
þZmwfum;BuD; atmifjrifyDjyifpGm ½dkuful;Edkifa&;twGuf jywdkufaygif;
(47)wdkufrS &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ypönf;rsm;udk iSm;&rf;½dkuful;cJh&onf/ pmMunfh
wdkufrsm;pGmrS pmtkyfpmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk &SmazGavhvmcJhonf/ ½kyf&Sif
Zmwfum;wGif yg0ifonfh o½kyfaqmifrsm; 0wfqif&eftwGuf 0wfpHk
10 000 ausmfESifh ppf,leDazmif; 165 000 ausmf csKyfvkyfay;cJh&onf/

wdkufyGJcef;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmfu AdkvfcsKyfwpfOD; acgif;aqmifaom

txl;ppfXmecsKyfwpfck zGJUpnf;NyD; 19 &mpkESpfu wyfrsm;zGJUpnf;yHkESifh
wdkufcdkufyHkrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;ay;cJhonf/ wdkufyGJcef;rsm;twGuf
,rf;rIefY 52 wefausmf? vufypfAHk; 17 000 ausmf? rD;cdk;AHk; 6 600 vHk;
ausmf? rD;½SL;rD;yef; 400 000 ausmf oHk;pGJcJhonf/ twGif;tjyif qufwif
tcrf;tem;aygif; 180 ausmf wnfaqmufcJh&NyD; armfpudk½dkufuGif;

twGuf NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKU zefwD;wnfaqmufcJh&onf/ ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}

½kyf&Sifum;BuD;twGuf xkwfvkyfrIp&dwf pkpkaygif; a':vmoef; 120
ausmf ukefuscJhonf/
]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}Zmwfum;BuD;onf ayt&Snf udk;uDvdkrDwm
&SnfNyD; ajcmufem&DcGJMum Munfh½IcJh&aom Zmwfum;BuD; jzpfcJhonf/
av;Budrfajrmuf armfpudktjynfjynfqdkif&m ½kyf&SifyGJawmfwGif taumif;
qHk;qk csD;jr§ifhcHcJh&NyD; 1968 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jyo
aomtcg taumif;qHk; EdkifiHjcm;Zmwfum; atmfpumESifh taumif;qHk;
rif;orD; atmfpumqkrsm; csDjr§ifhcHcJh&onf/
'g½dkufwmBuD; bGef'gcRwf ½dkuful;aom ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}Zmwf
um;BuD;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrS 'g½dkufwmrsm; ½dkuful;aom Zmwfrsm;xuf
omvGefonf[k qdkMuonf/ þZmwfum;xJwGif ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ taumif;
qHk; o½kyfaqmifrif;om;? rif;orD;rsm; jzpfMuaom vlrDvm qA,f,DAm
(emwm&Sm)? A,mcsDqvufwDcdkaemhAf(tif'a&)? tdkvDwmbmaumhAf
(eDudkvdkifa&mhpawmhAf)? tD&DempaumhqDAm(t,fvif)? temwdkvDuwdk
a&mhAf(abmfvuefpuDrif;om;BuD;)ESifh Aum'Dqvufpx&,fvfcsDpf
(eydkvD,ef)wdkY toD;oD; yg0ifo½kyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
vD,dkawmfvfpwdGKif;\ ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}0w¬KBuD;onf tBuD;
us,fqHk; *EÅ0if;0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'f jzpfcJhonfhenf;wl 'g½dkufwm qma*s;bGef
'gcRwf ½dkuful;cJhonfh ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}Zmwfum;BuD;onfvnf; rBuHK
zl;onfh tcrf;tem; txnf0gqHk; ½kyf&Sifum;BuD;wpfum; jzpfcJhonf[k
1969 ckESpfu urÇmhpme,fZif;rsm;wGif a&;om;azmfjycJhMuonf/
q
28 vif;a0jrdKif
tifemu&,fnDem
(1)
tifemu&,fneD monf pdeyYf wD mpbwfNrKd UawmfrS xdyw f ef;t&m&SBd u;D

wpfOD;jzpfol rif;om;BuD;u&,fnif\ ZeD; jzpfonf/ ½kyf&nfacsmarm
NyD; todOmPfxufjrufojzifh txufwef;vTmavmuwGif xifay:ausmf
Mum;ol jzpfonf/ olvkyfvQif bmrqdk jzpfEdkifonf[kvnf; wpfbufu
txifa&mufaeol jzpfojzifh tpfudkjzpfol atmhAvGefpuDwdkY tdrfaxmif
a&; tqifrajy jzpfaeonfudk Mum;&aomtcg Mum;0ifay;OD;rS[kqdkum
armfpudkNrdKUodkY a&mufvmonf/ armfpudkwGif aumifhA½GefpuDESifh tifem
wdkY trSwfrxif qHkawGUjzpfMuonf/
aumifhA½GefpuDonf i,f½G,fNyD; ½kyfacsmonf/ NyD;awmh aiGaMu;
vnf ; csrf ; omol jzpf o jzif h armf p ud k vl u H k x H tod k u f t 0ef ; wG i f
rsufESmyGifhaeoljzpfonf/ A½GefpuDonf tifem\a,mufr a':vD\nDr
upfwDESifh bmvdkvdk owif;xGufaeolvnf; jzpfonf/ upfwDu A½GefpuD
udk arQmfudk;aomfvnf; A½GefpuDu upfwDtay: av;av;eufeuf r&Sd
vS/ A½GefpuDonf tiffemudkawGUvdkuf&aomtcg pdwfudkrxdef;edkif/
olwpfyg; om;r,m;qdkonfudkvnf; owdr&awmh/ t&l;trl; jzpfcJhawmh
onf /
A&GefpuDu upfwDudk zkwfavonfhig;yd &Sdonf[kyif rxifrSwf

cJhaomfvnf; upfwDudk jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd; cspfaeolwpfa,mufu &Sdaeao;
onf/ olum; vQJAif;/ aqGBuD;rsKd;BuD;xJrS qif;oufvmol/ oabmjzL
tlpif;onfh ol/ t&m&mudk jyKjyifajymif;vJcsif ol/ vQJAif;onf upfwD&Sd
&m armfpudkodkY acsmif;aygufvkrwwf vma&mufí cspfa&;qdkcJhaomf
vnf; upfwD\ tcspfudkr&&SmcJh/ upffwD arQmfvifhaeolu wpfa,muf
jzpfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ vQJAif;onf upfwD\ jywfjywfawmuf
awmuf acgif;cgjcif;udk cHvdkuf&aomtcg armfpudkrS &ifememjzifh
qkwfcGm oGm;&avawmhonf/ awm&Gmuav;wpf&GmwGif v,f,mpdkufysdK;
a&;vkyfief;awGudk vkyfudkif&if; tonf;u 'Pf&mudk usdwfí uko
aeawmhonf/
tifemonf A&GefpuDu olU tay: wufruf[ef? pdwf0ifpm;[ef
jyvmaomtcg yxraomf xdwfvefYí oGm;onf/ pdefYyDwmpbwfodkY
taNy;NyefcJhonf/ A&GefpuDu pdefYyDwmpbwftxdolUaemufodkYwaumuf
aumuf vd k u f y gí vmonf / Mumvmawmh v nf ; tif e mrS m
A&GefpuDtay:nTwfcsifovdkvdk jzpfvmcJhawmhonf/
pdefYyDwmpbwfwGif tiffemESifh A&GefpuDwdkYtaMumif; owif;odk;
odk;oefYoefY xGufvmonf/ xdktaMumif;udk tifem\cifyGef; rif;om;BuD;
u&,fnif\em;odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ u&,fniftaejzifh *kPfodu©m
tus rcHedkif/ tvkyfudkvnf; txdcdkuf rcHedkif/ ywf0ef;usif\ wD;wdk;
tajym? oGm;ykyfavvGifh tajymudkvnf; rcHedkif/ NyD;awmh a&SUtzdkY wuf
vrf; &mxl;wdk;a&; udpöuvnf;&Sdaeao;onf/ tifemESifh A&GefpuDwdk\
udpöonf [kwfonfjzpfap r[kwfonfjzpfap oltzdkY b,fenf;ESifhrQ
raumif;aom? vufrcHedkifaom udpö Nzpfonf/ NyD;awmh olwdkY\ wpfOD;
wnf;aom om;uav; qm,dkZm\ a&SUa&;uvnf; &Sdaeao;onf/
tifemrSm cifyGef;onf\ qE´twdkif; t&m&m jzpfygaprnf[k uwday;
cJh&aomfvnf; A&GefpuDESifh olUtcspfrSm EGHvTmeufeufwGif ½kef;rxGuf
edkifawmhay/
30 vif;a0jrdKif
A½GefpuD\ tcspfudk qHk;½HI;NyD[k em;vnfvdkufaomtcg upfwD

onf tonf;ESvHk; a<ujyKef;rwwfjzpfum bHk;bHk;vJusavawmhonf/
rdbrsm;u upfwDudk *smreDodkYydkYum aq;ukay;cJh&onftxd jzpfcJh&av
awmhonf/ vQJAif;rSmvnf; upfwD\ tcspfudk r&í awmrSmZmwfjr§Kyf
um tvkyfxJwGif ESpfjr§KyfcJh&aomfvnf; upfwDudkrl rarh/ b,fvdkrS
rarh? &ifxJwGif wajrhajrh/ upfwD rrmowif;udk Mum;&aomtcg aercsd
xdkifromjzpf&onf/ upfwD ½k&SodkY jyefa&mufonfh owif;udk Mum;&aom
tcg vQJAif; upfwDqDodkY oGm;a&mufawGUqHkonf/ upfwD taejzifh
ESvHk;om;Eke,fpOfu ½kyfacsm tajymaumif;í acwfrdef;uav;rsm;
tv,fwGif ysdKwdkif;BudKufonfh ESif;qDcdkif jzpfaeaom A½GefpuDudk arQmf
vifh xifpm;rdjcif;rSm tBudKufaMumifh jzpfonf/ pifppf tBudKufonf
tcspf r[kwf/ tcspfESifh tBudKufrSm wjcm;pD/ ol wu,fcspfoifholrSm
vQJAif;jzpfonf[k oabmaygufvmonf/ onfwpfcgawmh upfwD
vQJAif;udk rjiif;awmh/
tifemrSmvnf; A½GefpuDESifh uav;&Sdvmonf/ xdkudpöudk tifem
u A½GefpuDudk ajymjyaomtcg A½GefpuDrSm tBuD;tus,f pdwfvIyf&Sm;
oGm;onf/ jrif;yGJwGif A½GefpuD jrif;ay:rS vdrfhus'Pf&m &onf/ A½Gef
puDtay: xm;&Sdaomtifem\ pdk;&drfaomuonf zHk;zdr&bJ vlyHktv,f
wGif; bGm;ceJ ay:aygufoGm;awmhonf/ jrif;yGJrS jyefvmaomtcgwGif
tifemonf A½GefpuDESifh olY tajctaeudk cifyGef;onf rif;om;BuD;
u&,fniftm; zGifh[ajymqdkavawmhonf/ cifyGef;onf BudKufovdkpDpOf
yg[k qdkavonf/ rif;om;BuD; u&,fnifrSm þudpötwGuf tBuD;
tus,f acgif;ajcmufoGm;onf/ þjyóemudk A½GefpuDESifh ESpfa,muf
csif; "m;csif;,SOfckwfí &Sif;&rnfvm;? tifemudkyif uGm&Sif;ypf&rnfvm;
qdkonfudk a0cGJr& jzpf&avawmhonf/
aemufqHk;wGif rif;om;BuD; u&,fnifonf olY tvkyftudkif?
ol Y * k P f o d u © m ? ol Y & mxl ; ES i f h om;uav; a&S U a&;ud k a xmuf x m;NyD ;
tifemudk uGm&Sif;rypfawmhbJ tdrfwGif; tdrfjyif rxGuf&/ A½GefpuDudk
tdrfvmrcH&[k pnf;urf;xkwfvdkufavawmhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tifem
ESifh A½GefpuDwdkYu tcGifh&vQif &ovdk qHk;awGUMuNrJ/ u&,fnifu

tifemESifh uGm&Sif;&ef a&SUaeESifh wdkifyifaepOfwGif tifem uav;rsufESm
jrifawmhonf/ uav;rD;zGm;NyD;csdefrSpí tifemonf tBuD;tus,f rrm
rusef; jzpfawmhonf/ ZeD;onf\ aovkarsmyg;tjzpfudk jrif&jyefaom
tcg u&,fnifrSm pdwfxdcdkuf&jyefawmhonf/ tifem awmif;qdkorQudk
vdkufavsmay;vdkufrnf[kvnf; pdwfxJu qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ A½GefpuD
udkvnf; tifemESifh awGUqHkcGifh ay;vdkufonf/
tifem wpfzefjyefíusef;rmvmaomtcg A½GefpuDonf tifem
ESifh arG;uif;p uav;i,fwdkYudkac:í Oa&mywpfcGifodkY xGufcGmoGm;
onf/ Oa&mywGif a&mufaeaomfvnf; tifemrSm om;jzpfoludk rarh/
om;udk vGrf;onfhpdwfESifhyif tifem ½k&SodkY jyefvmcJhonf/ trdEdkifiHodkY
jyefa&mufaomtcg u&,fnif\ tdrfxJodkY ZGwftwif;0ifum om;jzpf
oludk ayGUzuferf;½Iwf&if; rsuf&nfNzdKifNzdKifus&onf/ tifem\om;rS
tifemudk aoqHk;oGm;NyD[k odxm;av&m tifemrSm &ifem&jyefonf/
Oa&myrS jyefa&mufcsdefrSpNyD; tifemonf A½GefpuD\ tdrfü
aexdkifcJhavonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;udk pdefYyDwmpbwf todkuft0ef;ucyfMuOf
MuOf qufqHMuonf/ A½GefpuDrSmvnf; olYtrSm;aMumifh aemifw&p
jyKvmonf/ tifemtzdkY rawmifhrw raMumifhrMu ae&aomfvnf; pdwf
rcsrf;ajrUEdkifawmh/ A½GefpuDESifh tifemwdkY\ w&m;r0if orD;uav;udk
u&,fnif\ trnfjzifhyif rSnfhac:&rnfjyKaomtcg A½GefpuDrSm
tawmfyif pdwfuoduatmifh jzpf&onf/ A½GefpuDonf tifemtm;
u&,fnifESifh w&m;0if uGm&Sif;&atmifvkyfzdkY aeY&Sdoa½GUyif wusDusD
vk y f í aeawmh o nf / rif ; om;BuD ; u&,f n if u vnf ; bmoma&;
taMumif;aMumifh uGm&Sif;í ray;/ onfMum;xJwGif A½GefpuD\ rdcif
BuD;uvnf; om;jzpfoltm; wjcm;rdef;uav;wpfa,mufESifh vufxyf
ay;zdkY pDpOfvmonf/
tifemonf A½GefpuDESifh tNrJvdkvdkyif uawmufuqjzpfum
wusuf u suf jzpf a eawmh o nf / pd w f u vnf ; ua,muf u ,uf
jzpfvmonf/ nbufwGif pdwfNidrfaq;rsm;udkaomufrS tdyfí&onfh
32 vif;a0jrdKif
tajctaeodkY a&mufvmonf/ wpfaeY tdrfrSm vlolr&Sdcdkuf ajcOD;wnfh

&modkY xGufvmcJhonf/ &xm;blwm½Hkuav; wpfckodkY a&mufaomtcg
vufrSwf0,fNyD; &xm;tvmudk apmifhonf/ A½GefpuDESifh ol &xm;blwm
½HkwGif awGUcJhpOfu &xm;wdkufrIwpfckESifh BuHKawGUcJh&onfh tjzpfudk oGm;
owd & um &xm;0if v maomtcg &xm;tBud w f c H í ud k , f h u d k , f u d k
tqHk;pD&ifvdkufawmhonf/
tifemaoqHk;oGm;aomtcg A½GefpuD\b0onfvnf; t"dyÜm,f
rJhí oGm;awmhonf/ b0wGif ol aeaysmfcJhjcif;rSm tifemaMumifh[k
em;vnfvmonf/ tifem r&SdvQif olYb0vnf; r&SdawmhNyD/ A½GefpuD
onf aemufqHk;wGif ppfxJodkY 0ifí oGm;awmhonf/
(2)
]tifemu&,fnDem}( )onf awmfpwdKG i;f \vuf&m

rsm;xJwGif ]ppfESihfjidrf;csrf;a&;} ( ) 0w¬KMuD;uJhodkYyif xif&Sm;

ausmfMum;aom 0w¬KMuD;wpfyk'fNzpfonf/ xdk0w¬KMuD;ESpfyk'fudk urÇmh

pmayynm&Sifrsm;u tqifhtwef; wpfwef;wnf; tNzpfyif owfrSwf
Muonf/ ]ppfESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;} 0w¬KMuD;onf eydkvD,ef &k&Sudk usK;ausmf
wduk cf ukd o
f nfah cmwfukd aemufcjH yKum xdak cmwfu &k&tS xufwef;vTmwdYk
\ vlaerIb0ESifh p&dkufwdkYudk xifvif;pGm a&;jc,fxm;aom 0w¬KMuD;
wpfyk'f jzpfonf/ ppf\ tedXm&Hkrsm;udk aMumufrufzG,f azmfusK;xm;
aom 0w¬KMuD;vnf; jzpfonf/ ]ppfESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;} 0w¬KMuD;onf 0w¬K
wpfyk'ftjzpfxuf ordkif;armfuGef;BuD; wpfyk'ftjzpf owfrSwfvQifydkí
oifhrnf[k qdkMuonf/ ]tifemu&,f nDem}0w¬KBuD;url 19 &mpkESpf
½k&SEdkifiH\ txufwef;vTmwdkY\b0udk pma&;q&m wnfaqmufvdkaom
udk,fusifhw&m; pHwpfckudk tajcjyKí a&;zGJUxm;aom 0w¬KBuD; jzpfonf/
A½GefpuDESifh tifem? vQJAif;ESifh upfwD [laom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;udk
r@dKifjyKum tcspfa&; tdrfaxmifa&; Zmwfvrf;ESpf>rmjzifh 0w¬KBuD;udk
&ufazmufí xm;onf/
azmufjyefaom rdef;rwdkYonf pufqkyfzG,f? ESvHk;emzG,f? tjypf

wifzG,f jzpfaomfvnf; tifemrSmrl oem;zG,f? u½PmoufzG,f jzpf
onf/ jyKjyifa&;orm;? a½Tjynfat;0g'D? jA[®pdk&fw&m; vufudkifxm;ol?
ajr,mudk cspfol? v,form;rsm;udk cifol vQJAif;onf awmfpwdGKif;\
udk,fyGm;Zmwfaumif jzpfonf[k qdkMuonf/
pma&;q&mBuD; awmfpwdGKif;udk 1828 ckESpfwGif armfpudkNrdKUawmf
awmifbuf wl;vme,f ,mpem,mydkvsmemaus;½GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/
csrf;omaom ajr&Sif rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f rdom;pkrS aygufzGm;vmcJhonf/
i,fpOfu jyifopfbmom pmjyq&mrsm;ESifh tdrfüpmoifcJhonf/ cgZef
wuúodkvfwGif qufvufí ynmoifonf/ wuúodkvfwGif oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;
ynmoifNyD;aemuf bmbGJUrQ r&cJhbJ ausmif;xGufcJhonf/ awmfpwdGKif;
onf i,fpOfu taysmftyg;rufol jzpfonf/ bmtvkyfrQrvkyfbJ ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm ayawaecJhonf/ 1851 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfxJodkY 0ifcJhonf/
aumhau;qyfa'owGif ESpftawmfMumMum aecJhonf/ c½dkif;rD;,m;ppfyGJ
wGif udk,fwdkif0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ 1857 ckESpfwGif ppfxJrSxGuf&m
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmcJhonf/ *smreD? jyifopf? t*Fvef
EdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfcJhonf/ Oa&myrS jyefa&mufaomtcg awmfpwdGKif;
onf ol\ajruRefrsm;udk vGwfajrmufcGifhay;um ajruRefpepfudk zsuf
odrf;ypfcJhonf/ udk,fydkifausmif; wpfausmif;vnf; zGifhvSpfcJhao;onf/
olYausmif;wGif wif;usyfaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; rxm;/ uAsm pmay
*D w ES i f h yef ; csD y nm&yf r sm;ud k oif M um;ay;cJ h o nf / od k Y a omf v nf ;
aemufydkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESifh tqifrajy tayguftvrf;rwnfhjzpf
um ausmif;udk tNyD;tydkif zsufodrf;ypfvdkufonf/
awmfpwdGKif;onf arwåmorm; jzpfojzifh olYacwfu t,loD;
a&S;a[mif;c&pf,mef*dkPf;ESifh qefYusifbuf jzpfcJh&onf/ bmoma&;t&
0dkif;0ef;qefYusifcHcJh&NyD;tMuOfcHcJh&onf/ 1880 jynfhESpfrSpí qif;&Jom;
v,form;wpfa,mufvdk usifhBuHaexdkifaecJhonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;?
tom;pm;jcif;wdkYudk a&SmifMuOfonftxd NcdK;NcHaexdkifcJhonf/ 1910
jynfhESpf touf 82 ESpft½G,fwGif ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;rodatmif tdrfrS
34 vif;a0jrdKif
wdwfwqdwf xGufvmNyD; ajcOD;wnfh&m avQmufoGm;&if; tqkwftat;

rda&m*gjzpfum aexdkifraumif; jzpfcJh&mrS tufpumydkAdkqdkonfh &xm;
vrf;ab;teD;rS ½Gmuav;wpf½GmwGif awmfpwdGKif; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/
awmfpwdGKif;onf 1852 ckESpfrS pwifí pma&;cJhonf/ yxrqHk;
xGufvmaom ol\0w¬KrSm ]uav;b0}( )jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf
]aumhquf}( )? ]qDAufpwdyk }kd ( )(1855)? ]c½kZm
qdkemwm}( )? ]tdkifAeftDbcsD,csf\b0ed*Hk;}(

)(1886)? ]tifemu&,fnDem}(
)

(1877)? ]ppfEiS Nhf ird ;f csr;f a&;}( )(1869)ESihf ]jyefvnf&iS o

f ef

xajrmufjcif;}( )(1890)ponf0h w¬KBu;D rsm;udk a&;om;cJo h nf/

]uREfkyf\,HkMunfcsuf}( )? ]uREkfyfwdkYbmvkyfMurnfenf;}
( )? ]bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmf oifh&ifxJrSm}

( )ESifh ]tEkynm[lonf tb,fenf;}

( )[laom ,HkMunfrI 'óeqdkif&musrf;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;

cJhao;onf/
awmfpwdGKif;\ ]uav;b0}0w¬Kudk atmifoef;uvnf;aumif;?
]aumhquf}udk Adkvfat;armifuvnf;aumif;? ]c½kZmqdkemwm}udk ausmf
odrf;u cspfarwåm&r®uf[lívnf;aumif;? ausmfatmifu ]oif\opöm
r&Sdaom}[lívnf;aumif;? ]tdkifAef\b0ed*Hk;}udk ausmfatmifu ]tdkifAif
\ ed*Hk;urÜwf}[lívnf;aumif;? ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}udk armifaexGef;u
tusOf;? tjynfhtpHkudk jroef;wifhuvnf;aumif; toD;oD; jrefrmjyefqdk
cJhMuonf/ ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}jrefrmjyefonf trsdK;om;pmay bmom
jyefqkudk &&SdcJhonf/ ]&Sifoefxajrmufjcif;}0w¬KBuD;udkrl pdefcifarmif&Du
r*¾Zif;bmomjyef 0w¬Ktjzpf r*¾Zif;wgif vtenf;i,f azmfjycJhonf/
]tifemu&,fnDem}udkrl a½TOa'gif;u ]tifemu&D;em;}[lí
r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snftjzpf jrefrmjyefqdkNyD;? usdKufvwftHk;uvnf; ]tifem\
cspfMur®m}[lívnf;aumif; tusOf;csHK;í jrefrmjyefqdkcJhonf/ vif;,efeD
u ]rif ; uawmf a v;}[l í vnf ; aumif ; ? jroef ; wif h u ]rr}[l í
vnf;aumif; rSD;jirf;a&;cJhMuonf/ awmfpwdGKif;\ 0w¬Kwdk trsm;tjym;udk
b0if;? armifxif? vif;,efeD paom pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;u toD;oD;

jrefrmjyefqdkcJhMuonf/
(3)
awmfpwdGKif;\ ]tifemu&,fnDem}0w¬KBuD;udk tapmqHk;tjzpf
1927 ckESpfwGif ]cspfarwåm}( )[laom trnfjzifh xdkpOfu vQrf;
vQrf;awmuf urÇmausmfrif;orD;wpfvufjzpfaom *&Dwm*g;bdk;(

)ESifh pwifí ½dkuful;cJhonf/ trf*sDtrf (

)½kyf&SifukrÜPDBuD;
u xkwfvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 'g½dkufwmrSm uvm;&ifhba&mif; (

)? A½GefpuDtjzpf z&uf'&pfrmhcsf (
)? rif;om;BuD;

u&,fniftjzpf bmqD;vf &mhofbHk;( )wdkYu o½kyfaqmifcJh
Muonf/
1935 ckESpfwGif ]tifemu&,fnDem}0w¬KBuD;udk NAdwdoQrif;orD;
ADAD,Hav; ( )ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf xyfrH ½dkufjzpfcJhjyefonf/

]tifemu&,fnDem}udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS 15 um;rQ ½dkuful;cJhMuonf/

1968 ckESpfodkY a&mufaomtcgrS qdkAD,uf,leD,HrS tifemu&,fnDem
udk ½dkuful;jzpfcJhonf/ tifemtjzpf ½k&S½kyf&Sifrif;orD; wm,mem
qrdGKifvdkAm ( )u vnf;aumif;? aumifhA½GefpuDtjzpf

½k&rS if;om; AmqDvD vmEdAk KdG if ( )uvnf;aumif;? rif;om;
BuD; u&,fniftjzpf eDudkvdkif *&pfqifud( )u vnf;
aumif; toD;oD; o½kyfaqmifcJhMuonf/

tifemu&,fnDemtjzpf o½kyfaqmifol ½k&Srif;orD; wm,mem
qrdGKifvdkAmudk *g;bdk;? ADAD,Hav;wdkYESifh ½dkuful;cJhaom ]tifemu&,fnDem}
Zmwfum;udk Munfhzl;ygovm; ar;aomtcg wm,memu ]*g;bdk;yg0if
wJh Zmwfum;udk uRefr rMunfhzl;bl;? ADAD,Hav;eJY½dkufwJhum;udkawmh
Munfhzl;w,f? 'gayr,fh aoaocsmcsm avhvmpdwfeJyawmh rMunfhbl;?
bmvdkYvJqdk&if olYo½kyfaqmifrIawGu uRefrtay: MoZmvTrf;rdk;oGm;rSm
pdk;vdkYygyJ}[k ajzqdkcJhonf/
36 vif;a0jrdKif
wm,memonf ]tifemu&,fnDem}Zmwfum; ½dkuful;í rNyD;

rcsif; tjcm; rnfonfhZmwfum;udkrQ vufrcHbJ ½dkuful;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olYudk,fol tifem tjzpf o½kyfaqmifcGifh&jcif;onf olYb0twGuf
tBuD;rm;qHk; vkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yf jzpfonf[k pGJrSwf,HkMunfcJhonf/
awGUqHkcef;wpfckwGif wm,memu ajymcJhzl;onf/
]tifem[m uRefr h h h? uRefr[m tifem}[k/
q
u&mrmaZmhAf nDaemifrsm;
(1)
ajrydkif&SifBuD; ]zD,dk'dk yufAvdkApf u&mrmaZmhAf}wGif ]'rDx&D}?

]tdkifAef}? ]tv,dk;&Sm;}ESifh]qrm',maumhAf}[laom om;av;a,muf
&Sdonf/
om;tBu;D qH;k um; yxrZeD;ESihf arG;cJoh ?l om;vwfEpS af ,mufum;
'kwd,ZeD;ESifh arG;cJhol? ti,fqHk;om;u w&m;r0ifom;/ tBuD;qHk;rSm
ppfjyef/ toHk;tjzKef;aumif;ol? 'kwd,om;u owif;pmorm;? wwd,
om;u bmoma&;orm;? bkef;BuD;0wfrnfwuJuJ vkyfaeol/ pwkw¬
om;um; pdwfrESHUol/ tbdk;BuD;onf om;wpfa,mufESifhrQ rwnfh/
om;BuD; ]'rDx&D}onf ]uufx&Dem} trnf&Sd AdkvfrSL;orD;ESifh
aphpyfxm;NyD; ]*½k&Sifum}qdkonfh rdef;uav;ESifhawGUaomtcg cufx&Dem
udk cGmonf/ 'rDx&Donf uufx&Dem\ aiGoHk;axmifudk cspfolopfESifh
oHk;&uftwGif; oHk;jzKef;ypfí uufx&Demu aiGjyefawmif;aomtcg
nDjzpfol tv,dk;&Sm;tm; tbdk;BuD;xH tawmif;cdkif;onf/ tbdk;BuD;u
om;ESifhjzpfaeaom *½k&Sifumtm;BudKufaejyefaomtcgom;tzjyóem
wufMuawmhonf/
38 vif;a0jrdKif
'rDx&Du cGmcsifcsif jzpfaeaom uufx&Demonf nDtdkifAefESifh

Nidwdwd jzpfaeaomtcg 'rDx&D oabmusoGm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf;
uufx&Demu ]'rDx&DrS 'rDx&D}jzpfaeaomtcg 'rDx&D pdwfnpfoGm;
onf /
'rDx&Donf zcifudk &ef&Smaeonf/ tbdk;BuD;onf om;rsm;\
&efudkaMumufí wHcg; tvHkydwfaeonf/ wHcg;udk oauFwESifhacgufrS
vmzGifhay;onf/ xdkoauFwudkti,fqHk;om;ESifh*½k&SifumwdkYomodonf/
ti,fqHk;om;uxdkvQdK0Sufcsufudk'rDx&Dtm;oGm;ajymonf/ wpfaeY
'rDx&D? *½k&Sifum tdrfodkY oGm;&Smaomtcg rawGU/ tbdk;BuD; 0Sufxm;
onf[k xifonf/'rDx&Donfuufx&Dem\aiGudkjyefqyfNyD;uufx&Dem
tm; cGmrnf/ tbdk;BuD; *½k&SifumESifh r,lcif rdrdt&,lrnf [k qHk;jzwf
um oHusnfayGUjzifh tbdk;BuD;udk ½dkufrnfjyKonf/ þonfudk tbdk;BuD;
\ tapcHBuD; ]*&Dudk&D}u jrifonf/ 'rDx&Donf tapcHtbdk;BuD;udk
½dkufum xGufajy;onf/ *½k&Sifum\ tdrfudkoGm;í*½k&Sifumb,frSmvJ[k
twif;ar;aomtcg vGefcJhaom ig;ESpfu cspfcJhonfh ydkvefppfAdkvfav;ESifh
vdkufajy;onf[k od&onf/ 'rDx&Donf olYaemufodkY vdkufcJhonf/
aiGrufaom ydkvefppfAdkvfav;tm; aiGay;NyD; xGufoGm;cdkif; onf/ 'rDx&D
onf *½k&Sifumudk jyef&onf/ aysmfvdkYrS r0ao;? &Ju 'rDx&Dudk tbdk;
BuD;tm; owfrI? aiGoHk;axmif cdk;,lrIjzifh vma&muf zrf;awmhonf/
'rDx&Du tbdk;BuD;tm; ol rowf[k jiif;onf/ odkYaomf tapcH
tbdk;BuD;*&Dudk&D\ oufaoxGufqdkcsufjzifhyif olYrSm r½kef;Edkifjzpf&
onf /
xdktcdkuf tvwfnD tdkifAef armfpudkrS jyefvmonf/pdwfrESHYonfh
nD qrm',maumhAfESifh awGUonf/ qrm',maumhAfu tbdk;BuD;udk
olowfaMumif; 0efcHonf/ tbdk;BuD;tdwfxJrS aiGoHk;axmifudkyg ,lcJh
aMumif; zGifhajymonf/ tdkifAefu ½Hk;awmfwGif xdktaMumif;udk wifjyí
'rDx&Dtjypfr&SdaMumif; avQmufxm;onf/ ½Hk;awmfu r,HkMunf/tv,dk;
&Sm;uyg 'rDx&DwGiftjypfr&SdaMumif; ½Hk;awmfwGif oufaocHaomtcg
½Hk;awmfuvufcHawmhrnfqJqJ 'rDx&D\ cspfola[mif; uufx&Demu
tbdk;BuD;raocifaeYu 'rDx&DuolYxHa&;xm;aom pmudk½Hk;awmfwGif

wifjyonf/ 'rDx&Du uufx&Demtm; aiGoHk;axmif rjzpfrae jyefay;
rnf/ tbkd;BuD;udkowfí ay;rnf[k pmwGif a&;xm;onf/
odkYjzifh 'rDx&Donf tESpfESpfq,f jypf'PfuscH&um qdkufaA;&D;
,m;odkY e,fESif'PfcH&onf/ *½k&Sifumu 'rDx&Dtay: opöm&Sdaernf
jzpfaMumif; ajymonf/ uufx&Demu 'rDx&D qdkufaA;&D;,m;rS xGufajy;
Edkifatmif aiGay;ulnDrnf[k qdkonf/ odkYaomf 'rDx&Du jiif;qdkvdkuf
onf /
(2)
urÇmh *EÅ0if0w¬KBuD;rsm;xJwGif taumif;qHk;wpfyk'ftjzpf owf
rSwfxm;aom ]u&mrmaZmhAfnDaemifrsm;}( )

(1888)0w¬KBuD;udk a&;cJhonfh urÇmausmf ½k&Spma&;q&mBuD; ]zD,dk'dk

a'ghpwdk; ,ufAfpuD;}(

)udk 1821 ckESpfwGif armfpudk

NrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/ zcifu ppfwyfq&m0ef? rdcifu ukefonfrsdK;½dk;rS

qif;oufvmcJhol/ zcifu pnf;urf;BuD;onf/ 16 ESpfom;wGif tar
aoonf/ 17 ESpfom;wGif wyfMuyftif*sifeD,mausmif;odkY zcifu ydkYay;
onf/ a'ghpwdk; ,ufAfpuD;onf ausmif;om;b0wGif zcif aiGydkYray;
Edkifí tvGefqif;&J'ku©a&mufcJh &onf/ zcifq&m0efBuD;onf om;orD;
rsm;udk armfpudk&Sd ta':hvufxJodkY xdk;xnfhum orD;ti,fqHk;uav;udk
ac:NyD; awmt&yfrSm oGm;aeonf/ aq;rukyJ t&ufudkom wpfcsdefvHk;
aomufaecJhonf/ wpfaeY tapcHrsm;owfí uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/
a'ghpwdk;,ufAfpuD;onf ppfwyftif*sifeD,mXmewGif ESpftenf;i,fMum
tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD; touf 23 ESpfwGif tvkyfrS xGufcJhonf/
yxrqHk;0w¬K ]qif;&Jom;rsm;}( )udk 1846 ckESpfwGif

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdk0w¬Kjzifhyif ol ausmfMum;oGm;cJhonf/ aemuf

pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;&ef pmcsKyfEdkifvmonf/ wpftkyfwnf;ESifhatmifjrifoGm;
cJhojzifh enf;enf; atmufajcvGwfcJhonf/ aiGtoHk;tjzKef;BuD;onf/
olt Y ay: ulno D rl sm;ESihf tukeaf vQmufNy;D &efjzpfonf/ ta<u;xlvmaom
40 vif;a0jrdKif
tcg pmudk jzpfuwwfqef; a&;cJhonf/ tcsdefwdkwdkESifh vufukefoGm;

onf[k a0zefcHcJh&onf/
1849 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fvpf0g' jzefYjzL;aumif;cJhojzifh axmifeef;
pHcJh&onf/ towfcH&rnfhqJqJ toufcsrf;om&m&cJhNyD; qdkufaA;&D;,m;
odkY e,fESifcHcJh&onf/ qdkufaA;&D;,m;wGif ae&if; axmifusEdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;wpfOD;\ZeD; rkqdk;r ]rm&DtpfZAm}ESifh awGUqHk cspfBudKufcJh
onf/ 1857 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhMuonf/ rdef;rom ,lvdkufaomvnf;
vufxJwGif jcL;wpfjym;rS r&Sd/
qdkufab;&D;,m;wGif q,fESpfaeNyD; 1859 ckESpfwGif pdefYyDwm
pbwfodkY jyefvmcJhonf/ a'ghpwdk;,ufAfpuD;onf ZeD;onfudk cspfaomf
vnf; olwdkYtdrfaxmifa&;um; oufqdk;r&Snf/ rm&Donf tqkwfa&m*g
jzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/ ESpfrsm;rMumrDtwGif;wGif ]ydkvDem qkpvdkAm}
qdkonfh trsdK;orD;ESifhawGUNyD; xdktrsdK;orD;ay:wGif wdrf;ñTwfcJhjyefonf/
ydkvDemESifhtwl Oa&mywpfcGif NyJNyJpif avQmufoGm;cJhNyD; a&mufav&mwGif
zJupm;onf/ upm;wdkif;vnf; ½HI;cJhonf/ aiGaMu;'ku©a&mufcJhonfh
tBudrfuvnf; ra&rwGufEdkif/ ]jypfrIESifhjypf'Pf} (

)(1866)? ]zJorm;}(
)(1867)? ]vlYtE¨}( )

(1868)? ]xm0&cifyGef;}( )(1870)? ]tarSmifh

ya,m*}( )(1871)ESifh ]u&mrmaZmhAfnDaemifrsm;}(

)(1880)wdkYudk qufwdkufa&;cJhonf/

ol Y u d k av;pm;aom? ol Y x uf touf x uf 0 uf c ef Y i ,f a om
vufa&;wdkpma&;rav; ]tefem*&D*dk&D,ufAfem epfuDem}ESifh vufxyfcJh
onf/ tefemESifh uav;wpfa,muf&aomfvnf; tzwfrwifcJh? tefem
u aemufydkif; ola&;aompmtkyfrsm;udk udk,fwdkif xkwfa0cJhojzifh aiGa&;
aMu;a&; touf½SLacsmifvmcJhonf/ 1881 ckESpfwGif olYacwfwGif
tausmfMum;qHk; pma&;q&mBuD;wpfOD;jzpfaom a'ghpwdk;,ufAfpuD;
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/
(3)
]u&mrmaZmhAfnDaemifrsm;}0w¬KBuD;udk 1957 ckESpfwpf0dkufavmuf
u urÇmausmf ukrÜPDBuD;u ½kyf&Siftjzpf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/

'g½dkufwm ]&pfcsufb½kcfpf}( )u ½dkuful;NyD; urÇmausmf

uwHk;rif;om; ,lvf b&ifem;( )u 'rDx&Dtjzpf? *smref

rif;orD;acsm rm&D,m&SJvf( )u *½k&Sifumtjzpf? uufx&Dem

tjzpf rif;orD; uv,f&m bvGef;( )wdkYu yg0ifo½kyfaqmif

cJ h M uonf / tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k r S ½d k u f u l ; aom ]u&mrmaZmh A f

nDaemifrsm;}Zmwfum;onf/ urÇmausmf o½kyfaqmifrif;om;? rif;orD;
rsm;ESifh ½dkuful;cJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJh/ urÇmausmf0w¬KBuD; wpfyk'fudk
½kyf&Siftjzpf toGifajymif;onfhtcg ]u&mrmaZmhAfnDaemifrsm;} 0w¬KBuD;
udk a'ghpwdk;,ufAfpuD;\ ]vlYtE¨}( )Zmwfum;udk ½dkuful;cJhonfh
½k&Sm;'g½dkufwmBuD; ]tdkifAef zD&D;,ufAf}( )u aq;a&mifpHk

Zmwfum;BuD;tjzpf 1970jynfhESpf wpf0dkufu ½dkuful;cJhonf/ a'ghpwdk;

,ufAfpuD;\ aemufqHk;0w¬KBuD;udk tdkifAef zD;&D;,ufAfpuD;u aemufqHk;
½dkuful;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tdkifAef zD;&D;,ufAf\ vuf&monf udef;½kyf&Sif
yGJawmftxd wufvmonfudk rawGUcJh&aomfvnf; jynfwGif;ürl tawmf
toifh atmifjrifcJhonf[k od&onf/ t"du Zmwfaumifrsm;tjzpf
rD[dkif; ,lvD,memAf( )? vD,Gefe,f vmzD;&DAm(

)? c&DvufAaf &mhb(f
)? rmhcf z½k'cf if (
)?

tvufaZ rD,m*faumhAf ( )wdkY o½kyfaqmif yg0if cJhMu

onf /
42 vif;a0jrdKif
wGrfaqm,m;\ pGefYpm;cef;rsm;
(1)
wGraf qm,m;(
)onf touf wpfq,fEh pS Ef pS f t½G,f

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]rdkif}ydkonf/ NyD;awmh t½G,fESifh rvdkufatmifyif ½TwfaemufajymifNyD;
OmPfeDOmPfeufuvnf; rsm;vdkufao;onf/ uav;tcsif;csif;vnf;
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onf/ xdkYaMumifhyif ta':jzpfolu olYudk tvpfray;&JbJ w[Jh[Jhjzpfae
&onf /
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jzifh 0ef;eH&H aq;okwfaeonfudk jrif&awmh oli,fcsif;rsm;u 0dkif;í
[m;Muonf/ wGrfu olwdkYudk MunfhNyD; tBuHwpfck &vmonf/ olYudk
ta':u 'Pfay;xm;jcif; r[kwf/ ol tvkyf vkyfaejcif; r[kwf? ouf
oufysif;í upm;aejcif; jzpfonf[k vdSrfhonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;u
t[kwfrSwfum olwdkYvnf; yg yg&ap? upm;yg&ap[k awmif;qdkMu

awmhonf/ wGru f olwx Ykd rH u

S pm;p&mawGukd awmif;,lNy;D upm;aeonf/
uav;wpfodkuf 0dkif;íaq;okwfaomtcg 0ef;eH&HrSm cPESifh aq;okwf
NyD;oGm;awmhonf/ þodkYjzifh wGrfrSm upm;p&mypönf;awGvnf; &vdkufNyD;
ta':cdkif;onfh tvkyfrSmvnf; ol rvkyfvdkuf&bJ NyD;oGm;awmhonf/
ta':jzpfolrSm wlawmfarmif OmPfoGm;yHkudkMunfhNyD; tHhMo&awmhonf/
wGrfonf vluom upm;rufNyD; ausmif;rSefrSefrwufcsifvSaomf
vnf; twef;xJwGif pmawmfol jzpfvdkufcsifao;onf/ ausmiff;wGif
pmawmfonfh uav;rsm;? or®musrf;pmzwfoluav;rsm;udk pmawmfol
tjzpf qk v uf r S w f uwf j ym;uav;rsm;ud k ay;aomtcg ol v nf ;
vdkvdkufcsifao;onf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;u vufrSwfrsm;udk olYvufxJrSm
upm;p&mESifhvJí ,lonf/ þodkYjzifh olYudk,fol pmawmfol txifcH&
atmif zefwD;cJhjyefonf/
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jymjymESifh AufuDoufcsm( )qdkonfh cyfacsmacsm ausmif;

olopf aumifrav;udkawGU&awmh wGrfrSm aercsdxdkifrom jzpf&jyefonf/

Aufuo D ufcsmudk r&rae 'vMurf; yd;k yef;avawmhonf/ aumifrav;u
olYtcspfudk vufcHvdkufaomtcg olYrSm rdk;rjrif avrjrif jzpfNyD; aysmf
rqHk; jzpf&onf/
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wpfa,muf &Sdao;onf/ olYemrnfu [yfu,fb,f&Dzif;(

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onf/ qdk;vGef; awvGef;ojzifh rdbrsm;u olwdkYom;orD;rsm;udk olESifh

taygif;toif; rvkyfzdkY tajymcH&onf/ odkYaomfvnf; [yfESifhwGrfum;
olawmfcsif;csif; owif;avGUavGUjzpfNyD; aygif;zufawGUMuavawmhonf/
[yfu aMumifaoudk ocsØKif;xJwGif rEÅefwdkufvQif <uufEdkY
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a,muf wpfnwGif tdrfrSvpfNyD; ocØsKif;xJ oGm;Muonf/ ocØsKif;xJ
44 vif;a0jrdKif
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[yfESifh wGrfwdkYESpfa,muf ajcukefokwfí ajy;cJhMu&onf/
rwfaygwmrSmvlowfrIjzifhtzrf;cH&onf/ a'gufwma&mfbifqif
udk owfol vlqdk;BuD;*sdK;u wGrfwdkYESpfa,muftm; tjzpfrSefudk rnfolrQ
rajym&/ tu,fíajymvQif owfypfrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;ojzifh wGrf
wdkYESpfa,mufrSm txdwfwvefY jzpfMu&onf/
onfMum;xJ AufuDESifh tcspfa&;uvnf; wpfarSmifh jzpfaeojzifh
wGrfonf pdwfnpfnpfjzifh [yf tygt0if oli,fcsif;wpfOD;ESifhtwl
uRef;uav;wpfuRef;odkY oGm;a&mufNyD; "m;jyvkyfwrf;upm;í aeawmh
onf/ wGrfwdkYoHk;a,mufrSm ig;rQm;vdkuf? a&ul;vdkufESifh aysmfaeMuonf/
olwdkYoHk;a,muf &uftawmfMumonftxdjyefrvmbJaeMuojzifh vlBuD;
rdbrsm;u a&epfaoqHk;oGm;MuNyD[k xifrSwfum o&P*HkwifMuonf/
o&P*Hkwifaom xdkaeYrSmyif olwdkYjyefvmMuaomtcg tcrf;tem;rSm
½kwf½kwfoJoJ jzpfoGm;avawmhonf/
wGrfrSm ausmif;wGif ay:jyLvmjzpfí aeonf/ cspfolESifh trlvGef
NyD; ]vef} rvdk jzpfvdkufao;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; aumifrav;udk
pmtkyfNzJonfhudpöESifh q&mu ½dkufrvdk vkyfaomtcg olu "m;pmcH
0ift½dkufcHvdkufojzifh tcspfa&; tqifajyoGm;Mujyefonf/
vlowfrI ppfaq;aomtcg rwfaygwmrSm axmifeef;pH&awmh
rnfhudef; qdkufí aeawmhonf/ oufaotjzpf wGrfudk ppfar;aomtcg
wGrfu tjzpfrSefudk tppfcHvdkufonf/ vlowform;rSm *sdK;jzpfaMumif;
tppfcHvdkufaomtcg wpf½GmvHk; thHMooGm;Muonf/ *sdK;vnf; csufcsif;
yif wdrf;a&SmifoGm;awmhonf/ wGrfrSm [D;½dk;jzpfí aeonf/
wpfaeY [yfuvmí tazmfn§dojzifh olwdkYESpfa,muf &wem
odkuf t&SmxGufcJhMuonf/ pdwfysufysufESifh tdrftdkBuD;wpfvHk;xJodkY 0if
a&mufcJh&m a½T'*Fg;aowåmBuD;udk vlqdk;BuD;*sdK;ESifh tazmfwpfa,mufwdkYu
ajymif;a½TUaeonfudk rarQmfvifhbJ awGUvdkuf&avonf/
onfMum;xJwGif wGrf? AufuDESifh oli,fcsif;rsm; aysmfyGJpm;xGuf

jzpfcJhMuonf/ wGrfESifh AufuDrSm *lBuD;wpfvHk;xJodkY 0ifa&mufrdcJhBuNyD;
oHk;&ufcefY jyefrxGufEdkifbJ jzpfcJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif rkqdk;rBuD;
rpöufa'gufuvyf(

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rjrifjzpfNyD; xGufajy;vmaom *sdK;ESifhwGrfwdkY*lBuD;txJwGifqHkawGUMuonf/

wGrfESifh AufuDwdkY *laygufawGUNyD; xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmcJhMuNyD; ½Gm
xJodkY jyefa&mufcJhMuonf/ vlowform;BuD;*sdK; *lxJwGif ½SdaeaMumif;
½GmxJrS vlBuD;rsm;udk ajymjyvdkufojzifh ½GmxJrS vlrsm;pk½Hk;í *lxJodkY 0if
&SmMuonf/ ½Gmom;awG *lxJodkY 0ifa&mufrdMuaom tcsdefü vlowf
orm;BuD; *sdK;rSm tpma&pmjywfNyD; aoqHk;aeonfudk awGUMu&avawmh
onf/ a½T'*Fg;jym;rsm;udk *lBuD;xJrS awGUMuonf/ wGrfESifh [yfpfrSm
aeYcsif;ncsif; vlcsrf;omuav;rsm;jzpfí oGm;Muonf/ [yfudk rkqdk;rBuD;
a'gufuvyfu arG;pm;NyD; ausmif;xm;ay;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; [yfrSm
raysmf/
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onf/ Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufrSm rqef;vS/ a&;zGJU[ef ½dk;NyD; &Sif;onf/
rqef;Mu,fvSaom Zmwfvrf;udk ½dk;½dk;uav;ESifh pGJrufzG,fjzpfatmif
a&;oGm;EdkifonfrSm pma&;q&m\ twwfynmESifh pGrf;&nfyif jzpfonf/
rwfweGd ;f \ þ0w¬KwiG f uav;i,fw\ Ykd p½du
k f obm0ta&;tzGUJ rSm yDjyif
ajymifajrmufvSonf/ txl;ojzifh (19)&mpku tar&duefaus;vuf
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pGefYpm;cef;rsm;}0w¬Konf vlwdkif; b0wGifawGUNrJjzpfaom rarhEdkifp&m
i,fb0umvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd& wrf;wapaom pmtkyf jzpfonf/
pma&;q&murl ol\ þ0w¬Konf pdwful;,Of r[kwf/ wu,fh
tjzpftysufrsm;udk tajccHí a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonf[k qdkonf/
wGrfaqm,m;um; pma&;ol\ udk,fyGm;? [yfufzif;um; wGrfbvifuif
&Spf/ tefwDay:vDum; pma&;ol\rdcif? qpfum; pma&;ol\tpfudk&if;
[ife&D? AufuDoufcsmum; pma&;ol\cspfol avmf&ma[mhuifpf\udk,f
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46 vif;a0jrdKif
onf Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufESifh a&;zGJUyHk ½dk;pif;aomfvnf; Zmwfaumif

p½dkuftzGJUaumif;ojzifh olYacwf olYtcg vlBudKufrsm;cJhNyD; a&mif;tpGH
qHk; pmtkyfpm&if;0if jzpfcJhonf/ *E¦0ifvuf&mwpf&yf taejzifh urÇm
ausmfpmtkyf wpftkyfvnf; jzpfcJhonf/
(2)
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trnf&if;rSm ]qifjrL,,fuvD;rif;}( )jzpfonf/ 1835
ckESpfwGif rpfqdk;&Djynfe,f zavmf&D'gNrdKUuav;ü arG;zGm;cJhonf/

rwfwGdef;onf i,fpOfu ausmif;aumif;aumif; raecJh&/
zcifqHk;onfhESpf touf(12)ESpfom;t½G,fwGif ausmif;xGufcJh&onf/
xdktcsdefrSpí b0wGif tvkyfrsKd;pHkvkyfcJh&onf/ yHkESdyfpufwpfckwGif
awmufwdkrnf&vkyf&if; pmwdkayprsm;udk rawmufwacguf a&;cJhonf/
rdkif(1200)&Snfonfh rpöpöyDjrpf½kd;wpfavQmufwGif av;ESpfMumrQ oabFm
wpfpif;ESifhpkefqefarsmcJhonf/ xdkumvonf olYb0wGiftaysmfqHk;umv
[k aemiftcg olu waqG;wjrnfh ajymqdkcJhonf/
1862 ckESpfwGif taemufbufjynfe,frsm;udk ol c&D;xGufcJh
onf/ owåKwGif;wpfckwGif tvkyf0ifvkyfonf/ Am*sD;eD;,m;jynfe,f
xkwf ]tifwmy½kdufpf}( ) owif;pmESifh qefz&efppöudkxkwf

]armeif;aumvf}( ) owif;pmwdkYwGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬Krsm;

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(
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Yk nf xif&mS ;aom pmtkyrf sm;

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aMuuGJp&maumif;onf/ orD;jzpfol *sdef;qHk;aomtcg ]vGefcJhonfh
(13)ESpfu orD;qlqDqHk;cJhonf/ jyD;cJhonfh(5)ESpfausmfu olwdkYtar (ZeD;)
qHk;cJhonf/ orD;BuD;uv,f&mu Oa&myrSm/ ,ckorD; *sdef;wpfa,muf

qHk;&jyefNyD} [k aMuuGJzG,fa&;cJhavonf/
rwfwGdef; tonf;toefjzpfaeonf[kMum;aomtcg Oa&mywGif
a&mufaeaom tdrfaxmif½Sif orD; uv,f&mu tar&dum;odkY tajy;
jyefcJhonf/ uv,f&m a&mufvmaomtcg rwfwGdef;\ tajctaerSm
raumif;awmh/ xdktaMumif;ESifhywfoufí uv,f&mu aemiftcgwGif
þodkY ajymjycJhonf/
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MunfMunfvifvifyJ Edk;vmcJhygw,f/ aemuf ... arS;ceJ tdyfaysmfoGm;
jyefw,f/ uRefrvnf; azazhtdyf&meHab;rSm xdkifaerdw,f/cPMumawmh
azazhrsufvHk;awG ½kwfw&uf yGifhvmw,f/ uRefrvufudk udkifNyD;
uRefrrsufESmudk aphaphMunfhw,f/ aemufawmh toHwdk;wdk;oJhoJhuav;yJ
Mum;vdkuf&w,f/ azazoGm;awmhr,f orD;&,f.../ EIwfqufygw,f
wJh/ tJovdkvJ ajymNyD;a&m azaztoufxGufoGm;awmhwmygyJ...}}[k
ajymjycJhavonf/
(3)
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ol tmomyD*sufaumhu ½kduful;&ef pDpOfaomtcg tcuftcJrsm;pGm
MuHKawGYcJh&onf/ 0w¬KxJrS [meDabmNrdKUuav;ESifh ,ck [meDabmNrdKUrSm
rwlMuawmh/ taetxm; uGmjcm;vsuf&SdNyD/ ESpfaygif;(90)Mum umv
twGif; tppt&m&m ajymif;vJwdk;wufíaeNyD/ ,ck jrifawGUae&aom
[meDabmNrdKUuav;rSm eD,GefrD;acsmif;awG? vQyfppfrD;a&mifawGjzifh xdef
xdefvif;vsuf? wdkufwmtaqmufttHktopfawGESifh vlaetdrfajc pnf
um;íaeonf/ xdkYjyif 0w¬KxJrS [meDabmNrdKUuav;ESifhwlrnfh ½kdufuGif;
aemufcHudk ½SmMu&awmhonf/ [meDabmjrdKUuav;\ taemufawmif
buf rdkif(120)tuGmrS tJ½dk;a&mhcf(

)ac:awmNrdKUuav;udk

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48 vif;a0jrdKif
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qdkifr½Sd? aq;½Hk[lívnf; r½Sd? ½kyf½Sifxkwfvkyfolrsm; tBudKufydkawGYonfh
tcsuf wpfcsufrSm tJ&dk;a&mhNrdKUuav;rS aetdrftaqmufttHkawGu
a[mif;tdkaeMuNyD; 0w¬KaemufcHacwf 1830-1840 ESpfrsm;utwdkif;
&Sdaeonfudk awGY&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/
aemuf ta&;BuD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm jrpf½kdufuGif;/ 0w¬KxJrS
1840 jynfhESpfrsm;wpf0dkufu rpöpöyDjrpfESifh ,ck 1970 jynfhESpf rpöpöyD
jrpfwdkY taetxm; rwlnDMuonfh tjzpf/ tJ½dk;a&mhcfNrdKUuav; teD;rS
rpfqdk;&DjrpfrSm ½THUnGefawG xlxlxyfxyfjzifh xdkpOfu rpöpöyDjrpfESifh oGm;
wlaeavonf/ xdkYaMumif rpfqdk;&Djrpfudk olwdkYa&G;vdkufMuonf/ ncef;
rsm;twGuf udkufoHk;&mus,faom rpfqdk;&Djrpfudk rD;armif;qvdkufrsm; xdk;
í ½kduful;Muonf/ tJ½dk;a&mhcfNrdKU vrf;rBuD;wef;rS tdrfrsm;udk aq;okwf
Muonf/vrf;ab;rD;wdkifrsm;ESifhw,fvDzkef;wdkifrsm;udk a½TUz,fypfMuonf/
vrf;rBuD;udkvnf; oHk;vufravmuf jrifhatmif trIdufo½dkufawG zdkYypf
Muonf/
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NyD; Zmwfum;twGuf tppt&m&m vdkavao;r½Sd ulnDaqmif½GufMu
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ay;Muawmhonf/ tJ½dk;a&mhcf NrdKUawmf0efESifh bkef;awmfBuD;wdkUudk,fwdkif
yif yg0ifo½kyfaqmifay;cJhMuavonf/
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tmomyD * suf a umh u 'g½d k u f w m 'G e f a wm ( )ES i f h t wl

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atmifjrifcJh½Hkru *E¦0if ½kyf½Siftaejzifhvnf; atmifjrifcJhavonf/
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a&;om;avonf/
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50 vif;a0jrdKif
av½l;okefokef
(1)
acwfwdkif;ü ay:xGef;cJhMuaom pmrsm;xJwGif trsm;pkonf

ay:yifpmayrsm;jzpfMuojzifh tcsdefwpfcsdefwGif vlBudKufrsm;wwfMuaomf
vnf; tcsdefwefvQif olYtvdktavsmuf acwfukefNyD; wdrfaumyaysmuf
oGm;Muonf/ tenf;i,faom pmaumif;ayaumif;rsm;um; &kwfw&uf
wGif vlBudKuf rrsm;wwfMuaomfvnf; acwftqufquf Mum&SnfcHNyD;
tcsdefumv\ 0g;rsKdrIudk wGef;vSefum *E¦0ifpmayrsm;uJhodkY wm&SnfcH
Muonf/ xdkpmayrsKd;um; &Sm;vSonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tar&duef pma&;
q&mrBu;D ]rm*&ufrpfcs,}f ( )\ ]av½l;okeo

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tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ajrmufydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;a'owdkYonf
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toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh tawG;tac: pdwfaeobm0rsm;vnf; rwlnD
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ydkif;um; acwfaemufusonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ay:wGifom trSDjyKí
ajrBuD;ay:wGif xGef,ufpdkufysKd;vkyfudkifpm;aomufMuonf/ a&S;a[mif;
t,ltqrsm;udk zufwG,fMuonf/
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puf&uftxnftvdyfvkyfief;rsm; tBuD;tus,f ay:aygufaeonf/
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axmifpk awmifydkif; jynfe,frsm;rS wifydkUae&onf/
0g*Grf;onf awmifydkif;\ t"du tm;xm;&m ydkYukefjzpfonf/
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onf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefa&mif; uRef0,fvkyfief;onf aumif;onfjzpfap
raumif;onfjzpfap xdkpepfudk vufcHxm;&rnfrSm awmifydkif;\ a&Smif
vTJr&aom tajctaewpf&yfyifjzpfonf/
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a&G;aumufyGJEdkifí or®w jzpfvmonf/ vifuGef;onf awmifydkif;\
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyfudkifay;aeaom uyÜvDrsm;udk vlukeftjzpf
a&mif;csjcif;rS y,fzsufypfrnf? uyÜvDrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;rnf[k
awmifydkif;om;wdkYu xifjrif,lqaeMuonf/
vifuGef; wufvmjcif;udk rauseyfMu/ awmifydkif;jynfe,f(11)
e,fu jynfaxmifpkjynfrBuD;xJrS cGJxGufNyD; awmifydkif;wGif uGefzuf
'a&pD tpdk;& oD;jcm;cGJaxmifcJhMuonf/ odkYjzifh 1862 ckESpf Zlvdkifv
21 &ufaeYwGif tar&duefjynfwGif;ppfBuD; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf/
ajrmufydkif; A[dktpdk;&u awmifydkif;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef
ta&;,lwu kd cf u
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rsm; jynfyodkY rydkYEdkifjzpfcJh&onf/ ajrmufydkif;om;wdkU vlolvufeuf
tiftm; tpp omaeojzifh aemufqHk;wGif awmifydkif;om;wdkY txdemNyD;
ppf½IH;cJh&onf/
52 vif;a0jrdKif
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bufESpfzuf tm;jydKifrIxJwGif ZwfZwfMuJEdkifvSaomfvnf; cspfzG,f?
vGrf;zG,f? oem;zG,f pum;vufESifh &ufbwfwvmuJhodkUaom xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;Zmwfaumifrsm;udk awmifyikd ;f om;wd\
Yk acgif;rmrIrmefrmew&m;ESihf
a&m,Sufum aq;om;yg;yg; jc,frIef;vdkufaomtcg tvGefw&mqef;
Mu,fvSyaom yef;csDum;csyfwpfcsyfjzpfvmavonf/
(2)
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udk,fwpfckjzifh vma&mufí tajccs aexdkifol 0g*Grf;jcHvkyfief;ydkif½Sif
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vufxyfrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjyaomtcg pum;vufrSm a'gorD;
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axmifjyKpOfu tav;teuf rpOf;pm;cJh/ tvsifpvdk vkyfcJhonf/ rkqdk;r
jzpfawmhvnf; bmrQ rMumvdkuf/
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ESifh vufxyfvdkuf&onfrSm tdyfrufwpfckyrmvdkyif/
rkqdk;r jzpfvmvQif oHk;ESpftwGif; t0wftpm; £ajE´&& 0wf&
onf/ uvufwufwuf ayghysufysuf rae&/ a&TaiG r0wf&/ rqif&/
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aESm rae&/
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pum;vuf toufi,fi,fuav; &Sdao;onfrdkY aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ {nfhcHyGJoGm;
csifao;onf/
tuf&Savvnf; rDvmeDESifhvufxyfNyD; rMumcif ppfxGufoGm;&
onf/ pum;vufonf twåvefwmNrdKUuav;odkYoGm;í ta':jzpfolESifh
aexdkifcJhavonf/
twåvEÅmwGif 'Pf&m& ppftwGif;vlemrsm;udk jyKpkay;&if; &uf
bwfwvmESifh pum;vuf jyefqHkawGYMuonf/
&ufbwfwvmonf p½kdufMurf; tajymMurf;aomfvnf; pdwf
aumif;&Sdoljzpfonf/ em;vnfwwfoljzpfonf/
54 vif;a0jrdKif
pum;vufukd uyGrJ sm;? aps;rsm;odYk ac:oGm;wwfonf/ pum;vuf

uvnf ; ol Y v QKd U 0S u f c suf u d k bwf w vmu avQmuf a jymrnf v m;[k
pdk;&drfxdwfvefUjcif; rjzpfawmh/ tuf&Savudk ol irf;irf;wufjzpfcJyHk?
r&SufraMumufEdkif zGihfajymcJhyHkwdkYudk ol odonf[laom tawG;url
pum;vuf\ &ifxJwGif ykef;cdkíaeqJ/ xdktodaMumifh bwfwvm rcH
csifp&m ajymorQudk pum;vuf atmifhtnf;onf;cHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/
&ufbwfwvmudk avmuBuD;wGif rnfonfht&murQ wthHwMo
jzpfatmif rvkyfEdkif[k ol xifonf/ &ufbwfwvmu uoduatmuf
ajymwdkif; udk,fhbufucsnf; tNrJwrf; ½HI;&onf/ udk,fucsnf; pdwfqdk;
&onf/ &ufbwfwvm\t&nftcsif;awGuvnf; wpfuGufrStaumif;
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odkYaomfvnf; ol rvmvQif pum;vufrSm vnfwqefYqefYjzifh arQmf&
jyefonf/
&ufbwfwvmonf pum;vufxHodkY vufaqmifypönf;rsm;ESifh
twl rMumcP a&mufvmwwfonf/ pum;vufurl &ufbwfwvm
rdrdudk cspfaeonf[k xifonf/
odkYaomfvnf; olYtjyKtrlu cyfqef;qef;/ wpfcgwpfcg a0cGJí
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avSmif/ aeyHku rcdk;rcefY/ &ufbwfwvmudk rDvmeDwpfa,mufrSvGJí
rnfolurQ Munfhír&/
olu awmifydkif;om;rsm;\ jynfe,fcGJxGufa&; ta&;awmfyHkudk
uefYvefYwdkuf ajymavh&Sdonf/ NyD;awmh awmifydkif;om;rsm;udkvnf;
txifao;onf/ þodkY txifao;onfudkvnf; pdwfxJrSm rxm;?
ajAmifzGifhajymwwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh awmifydkif;om;rsm;u olYqdkvQif
cyfa&Smifa&Smif/
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odkY wpfywfMum cGifhjzifh jyefvmonf/ tuf&Sav jyefvmonfudk ZeD;
jzpfol rDvmeDxuf ydkí 0rf;omaeolrSm pum;vuf/ pum;vufonf
tuf&SavESifh eD;eD;em;em; aecGifh&ojzifh 0rf;omrqHk; jzpfaeonf/
tuf&Savtm; cspfaeqJjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; tcGifh&vQif ajymjy

csifao;onf/ tuf&Sav jyefcgeD;wGif ajymjzpfatmif ajymvdkufao;
onf/ tuf&Sav a&SUwef;odkY jyefcsdefwGif rDvmeDwGif udk,f0eft&ifhtrm
ESifh jzpfaeacsNyD/
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jcif; cH&onf/ jynfe,faiGpuúLwefzdk;xdk;usvmonf/ tpm;taomufESifh
t0wftxnfaps;EIef;awG w&dyf&dyf jrifhwufvmonf/ pm;ukefaomuf
ukefwGif aps;EIef;BuD;rm;vmojzifh twåvEÅm rD;zdkacsmifwGif bDpuGwf
aygifrkefYtpm; ajymif;aygifrkefYu ae&m,lvmonf/
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odk;om;qdkvQifvnf; avmufavmufii r&awmh/ &vQifvnf; aps;tq
rwef BuD;rm;vGef;vSojzifh vlcsrf;omrsm;om pm;Edkifawmhonfh b0odkY
a&mufoGm;onf/
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aemufqHk; awmifydkif;om;rsm;\ NrdKUawmf twåvEÅmrSm usqHk;oGm;awmh
onf /
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wdkYudk jrif;&xm;wpfpD;jzifh NrdKUwGif;rS ac:xkwfoGm;cJhNyD; vrf;wpf0uf
wGif ypfxm;cJhum ppfxJodkY 0ifoGm;avonf/ pum;vufonf NrdKifom
,modkY jyefa&mufvmcJhonf/ pum;vufwdkY\ NrdKifom,mudk AdkvfcsKyf
&Smrif;wyfawGu tcdkiftrm XmecsKyf vkyfxm;onf/ rdcifu ao? nDr
u rrm? zcifu pdwfaemufoGm;ojzifh pum;vufrSm t½l;rD;0dkif; jzpf&
onf/ uyÜvDtvkyform; wpf&mausmfu xGufajy;ukefMuonf/
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aea&; wm0efrSm pum;vuf\ ycHk;ay:odkY usa&mufvmonf/
56 vif;a0jrdKif
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uyÜvDrsm; uRefb0rSm vGwfajrmufoGm;Muonf/ ,ef;uD;awGu ae&m
tESH wyfpGJxm;onf/ a*smf*sD,mjynfe,f wpfckvHk; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;awG
trdefYawG wpfckNyD;wpfck xkwfxm;onf/ vGwfvyfaom uyÜvDrsm;
tpnf;t½Hk;u ae&mwum Adkvfusrif;rl aeMuonf/
pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,frIawGu wpfckNyD;wpfck qifhuJvmonf/ aEGOD;ayguf
vQifawmh tpp acsmarmtqifajyoGm;rnf[k rSef;q&onf/ odkYaomf
pum;vuf\ xdktxif ygpifatmifvGJcJhonf/
pum;vuf xrf;aqmifae&onfh wm0efawGuvnf; renf;/
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tcuftcJ'ku©ESifh ½kef;uefrIqdkwmawGudk pum;vuf xyfrawGUcsifawmh/
&ifrqdkifcsifawmh/ pm;zdkYaomufzdkYtwGuf ½kef;uefcJh&NyD/ aiG&zdkY aygif;
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om,mudk avvHypfcH&rnf/
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vufvGwf rcHEdkif/ wpfoufvHk;u udk,fhvufatmufuaecJhol? udk,fcdkif;
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um NrdKifom,mudk 0,fcsifonf[k ajymawmh pum;vuf ,rf;yHkrD;us
a'goxGuf&onf/
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ol? nDrESifh &nfiHaeol? olYxufvnf; tawmftoifh toufBuD;ol
z&ifh uae'D(
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avonf/
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puf axmifonf/ tuf&Savudk opfcGJpufrSm OD;pD;cdkif;onf/
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z&ifhESifhorD; rdef;uav;wpfa,muf&um ESpfBudrfajrmuf rkqdk;rb0odkY
a&mufcJh&jyefonf/
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vufxyfonf/ pum;vufESifh &ufbwfwvmrSm ,efuD;ESifh aumfaZm
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jynfaxmifpkbufawmfom;? opömazmuf/
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vufudkbwfwvmu tdrfBuD;&cdkifESifh wifhawmifhwifhw,fxm;onf/
pum;vuf aumif;aumif;0wf&? aumif;aumif;pm;vm&onf/ odkYwdkif
58 vif;a0jrdKif
tuf&SavESifhawGUvQif pum;vuf &ifckefaeqJyif/ oabmxmBuD;ol

½dk;tol? jynfh0ol? rDvmeDurl bmrQrod&Sm/
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av;ig;ESpft½G,fa&mufaomtcg &ufbwfwvmu jrif;pD;oifay;onf/
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onf /
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pum;vuf rmefwif;vdkufavonf/
(3)
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jzpfvmcJhol jzpfonf/
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60 vif;a0jrdKif
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62 vif;a0jrdKif
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yvSaomfvnf; olYtqif;ESifhol vif;vufaeaom Mu,fwpfyGifhjzpfí
aeavonf/
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tm;vHk;eD;yg;onf ajr&Sifpepfudk qefYusifol? aus;ydkif uRefydkifb0udk
umuG,fvdkol? jynfaxmifpkBuD;rS awmifydkif;udk cGJxGufvdkolrsm; jzpfMu
onf /
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wpfa,mufom&Sdonf/ pum;vufrSm olYacwf? olYpepfudk rqefYusif
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þrwlnDaom Zmwfaumifrsm;\ p½dkuftm;NydKifrIonf þ0w¬K
BuD;\ t"duausm½dk;r@dKifyif jzpfawmhonf/
awmifyikd ;f olrm*&ufrpfcs,\ f awmifyikd ;f olpw
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udk,fwdkifuvnf; olYtwå? olYrmeESifh olYpdwf"mwfwdkYudk wpfpdk;wpfpdrQyif
zHk;zdcJhyHk r&acs/
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jyifwpfpjzpfaeaom twåvEÅmNrdKUuav;odkYa&mufoGm;onf/ xdkjrifuGif;
rSaeí pum;vuf\&ifodkY cdk0ifvmaom a0'emESifh wif;,l&aom tm;
rmefwdkYonf pma&;ol rm*&ufrpfcs,f\ a0'emESifh tm;rmefwdkYyif jzpf
csdrfhrnf[k xifrSwf&avonf/
twåvEÅmNrdKUuav;rSm jynfwGif;ppftNyD;wGif jymyHkESifh avmifpm
twdusef&pfcJhonf/ twåvEÅmNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;um; ZGJeyJBuD;vSonf/
rD;ñGefYrD;awmufrsm;? ½HI;edrfhrIrsm; tMum;rS vl;vJxum olwdkYNrdKUudk
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rD;iSuftjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/
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rsm;? rD;avmifxm;onfh aygif;awmrsm;? jcHpnf;½dk;rsm;? opfom;wdkifrsm;
udkom wpfarQmfwpfac:jrifawGUae&avonf/ rSwfrdonfh taqmuftOD
usefaeao;aomfvnf; trdk;r&SdMuawmh/
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onfh jyLwif;aygufrsm;u yg;pyfNyJNyJudk NzJ[xm;onfhES,f/ rD;ravmif
bJ useaf ecJo h nfh rD;cd;k acgif;wdik f rnf;rnf;Bu;D awGu xd;k xd;k axmifaxmif/
tkwfcJopfrsm;\ eDMuifMuif ta&mifawGu eH&Ha[mif;rsm;tMum;wGif
pl;pl;&J&J awmufyaeMuonf/
pwdk;qdkifa&SU rsufESmpmrsm;? jywif;aygufrsm;xufwGif ol odonfh
qdkiftrnfawGtrsm;pkum; cyfpdrf;pdrf; emrnfawG/ wpfcgurl twåvEÅm
wGif ol rodol[lí r&Sdoavmufyif/ ,ckrlemrnfpdrf;awG rsufESmpdrf;
awG/ pum;vuf pdwf"mwfusvmonf/ odkY&mwGif taqmuftODopfawG
rm;rm;rwfrwfudk awGU&ojzifh tm;wufvmjyefonf/
taqmuftODopfawGurenf;/ trsm;tm;jzifh oHk;xyfwdkufawG/
ae&mwumwGif jyefaqmufaeMuonf/ wlxkoH? vTwdkufoHawG qlql
nHaeMuonf/ tvkyform;rsm;u tkwfcJawGudko,fum jirf;pifay:odkY
wufaeMuonf/ vrf;rBuD;wpfavQmufudk Munfh&if; olYrsufvHk;wGif
rsuf&nfawG 0JvmMuonf/
]]twåvEÅm&,f h h h rif;udk olwdkY rD;½dIUcJhMuNyD/ jymyHkjzpfatmif
vkyfcJhMuNyD/ 'gayr,fh rif; 'l;axmuf t½HI;ay;&avmufatmifawmh olwdkY
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64 vif;a0jrdKif
(4)
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a*smf*sD,mjynfe,f twåvEÅmNrdKUuav;wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ aumvdyf
ausmif;wGif wpfESpfom aevdkuf&onf/ rdcifBuD; uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh
ausmif;xGufcJh&onf/ zcifESifh armifi,fwdkY\ a0,sm0pörsm;? tdrfrIudpö
rsm;udk vkyfudkif&if; tcsdefawG ukefcJhonf/
0w¬KwdkESifh jyZmwfwdkuav;rsm; rqdkpavmuf a&;zl;onf/
odkYaomf b,fr*¾Zif;udkrQ rydkY/ 1922 ckESpfrSpí ]twåvEÅm*sme,f}
wGif owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonf/ aMumfjimvkyfief;ydkif&Sif *Refrmh&Sf
(
)ESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ twåvEÅm*sme,fwGif av;ESpfeD;yg;

tvkyf 0ifvkyf&if; ajcrsufpd xdcdkuf'Pf&m&ojzifh tvkyfrS xGufcJh

onf /
tdrfrSmae&if; pmtkyfrsm;zwf&if; tcsdefukefcJhonf/ cifyGef;onf
u pma&;zdkYtBuHay;onf/ oluvnf;a&;csifaeonf/ olY&ifxJwGif ESpf
aygif;vaygif;rsm;pGmu udef;atmif;aeaom tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh i,fpOf
u rdbawG ajymzefrsm;í Mum;zl;em;,Ofaeaom tar&duefjynfwGif;ppf
taMumif; 0w¬K&SnfBuD;wpfyk'f wpfzGJUwpfEGJU a&;csifaeonf/ odkYjzifha&;
vdkuf zsufvdkuf ypfvdkufjzifhyif q,fESpfumv MumjrifhoGm;onf/ ol
a&;xm;aom pmrlrsm;udkvnf; cifyGef;onfrSvGJí wjcm; rnfolrQ rjy/
1935 ckESpfwGif e,l;a,mhcfNrdKUruúrDvef pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;
ukrÜPDBuD;u 'kOuú|jzpfol? t,f'DwmwpfOD;vnf;jzpfol [m½dk; avorf
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) twåvEÅmNrdKUuav;odkY a&mufvmonf/

rdwfaqGrsm;u [m½dk;avorftm; rm*&ufrpfcs,fESifh awGUqHay;

NyD; rm*&ufrpfcs,f\ pmrlwpfxyfBuD;udkvnf; [m½dk;avorftm;
ZGwftwif; ay;vdkufMuonf/
[m½dk;avorfonf rm*&ufrpfcs,f\ 0w¬KBuD;udkzwfNyD; vufu
rcsEdkifatmif jzpfoGm;onf/ rm*&ufrpfcs,fxHodkY a':vm 5000 wef
csufvufrSwfwpfapmif ydkYvdkufonf/ oHBudK;wpfapmifvnf; ½dkufvdkuf
onf/ pmrludk ol xkwfrnf/
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( ) trnfjzifh rlvZmwfaqmif yifpD tpm;

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BuD;udk xkwfa0vdkufavonf/
pma&;oludk,fwdkifuyif olYpmtkyfudktkyfa&wpfaxmifjynfhatmif
yif a&mif;ukefrnf rxifcJh/ odkYaomfvnf; av½l;okefokefonf yHkESdyfxkwf
a0rIordkif;wGif pHcsdefusdK;cJh&NyD; *,uf½dkufcJh&aom pmtkyf jzpfcJhonf/
oHk;ywftwGif; tkyfa& wpfodef;ckESpfaomif;ausmf a&mif;ukefoGm;cJhNyD;
ajcmufvtwGif; tkyfa& wpfoef;a&mif;cJh&onf/
puúLzHk;? uwfxlzHk;wdkYjzifh trsdK;rsdK; ½dkufESdyfcJh&NyD; tar&duef
wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif a&mif;tpGHqHk; pmtkyftjzpf owif;pm *sme,frsm;\
rsufESmwGif 2 ESpfausmf ae&m,lcJhonf/ 52 ESpftwGif; a&mif;cJh&aom
pmtkyfta&twGufrSm (25)oef; ausmfcJhonf/ urÇmay:wGif ]or®musrf;}
pmtkyfrSvGJvQif apmifa&trsm;qHk; a&mif;cJh&aom pmtkyfrSm ]av½l;
okefokef} yifjzpfonf/
]av½l;okefokef} 0w¬KBuD; xGufaomtcg pmayavmurS 0dkif;0dkif;
vnf csD;usL;cJhMuonf/ av½l;okefokefonf tar&duef0w¬Krsm;xJwGif
tBuD;tus,fqHk; 0w¬K[kvnf;aumif;? tar&duef pmayavmuwGif
]av½l;okefokef}xuf omaom0w¬K r&Sd[kvnf;aumif; csD;usL;cJhMuonf/
urÇmausmf t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; tdyfcsf*sD0Jvf uvnf; tcsdKU
av;pm;xdkufonfh *EÅ0if0w¬K&SnfBuD;rsm;xufyifydkíaumif;rGefygayonf
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tm; aemufausmudk "m;ESix hf ;kd onf0h w¬K? tdraf pta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef;udk
oG,f0dkuftrTef;wifxm;onfh 0w¬K[k qdkcJhMuonf/
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atmifjrifcJhaom 0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'fjzpfcJhonf/ ylvpfZmqkESifh tjcm;pmay
qkrsm; &cJhonf/
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pmrsm;? csD;usL;pmrsm; tMum;wGif at;at;csrf;csrf; raecJh&/ NyD;awmh
36 ESpf[laom touft½G,fuvnf; atmifjrifrItwGuf ,pfrl;p&m
t½G,f r[kwfawmh/
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tcuftcJ &Sdol? tqifrajyol rdwfaqGrsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHhcJhonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ol rnfolrnf0gudk b,fwkef;u b,fvdkaxmufyHhcJhonf?
ulnDcJhonf[kvnf; rnfolYudkrQ wpfcGef;wpfyg'rQ xkwfazmfrajymcJhacs/
þonfuyif ol\ av;pm;p&maumif;onfh tcsufwpfcsuf jzpfí
aeawmhonf/
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pmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0olrsm;u olYtm; pmqufvufa&;yg&ef wdkufwGef;
Muaomfvnf; olu qufí ra&;awmh/
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ae&m&oGm;cJhaom rm*&ufrpfcs,fonf 1949 ckESpf Mo*kwfvxJwGif
,mOfwdkufcH&NyD; aq;½Hkwifvdkuf&onf/ aq;½Hkay:wGif 5 &ufMumrQ
owdarhajrmaecJhonf/ ol aq;½Hkwufaeonf[laom owif;rSm wpf
qifhpum; wpfqifhMum;jzifh ysHUoGm;cJh&m tar&duef wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ae&m
t&yf&yfrS rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;ESifh olYpmzwfy&dowfrsm;u aq;½HkodkY 24
em&DywfvHk; zkef;qufar;Muonf/
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tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;uJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsdK;rsm; yg0ifcJhovdk twåvEÅm tusOf;
axmifrS tusOf;om;rsm;txd yg0ifcJhMuavonf/ olYtwGuf aoG;vSL&Sif
awGuvnf; ra&rwGufEdkif/
rm*&ufrpfcs,f\ xdcdkuf'Pf&mrSm rnfodkYyif BudK;pm;ukocJhMu
aomfvnf; r&awmhojzifh aemufqHk; 1949 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 16 &ufaeY
wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif olYtoufrSm 49 ESpfrQ
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(5)
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)u xdkacwfemrnfBuD;plygpwm;rsm;jzpfMuaom rif;om;?

rif;orD; tausmftarmfrsm;jzifh a':vmaiG 4ç250ç000 ausmf tukef

tuscHNyD; wcrf;wem; &dkuful;cJhonf/ 0w¬Kudk ½kyf½Sif½kduful;onfhtwGuf
pmrlcaiGum; a':vm 50ç000/ xdkaiGrSm 0w¬Ka&;q&mwpfa,muftae
jzifh tjrifhqHk;&onfhaiG jzpfonf/
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tjzpf ADAD,Hav;( )? tuf&Savtjzpf vufpvD [dk0gh'f
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trsK;d orD;ZmwfaqmifqEk iS t hf aumif;qH;k Zmwfum;qkwuYkd kd qGwcf ;l &&Scd o
hJ nf/
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0ifaiG&½SdaomZmwfum;jzpfcJhonf/ jynfwGif;0ifaiGa':vm 76ç700ç000
&&SdcJhNyD; jynfy0ifaiG a':vmaiG 116ç000ç000 &&SdcJhonf/
]av½l;okefokef}½kyf½Sifum;udk 1939 ckESpfwGif ½dkuful;xkwfvkyfcJh
onf/ ½kyf½Sifum; yGJOD;xGuf jyaomaeYudk a*smf*sD,mjynfe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;
rSL;u trsm;jynfoltm;vyf&uftjzpf owfrSwfí aysmfyGJ½TifyGJrsm; jyKvkyf
ay;cJh&m twåvEÅmwpfNrdKUvHk; a[mvd0k'frS xdyfwef;'g½kdufwmrsm;? &kyf&Sif
rif;om;? rif;orD;rsm;? xkwfvkyfolrsm;jzifh MuufysHrus pnfum;cJhonf/
xdak eYute,fe,ft&yf&yfraS eí twåvEÅmNrKd UodaYk &mufvmaom
vlOD;a&rSm twåvEÅmNrdKYwdkufyGJjzpfpOfu tpdk;&ESifholykefwyf tiftm;
ESpf&yfaygif;xufyif rsm;ao;onf[k qdkavonf/
1988 ckESpfxJwGif twåvEÅmNrdKUü av&l;okefokef &kyf&Sifum;
xyfrHjyocJh&m twåvEÅm NrdKUoljrdKUom;rsm;onf ]av&l;okefokef}Zmwf
um;xJrSZmwfaumifrsm; 0wfqifaom 0wfpHkrsm;twdkif; csKyfvkyf0wfqif
um ]av&l;okefokef}Zmwfum;udk vma&mufMunfh&I tm;ay;cJhMuonf
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vmvQif þrQyif ]uJ}Muygayonf/
(6)
]av½l;okefokef}( ) 0w¬KBuD;udk yxrOD;qHk;

taejzifh jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqdkcJholrSm ]w½kwfjynfay:rS Mu,feD}?

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jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhol owif;pmq&m pma&;q&m q&mwifaxG;
jzpfonf/ ]rdk;ESifh avESifh rkefwdk;ESifh}[laom trnfjzifh tusOf;csHKUí
jrefrmbmom jyefqdkcJhNyD; yk*HpmtkyfwdkufrS 1966 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJh
onf /
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1975 ckESpfwGif q&mjroef;wifhu ]av½l;okefokef}trnfjzifh tjynfh
tpHk jrefrmjyefí ÓPfvif;pmayrS ESpfwGJxkwfa0cJhonf/ 2000 jynfhESpf
wGif b0wuúodkvfpmayrS 2 wGJ xyfrH xkwfa0cJhonf/
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awmif;rnf wuJuJ vkyfaeonf/ zD;v'if;u tZpftm; t',fvm

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jyif;jyif;xefxef0ifí oGm;awmhonf/ rpöufrdk;rSm t*Fveftjyefc&D;rSm
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(2)
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uGJjym;rI jyóemrsm;udk bmESifhrQ aygif;ul;ay;í r&Edkif[k oabm
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vnf;aumif;? 1907 ckEpS w f iG f 0w¬Kuvkd nf;aumif;?

1908 ckESpfwGif 0w¬Kudkvnf;aumif;? 1910 ckESpf

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bufrS emrnfBuD;apcJhaom 0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'f jzpfavonf/ azmfpwmtm;
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touf 80 jynfhonfhESpfu usif;yaom ol\ arG;aeYwGif
azmfpwmonf ol\ pmayb0ESifh ywfoufaom pum;wcsKdUudk
rajympzl; ajymcJhavonf/
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aMumifh usKyf pma&;wmyJ? wpfaMumif;u aiG&zdkY? wpfaMumif;u usKyf
av;pm;wJh vlawGqDu av;pm;rIudk jyef&zdkYtwGufygyJ/ NyD;awmh usKyf
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tcsufygyJ}}[k ajymcJhavonf/
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46 ESpfvHk;vHk; bmpmrQ qufra&;awmhbJ 1970 ckESpf ZGefvxJwGif
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82 vif;a0jrdKif
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pwl'D,dkwpfckwGif awmufwdkr,f& tvkyfay;&if; ½kyf&Sifynm oifcJh
onf/ tuif;yg;NyD; xufjrufonf/ jrifvG,f? wwfvG,fojzifh rMumcif
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( ) Zmwfum;udk zvift,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&muf wnf;jzwf

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a':vm oef; 2000 ausmf 0ifaiG&cJhonf/ urÇmausmfZmwfum;wpfum;
jzpfcJhavonf/ a';Apfvif;onf 'g½dkufwmoufwrf; 42 ESpftwGif;
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tyifyef;cHonf? ZGJBuD;onf/ ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;&eftwGuf ol a½G;cs,fonfh
taMumif;t&muvnf; olrsm; rwdkY&Jonfh taMumif;t&mrsdK;jzpfonf/
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udk olYvkyfief;avmuf ta&;rpdkufcJhojzifh tm;vHk; ]wyfvef} cJhMu&
onf/ touf 60 ausmfwGif pE´&ma[mh( )qdkol trsdK;orD;

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avmhpEdk;a'gif;u xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1984 ckESpf 'DZifbmv
xJwGif e,la,muf? avmhtdef*s,fvdESifh wdk,GefwdkNrdKUBuD;rsm;ü ½Hkwifjyo
aomtcg e,la,muf ½kyf&Sifa0zefa&; todkuft0ef;u ]tdEd´,odkY
c&D;wpfacguf} ½kyf&Sifudk xdkESpfwGif taumif;qHk; Zmwfum;tjzpf
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(1)
,l&DZDAm;*dk;onf armfpudkNrdKUae vlcsrf;omrdbrsm;rS aygufzGm;vm

cJhol jzpfonf/ ol touf q,fESpfom;wGif rdcifjzpfol uG,fvGefoGm;cJh
onf/ zcifrSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;rIaMumifh pdwf"mwfusum
udk,fhudk,fudk tqHk;pD&ifoGm;cJhonf/ wpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhaom
t½G,fra&mufao;onfh uav;i,f,l&Dudk zcif\rdwfaqG *½dkrDudkrdom;
pku ac:,l arG;pm;cJhonf/
*½dkrDudk rdom;pkonf aiGaMu;csrf;om½Hkru pdwf&if;oabmxm;
vnf; aumif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ ,l&DUudk om;t&if;ESifhrjcm; jyKpkapmmifh
a&SmufNy;D ynmoifMum;ay;cJoh nf/ ,l&o D nf aq;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf
jzpfvmcJhonf/ tcsdefwefaomtcg arG;pm;rdbrsm;u orD;&if; wdknmESifh
vufqufay;pm;cJhonf/ ,l&Donf wdknmESifh qm&Smtrnf&Sd om;uav;
wpfa,muf xGef;um;cJhonf/
q&m0ef,l&DZDAm;*dk;onf aq;ukvdkuf? uAsma&;vdkufESifh aexdkifcJh
onf/ yxrurÇmppfBuD; ½kwf&uf jzpfyGm;vmaomtcg at;csrf;om,m
onfh olYb0uav;onf ysufpD;oGm;cJhonf/ urÇmppfBuD;onf ,l&Dtm;
tqHk;rJh aMumufrufzG,f cg;oD;&ufpufaom tdyfrufqdkBuD;xJodkY ac:
aqmifí oGm;awmhonf/
,l&DESifh zl;pmvrf; rqHkcJhaomfvnf; b0wpfqpfcsdK; wpfauGUwGif

wdkawmif;cP qHkawGUcJh&olum; vm&m jzpfonf/ vm&monf rdcif
rkqdk;rBuD;ESifhtwl armfpudkNrdKUwGif txnfcsKyfvkyfief;wpfck zGifhvSpfxm;
ol jzpfonf/ vm&mwdkYtdrfodkY uG,fvGefol zcifBuD;\rdwfaqG a&SUae
udkrma&mhpuD;u 0ifxGufoGm;vmaeonf/ vm&m\ rdcifBuD;ESifh NidpGef;
ae&mrS t½G,fa&mufvmaom vm&mbufodkY jr§m;OD;vSnfhvmonf/
vm&mu a&Smifwdrf;aomfvnf; udkrma&mhpuD;\ vuftwGif;rS rvGwf
Edkif jzpfcJh&onf/
vm&mwGif &m'DyGefqdkaom tpfudkwpfa,muf&Sdonf/ &m'DyGefrSm
tNrJvdkvdkyif ta<u;wifaecJh&m olYta<u;rsm;udk ESr vm&mu acs;iSm;
qyf&onf/ vm&monf olYudk csdKifaeaom a&SUaeBuD; udkrma&mhpuD;u
jiif;ojzifh udkrma&mhpuD;udk a'goxGufum aoewfjzifh ypfonf/
uHaumif;axmufrojzifh udkrma&mhpuD;um; rao? vufudkom xdrSef
oGm;cJhonf/ vm&m pdwfua,mifacsmufcsm;jzpfum tonf;toef
jzpfoGm;aomtcg ,l&DZDAm;*dk;u aq;ukoay;cJh&onf/
vm&mwGif cspfol&Sdonf/ ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; yg&Sm qdkol
jzpfonf/ yg&Smonf rD;&xm;tvkyform;wpfOD;\ om;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHa&;
0goemygonf/ vm&mESifh yg&Smonf udkrma&mhpuD;\&efudkaMumufí
tjrefqHk; vufxyfNyD; awmifwef;a'owpfckodkYoGm;um ausmif;q&m?
q&mr vkyfudkifMuonf/ ppfBuD;jzpfyGm;aomtcg yg&Smu ausmif;q&m
tvkyfrSxGufum ppfxJodkY 0ifoGm;onf/ vm&mu ppfolemjyK 0ifvkyf
&if; vifaysmufudk &SmcJhonf/ aemufqHk;wGif yg&Sm a&SUwef;wpfae&mwGif
usqHk;oGm;onf[k owif;Mum;odavrS vm&m vufavQmhvdkufavawmh
onf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif ppfpcef; wpfaeae&mwGif vm&mESifh ,l&DZDAm;*dk;wdkY
rarQmfvifhbJ jyefvnf qHkqnf;cJhMuawmhonf/ tvkyf twlwlvkyf&if;
oHa,mZOfzGJUcsnfrdcJhMuonf/ ,l&DESifhtwl tvkyfvkyfaeaom ppfajrjyif
aq;½Hkuav;rS vm&m xGufcGmaomtcg ,l&Donf &ifxJ[mí usefcJh
&awmhonf/ vm&m r&SdawmhonfhaemufwGif ,&Dvnf; armpudkodkY jyef
vmum rdom;pkESifhtwl aexdkifcJhonf/
86 vif;a0jrdKif
onfvdkESifh 1917 ESpfodkY a&mufvmonf/ abmv&SDApftpdk;&

wyfrsm;u ,l&DwdkYtdrfudk jynfolydkifodrf;vdkufMuaomtcg ,l&DwdkYrdom;pk
rSm tawmf 'ku©a&mufoGm;onf/ q&m0ef q&mrrsm; tvkyfuxGufoGm;
Muaomfvnf; ,l&Du aq;½Hküyif qufvuf vkyfudkifaecJhonf/
armfpudk vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif rNidrfrouf jzpfvmonf/ vlawG
tpm;taomuf cufcJum a&m*gb,awG jzpfyGm;vmNyD; aoaeMuonf/
,l&DwdkYrdom;pkvnf; armfpudkNrdKUawmfudk pGefYum ig;ydodyf ig;csOfodyf
jzpfaeaom rD;&xm;jzifh b½luDEdkqdkonfh awmbufydkif;odkY ajymif;vmcJh
Muonf/ awmt&yfrSmyif qif;qif;&J&J v,f,mvkyfudkif&if; ,l&Donf
uAsmuav; a&;aecJhonf/
vm&m\cifyGef; yg&Smonf wdkufyGJwGif 'Pf&m&NyD; tzrf;cHae
&mrS xGufajy;vmcJhonf/ px&,fnDaumh[laom trnfopfjzifh ,l&D,m
usifa'owGif ppfbuftBuD;tuJwpfa,muf jzpfvmcJhonf/ odkYaomf
vm&mESifhrl tquftoG,frvkyfcJh/
wpfaeY ,l&D awm½GmpmMunfhwdkufuav;odkYtvm vm&mESifhjyef
vnfqHkawGUcJhMuonf/ onfwpfcgawmh olwdkYESpfOD;vHk;yif &ifxJrStcspf
udk rsdKodyfEdkifpGrf; r&SdMuawmh/ rcGJEdkif rcGm&uf jzpfcJhMuonf/ ,l&Donf
ZeD;onfwdknmuwpfzuf? oem;pzG,f vm&muwpfzuf jzpf&awmhonf/
A½luDEdkodkY tjyefvrf;wGif ,l&D tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ abmfv&SDApfwyfrsm;u
olYudka&SUwef;odkY aq;wyfq&m0eftjzpf ydkYvdkufonf/ wpfESpfMumrQ
'ku©rsdK;pHkcHNyD; vkyfudkifay;cJh&onf/ tcGifhomonfh wpfaeYwGif ,l&D
xGufajy;vmcJhonf/ wdknmwdkY om;trdu jyifopfEdkifiHodkY ppfajy;b0jzifh
a&mufaeojzifh ,l&Donf vm&m\ &ifcGifxJodkY jyefvnf wdk;0ifcJhawmh
onf /
xdkumvtwGif; vm&m\cifyGef; yg&Smwpfa,mufvnf; ta&;
edrfhvmonf/ vm&mESifh ,l&DwdkY\ tajctaerSmvnf; raumif;awmh/
udkrma&mhpuD;rSmvnf; ta&;ygaom 0efBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvmNyD; ,l&DESifh
vm&mudk qdkufab;&D;,m;odkY ac:oGm;onf/ Avm'DaAmhpawmhodkY a&muf
vQif ,l&Du jyifopfjynfodkY qufxGufcGmoGm;&rnf[k tusyfudkifonf/
tajctaeu jiif;qefr&awmhojzifh ,l&DESifh vm&monf udkrma&mhpuD;

\ tpDtpOfudk vufcHvdkuf&awmhonf/ udkrma&mhpuD;u vm&mudk
tvsif a c:xk w f o G m ;onf / ,l & D u vm&mtwG u f pd w f a t;oG m ;NyD ;
rdom;pk&Sd&m jyifopfodkYvnf; roGm;awmhbJ armfpudkNrdKUüyif aexdkifcJh
awmhonf/
,l&Donf wjznf;jznf;pdwf"gwfusqif;vmum q&m0eftvkyfudk
pGefYvTwfNyD; uAsmrsm;udkom a&;aecJhawmhonf/ rm&Demqdkol trsdK;orD;
wpfOD;ESifhxyfNyD; tdrfaxmifusonf/ uav;ESpfa,muf&onf/ nD0rf;uGJ
wpfa,muf\ wdkufwGef;rIjzifh aq;½HkwGif jyefvnftvkyfvkyfcJhonf/
1929 ckESpfwGif olYtouf 40 jynfhcJhonf/ usef;rma&; tajctaeu
raumif;awmh/ wpfaeY NrdKUxJwGif bwfpfum;pD;oGm;&if; vm&mudk jrifí
um;ay:rS ajy;tqif; ESv;kH aoG;&yfum vrf;ay:rSmyif uG,v f eG of mG ;awmh
onf/ ol\ vufqGJtdwfxJwGif uAsmpm½Gufrsm;udk awGU&onf/
b0wpfavQmufvHk; uHraumif;cJhaom vm&mrSmvnf; ,l&DESifh
cGJcGmvm&aomtcg olY0rf;xJwGif ,l&D\ &ifaoG;uav; ygvmcJhonf/
xkduav;udk qdkufab;&D;,m;wGif arG;NyD; tyfESHxm;cJhonf/ vm&monf
,l&D\tokbodkY ta&mufvmcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf rarQmfvifhyJaysmufuG,f
oGm;cJhonf/ qdkAD,uftusOf;pcef;wpfckxJodkY a&mufoGm;um tusOf;
axmifxJrSmyif aoqHk;oGm;onf[k owif;oJhoJh Mum;&avonf/
,l&DESifh vm&mwdkY\ orD;uav; wmnmrSm pmrwwf? ayrwwf
b0jzifh avvGifhol jzpfoGm;onf/ ,l&D\nD AdkvfcsKyfu wlruav;udk
&SmazGawGU&aomtcg rdwqdk; zwqdk;uav;twGuf 0rf;enf;0rf;om
jzpf&avonf/
(2)
]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}(
)0w¬KBuD;onf uG,fvGefol

½k&Spma&;q&mBuD; ]abm&pfpfygpwmnuf}( )\ ordkif;

armfuGef;0if 0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'f jzpfonf/ ,l&DZDAm*dk; uav;b0rS uG,fvGef

onfh 1929 ckESpftxd umvudk aemufcHa&;jc,fxm;onf/ abmfv&SD
88 vif;a0jrdKif
ApfwdkY\ awmfvSefa&;ay: raumif;jrifa&;zGJUxm;ojzifh ygpwmnuf

crsm wpfoufvHk; rsufESmaumif; r&cJh/ pmayEdkA,fqk csD;jr§ifhcHcJh&aomf
vnf; pGefYvTwfaMumif; aMunmcJh&onf/
ygpwmnufonf armfpudkZmwdjzpfNyD; 1890 jynfhESpfwGif arG;
zGm;cJhonf/ yef;csDq&mzcifESifh pE´&m;q&mr rdcifu arG;zGm;cJhaom
ygpwmnufonf i,fpOfu *Dworm; jzpfcsifcJhaomfvnf; xdkpdwful;udk
aemuftcg pGefYvTwfcJhonf/ 1912 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfodkY a&mufaom
tcg 'óeduaA'bmom&yfudk txl;jyKavhvmcJhonf/ i,fpOfu ajc
axmufwpfzuf roefpGrf;ojzifh ppfrIrxrf;cJh&/ ,l&,fawmifwef;a'o
wGif "mwkaA'puf½Hkwpf½Hkü pma&;tvkyf vkyfcJhonf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif
uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om;xkwfa0cJhao;onf/ ynma&;0efBuD;|me
vufatmufwGif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhNyD; 1923 ckESpfwGif
tdrfaxmifuscJhonf/
ygpwmnuf o nf td k v *gtd k i f A if p um,mqd k o l uav;ES p f
a,muftarrkqdk;rESifhvnf; NidcJhao;onf/ tdkv*gonf ygpwmnufESifh
ywfoufí ESpfBudrftzrf;cHcJh&onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf
tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ ygpwmnuftm; NAdwdoQolvQdK[k xGufqdkcdkif;cJh&m tdkv
*gujiif;í axmifxJwGif 5 ESpfMumaexdkifcJh&onf/ ygpwmnuf qHk;yg;
NyD; aemufwpfBudrf a'gufwmZDAm*dk;0w¬KBuD;tm; olra&;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
e,fESifcHcJh&onf/ tdkv*gonf ]tcsdef\ tusOf;om;}(
)trnfjzifh udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwåd pmtkyfwpftkyfa&;cJh&m xdkpmtkyfudk

]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}0w¬KBuD;tm; ½k&SbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefqdkcJh

aom bmomjyefq&mBuD; rufqfa[;0yfuyif ½k&SrS t*FvdyfbmomodkY
jyefqdkcJhNyD; 1977 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/
1953 ckESpfwGif pwmvif uG,fvGefoGm;aomtcg wif;rmrIrsm;
tawmftoifh avsmhenf;oGm;ojzifh ygpwmnufonf ]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}
0w¬KpmrlBuD;udk pmay*sme,fjzpfonfh odkY ay;ydkYcJh&m pmrludk

ra½G;yJ pmrsufESm 30 ygonfh xkacsvTmawmif;pmBuD;udk &cJhavonf/

ygpwmnufu pmom;tcsdKUudk jzKwfay;cJhaomfvnf; xkwfa0cGifhr& jzpf

aepOf tDwvDrS vuf0Jpmtkyfxkwfa0ol z,fvfx&De,fvDu tDwvDodkY
,loGm;NyD; 1957 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uftmPmydkifwdkY wm;onfhMum;uyif
xkwfa0vdkufavonf/ ]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}0w¬Kxkwfa0tNyD;wGif z,fvf
x&De,fvDvnf; tDwvD uGefjrLepfygwDrS tNyD;tydkifvrf;cGJoGm;onf/
1958 ckESpfwGif ]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}0w¬K t*FvdyfbmomjyefxGuf
vmcJhNyD; xdkESpfrSmyif qGD'iftu,f'rDtoif;BuD;u pmayEdkb,fvfqk
csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ ygpwmnufu pmayEdkb,fvfqk csD;jr§ifhonfhtwGuf
0rf;om*kPf,laMumif; aMu;eef;jyefcJhaomfvnf; qkr,lvdkawmhaMumif;
taMumif;Mum;cJh&onf/ urÇmausmfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;u qdkAD,uftm
Pmydkifrsm;\ vkyf&yfudk 0dkif;0ef;uefYuGufcJhMuonf/
]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}0w¬KBuD;udk a[mfvefEdkifiHrS ½k&Sbmomjzifh
tkyfa& 500 omxkwfa0NyD; a[mfvefa&muf ½k&StrsdK;om;rsm;tm; tcrJh
jzefYcsdcJhonf/ a'gufwmZDAm*dk;0w¬KBuD;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHü 1988ckESpf
txd ½k&Sbmomjzifh xkwfa0cGifhr&cJhonfh ½k&SvlrsdK;wdkY zwfcGifhr&cJhaom
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ½k&S0w¬KBuD;wpfyk'f jzpfcJhonf/ ygpwmnufonf ]a'guf
wmZDAm*d;k }0w¬KBu;D tjyif

ESihf
ponfh 0w¬Kwdk&Snfrsm;

tjyif uAsmrsm;? bmomjyefrsm;a&;cJhNyD; 1960 jynfhESpfwGif pdwfaomu

a0'em? uifqma&m*gwdkY'Pfjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/
(3)
urÇmausmf 'g½dkufwmBuD; a';Apfvif; ( ) onf 1963

ckESpfwGif Oa&myodkY c&D;oGm;&if; oabFmay:wGif ]a'gufwmZDAm*dk;}0w¬K

BuD;udk zwfNyD; pdwftBuD;tus,f xdcdkufum rsuf&nfuscJh&onf[kqdk
onf/ rif;orD;BuD; qdkzD,mavm&ifhpf\cifyGef; tDwvD½kyf&Sifxkwfvkyfol
olaX; umvdkyGefwD( )u a'gufwmZDAm*dk;0w¬KBuD;udk a':vm

7 odef;cGJay;í 0,f,lum urÇmausmf'g½dkufwmBuD; a';Apfvif;ESifh ½dkuf

ul;cJhonf/ ZmwfñTef; a&mbwfbdk;vfxf? "mwfyHk z&uf'D,ef;? *DwrSL;
90 vif;a0jrdKif
arm&pf*smwdkYu toD;oD; wm0ef,lcJhMuonf/ ZmwfñTef;wpfckwnf;udk

yif 6 vMum pdwfwdkif;us a&;apcJhonf/ a'gufwmZDAm*dk; ½kyf&Sifudk
1964 ckESpf 'DZifbm 28 &ufaeYrS pwif½dkuful;cJh&m 1965 ckESpf atmuf
wdkbmv 7 &ufaeYrSyif NyD;pD;cJhawmhonf/ vltiftm; 5000 ausmf
xnfhoGif; ½dkuful;cJh&onf/ 1914 ckESpfu armfpudkNrdKUudk pydefjynf
r'&pfNrdKUESifhvnf;aumif; qdkufab;&D;,m;a'oudk ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef; rdkif
100 a'owdkYESifhvnf;aumif; qufwifrsm; tukeftuscH aqmufvkyfNyD;
½dkuful;cJhonf/ zifvefESifh uae'gEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&muf½dkuful;
cJhonf/
a'gufwmZDAm*dk;Zmwfum;BuD;twGuf xkwfvkyfol umvdkyGefwDESifh
'g½dkufwmBuD; a';Apfvif;wdkYrSm tawmfBuD; 'ku©cH ½dkuful;xkwfvkyfcJh
Mu&onf/ 1914 ckESpfu armfpudkNrdKUawmfESifh wpfyHkpHwnf;wlonfh
NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUudk pydefEdkifiH? r'&pfNrdKUBuD;wGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/ quf
wifNrdKUawmfBuD;wGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;? &JXme? ukefpHkqdkifrsm; yg0ifonfh
taqmufttHk 56 vHk;udk aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ 1914 ckESpfu ½k&SEdkifiH
wGif ajy;qGJcJhaom "mwf&xm;rsm;twGuf t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd rD;&xm;ukrÜPD
wpfckudk iSm;&rf;aqmufvkyfapcJhonf/ qufwifpkpkaygif; 117 ck
aqmufvkyfcJh&m xdkYtwGuf qufwifbdk;aiG a':vmaiG 11 250 000
cefY ukefuscJh&onf/
ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom *½dkrDudk\ aEG&moDpHtdrfuav;udk
½dkufMuaomtcg pydefEdkifiH\ aqmif;&moDwGif yef;wpfyGifhrQ ryGifhacs/
xdkYaMumifh a[mfvefEdkifiHrS 'ufz'D;vfyef;yif 70 000 udk pydefodkY

oabFmESifh wifum o,faqmifcJh&onf/ Zmwf0ifcef;xJü ,l&DZDAm*dk;u

vm&mudk yef;cif;BuD;xJwGif cspfa&;qdkonfh 3 rdepfomMumonfh tcef;u
av;wpfcef;twGuf a':vm 550 000 ukefuscJh&onf[k 'g½dkufwmBuD;

a';Apfvif;u xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf/
tppt&m&mwGif wdusaocsmaom 'g½dkufwmBuD; a';Apfvif;
onf tqdkyg Zmwfum;BuD;twGuf tBuHay;yk*¾dKvf 15 OD;? abmfv&SDApf
awmfvSefa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&ef okawoerSL;
23 a,mufcefY xm;½dkuful;cJhonf[k qdkygonf/ 31 em&Dpm &Snfvsm;

aom Zmwfum;zvifxkyfBuD;udk zvift,f'Dwm 6 OD;ESifh 3 vMum
pdwfwdkif;us wnf;jzwfcJhonf/ a';Apfvif;onf udk,fwdkifu zvif
t,f ' D w m b0rS 'g½d k u f w m jzpf v mol j zpf N yD ; zvif w nf ; jzwf o l
t,f'Dwm taejzifhvnf; atmfpum tu,f'rD 2 Budrf &cJhzl;ol jzpf
onf /
]a'gufwm ZDAm*dk;}Zmwfum;BuD;wGif ,l&DZDAm*dk;tjzpf tdkrm&S&pf
( )? vm&mtjzpf *sLvDc&pöwD(

)? wdknmtjzpf

*sm&,f'if;csuyf vif( )? yg&Smtjzpf wGru f w k w

f ae(

)? tD*&pfZAD m*d;k tjzpf tvuf*if;epf(

)? udrk ma&mh
tjzpf a&mhpfpwdef;*sm;( )?tvufZE´m;*½krd u D tkd jzpf&yf&pfcswf
qif( )? wdn
k mtjzpf &Dwmwl½iS *f rf(
)wdYk

yg0ifo&kyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif 1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif &kHwif
jyocJhNyD; t*FvefEdkifiHü 1966 ckESpf {NyDvwGif &kHwifjyocJhonf/ jyo
csdef rdepf 180 &Sdaom a'gufwmZDAm*dk;&kyf&Sifonf 1966 xJwGifyif
taumif;qHk;ZmwfnTef;? "mwfyHk? aw;*Dw? 0wfpHkESifh tEkynmñTefMum;rI
atmfpumqkrsm; &&SdcJhonf/
(4)
ygpwmnuf\ 0w¬K a'gufwmZDAm*dk;onf 0w¬Ktaejzifhvnf;
bmomaygif; 28 bmomjzifh jyefqdkxkwfa0cJh&onfhenf;wl ½kyf½Siftjzpf
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102 vif;a0jrdKif
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(2)
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(2)
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aemufrBudKufao;í tptqHk; wwd,tBudrf jyefa&;onf/ tcsdKUtcef;

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½kdufaom ½kyf½Sifudk MunfhMu&aomtcg ZmwfñTef;q&m rSefonf[k
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&onfh vufaxmufrsm;udk cefYxm;avh½SdMuonf/
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&SdrnfqdkonfrSm awG;Munfh&efyif rvG,fulaom udpöjzpfcJhonf/
pma&;q&m tawmfrsm;rsm;yif a[mvD;0k'f xkwfvkyfolrsm; ay;
onfh aiGaMu;'Pfudk rcHEdkifMuacs/ aiGudk yufyufpufpuf ay;Muojzifh
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rsm;\ Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk pmtdwfudk azmufzwfjcif;yif rjyKbJ ay;ydkYolrsm;
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vnf; ygoGm;Edkifav&m epfemrI tawmf&SdcJhMurnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
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atmifjrifrnf[kom xifwpfvHk; jzpfaeMuonf/ pma&;q&mwpfa,muf
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jyifxm;Mu&aomaMumifhyif/
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udk tm;vHk;xkdifí apmifhaeMu&onf/
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um xkwfvkyfol ]qrf pyD*,f}( )udk h h h

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rS awmifwpfawmifudk vufñdSK;xdk;í ajymvdkufonf/
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quf½dkuf&rnfh tcef;udk ol b0rus/ xdkYtwGuf xdkifpOf;pm;aecJhjcif;

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rsm; ajym&rnfh pum;pmom;rsm;ESifh Zmwfaqmifrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI trl
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½kyf&SifxJwGif xnfhoGif;½dkuful;onf/ aemufrS pma&;q&mu MunfhNyD;
Zmwfvrf; zefwD;&wwfonf/
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qdkonfudk t&ifqHk; pOf;pm;&awmhonf/ p&dwf oufoufomomESifh

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pOf;pm;onf/ þZmwfum;rsdK;onf t½HI;ay:cJhzl;ovm; jyefawG;onf/
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&rnfenf;/ olwdkYudk iSm;vQif aiGtb,frQ ukefusrnfenf;/ qufwif
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olYtwGuf jyóem&Sdonf/
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½Hk;rsm;u csKyfudkifxm;onf/ tcsdKU pwl'D,dkrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;udk
a[mvD;0k'f ½Hk;rsm;u csKyfudkifxm;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H xkwfvkyfolonf
olvdktyfonfh aiGaMu;yrmPudk e,la,muf&Sd ½Hk;rsm;rS jynfhjynfh00
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onf o½kyaf qmif rif;om; rif;orD;xuf Zmwfvrf;udo k m ydí
k t"duxm;
wwfMuonf/ a':vm 500000 ywf0ef;usifavmufom tukeftus
cHNyD; Zmwfum;wpfum;udk xkwfvkyfvdkMuNyD; tjrwf&SmMuavh&Sdonf/
aiGaMu; enf;enf;jzifh xkwfvkyfaom Zmwfum;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfcgwpfcg
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rnfvm;? r0,fbJ ae&vQif aumif;rnfvm;[k rwifrus jzpfwwf
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170 vif;a0jrdKif
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0w¬K Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk wu,fwrf;rSm 0,f,lzkdY qHk;jzwf&rnfholrSm
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qHk;jzwfvdkufaomtcg xkwfvkyfolu pma&;q&mudk a':vm 500 rS
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aiGudk pwl'D,dku ay;acs&onf/
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Zmwfvrf;ESifh vdkufzufonfh 'g½dkufwmtm; &SmazGa&;onf olYtzdkY
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q&mudk &Sm&awmhonf/ ZmwfñTef;a&;olu Zmwfvrf;udkvnf; BudKufNyD;
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ZmwfñTef;a&;q&mu ol\ ZmwfñTef;udk wpfcef;NyD; wpfcef;
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trnfpm&if;ESifh "mwfyHkrsm;ygonfh pmtkyfpmwrfrsm;udkvnf; Munfh½I&
onf/ olpdwful;&onfh rif;om; rif;orD; o½kyfaqmifrsm;udk awGUvQif
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ZmwfñeT ;f Ny;D pD;aomtcg xkwv f yk o

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ay;onf/ pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; jznfhpGufay;onf/ xkwfvkyfolu wpfaeY
wnf; twGif;rSmyif ZmwfñTef;a&;q&mESifh awGUonf/ 'g½dkufwmESifh
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topfaqmufvkyfxm;onfh qufwifodkY oGm;Munfhonf/ xdkYaemuf
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udk pmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjya&;twGuf wm0efay;xm;ol
ESifh vkyfief;udpö qHkawGUrnf/
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olYudk ½kyf&SifZmwfum; acgif;pD;u aysmhaeonf[k qdkonf/ aemufwpf
a,mufu p&dwyf o kd ufomatmif ydek ;D onfah e&m&Sm½du
k v f Qif rjzpfb;l vm;
[k ajymonf/
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172 vif;a0jrdKif
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rpcifntxd NyD;qHk;jcif; r&Sdao;/
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yef;pnf;wpfpnf; rif;orD;xHodkY ydkYvdkfufonf/ yg0ifo½kyfaqmifrnfh
rif;om;ESifh awGUqHk vufqGJEIwfqufonf/ eHeuf (9) em&DwGif 0w¬KrS
½kyf&SifodkY ul;ajymif;onfh tvkyfonf pwifcJhawmhonf/ xdkumvonf
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rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;ESifh tBudrfBudrf awGUqHk aqG;aEG;cJh&onf/ Zmwf
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wpfa,mufyifru ESpfa,mufyif jzpfcsifjzpfaewwfonf/ ZmwfñTef;udk
vnf; jyifqifa&;cdkif;cJh&onf/ Zmwfum;acgif;pD;udkvnf; ajymif;vJcJh
&onf/ ukefusp&dwfudkvnf; ig;Budrfavmuf jyifqifa&;qGJay;cJh&onf/
0wfpHk'DZkdifem qufwif'DZdkifemwdkYESifhvnf; tBudrfBudrf awGUqHkcJh&onf/
Oa&myodkYvnf; ESpfBudrfxGufí rif;om; rif;orD; &SmyHkawmf zGifhcJh&onf/
e,la,mufodkYvnf; av;ig;BudrfoGm;NyD; olxkwfvkyfrnfh Zmwfum;
twGuf ajymqdk aqG;aEG; jiif;cHk cJh&onf/ ½kyf&SifZmwfum; oGm;a&muf
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pOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;í aecsifaerdayrnf/
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ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&ef olonf teD;tem;wGif &Sdaeayrnf/ jyóemuvnf;
tcsdeftcgra½G;? ae&mra½G;rS ay:aygufEdkifonf/ o½kyfaqmifrif;om;
wpfOD;u olajym&rnfh pum;udk oabmrusí rajymcsif jzpfaernf/
tjcm;wpfa,mufu olt Y 0wftpm;vJcef;rSmat;vGe;f aeonf[k qdrk nf/
tjcm;wpfa,mufu xkwfvkyfoludk tjcm;[dkw,f tcef;wpfcef;wGif

oGm;aecsifygonf[k qdkrnf/
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wpfum; ½kduful;cJh&m v,fawmtwGif;rS MuufoHrsm; qlnHaeojzifh
½kyf&Sif½dkufí rjzpfEdkifatmif jzpfcJh&onf/ xdktcg xkwfvkyfolu
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taumif tm;vHk;udk rwefwq aps;BuD;ay;í 0,fypfvdkufjcif;yif jzpf
awmhonf/
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rS aMumifrsm; qlnHaeojzifh &pfcswfbmwefESifh t,fvDZbufawvm
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avmuf &yfem;NyD;rS aMumifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifcJhonf/
wpfem&D ½dkufuGif;&yfem;vdkuf&ojzifh ukrÜPDonf a':vm 17000 cefY
p&dwfukefusoGm;cJhonf[k qdk\/
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aMumifhvnf; jyóemjzpf&onf/ t&m0w¬KaMumifhvnf; jyóemwuf&
onf/ &moDOwkaMumifhvnf; jyóemBuHK&onf/ wpfcgwpf&H a&BuD;í
aernf/ wpfcgwpf&H EdkifiHa&; tajctaeuvnf; taESmifhft,Sufay;
csifay;aewwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H vlawG aexdkifraumif; jzpfcsifjzpf
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xkwfvkyfol\ tay:odkY yHkusavawmhonf/ jyóemtm;vHk;udk xkwf
vkyfolu ajz&Sif;ay;&avawmhonf/
½kyf&SifZmwfum; ½dkuful;NyD;pD;aomtcg xkwfvkyfol\tvkyfonf
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xdkYaemufwGif oDcsif;a&;q&mtm; oDcsif;a&;cdkif;NyD; toHoGif;&onf/
xdkYaemufwGif vdktyfonfh toHrsm; jznfhpGufay;&onf/
174 vif;a0jrdKif
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rsm; vdkao;vQif xyfrHwnf;jzwfMu&jyefonf/
aemufqHk;tqifhtaejzifh xkwfvkyfolonf ol\ Zmwfum;a&mif;
&a&;twGuf vHk;yef;&onf/ ½kyf&SifZmwfum; wpfaumfyDudk oDwif;ywf
wpfywfESpfywfMum ½Hkwifjyonf/ ½kyf&Sif½Hku xdkokdYjyoonfhtwGuf
xk w f v k y f o l u uk r Ü P D t m; tcaMu;aiG ay;&onf / Zmwf u m;u
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onf/ tu,fí Zmwfum;u nHhaevQif xkwfvkyfolonf Zmwfum;
topf &Sm&awmhrnfjzpfonf/
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jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfaewwfMuonf/
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ukrÜPDu a½G;cs,fay;xm;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk Zmwfum;jzpfatmif
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tb,frQ &SmazGay;Edkifoenf; [laom tcsuftay:wGif wnfonf/
a':vm 20 000 000 0ifaiG&Sdaomxkwfvkyfolonf olvkyfcsifwmrSefo

rQudk vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&aom xkwfvkyfolrsdK;jzpfonf/ a':vm 70 000cefY

om0ifaiG&Sdaom xkwfvkyfolonf pwl'D,dk tay:wGif MoZmrvTrf;rdk;Edkif

aom xkwfvkyfoljzpfonf/
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upm; Zmwfvrf;aumif;NyD; emrnfBuD;o½kyfaqmifrsm;yg0ifrnfqdkvQif
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aomfvnf; Zmwfum;rsm;udk qufvuf½dkuful;MuqJjzpfonf/ Zmwfum;
wpfum;ut½HI;ay:aomfvnf; (15)um;(25)um;u tjrwfaiGay:cJhMu
onf/ xkwfvkyfolwpfa,mufonf wpfywfvQif a':vm 5000txd
0ifaiG &Muonf/
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ဂန္တဝင်ဝတ္ထု ဂန္တဝင်ရုပ်ရှင်

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ဂန္တဝင်ဝတ္ထု ဂန္တဝင်ရုပ်ရှင်

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