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Introduction to Routing
Session 301
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
• Addressing
• Concepts
• Routing Protocols
• Statics and Defaults
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3
Routing Information
Protocol (RIP and RIPv2)
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Router Functions
• Routing = building
maps and giving
directions
• Switching =
moving packets
between interfaces
• Routers are packet
switches
• Path determination
is overhead
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5
Introduction to IP Addresses
UNIX Host UNIX Host
Internet
TCP/IP
Company A Company B
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network Host
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7
IP Address Classes
• Class A: N H H H
• Class B: N N H H
• Class C: N N N H
• Class D: for multicast
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Host Addresses
172.16.200.11 10.1.1.1
E0 E1
172.16.3.10 10.250.8.11
172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118
Routing Table
Network Interface
172 .16 . 12 . 12
172.16.0.0 E0
Network Host
10.0.0.0 E1
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.11 172.16.3.5
E0 E1
172.16.2.2 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150
Routing Table
Network Interface
172 .16 2 160
. . 172.16.2.0 E0
Network Subnet Host
172.16.3.0 E1
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Subnet Mask
Network Host
IP
Address 172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet 255 255 0 0
Mask
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Discontiguous IP Subnet
A
Where Is 172
172.16.50.1
172.16.0.0? 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.4 .5
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0 192.168.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
192.168.1.8 .14
255.255.255.252 .10 172.16
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
C
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 12
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Variable Length Subnet Mask
A
172.16.50.1
.5 255.255.255.0
172.16.1.4
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0 172.16.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
172.16.1.8 .14
255.255.255.252 .10 172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
C
• Conserve IP addresses
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 13
IPX Addressing
80 Bits
Network Node
32 Bits 48 Bits
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 14
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Address Configuration
Router (config-if) #
ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IP Address Configuration
Router (config) #
ip netmask-format
{bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal}
Agenda
• Addressing
• Concepts
• Routing Protocols
• Statics and Defaults
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 18
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Convergence
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 19
Load Balancing
T1 T1
R2
N1 N2
R1 R4
T1 R3 T1
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Load Balancing
R2 768K
N1 N2
R1 512K R4
R3 T1
Holddown
I Will Ignore
Routes to X
While in
Holddown
x
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Routing Loop:
A Routing Disagreement
Split Horizon
“
Do not send routing data
back in the direction from
which it came
”
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 24
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Split Horizon
PVC
D B
S0
PVC
C
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 25
PVC
D B
S0
PVC
C
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 26
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Split Horizon
B 2
A
C 2
PVC
S0.1 D 1
PVC
D B
S0.3 A 2 PVC
B 2 C
D 1
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 27
Metrics (Cost)
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
• Addressing
• Concepts
• Routing Protocols
• Statics and Defaults
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 29
Routing Table
192.168.97.0 Ethernet0 C
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 30
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Building the Routing Table
• Hardware state
• Dynamic
Routes are learned from a protocol
• Static
Routes are manually defined
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 31
Routing Protocols
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Routing Protocol Goals
IP RIP
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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RIP—Distance Vector
Net A Net D
R1 R2 R3
Net B Net C
E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0
RIP V1
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 36
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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RIP Metric
1 Hop
Hops
Path A
R2
T1 T1
56k
R1 R3
Path B
0 Hops
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 37
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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RIP V2
• RFC 1723
• Cisco IOS® 11.1 support
• Advertises masks
• Variable length subnet masks
• Route summarization
• Routing updates use multicast
• Authenticated updates using MD5
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 39
RIP V2
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 40
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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When to Use RIPv2
• Same as RIP
• Subnet mask support
• Reduce broadcast load
• Validated updates
• Multivendor environment
• Non-redundant network
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 41
IPX RIP
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 42
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IPX RIP—Ticks
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 43
IGRP
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 44
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IGRP Compound Metric
• Administrative
weight T1
R2
• Delay
• Bandwidth T1
• Reliability 56k
• Load R1 R3
(K2 * BW) K
= ((K1 * BW + (256-load) + K3* delay)) * (reliability5 + K ))
4
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 45
Delay Metric- D1 D2 D3
Based on
D1 + D2 + D3
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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When to Use IGRP
• Simplicity of RIP
• Good for small and medium networks
• When metrics are important
• Reduced routing overhead
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 47
Enhanced IGRP
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Advanced Distance Vector
On Startup Routing Tables
Are Exchanged; Routing
A 27
Table Built Based on Best
B 12 Paths from Topology Table
A 1 Z C 35
B 13
C 20
A 27 Z
A Q 2 1 Q
B Z 13
Q Y 5 X
C X 13 B 12 Z
.. .. ..
Y’s Table
A 5 Topology Table
B 3
C 3 X • Construct neighbor tables
X’s Table
• Construct topology tables
• Compute routes
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 49
EIGRP Tables
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL)
• DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm
that performs a diffused computation
of a routing table
Uses a new routing algorithm
Achieves fast convergence
Network changes propagate only to affected
nodes (“bounded updates”)
• No need for route holddown
• Researched and developed by SRI
International
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 51
IPX EIGRP
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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When to Use EIGRP
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 53
A Q 2
B Z 13
Q Y C X 13
• OSPF
X • IS-IS
X’s Link State
• NLSP
• DECnet V
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 54
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Link State Routing
• Neighbor discovery
• Constructing an LSA (Link State
Advertisement)
• Distribute LSA
• Compute routes using SPF
(Shortest Path First)
• On network failure
New LSAs flooded
All routers recompute routing tables
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 55
OSPF
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr 28
OSPF Areas and Rules
Area
• Backbone area (0) Border
Router
must be present
• All other areas Area 2 Area 3
must have
Area 0 Internal
connection Backbone
Router
to backbone Router
• Do not partition
area (0) Autonomous
Internet
System (AS)
Border Router
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 57
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IS-IS
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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BGP
BGP Basics
Peering
A C
AS 100 AS 101
B D
E
• Runs over TCP AS 102
• Path vector
protocol
• Incremental update
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 62
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering
AS 100
D
A
B
A
AS 100 AS 101
C
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 64
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Policy Drives
BGP Requirements
AS 200 Static
Route
BGP
BGP
AS 300
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 65
Advertise Default
Network Via IGP Use a Static Route to
Provide Connectivity
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
• Addressing
• Concepts
• Routing Protocols
• Statics and Defaults
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 67
Static Routes
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 68
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Floating Static Routes
T1
172.16.3.2
3 172.16.1.0
ISDN
C15C0
172.16.3.1
3
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 140
Default Routes
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Creating a Default Route
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 71
Default IP Subnet
172.16.0.0 Internet
s0 s1
172.16.1.0
• Two defaults
For unknown networks
For unknown subnets
• Controlled by ip classless
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 72
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Comparison of Routing Protocols
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 73
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Topology/Technology
Considerations
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Thank You!
Introduction to Routing
Session 301
301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 78
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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301
0947_05F9_c2 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 79
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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