TOKEN BUS AND TOKEN RING

RIZWAN REHMAN
CENTRE FOR COMPUTER STUDIES
DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY
 IEEE 802.4 Token Ring

• CSMA/CD – probabilities
– MAC model – bad link
– station wait for infinitely a long time!
– no priorities
• not useful for real time system.
 Token Bus
>> stations take time sending frames.
– n frame , nT sec to wait
Message Exchange in Token Bus
 Token Bus Organisation
• Linear tree shaped cable on to which
stations are attached.
• Each station knows the address of its left
and right neighbours.
• Ring is first initialized
– coordinator to initialize ring.
– stations inserted in the order of
station address
 Token Bus Organisation

• Token passing from higher to lower order

station address
• Token acquired station transmits for certain
amount of time
• Hand over token either at end of time or no
frame to transmit
• prioritize tokens
 Token Bus

• each maintains a queue of frames

• each has timers
• handover token from higher priority to
lower priority.
• fraction of token holding time allocated to
each priority.
• useful for implementing real – time traffic.
Token Bus Frame Format
 Token Bus Frame Format

• Preamble – clock synchronization

• Starting and ending delimiter
• frame boundaries
• no need of length field
 Token Bus: Issues

• Frame Control
– Successors,
– predecessors
– Entry of new station
– Clain token
• Token lost, station with token dead
– Protocols to handle all issues
– Useful for real time traffic
Problems with Token Bus
TOKEN RING
SENDING AND RECEIVING
ACCESSING WITH TOKEN RING
Frame Format for Token Ring

Token Frame Format SD AC ED

Data Frame Format
1 1 1 2 or 6 2 or 6 4 1 1
Destination Source
SD AC FC Information FCS ED FS
Address Address

 If the ring is inactive, only the 3-Byte-Token (SD, AC, ED) circulates. If a
station wants to send, it sets a certain bit in this token from 0 to 1.
• SD and ED serve for marking the frame. They contain invalid sequences
of the differential Manchester code.
• Access control contains the token bit, further a monitor bit, priority bits
and reservation bits.
• Frame control marks the kind of the frame: Data, control,…
• Frame status contains confirmation bits A and C. If a frame arrives at the
station with the destination address, bit A is set. If the station processes the
frame, also bit C is set. When the sending station gets the frame back, it can
see whether the receiving station is not working (A = 0, C = 0), if the frame
was not accepted (A = 1, C = 0), or whether the frame was received correctly
(A = 1, C = 1). To protect against bit errors, both bits are doubly present.

• The addresses and the checksum are identical to Ethernet.

Bits of access control:

• The monitor bit serves for recognition of a second frame circulation

• The priority bits make possible several priorities. They indicate the priority of
the token. If a station wants to send with priority n, it must wait for a token of
priority n or higher.
• The reservation bits permit a station to reserve the next frame for itself. If a
station wants to do this, it registers its priority into the reservation bits. This is
only possible, if not already a higher priority is registered. During the next
token generation, the priority is copied into the priority bits.
RING MAINTAINANCE
THANK YOU