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1|Page
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2|Page
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tar&duef? uae'g? udkvHbD,m ESifh Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwdkYrS {nfhonfyifaygifupm;orm;rsm;udk awGUqHk{nfhcHcJhonf/ csL u
tar&duefpm;yGJwifwif;epfupm;orm;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkcJhpOf? ]]cifAsm;wdkY[m tar&duefjynfolawGeJU w½kwfjynfolawG&JU t
Mum; ESpfzufqufqHa&;rSm ordkif;0iftcef;u@opfwpfckudk zGifhvSpfrSmjzpfw,f}} [k ajymMum;cJhonf/ odkYjzifh
yifaygifoHwrefa&;onf ydkrdkyDjyifvmcJhonf/ tqdkyg{nfhcHyGJjyKvkyfNyD;? em&Dtenf;i,ftMumwGif tar&duefor®wepfqif
onf w½kwfEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdkYrIrsm;tm; avQmhcsaMumif; xkwfjyefcJhonf/

rmudkydkvdk ac: [ife&Dupfqif;*sm;

1971 ckESpf {NyDvukefydkif;wGif w½kwfEdkifiHonf ygupöwefEdkifiHrSwqifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY taMumif;Mum;pmay;ydkYcJh
onf/ tqdkygpmwGif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHtaejzifh? tar&duefor®w\ txl;udk,fpm;vS,f odkYr[kwf tar&duefEdkifiH
jcm;a&;0efBuD; odkYr[kwf tar&duefor®wudk,fwdkif vma&mufvnfywfjcif;udk vufcH&ef tqifoifh&SdaMumif; xkwfazmfa&;
om;cJhonf/ tar&duefor®wepfqifonf 1971 ckESpf arvwGif w½kwfEdkifiHrSpmudk vufcH&&SdaMumif;ESifh olUtaejzifh
ayusif;NrdKUodkY cspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;zdwfMum;jcif;udk vufcH&eftqifoifh&SdygaMumif;? csLtifvkdif; odkYr[kwf tjcm;
tqifhjrifhw½kwfacgif;aqmif ESifh upfqif;*sm;wdkYtMum; vQKdU0SuftBudKñSdEdIif;rIrsm;jyKvkyfEdkif&ef tqdkjyKaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/
tar&duefor®w&pfcsufepfqif (Richard M. Nixon)\ trsKd;om;vHkNcHKa&;tBuHay;yk*¾dKvf [ife&Dupfqif;*sm;onf
1971 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif ygupöwefEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ tqdkygc&D;pOftwGif; aexdkifraumif;onfh taMumif;jy
csufjzifh aysmufaecsdefwGif [ife&Dupfqif;*sm;onf vQKdU0Suftrnf rmudkydkvdk [k ay;xm;onfh xdyfwef;vQKdU0Suftqifhjrifh
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk OD;aqmifí 1971 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 9 &uf rS 11 &uftwGif;? w½kwfEdkifiH? ayusif;NrdKUodkY vQKdU0SufoGm;
a&mufcJhNyD;? w½kwf0efBuD;csKyfcsLtifvdkif;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ Zlvdkifv 15 &ufaeYwGif w½kwf-tar&duefESpfEdkifiH

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oabmwlaMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ygupöwefEdkifiHESifhtwl ½kdar;eD;,m;EdkifiHonfvnf; tar&duef-w½kwfqufqHa&;
xlaxmifrIwGif Mum;cHaqmif½Gufay;cJhonf/
tar&duefor®wBuD;&pfcsufepfqifonf 1971 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 15 &ufaeYwGif upfqif;*sm;\ w½kwfEdkifiHc&D;pOfudk
urÇmodkY xkwfazmfajymjycJhNyD;? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHu olYtm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef zdwfMum;rIudk &&SdaMumif; ESifh tqdk
ygzdwfMum;rIudk olu oabmwlvufcHcJhaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ odkYjzifh yifaygifoHwrefa&;onf tar&duefESifhw½kwfEdkifiH
tMum; ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmf jywfawmufaecJhaom qufqHa&;udk jyefvnfaumif;rGefEdkif&ef vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf/ epfqif\
pum;aMumifh urÇmw0Srf;tHhMowkef vIyfcJhMu&onf/

oHwrefqufqHa&;xlaxmifjcif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifhw½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHwdkYonf oHwrefqufqHa&;xlaxmifonfh yl;wGJaMunmcsufudk 1979
ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif xkwfjyefcJhonf/ tqdkygyl;wGJaMunmcsufwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf w½kwfjynfolY
or®wEdkifiHtm; w½kwfEdkifiH\ wpfckwnf;aomw&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/ w½kwfEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwnf;rl0g'udk
vufcHcJhNyD;? xdkif0rfuRef;udk w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiH\tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
taejzifh? xdkif0rfuRef;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI? ukefoG,fa&; ESifh tpdk;&tqifhr[kwfaom qufqHa&;rsm;om jyKvkyfrnfjzpfaMumif;
yl;wGJaMunmcsufwGif azmfjycJhonf/
1979 ckESpf rwfv 1 &ufaeYrSpwifí w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHESifhtar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdkYonf oHtrwfBuD;
tqifhtwef;&Sd oH½kH;rsm; tjyeftvSefzGifhvSpf&ef oabmwlNyD;aMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ ESpfEdkifiHoHwrefqufqHa&;xlaxmifjcif;
onf ESpfEdkifiHjynfolrsm;twGufomru? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhtm&Sa'oNidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf ta&;ygaom tajymif;tvJ
BuD;wpfckjzpfcJhonf/

ed*Hk;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifhw½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHwdkYrS xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm; tjyeftvSeftvnftywfc&D; rMumcP
oGm;a&mufjcif;onf tar&duefESifhw½kwfESpfEdkifiHwnf;twGufomru? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdkYtwGuf
vnf; rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdEdkifonf[k urÇmhta&;avhvmqef;ppfolrsm;u ,lqMuonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ESifh w½kwfjynf
olUor®wEdkifiHwdkYonf tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrI? tjyeftvSefem;vnfrIwdkYtay: tajccHNyD;? ESpfzuftusKd;wljzpfay:wdk;wufrI
rsm;qD OD;wnfonfh olomudk,fomrl0g' udk udkifpGJxm;Muonf/ bm;&uftdkbm;rm; ESifh [lusifawmifwdkYonf yGifhvif;
vGwfvyfaomvlUtzGJUtpnf;qDodkY OD;wnfa&GUvsm;MurnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf/ odkYaomf enf;AsL[muGJjym;rIrsm;tMum;wGif
tdkbm;rm;ESifh[lusifawmifwdkY\ r[mAsL[mvGefqGJyGJonf urÇmBuD;udk ydkrdkNidrf;csrf;<u,f0aomtpGef;qDodkY qGJac:oGm;zdkYom
arQmfvifh&onf/ xdktajctaewGif tm&Stcif;tusif;onf rnfonfhzufodkYrS ododomom r,drf;r,dkif? ydkaeNrJusm;aeNrJ
taetxm;wGifyif &SdaeOD;rnfjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyfrdygonf/

w½kwfEkdifiHa&muftar&duefor®wBuD;rsm;
w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHodkY yxrqHk; w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;oGm;a&mufcJhaom tar&duefor®wrSm 1969
ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &uf rS 1974 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 9 &ufaeYtxd tdrfjzLawmfwGif or®wwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom 37
OD;ajrmuf tar&duefor®wBuD;&pfcsufepfqif (Richard M. Nixon) jzpfNyD;? 1972 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 21 &uf rS 28
&ufaeYtxd w½kwfEdkifiHodkY tvnftywfoGm;a&mufcJhonf/
1974 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 9 &ufaeY rS 1977 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYtxd tdrfjzLawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh
aom 38 OD;ajrmuf tar&duefor®wBuD; *s&,ftmzdkY'f (Gerald R. Ford) onf 1975 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 1 &ufaeY rS 5
&ufaeYtxd? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? ayusif;NrdKUodkY w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
tar&duefor®wBuD; a&mfe,f&D*if (Ronald Reagan) onf 1984 ckESpf {NyDv 26 &uf rS arv 1 &ufaeYtxd
w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;oGm;a&mufcJhNyD;? ayusif;NrdKU? &Sef[dkif;NrdKU ESifh ZD,efNrdKUrsm;
odkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhonf/ &D*ifonf 1981 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeY rS 1989 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYtxd
tdrfjzLawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom av;q,fOD;ajrmuf tar&duefor®wBuD;jzpfonf/
1989 Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeY rS 1993 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYtxd tdrfjzLawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom
av;q,fhwpfOD;ajrmuf tar&duefor®wBuD; a*smh&Sfbkcsf (George Bush) onf 1989 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 25 &uf rS 27
&uftwGif; w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
1993 Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeY rS 2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYtxd tdrfjzLawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom
av;q,fhESpfOD;ajrmuf tar&duefor®wBuD; 0DvsHa*suvifwef (William J. Clinton) onf 1998 ckESpf ZGefv 25 &uf rS
Zlvdkif 3 &uftwGif; w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D;oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

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 tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ or®wBuD;rsm;wGif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY tBudrfBudrfoGm;a&mufcJholrSm 2001 ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeY rS 2009 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYtxd tdrfjzLawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom av;q,fhoHk;OD;
ajrmuftar&duefor®wBuD; a*smh'AvQLbkcsf (George W. Bush) jzpfonf/ olonf 2001 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm 18 &uf rS
21 &uftwGif; yxrtBudrf? 2002 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 21 &uf ESifh 22 &ufwGif 'kwd,tBudrf? 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 19 &uf rS
21 &uftwGif; wwd,tBudrf? 2008 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 8 &uf rS 11 &uftwGif; aemufqHk;tBudrf? w½kwfEdkifiHodkY
w&m;0ifcspfMunfa&;tvnftywfc&D; oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

tudk;tum;
www.wikipedia.org
www.chinadaily.com
www.whitehouse.gov

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