Radiation in Case of Fire in Tank Farms

DIPTEM DIPTEM
Universit Universit di Genova di Genova

Giornata UIT antincendio,
Modena, 26 giugno 2007
Pag. 1 / 40
Radiation evaluation for safety system design
in case of fire in tank farms
The solid flame model and some considerations on
CFD results
Universit Universit degli studi di Genova degli studi di Genova
DIPTEM, Dipartimento di Ingegneria della DIPTEM, Dipartimento di Ingegneria della
produzione, produzione, Termoenergetica Termoenergetica e Modelli e Modelli
Matematici Matematici
M.Fossa M.Fossa Giornata UI T dell Giornata UI T dell ingegneria antincendio ingegneria antincendio
Modena 26 giugno 2007 Modena 26 giugno 2007
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 2 / 40
PRESENTATI ON CONTENTS
PRESENTATI ON CONTENTS
1.
1.
The
The
Department of Production, Thermal Energy and
Department of Production, Thermal Energy and
Mathematical Models,
Mathematical Models,
Diptem
Diptem
2.
2.
Fire in tank farms: hazards, risk control, safety
Fire in tank farms: hazards, risk control, safety
apparatuses for tank cooling,
apparatuses for tank cooling,
existing
existing
standards
standards
3.
3.
The evaluation of the thermal radiation from a pool
The evaluation of the thermal radiation from a pool
fire: the solid flame model
fire: the solid flame model
4.
4.
The solid flame model: predictions and validation
The solid flame model: predictions and validation
against experimental results
against experimental results
5.
5.
Some results from CFD analysis, the FDS code by NIST
Some results from CFD analysis, the FDS code by NIST
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 3 / 40
1
1
Fact
Fact
and
and
figures
figures
on the University of
on the University of
Genova and
Genova and
Diptem
Diptem
Department
Department
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 4 / 40
Diptem
Diptem
,
,
Department of
Department of
Production,
Production,
Therm
Therm
al
al
Engineering
Engineering
and
and
Mathematical Models
Mathematical Models
DIPTEM arises from the fusion of DIP, DITEC and DIMET departments. As a consequence, the
teaching staff is devoted and operates in various fields of research from industrial systems to energy
and from environmental control to mathematical modeling. Moreover, these matters are the bases on
which many disciplines like mechanical technology and economy, heat transfer and air
conditioning, energetics and material technology, production management and applied
thermodynamics are founded. These disciplines interact with the area of mathematical models which,
therefore, turns out to be both an indispensable cultural element and the sign of the real
interdisciplinary character of the department.
The department is articulated in three divisions
Production
Engineering
Mathematical
Methods and Models
Thermoenergetics and
Environmental Engineering, Tec
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 5 / 40
Diptem
Diptem
,
,
Thermoenergetics
Thermoenergetics
Division
Division
, TEC
, TEC
Energetics and applied thermodynamics:
Efficient use of energy in civil and industrial field. Renewable
energy sources, energy conversion processes and
refrigeration.
Single and multiphase thermofluid-dynamics :
Energy and mass transfer phenomena with applications to
cryogenics, nanotechnology, space-systems and electronic
equipment, optical techniques in heat transfer.
Environmental comfort and applied acoustics:
Environmental comfort design: air quality, acoustic and visual
comfort, optimal thermo hygrometric conditions.
Design of air conditionings systems:
Thermal behavior of buildings, air conditioning systems
management, building-system interaction.
Thermophysical properties of materials:
Thermophysical properties analysis with references to
thermal insulation of materials. Radiant properties of
surfaces.
www.ditec.unige.it
Research Topics
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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Marco Fossa, PhD, A/Professor
Areas of interest: exp. heat transfer,
two-phase flow, renewable energies
Fire
Fire
modelling
modelling
research
research
group
group
Francesco Devia, PhD, Research Professor
Areas of interest: CFD, modelling, fire dynamics
Giovanni Tanda, PhD, Full Professor
Areas of interest: optical techniques in heat
transfer, natural convection and radiation
measurements
The research is supported by the National
Company for Hydrocarbons, ENI
Refining and Marketing Division
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 7 / 40
2
2
Fire in tank farms: hazards, risk
Fire in tank farms: hazards, risk
control, safety apparatuses for tank
control, safety apparatuses for tank
cooling,
cooling,
existing norms
existing norms
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 8 / 40
Hazards and risk control
(I)
(I)
Pool
Pool
fires
fires
from storage tanks of hydrocarbons
from storage tanks of hydrocarbons
represent probably the most dangerous situation
represent probably the most dangerous situation
for surrounding structures and persons
for surrounding structures and persons
Radiation
Radiation
is usually the dominant mode of heat
is usually the dominant mode of heat
transfer to the surroundings
transfer to the surroundings
In such a situation, the
In such a situation, the
priority is
priority is
to preserve the
to preserve the
facing tanks from ignition
facing tanks from ignition
by means of water cooling
by means of water cooling
of irradiated surfaces
of irradiated surfaces
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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(II)
(II)
In order to evaluate the
In order to evaluate the
hazards
hazards
associated to a pool fire scenario
associated to a pool fire scenario
a
a
reliable estimation of the
reliable estimation of the
heat
heat
radiated
radiated
by the flame is mandatory.
by the flame is mandatory.
The knowledge of the
The knowledge of the
power irradiated to the
power irradiated to the
surroundings is the base
surroundings is the base
for the design of
for the design of
fixed
fixed
safety equipment for
safety equipment for
tank cooling
tank cooling
operating in
operating in
automatic mode
automatic mode
water
ring
water
supply pipe
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 10 / 40
(I I I )
(I I I )
Standars Standars do not provide congruent values do not provide congruent values
They do not consider the fuel type or tank They do not consider the fuel type or tank interdistance interdistance
They only prescribe minimum water flow rates per sq. meter of They only prescribe minimum water flow rates per sq. meter of
tank surface (2 tank surface (2~8 liters/(min m ~8 liters/(min m
2 2
) ) ) )
They allow the They allow the water flow rates to be inferred from energy water flow rates to be inferred from energy
balances balances based on irradiance knowledge based on irradiance knowledge
International and Italian International and Italian
standards on fire protection standards on fire protection
regarding water cooling rates: regarding water cooling rates:
NFPA NFPA 15, 15, API API 2510A, 2510A,
SHELL SHELL dep dep 80.47.10.30 80.47.10.30- -
gen, gen, AGIP AGIP 20244 20244
National National laws laws: DPR 29 luglio 1982 n. 577, : DPR 29 luglio 1982 n. 577,
D. D. Lgs Lgs. 17 agosto 1999 n. 334, D.M. . 17 agosto 1999 n. 334, D.M.
9/5/2001, D.M. 9 Maggio 2007 9/5/2001, D.M. 9 Maggio 2007
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 11 / 40
3
3
The evaluation of the thermal radiation
The evaluation of the thermal radiation
from a pool fire: the solid flame
from a pool fire: the solid flame
model
model
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 12 / 40
Approaches
Approaches
to
to
the pool
the pool
fire
fire
radiation
radiation
estimation
estimation
In order to evaluate the hazards associated to a pool fire scena In order to evaluate the hazards associated to a pool fire scenario a rio a
reliable estimation of the heat radiated by the flame is mandato reliable estimation of the heat radiated by the flame is mandatory. ry.
The usual strategy to estimate the radiation from a pool fire is The usual strategy to estimate the radiation from a pool fire is
based on the assumptions that the flame is a stable surface whos based on the assumptions that the flame is a stable surface whose e
parameters (temperature, parameters (temperature, emissivity emissivity, area) do not vary in space and , area) do not vary in space and
time. This is called the time. This is called the Solid Flame Model, Solid Flame Model, based on a proper set based on a proper set
of empirical correlations of empirical correlations
Another approach is the Another approach is the CFD analysis CFD analysis, taking into account the , taking into account the
chemical kinetics and the heat transferred by radiation in a 2 o chemical kinetics and the heat transferred by radiation in a 2 or 3 r 3
dimensional environment dimensional environment
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The
The
solid
solid
flame
flame
model
model
This method is based on the choice of a This method is based on the choice of a
proper set of empirical formulas for flame proper set of empirical formulas for flame
parameters (burning rate, emissive power, parameters (burning rate, emissive power,
flame dimensions, etc). flame dimensions, etc).
The The solid solid flame(SF) flame(SF) is assumed to be a is assumed to be a
tilted cylinder, tilted cylinder, due to the action of wind due to the action of wind
The geometry of the flame is defined by the The geometry of the flame is defined by the
diameter of the pool D, by the cylinder diameter of the pool D, by the cylinder
length L, by the tilt angle. length L, by the tilt angle.
The problem requires a suitable model for The problem requires a suitable model for
radiation propagation in terms of air radiation propagation in terms of air
trasmissivity trasmissivity and of and of calculation of the view calculation of the view
factors factors

D

H
rib

D
D
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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The
The
solid
solid
flame
flame
model:
model:
flame
flame
parameters
parameters
A set of empirical correlations are the base A set of empirical correlations are the base
of the solid flame model. of the solid flame model.
They derive from measurements on fuel They derive from measurements on fuel
burning rate, flame temperature and burning rate, flame temperature and
emissive power and on photographic emissive power and on photographic
evidences regarding overall flame length, evidences regarding overall flame length,
clear flame length, flame tilt in case of wind clear flame length, flame tilt in case of wind
The The burning rate burning rate is the most important is the most important
parameter, and it depends on fuel type and parameter, and it depends on fuel type and
pool dimension. Other flame parameters pool dimension. Other flame parameters
(e.g. the flame length) depends on BR (e.g. the flame length) depends on BR
Most of experimental data refer to LNG and Most of experimental data refer to LNG and
LPG. Most of data refer to pool diameter LPG. Most of data refer to pool diameter
less than 10m less than 10m

D

H
rib

D
D
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 15 / 40
Literature
Literature
experimental
experimental
data
data
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0 30 60 90 120 150
Entalpy ratio Hc/Hv*
m
a
x
i
m
u
m

b
u
r
n
i
n
g

r
a
t
e

[
k
g
/
s
m
2
]
benzene
butane
Diesel
Ethane
Ethanol
Gasoline/Petrol
Heptane
Hexane
LNG/CH4
LPG/Prop.
Methanol
Naphtha/Pentane
Octane
Toluene
Xylene
J P4
-30%
+30%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0-2 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Pool diameter [m]
N
.

o
f

e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
m = m"
max
(1 e
-k D
)
Foglio di lavoro di
Microsoft Excel
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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Radiation
Radiation
propagation
propagation
to
to
the
the
surroundings
surroundings
Numerical Numerical methods methods: :
Numerical Numerical solution solution of the of the elementary elementary
view view factor factor problem problem, , by by integration integration
on on flame flame and target and target surface surface
+ + +
+ =

C
sin F
tan
FC
sin F ab
tan
C
cos
B
AD
tan
AB
) sin a 1 ( b 2 ) 1 b ( a
E D tan E F
1
2
1
1
2 2
1
v

Analytical Analytical methods methods: :

Formulas Formulas for for air air transmissivity transmissivity
( (Wayne Wayne, , Hottel Hottel, , Bagster Bagster, , Raj Raj) )
Formulas Formulas for for view view factors factors of of tilted tilted
cylinders cylinders F F
dA2 dA2- -A1 A1
( (Hamilton Hamilton, , Morgan Morgan
Rein Rein, , Sparrow Sparrow, , Mudan Mudan) )
2
2
2 1
2 1
cos cos
dA
S
dF
d d
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Pag. 17 / 40
Radiation
Radiation
propagation
propagation
:
:
analytical
analytical
methods
methods
The The view view factor factor solutions solutions are are available available for for
targets targets at at flame flame base base ( (Hamilton Hamilton, , Morgan Morgan
Rein Rein, , Sparrow Sparrow, , Mudan Mudan) )

A
t
A
f

A
f0
L
o
L
f
A
t
F
t-f
= (F
t-(f+f0)
- F
t-f0
)
Target Target lower lower than than
flame flame base base

A
f

A
f0
L
o
L
f
A
t
A
t
A
f*
F
t-f
= F
t-f*
+ F
t-f0
Target Target higher higher
than than flame flame base base
View View factor factor algebra can algebra can be be
employed employed to to solve solve other other simple simple
view view factor factor problems problems
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 18 / 40
Radiation
Radiation
:
:
Diptem
Diptem
numerical
numerical
method
method
The The view view factor factor problem problem is is solved solved by by means means of a direct of a direct algorithm algorithm (a (a
proprietary proprietary code code named named Fast Fast View View Factor Factor Solver). The code Solver). The code
subsequently subsequently solves solves the the problem problem of the of the view view factor factor from from differential differential
elements elements of of both both flame flame and target and target surface surface and and it it performs performs an an
optimised optimised 3D 3D integration integration. . Both Both flame flame and target tank are and target tank are subdivided subdivided
into into 10 10
3 3
elements elements (Devia & Fossa, FSJ 2007) (Devia & Fossa, FSJ 2007)
2 N
1
i 2
2
i
i 2 i 1
2 1 d
A
r
cos cos
1
F
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
R
tg z z y y
R
tg z z x x
2
y
0 0
2
x
0 0
=

0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1 10 100
L=2
L=6
Rein et al. (1970)
L=l/r X=x/r
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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Existing
Existing
solid
solid
flame
flame
models
models
(I )
(I )
( (Uniform Uniform emission emission flame flame ) )
TNO, TNO, The The Netherlands Netherlands Organisation Organisation of of Applied Applied
Scientific Scientific Research Research (Yellow Book, 1992) (Yellow Book, 1992)
SFPE, SFPE, Soc. Soc. Fire Fire Prot Prot. . Engineers Engineers, ( , (Mudan Mudan, 1995) , 1995)
NRC, NRC, U.S. U.S. Nuclear Nuclear Regulatory Regulatory Commission Commission, ,
( (Shokri Shokri & & Beyler Beyler, 1989) , 1989)
( (Two Two layer layer flame flame) )
HSE, HSE, U.K. U.K. Health Health and and Safety Safety Executive Executive ( (Rew Rew & &
Hulbert Hulbert, 1996) , 1996)
( (Continuos Continuos flame flame) )
Fay Fay, , Dept Dept. . Mech Mech. . Eng Eng. MIT, 2006 (LNG . MIT, 2006 (LNG only only) )
DIPTEM DIPTEM
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Existing
Existing
solid
solid
flame
flame
models
models
(I I )
(I I )
Air
transmissivity
is not
considered.
Fuel typeeffect
on SEP is not
considered
NRC
spreadshe
et, FDT
1805
NRC
Report n.
1805,
2005
Formulas for
horizontal and
vertical targets,
downwind, at
flame base
elevation
NO
(SEP
includes
transm.)
Babrauskas kerosene, fuel
oil, gasoline, J P-
4, J P-5, LNG
Tilted cylinder
with uniform
emission
Large
validationwith
exp. results
PoolFire6 HSE
report
96/1996
Numerical
solution (contour
integrals)
Wayne Rew &
Hulbert
Large fuel
database
Tilted cylinder
with non
uniform
emission
The effect of
wind is to
reduce flame
length
NO SFPE
handbook
Formulas for
horizontal and
vertical targets,
downwind, at
flame base
elevation
Hottel &
Sarofin
Babrauskas LNG e LPG
kerosene,
gasoline, J P-4
and other sooty
fuels
Tilted cylinder
with uniform
emission
Sepformulas
refer tosmall
diameters(3m
typically)
Effects TNO
Yellow
Book
Formulas for
horizontal, vertical
and crosswind
targets,, at flame
base elevation
Bagster Babrauskas LNG, LPG,
benzene,
methanol
Tilted cylinder
with uniform
emission
Notes Software Referenc
e
View factos and
target location
Air
transmissi
vity
Burning
rate
database
Fuels Flame surface
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 22 / 40
4
4
The solid flame model: predictions and
The solid flame model: predictions and
validation against experimental
validation against experimental
results
results
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 23 / 40
Solid
Solid
flame
flame
models
models
:
:
predictions
predictions
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
70
90
110
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diameter [m]
S
E
P

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Q
r
a
d

[
M
W
]
TNO
SFPE
NRC
HSE
Gasoline, w = 1 m/s
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
70
90
110
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diameter [m]
S
E
P

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Q
r
a
d

[
M
W
]
TNO
SFPE
NRC
HSE
Gasoline, w = 5 m/s
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 24 / 40
Solid
Solid
flame
flame
models
models
:
:
available
available
measurements
measurements
1.4 5 10 10
- 0.85-2.03 5 10 10
- 1.28 5 - 6
2.23 5 7.1 3 Hexane
- 1.4 5 8.6 10
- 0.94-1.86 5 8.6 10
1200 2.22 5 6.9 6
1030 2.88 5 7.1 3 Heptane
- 0.27 5 3.37 31
- 0.57 5 3.4 11
- 0.33-0.67 5 3.8 10
- 0.67 5 3.52 6.5
- 0.81 5 3.1 3 Crude oil
1380 0.43 5 4.7 60
1380 0.43 5 4.7 30 kerosine
1331 0.4 5 3.5-6.29 22.3
1.7 5 7 10
1.7 0.48-1.04 5 7 10
- - 5 - 9.6
1000 1.1 5 - 6
136 0.94 5 4.59-6.49 5.4
1100 1.9 5 4.8 3 Gasoline
[C] [kW/m
2
] [mm/min] [m]
Max temp Rad at x/D=5 x/D BR D Fuel
Koseky Koseky, 1989 , 1989
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 25 / 40
Solid
Solid
flame
flame
models
models
:
:
predictions
predictions
vs
vs
experiments
experiments
(I)
(I)
x
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
4 5 6 7 8
x/D
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

t
a
r
g
e
t

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Exp.
SFPE
NRC
HSE
LNG
D=6m
w=6.6m/s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
x/D
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

t
a
r
g
e
t

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Exp.
SFPE
NRC
HSE
J P4, D=10m J P4, D=10m
w=4 m/ s w=4 m/ s
J onhson J onhson (1992) (1992)
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 26 / 40
Solid
Solid
flame
flame
models
models
:
:
predictions
predictions
vs
vs
experiments
experiments
(II)
(II)
x
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
Irradianza misurata [kW/m
2
]
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
z
a

c
a
l
c
o
l
a
t
a

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Gasoline
kerosine
Crude oil
Heptane
Hexane x/ D=5 x/ D=5
D=3~60m D=3~60m
TNO model TNO model
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
2
]
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
z
a

c
a
l
c
o
l
a
t
a

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Gasoline
kerosine
Crude oil
Heptane
Hexane
x/ D=5 x/ D=5
D=3~60m D=3~60m
NRC model NRC model
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
2
]
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
z
a

c
a
l
c
o
l
a
t
a

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Gasoline
kerosine
Crude oil
Heptane
Hexane
x/ D=5 x/ D=5
D=3~60m D=3~60m
SFPE model SFPE model
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
Meas. i rradi ati on [kW/m
2
]
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
Gasoline
kerosine
Crude oil
Heptane
Hexane
x/ D=5 x/ D=5
D=3~60m D=3~60m
HSE model HSE model
0.929 0.894 0.737 0.689
Correlation coeff. of
fitting line
0.992 1.070 0.897 0.448
Slope of fitting line:
y =a x
y =Q
rad, calc
x =Q
rad, mis
HSE SFPE NRC TNO
Koseki data (1989).
Model predictions
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 27 / 40
Applications
Applications
to
to
the
the
cooling
cooling
problem
problem
(I)
(I)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 4 8 12 16
Dimensionless distance x/R
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
v
e

h
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

r
a
t
e

[
k
W
]
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

h
e
a
t

f
l
u
x

[
k
W
/
m
2
]
tank top
tank side
Overall
=50 =50
=0 =0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Flame tilt angle []
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
v
e

h
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

r
a
t
e

[
k
W
]
top, x/R =2
top, x/R =4
side x/R =2
side, x/R=4
overall, x/R =2
overall x/R =4

=0 =0

y y
X X
B B
A A

wind
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 28 / 40
The The overall overall water water flow flow rate rate can can be be inferred inferred from from
energy energy balances balances, , given given the the heat heat flux flux on on tank tank side side
and on and on tank tank top, top, as as a a function function of a of a maximum maximum liquid liquid
temperature temperature to to be be provided provided. .
The water The water heat heat of of vaporisation vaporisation is is not not considered considered in in
heat heat balances balances
z
H
m m liq liq
cp cp, , liq liq
( (T T
liq liq, , max max
T T
liq liq
) = ) = ( ( zi zi Q Q
rad rad, i , i
) ) Cylindrical Cylindrical tanks tanks
z z
i i
= H = H
m m liq liq cp cp, , liq liq ( (Tliq Tliq, , max max Tliq Tliq) = Q ) = Q
rad rad, , max max vh vh
Spherical Spherical tanks tanks
Q Q
rad rad, max , max vh vh
= MAX ( = MAX (Q Q
rad rad, v , v
, , Q Q
rad rad, h , h
) )
Applications
Applications
to
to
the
the
cooling
cooling
problem
problem
(II)
(II)
Local Local heat heat transfer transfer coefficient coefficient and and surface surface temperatures temperatures? ?
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 29 / 40
5
5
Some
Some
results
results
from CFD analysis, the
from CFD analysis, the
FDS code by NIST
FDS code by NIST
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 30 / 40
The FDS code
The FDS code
by
by
NIST (I)
NIST (I)
FDS FDS is is a a computational computational fluid fluid dynamics dynamics (CFD) (CFD)
model of model of fire fire- -driven driven fluid fluid flow flow, , using using the LES the LES
( (Smagorinsky Smagorinsky) ) approach approach. The software . The software solves solves
numerically numerically a a form form of the of the Navier Navier- -Stokes Stokes
equations equations appropriate appropriate for for low low- -speed speed, , thermally thermally- -
driven driven flow flow with with an an emphasis emphasis on on smoke smoke and and heat heat
transport transport from from fires fires
The The partial partial derivatives derivatives of the of the conservation conservation
equations equations are are approximated approximated as as finite finite differences differences, ,
and the and the solution solution is is updated updated in time on a in time on a three three- -
dimensional dimensional, , rectilinear rectilinear grid grid. . Thermal Thermal radiation radiation is is
computed computed using using a finite volume a finite volume technique technique on the on the
same same grid grid as as the the flow flow solver. solver.
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 31 / 40
The FDS code
The FDS code
by
by
NIST (II)
NIST (II)
FDS FDS is is largely largely employed employed to to study study
compartment compartment fires fires (in (in rooms rooms, , tunnels tunnels etc etc). ).
A A review review of of McGrattan McGrattan (2005) on FDS (2005) on FDS
literature literature studies studies ( (about about 170) 170) revealed revealed that that
the majority of the majority of works works refers refers to to fires fires in in
enclosures enclosures and and only only very very few of few of them them
consider consider open pool open pool fires fires. .
The The reason reason is is mainly mainly related related to to the the
importance importance to to evaluate evaluate the the fire fire hazards hazards in in
spaces spaces occupied occupied by by persons persons. .
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 32 / 40
The FDS code
The FDS code
by
by
NIST (III)
NIST (III)
Some Some papers papers on FDS on FDS applied applied to to tank tank fires fires: :
H.R. H.R. Baum Baum, , K.B. K.B. McGrattan McGrattan, , Simulation Simulation of Oil of Oil Tank Tank
Fires Fires, , Iterflam Iterflam Conf Conf., 1999 ., 1999
S. S. Hostikka Hostikka, K. B. , K. B. McGrattan McGrattan and A. and A. Hamins Hamins, ,
Numerical Modeling of Pool Fires Using LES and Finite Numerical Modeling of Pool Fires Using LES and Finite
Volume Method for Radiation Volume Method for Radiation, 7th Fire Safety Science , 7th Fire Safety Science
Int. Int. Symp Symp., 2003 ., 2003
F. F. Devia, M. Fossa, Devia, M. Fossa, R. R. Sala* Sala*, , Radiation to the Radiation to the
Surroundings from Large Pool Fires over Storage Surroundings from Large Pool Fires over Storage
Tanks, Tanks, 6th Int. 6th Int. Symp Symp. on Heat Transfer, Beijing, 2004 . on Heat Transfer, Beijing, 2004
* Major * Major contributor to contributor to cfd cfd analysis analysis
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 33 / 40
FDS
FDS
applications
applications
at
at
Diptem
Diptem
(I)
(I)
computational grid: 128000 equal computational grid: 128000 equal
cells in a computational domain of cells in a computational domain of
320 320 20 20 200 200 m (x, y, z) m (x, y, z)
cell size = 0.25x0.5x1 m; cell size = 0.25x0.5x1 m;
HRRPA=1000kW/ m HRRPA=1000kW/ m
2 2
Soot_yield Soot_yield= 0.042kg/kg = 0.042kg/kg
MW_FUEL=198.0 (KEROSINE) MW_FUEL=198.0 (KEROSINE)
( (Ideal stoichiometric coefficients for the
reaction
NU_O2=21.5 NU_O2=21.5
NU_CO2=14.0 NU_CO2=14.0
NU_H2O=15.0 NU_H2O=15.0
EPUMO2=12700. EPUMO2=12700.
CO_YIELD=0.012 CO_YIELD=0.012
30m 30m
D=24m D=24m
h=15m h=15m
D=15m D=15m
h=15m h=15m
z z
x x
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 34 / 40
FDS
FDS
applications
applications
at
at
Diptem
Diptem
(II)
(II)
866 5.25/26 2452 6.37/24.4 3660 0.846 129206 421187 60 17.28
HRRPA=2475,
rad. Fract.=0.15, Soot=0.10
half domain
320x20x200=1280000 9
798 6.32/34.2 2950 8.6/34.8 4940 0.863 162014 438672 60 16.92
HRRPA=2475,
no rad. Fract., Soot=0.10
half domain
320x20x200=1280000 8
748 1.64/9.96 764 3.47/15.8 2000 0.859 67594 191513 60 12.85
HRRPA=1000, no rad.fract.,half
domain
320x20x200=1280000 7
800 8.38/43.5 3910 10.6/41.8 6070 0.778 155296 406721 60 16.47
HRRPA=2475,
RAD._FRACT.=0.35, half
domain
320x20x200=1280000 6
795 8.53/44.4 3990 10.67/42.2 6139 0.745 143012 437638 60 16.4
half domain
320x20x200=1280000 5
780 7.42/31.5 3470 8.72/31.8 5013 0.646 110146 407556 60 6.65
half domain
160x20x240=768000 4
728 7.33/32.4 3430 8.29/31 4760 0.663 129244 428884 30 3.42
half domain
160x20x240=768000 3
384 9.47/33.8 4420 7.61/26.2 4370 0.302 99450 442726 30 2.22 80x40x150=480000 2
173 14.44/54.6 7220 9.41/33.3 3530 0.138 98330 442211 600 1.14 40x32x60=76800 1
Tmax gas (time
ave) (C)
qave/qmax
top (kW/m
2
)
flux rad
top (kW)
qave/qmax
side (kW/m
2
)
flux rad
side (kW)
Fire
resolution
index
rad loss
at the
boundary
(kW)
total heat
release
(kW)
simulatio
n time
(sec)
executio
n time
(h) Grid Run
Parametric analysis
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 35 / 40
FDS
FDS
applications
applications
at
at
Diptem
Diptem
:
:
results
results
Solid Solid flame flame
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-10 0 10 20 30
Distance from tank 1 axis, x (m)
T
i
m
e

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

g
a
s

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
)
z'=1 m
z'=5 m
z'=10 m
z'=15 m
z'
x
1 2
G G
max max, side , side
, max irradiation [kW/m , max irradiation [kW/m ] ]
16 16 (at tank side) (at tank side)
overall heat transfer rate [kW] overall heat transfer rate [kW]
1950 1950 (tank side) (tank side)
850 850 (tank top) (tank top)
BR, Burning rate [kg/s m BR, Burning rate [kg/s m ] ]
0.023 0.023
Solid Solid flame flame results results: :
0.055 0.055 11.0 11.0 HSE HSE
0.067 0.067 13.2 13.2 SFPE SFPE
BR BR
[kg/s m [kg/s m ] ]
G G
max max, side , side
[ [kW kW/m /m
2 2
] ]
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 36 / 40
Open
Open
issues
issues
and
and
possible
possible
work
work
CFD SI DE
CFD SI DE
Simulating Simulating the the literature literature cases cases and compare and compare experimental experimental irradiation irradiation
and and burning burning rate rate values values
Simulating Simulating the the flame flame sag sag
Simulating Simulating the emissive power the emissive power distribution distribution on on flame flame ext ext. . surface surface
Assess Assess the FDS the FDS sensitivity sensitivity to to simulation simulation input input parameters parameters
Wall Wall temperatures temperatures on the on the tank tank on on fire fire ( (too too difficult difficult?) ?)
Conclusions
Conclusions
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 37 / 40
Open
Open
Issues (SF and cooling)
Issues (SF and cooling)
Flame Flame temperature temperature along along the the flame flame heigth heigth
The The wind wind strenght strenght and direction and direction to to be be
considered considered
Fuel Fuel temperature temperature to to be be considered considered
Heat Heat diffusion diffusion inside inside tank tank and and boiling boiling onset onset
and/or and/or evaporation evaporation strength strength
Water film Water film behaviour behaviour, , local local heat heat transf transf. .
coeff. and coeff. and wall wall temperatures temperatures during during liquid liquid
cooling cooling
The The proper proper liquid liquid distribution distribution along along the the tank tank
side side
Mist Mist vs vs film film cooling cooling to to enhance enhance radiation radiation
protection protection? ?
Shields Shields to to radiation radiation? ?
Genova Genova
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 38 / 40
Fine della presentazione
Fine della presentazione
Grazie
Grazie
dell
dell
attentione
attentione
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 39 / 40
... vedrai una citt regale, addossata ad una collina alpestre, superba per uomini e mura, il cui
solo aspetto la indica signora del mare.
(Francesco Petrarca)
DIPTEM DIPTEM
Pag. 40 / 40

Radiation in Case of Fire in Tank Farms

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Radiation in Case of Fire in Tank Farms

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DIPTEM DIPTEM

Universit Universit di Genova di Genova

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