CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the subjects of the study, research design used,

instruments used and procedure used in gathering data and statistical tools that

were used.

Subjects of the Study

This study was conducted among Fourth Year students of four private

schools in Iligan City, MSU-IIT Coop Academy, St. Therese Academy, Sacred

Heart High School and Corpus Christi Parochial School during the second

grading period of school year 2008-2009. A total of 126 respondents come from

these private schools: 16 from MSU-IIT Coop Academy; 20 from Corpus Christi

Parochial School of Iligan; 30 from St. Therese Academy; and 60 from Sacred

Heart High School.

Research Design Used

This study used the one-group pretest-posttest design which is one of the

most frequently used quasi-experimental research designs in which a certain

group of research participants or subjects is pretested, given some treatment or

independent variable manipulation, then post tested. If the pretest and posttest

scores differ significantly, then the difference may be attributed to the

independent variable.
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Methods Used

The tricks and games used were based on different sources. The

researchers utilized the World Wide Web or the Internet, books, journals like the

Physics Teachers Journal and suggestions from physics teachers. The chosen

tricks and games was then modified and validated through physics teachers.

After subjecting the tricks and games to content and face validity that was done

to construct a valid test, this was then tested among the respondents in the

aforementioned schools. The students were given first the pretest and the pre-

attitude test questionnaires, which were personally distributed by the

researchers. Then, the researchers presented the tricks and the students

performed the games. But, this was supplemented by a brief discussion

centering on the presentation and games. Shortly after this, equivalent posttest

and post-attitude test questionnaires were distributed. Papers were checked and

the data gathered among four schools was analyzed through the use of SPSS

(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) except for Chi-Square Statitics. The

reliability of the attitude questionnaire was also determined using Cronbach alpha

in SPSS.

Instruments to Be Used

The instruments used in gathering data were the attitude and test

questionnaires. The attitude test is composed of 10 items that aims at identifying

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qualitatively the student’s attitude towards Physics before and after the

treatment.

The test questionnaires were used for the pre-test and post test which

consisted of 15 item questions regarding the concepts on Newton’s three Laws of

Motion. The researchers based some of the test questions from the Internet and

physics books.

Statistical Tools Used

As soon as the data were collected, these were tabulated, analyzed and

interpreted. These were the statistical tools used in this research:

a.) Paired T-test

Where:

dav is the mean difference (

SD is the standard deviation of the differences between all the pairs

N is the number of pairs.

b.) Chi-Square Test

Where:

χ2 = Chi-square

f (a) = actual or observed frequency of observations in a cell

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f (e) = expected frequency or number of observations in a cell in the

theoretical distribution

c.) Analysis of Variance Test

Sum of Squares Total

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Sum of Squares Within Groups

Mean Squares between Groups

Mean Squares within Groups

F statistic
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