.

, 2008.

II

,
, .
, .
,
, (
), ( ,
) .

. ,
, ( )
.
,
.
.

6.
:
2008/09. .
.
.

III

1. ............................................................................1
2. ...................................................................................................36
3. ...............................................................................................................51
4. ................................................................................................57
5. ...............................................................76
6. .................................................................................104
7. ...........................................................................146

1.

1.2
3l

. O
2F B
F C (. 1.2.1).
.
B C. B.
.
:
,
X (. 1.2.2).

X i = X A + 2F + F = 0 ,
XA = 3F.

B.

aksijalna sila
,
=
povr{ina pop. preseka
A B
B C. B
Fa1 = X A = 3F

F
F
1 = a1 = 3 .
A
A
B C
F
F
Fa 2 = X A 2 F = F ,
2 = a2 = .
A
A
B ( x = l)
.
1 3l Fa
l =
dx .
AE 0 A
( )
, , x = 0
x = l B x = l x = 3l BC. ,
A = const,
,
F l F 2l
1 l
1 3l
Fa1 dx +
Fa 2 dx = a1 + a 2 . (1)
l =

AE 0
AE l
AE
AE

1.

Fl
.
AE

,
C.
(1)



. ,
,


.
,

.
B
AB Fa1 BC
Fa2.
,
F l
F l
Fl
l = l1 + l2 = a1 1 + a1 2 = 5
,
AE
AE
AE
l1 l2 ( . 1.2.3).
1.2.5 je

B ( )
.
. Fa2
, .
,
( l 2l l e
2l e) , .
B A B (l1)

1 lF
Fl
.
B = l1 = a1 dx = 3
E0 A
AE
1.2.4 () ,
.
l = 5

1.3
5l
2l 2
(. 1.3.1),
A.

F C.
.
. ()
D. .
: 1.3.2
XA = F,

Fa = F.
,

.
,
AB BC. AB

Fa
F
,
=
A1 2 A
BC
F
F
2 = a = .
A2 A

F l
F l
Fl
Fl
, l2 = a 2 = 3
,
l1 = a 1 =
A1 E A E
A2 E
AE
1 =

Fl
.
AE
1.3.3
. D D = 3Fl / AE.
l = l1 + l2 = 4

1.4

1.4.1 ,
,
.
,
( )
.
.

1.

: XA (. 1.4.2)

X i = X A + 5F 2 F = 0 ,
XA = 3F.
B.
C
(AB, BC CD)


.

F
F
2 F
3F
F
, 2 = a2 =
1 = a1 =
= ,
A1 2 A
A2
2A
A
F
2F
3 = a3 =
,
A3
A

,
Fa1 = X A = 3F , Fa 2 = Fa 3 = X A 5 F = 2 F ,
A1 = A2 = 2A A3 = A. 1.4.3
x.
.
.
(
)
Fl
,
3 > 1 > 2 max = 3 = 2
AE
.


F l 3 Fl
F l
Fl
l1 = a1 =
,
l2 = a 2 =
,
A1 E 2 A E
A2 E
AE
F l
Fl
.
l3 = a 3 = 2
A3 E
AE
,
, .

3 Fl
,
l = l1 + l2 + l3 =
2 AE
.

,
1.4.4. x ,
.

C, xC = 2l, C = l1 l2 = F l / (2A E). C

.
3F l / (2A E), B D, , (
) .
x . , .
.
CE, lCE.
3 Fl
F l 2 F CE
l
l1 + l2 + lCE = 0

= 0 CE = .
2 AE AE
AE
4
l / 4 C 9l / 4 .

,

.
, 1. 1.

1.1.2

, ,
1.5
l A 1.5.1
. ,
. .
( = 7.8 t/m3)
, .
1 km.
:
XA.

Q, XA = Q = A l g, g
. x,
.

C (.
1.5.2). BC
X i = Fa + Qx = 0
Qx BC
Fa = Qx = A (l x) g

1.

AC

X i = X A + Fa + Qx = 0

Fa = X A Qx = A l g A x g = A (l x) g .
, ,
. ,
( x) .
1.5.2.
x
F
= a = (l x) g ,
A
(x = 0)
F
max = a max = l g .
A
AC x, a C

x

1 x Fa
1 2
g x
g
g
2
dx =

(l x) dx = E (l x 2 x ) = 2 E (2l x x ) .
E0 A
E 0
0
, ( x).

l x = C =

g l2
.
2E
o
l = C (l ) =

1 g Al 2 1 ( Al g) l 1 Q l
.
=
=
AE
2 AE
2
2 AE

.

.
kg
m
7800 3 9,81 2 10 6 m 2
2
g
l

m
s
l =
=
= 0,182 m = 182 mm .
2E
11 N
2 2,1 10
m2

x,
Fa /A. , l 1.1.
l =

1.1.3

1.10
1.10.1
5l,
,
. B
,
d, 2d, B D je
2d D
E d.
,
t. .
, ?
: l = 0,22 m, d = 10 mm,
F = 30 kN, t = 41 K, E = 2,1.1011 N/m2, = 1,11.10-5 K-1.
:
( 1.10.2)
X i = X A 2F F + F = 0
XA = 2F.
,

.

, .
4 ,

.
Fa1 = Fa 2 = X A = 2 F , Fa 3 = X A + 2 F = 0 , Fa 4 = X A + 2 F + F = F

A1 =

( 2d ) 2 d 2 3
= d 2 A2 = A3 = d 2
4
4

A4 =

1
d2 .
4

F
F
F
F
F
4F
8 F
, 2 = a 2 = 2
, 3 = a3 = 0 , 4 = a 4 =
.
1 = a1 =
2
A
A1
A2
A
3 d2
d
d2
4
3

,
l = l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 .
, i-
(liF)
(lit), .

1.
l1 = l1F + l1t =

Fa1 l1
4Fl
3
+ l1 t =
+ l t ,
2
A1 E
d E 2

(1)

Fa 2 l2
3F l
3
+ l 2 t =
+ l t , (2)
A2 E
d 2E 2
F l
l3 = l3F + l3t = a 3 3 + l3 t = l t , (3)
A3 E
F l
4Fl
l4 = l4 F + l4t = a 4 4 + l4 t =
+ l t . (4)
A4 E
d 2E
( C D) ,
.
3F l
l =
+ 5 l t . (5)
d 2E
(5)

, .

.
(5)
t

3F
.
t =
5 d 2E

(1)-(4)
l1F = 0,4 mm , l1t = 0,15 mm ,
l2 = l2 F + l2t =

l1 = 0,25 mm ,
l2 F = 0,3 mm , l2t = 0,15 mm , l2 = 0,15 mm ,
l3 F = 0 mm , l3t = 0,1 mm , l3 = 0,1 mm ,
l4 F = 0,4 mm , l4t = 0,1 mm , l4 = 0,5 mm ,
l = 0,2 mm.
(. 1.10.3) x.
,
( ), .

.

.

10

1.1.4

1.11

1.11.1

F1 = 3F, F2 = 2F F3 = 3F.
,
(d)

1.) ;
2.) .

2 1.
:
. ,
,
,
,
,
.

,
2 ,
(XA)
.

1.11.2. ,
.
X i = X A +F1 + F2 F3 = 0 X A = F1 + F2 F3 = 2 F ,

Fa1 = X A = 2 F ,
Fa 2 = X A 3F = F , Fa 3 = X A 3F 2 F = 3F .
1, ,
F
F
F
2F
F
3F
1 = a1 =
, 2 = a 2 = , 3 = a3 =
.
A
A
A
A
A
A

3F
,
3 > 1 > 2 max = 3 =
A
.
max d ,
,

1.

11

3F
3F
d A
.
d
A
2,
. A1, A2 A3
F
2F
3F
, 2 =
,
.
1 =
3 =
A1
A2
A3

Fai
= d ,
i = d
Ai

F
F
F
, A2 =
, A3 = 3
.
A1 = 2
d
d
d
2
1.11.3.
1.

lF
,
m1 4 l A = 12
d

lF
.
m2 = (l A1 + 2 l A2 + l A3 ) = 6
d
2 50% .

12

1.1.5

1.12
3l
2l
(. 1.12.1),
2A.
B
F C. ,
.
.
.
, , CB
?
:
(. 1.12.2).
,
XA XB
.
.


X i = X A + F X B = 0 . (1)


. ,
,
, .
,
.
, .

.
,
() .
,
,
l = 0 . (2)

(. 1.12.2). , ,
, .
C, ,

1.

l = l1 + l2 =

13

Fa1 l1 Fa 2 l2
+
. (3)
A1 E
A2 E

Fa1 = X A , Fa 2 = X A F , l1 = 2l , l 2 = l , A1 = A , A2 = 2 A , (4)
(3) (2)
2 X A l (X A F)l
l =
+
= 0 . (5)
2 AE
AE

XA
(1)

1
4
XA = F ,
XB = F .
5
5
(. 1.12.3),
, (4)
,
F
X
F
1 = a1 = A =
, (6)
A1
A
5A
F
(X A F)
2F
2 = a 2 =
=
, (7)
A2
2A
5A

2 > 1
2
2F
.
5A

,
C
,
X 2l
Fl
C = l1 = A =
AE
5A E
(1.12.4)
.
,
(5)
2 X A l (X A F)l
l =
+
= 0,
AE
AE
(1)
F
1
2
2F
X A = F , X B = F , 1 =
, 2 =
.
3
3
3A
3A
max = 2 =

,
,

14

. ,
.
5/3 ( F/5A F/3A -2F/5A -2F/3A),
. ,

.

.

, .

( ),
.

1.14
8l AC
d (. 1.1.4.1),
CE 3 d

d
3 d. B
F ( D) 2F ( ).
d. .
: , XA XB
.
e .


X i = X A + F 2F X B = 0

X A + X B = F . (1)
,
.
l = 0 . (2)
C E, D
E, 4 ,
l = l1 + l 2 + l3 + l 4 . (3)
4
Fa1 = X A , Fa 2 = X A , Fa 3 = X A F , Fa 4 = X A F + 2 F = X A + F .

A1 =

d 2
,
4

A2 = A3 =

3
d 2 ,
4

A4 =

1
[( 3 d ) 2 d 2 ] = d 2 ,
4
2

1.

15

l1 = l , l 2 = 3l , l3 = l 4 = 2l ,

F l
F l
F l
8( X A F )l
4XAl
4X A l
, l 2 = a 2 2 =
, l3 = a 3 3 =
,
l1 = a1 1 =
2
2
A1 E d E
A2 E
A3 E
d E
3 d 2 E

Fa 4 l 4 4 ( X A + F ) l
=
.
A4 E
d 2 E
(3) (2)
4 X A l 4 X A l 8( X A F )l 4( X A + F )l
l =
+
+
+
=0,
d 2 E d 2 E
d 2 E
3 d 2 E
, (1)
XA = F / 11, XB = 10 F / 11.
.

F
F
4 F
4 F
1 = a1 =
, 2 = a2 =
,
2
A1
11 d
A2
33 d 2
l 4 =

Fa 3
F
16 F
20 F
, 4 = a4 =
.
=
11 d 2
A3
A4 11 d 2
EB 4,
20 F
.
max =
11 d 2
3 =

max d
20 F
d
11 d 2

20 F
11 d 2 d

d .

1.15

, (.
1.15.1) d 3l
.
C F .
B
D. l.
F.
B C.
: F
B D (. 1.15.2). F
,
XA F

16

Xi = X A + F = 0

X A = F . (1)

,
(.
1.1.5.2)
Fa1 = X A = F , Fa 2 = 0 ,
1
A1 = A2 = d 2 ,
4
l1 = 2l , l 2 = l ,

F l
F l
8F l
l = l1 + l 2 = a1 1 + a 2 2 =
.
A1 E
A2 E
d 2 E

,

. C
B je
C = l1 =

8 Fl

, (2)

B = l =

8F l

. (3)
d E
d 2 E
F B
.
F F1
, B = . (3)
8 F1 l
1 d 2 E
F
=
=

.
1
8
l
d 2 E
2

D,
, . ,
, XA XB.

X A + F X B = 0 (4)
Xi = 0
,
, . e
C, , AC CB.

Fa1 = X A , Fa 2 = X A F ,

F l
F l
X l
(X A F )l .
l1 = a1 1 = 2 A ,
l 2 = a 2 2 =
A1 E
A1 E
A2 E
A2 E
.
, ,
,

1.

17

l = .

X A l (X A F)l
+
=,
A1 E
A2 E

l = l1 + l 2 = 2

d 2 E
d 2E
1
2
, (5)
. (6)
F+
XB = F
3
12 l
3
12 l
, C
X l 8 Fl
2
C = l1 = 2 A =
+ . (7)
A1 E 3 d 2 E 3
XA =

1.17
4l (l = 0,3 m) AC
d = 50 mm, (. 1.17.1),
2 d. B
4l. t0 = 20oC.
,
C,
tmin = 22oC, ,


tmax = 80oC. ,
= 2,1 1011 Pa

= 1,2 10-5 1/K.

:
.
, XA XB .
(. 1.17.2).
Xi = XA XB = 0 ,
(
)

,
.


l = 0 . (1)
,

l = l1 + l 2 . (2)

18

l1 = l1F + l1t =

Fa1 l1
12 X A l
+ l1 t =
+ 3l t ,
A1 E
d 2E

l 2 = l 2 F + l 2t =

(3)

Fa 2 l 2
2X A l
+ l 2 t =
+ l t , (4)
A2 E
d 2E

,
d 2
d 2
, A2 =
, l1 = 3l , l 2 = l .
4
2
(3) (4) (2) (1)
12 X A l
2 XA l
l =
+ 3 l t
+ l t = 0 ,
2
d E
d 2 E

2
X A = X B = d 2 E t .
7
1 2
F
F
8
4
1 = a1 = E t , 2 = a 2 = E t ,
A1
7
A2
7
C
12 X A l
3
C = l1 =
+ 3l t = l t .
7
d 2E
Fa1 = Fa 2 = X A ,

A1 =

,
t z = t min t 0 = 42 o C , t l = t max t 0 = 60 o C ,

X A = X B = 237,5 kN , 1 = 121 MPa , 2 = 60,5 MPa , C = 0,065 mm ,
,
X A = X B = 339,3 kN , 1 = 172,8 MPa , 2 = 86,4 MPa , C = 0,093 mm .
, 20oC ,
20oC, . ,

.
1.18

(. 1.18.1)
( 2 d d)
. C
je U1,
D U2.
3l. ,
,
,

1.

19

.
, t,
, .
.
l = 1 m, = 1 mm, d = 1 cm, E = 2 1011 MPa, = 1,2 10-5 1/K,
t = 20 K.
: a ,
, XA XC. Je (. 1.18.2)
Xi = X A + X C = 0 ,

.


,
l = l1 + l 2 = . (1)

Fa1 l1
2XAl
l1 = l1F + l1t =
+ l1 t =
+ l t ,
A1 E
d 2 E
Fa 2 l 2
4 X A (2l )
+ l 2 t =
+ (2l ) t ,
A2 E
d 2 E
l2 , .
(1)
2XAl
4 X A (2l )
l =
+ l t +
+ (2l ) t = ,
2
d E
d 2 E

(3 l ) t
d 2 E , (1)
XA =
10 l 4
XC.
F
2XA
(3 l ) t
1 = a1 =
= 2E
, (2)
2
A1
10 l 4
d
l 2 = l 2 F + l 2t =

2 =

Fa 2 4 X A
(3 l ) t
=
= 4E
. (3)
2
A2
10 l 4
d

XA = XC =1,761kN, 1 = 28,8MPa 2 = 57,6MPa.

100 MPa, ,
. , ( )

.
. :

20

1. ?
2.
100MPa?
(1)
XA = 0 t t0.

,
t 0 =
(3 l )

, .
t0 = 27.8K, .
(3) 2 (
1) 2 = d . 2 ,
t0.

. ,

10 l 4
10 l 4
1
1
t1 =
d ) , t 2 =
d )
(
( +
4E
4E
(3 l )
(3 l )
t1 = 6,9K t2 = 62,5K.
e (1),(2) (3)
3 l 3 l 10 l 4 10 l .
3 l t
d 2 E ,
10 l
(1). XA = 1,759kN,
0,12%,
.
XA =

1.

21

1.2 ,

1.2.1

1.22
,
l
E
(. 1.22.1).

B.
2 OB. T
F. ,
.
: ( )
. ,

(. 1.22.2).
YO,
, .
S1 S2
.

X i = F cos 30 o S1 cos 60 o + S 2 sin 60 o = 0 , (1)

Yi = F sin 30 o + S1 sin 60 o + S 2 cos 60 o + YO = 0 . (2)

S1, S2 YO,
,
.
.
, F
,
,
. , , ,
, .

22

.
, , .

, ( )
(. 1.22.3). F
,
( O)
. .
O

1
l1 = O cos 60 o = O , (3)
2
3
l 2 = O sin 60 o =
O . (4)
2
z1 ( 1) z2 ( 2).

.
. O
1 z1 l1 .
O 2 z2
l2 .
(3) (4) ,
O. l1 l2
. (3) (4)
l1
1
=

l 2 = 3 l1 . (5)
l 2
3
(5)
.
. ,
1 1mm (l1 = 1 mm), 2 1,73 mm
.
, .
,
.

(. 1.22.4),
S1 ( 1),
S2 ( 2)
F l
S l
l1 = a1 1 = 1 , (6)
A1 E 2 A E
l 2 =

(5)

Fa 2 l 2 S 2 l
=
. (7)
A2 E
AE

1.

23

S2 l
S l
3
= 3 1
S2 =
S1 . (8)
2
AE
2 AE
(8) S1 S2 .
(1) (2) 3 3
. (1) (3)

2 3
3
F,
S2 = F ,
5
5
(2) je YO = 4F/5.
S1, .
:
F
F
S
S
3 F
3F
, 2 = a2 = 2 =
.
1 = a1 = 1 =
A1 2 A
5 A
A2
A 5 A
(6) (7)
. (7)
S l 3F l
l 2 = 2 =
,
AE 5AE
(4)
S1 =

O =

2
3

l 2 =

2 3F l 2 3 F l
.
=
5 AE
3 5 AE

1.23


Q (. 1.23.1)
( 1)
60 .

, B C .
,
2l, A ( ), l, 2A (
B) l, A ( OC). .
:

,
.
, 2
4 (S1, S2, S3
N). 2 ,
.
N,

N. e x (.
1.23.2)

24

X i = Q sin 60 o S1 S 2 cos 30 o + S 3 cos 60 o = 0 , (1)

.
-, ,
, ,
.
,
, .

O. (.1. 23.3)
l1 = O , (2) l 2 = O cos 30 o , (3) l3 = O cos 60 o . (4)

i (i = 1,2,3)
li zi. 3
z3
.
(3) (2) (4) (2)
l 2
3
3
=
l 2 =
l1 , (5)
2
2
l1
l3
1
1
=
l3 = l1 , (6)
2
2
l1

,
.
.
,

F l
F l
F l
S l
S l
2S l
l1 = a1 1 = 1 , l 2 = a 2 2 = 2 , l3 = a 3 3 = 3
A1 E
AE
A2 E
2 AE
A3 E
AE
(5) (6)
S3 l
S2 l
3 2 S1 l
1 2 S1 l
S 2 = 2 3 S1 , (7)
=
S 3 = S1 . (8)
=
2 AE
2 AE
2 AE
AE
(7) (8) (1) 3
3 . (7) (8) (1)

3
1
3
Q S1 3 S1 S1 = 0 S1 =
Q,
2
2
9
(7) (8)

S2 =

2
Q,
3

S3 =

3
Q.
9

F
F
S
F
S
S
3Q
3Q
Q
1 = a1 = 1 =
, 2 = a2 = 2 =
, 3 = a3 = 3 =
A1
A
9A
A3
A
9A
A2
2A 3A

1.

25

1.26
(. 1.26.1).

1,
,
1 . M.

. :
.

(

) ,
(. 1.26.7)
M O = S a sin 45 o M = 0 ,

F
M
M
S
S= 2
(13) = a = = 2
.
a
A
A
aA



, ,
.


.
1.26.2
.
A = a .
, '
(yA),
(xA).
yA / x .

yA
sin
.
=
x A 1 cos

26

yA / xA.
,
, xA << yA.
1.26.8 5,
. ,
xA yA,
,

[o]
[rad] 10-3 yA / xA
. yA = A = a .
0,25
4,363
458,4
1.26.9
0,5
8,727
229,2
,
1
17,453
114,6

,
2
34,906
57,3
,
3
52,360
38,2
1.26.6 .
4
69,813
28,6

5
87,266
22,9

2
2
l = A cos 45 o =
A =
a . (14)
2
2
(4) (13)
Sa
M
l = 2
=2
. (15)
AE
AE
(14) (15)

M
. (16)
=2 2
aAE
(13) (16)

, lin
(
),
s lin = 2 m , lin = 2 2 m .
lin
m.

1.26.4 1.26.5.

,
.

1.

27

1.28
Q,
2a,
O (. 1.28.1).
C F = 2Q.
1
. l,
A, E.
t,
.
.
B.
?
: .
.
S ,
(. 1.28.2).
F +Q
= 3Q ,
M O = F a Q a 3 S a = 0 S =
3
X i = X O + F = 0 X O = F = 2Q ,

Yi = YO Q S = 0 YO = Q + S = ( 3 1) Q .
, S je .
3 3
.

F
S
Q
= a = = 3 .
A
A
A
,
.


, .
je
(.
1.28.3).

A = OA = 2 a ,


l = A cos = 2 a cos 30 o = 3 a , (1)
OAD

28

tg =

OD

3
3

= arctg

3
= 30 o .
3

AD
3a

S (. 1.28.4)
F l
Ql
l = l F + lt = a + l t = 3
+ l t . (2)
AE
AE
(1) (2)
Ql
3 l t l Q
3
=

= (

t ) . (3)
3 a
3
a AE
3 a AE a
B. ,
( )
( B) . ,
B
=

3
Q

t ) ,
3
AE
OB.
(3)

.
t1
Q
.
t1 = 3
AE
B = OB = 5 l (

, t1
.
,
. , ,

.

1.29

OC 3a,
B F (.
1.29.1). OC
AA1 ( 2l) i CC1
( l),
.
A
.

.

1.

29

: ,
(. 1.29.2).
X i = X O S1 cos 30 o S 2 cos 60 o = 0 , (1)

Yi = YO + S1 sin 30 o + S 2 sin 60 o F = 0 , (2)

M O = S1 a sin 30 o + S 2 3a sin 60 o F 2a = 0 . (3)
4
,
.

F
. , ,
OC . ,


.
OC

.

.

C (. 1.29.3)
A = OA = a ,
C = O C = 3 a ,
.

OC,
.

3 3
1
l1 = A cos 60 o = a ,
l 2 = C cos 30 o =
a .
2
2
,
,
l 2
= 3 3 l 2 = 3 3 l1 . (4)
l1

F l
F l
S l
2S l
l1 = a1 1 = 1 ,
l 2 = a 2 2 = 2 .
A1 E
AE
A2 E
AE
(4) ,
S2 l
2S l
=3 3 1
S 2 = 6 3 S1 , (5)
AE
AE
(1)-(3) 4
4 . (3) (5)

30

S1 =

4
F,
55

S2 =

24 3
S1 ,
55

F
F
S
S
24 3 F
4F
1 = a1 = 1 =
,
2 = a2 = 2 =
.
A2
A
55 A
A1
A 55 A
,
. (1) (2)
,
14 3
3
1
1
3
17
XO =
S1 + S 2 =
F,
YO = S1
S2 + F =
F.
2
2
55
2
2
55
,
(1) (2).
1.30

AOB,
O CB
q
(. 1.30.1). A B
AA1 i BB1

.
.
:
Q
Q = l q. (. 1.30.2)
3 ,
4 , .
, S1 S2

3
M O = S1 l sin 45o + S 2 2l Q l = 0
2
2
3
S1 + 2 S 2 = q l . (1)
2
2


.

.
(. 1.30.3).

A B.

1.

31

.
,
A = OA = l , B = OB = 2 l .

2
l1 = A sin 45o =
l , l 2 = B = 2 l .
2

2
l1
. (2)
=
l2
4

F l
F l
S l
S l
l1 = a1 1 = 2 1 , (3) l 2 = a 2 2 = 2 , (4)
AE
AE
AE
AE
l1 = 2 l l 2 = l .
(3) (4) (2)
2 S1
2
S 2 = 4 S1 . (5)
=
4
S2
(5)
3
12
S1 =
ql ,
S2 =
ql .
16 + 2
16 + 2

.
F
F
S
S
3ql
12 q l
1 = a1 = 1 =
, 2 = a2 = 2 =
.
A
A (16 + 2 ) A
A
A (16 + 2 ) A

1.2.2

1.40
K
A B (. 1.40.1).
AK l, ( AK)
2A ( BK). K F
. K
, A = 1cm2,
F = 20 kN, l = 0,5 m, E = 2 1011 Pa.

32

: , K
, ,
.
, K . ,
, ,
K, .
()
. ,
S1 S2 (. 1.40.2).

.
K
F (
K).
X i = S1 cos 60 o S 2 = 0 ,
Yi = S1 sin 60 o F = 0 ,
.

F
2F 2 3
3
S1 =
=
F , S2 =
=
F,
3
3
3
3

F
F
S
S
3 F
3 F
, 2 = a2 = 2 =
.
1 = a1 = 1 =
A1 2 A
3 A
A2
A
3 A
K .
,
.
F l
S 2l 2 3 F l
, (1)
l1 = a1 1 = 1
=
A1 E 2 A E
3 AE
Fa 2 l 2 S 2 l
3 Fl
. (2)
=
=
A2 E
AE
3 AE
, BK
AK .

,

(. 1.40.3).
N.
.
K
K',
K K.
.
K l1 l2.
l 2 =

1.

33

, K
. KK' ,
NKK' MKK'
3
1
cos sin ) (3),
l 2 = K sin . (4)
2
2

l1
3
1
3 2 3 l1
ctg =
.
ctg +

=
2
2
3
3 l 2
l 2
l1 = K cos( + 30 o ) = K (

l1 l2 (1) (2)
5 3
5 3
= arcctg
ctg =
= 19,107 o ,
3
3
(4) K
l
Fl
3Fl
28 F l
K = 2 =
=
= 1,764
.
o
sin 2 A E sin 19,107
3 AE
AE
(v) (u)
3 Fl
5 Fl
,
.
v = K cos =
u = l1 =
3 AE
3 AE
T F
.

1 = 115,47 MPa , 2 = 115,47 MPa , K = 0,882 mm .
,
,
K .
,
.
, .

.
.

1.41

K
A B (. 1.41.1).
l ,
. K F
. K.

34

: K
(. 1.41.2).
.

X i = S1 cos 60 o + S 2 cos 60 o = 0 ,

Yi = S1 sin 60 o S 2 sin 60 o F = 0 .
(2 , 2 )

3
3 F
F , 1 = 2 =
,
3
3 A
.

F l
S l
3 Fl
3 Fl
,
,
l1 = a1 1 = 1 =
l 2 =
A1 E
AE
3 AE
3 AE
. ,
, (. 1.41.3)
K.

2Fl
2
3
l1 = K cos 30 o =
K K =
l1 =
.
2
3AE
3
S1 = S 2 =

K ,
F, .
, , K
, .
( )
( ).

.

, .
,
.

1.44

K
A, B C
(. 1.44.1). KA KB l, KC
. ,

. KC

1.

35

t. K F .
K.
: , ,
(. 1.44.2).
:
X i = S1 sin 60 o + S 3 sin 60 o = 0 , S 3 = S 2 (1)

Yi = S1 cos 60 o + S 2 S 3 cos 60 o F = 0 . (2)

3 ,
.
, ,
(
), K
K (. 1.44.3).
1
l1 = l3 = K cos 60 o = K ,
l 2 = K , (3)
2
K
l 2 = 2l1 . (4)

S l
S a
l1 = 1 ,
l 2 = l 2 F + l 2t = 2 + a t . (5)
AE
AE
(4)

S2 a
S l
2l
+ a t = 2 1
S 2 = S1 A E t , (6)
AE
AE
a
(1) (2)
3
a
( F + A E t ) ,
S1 = S 3 =
a + 2l
2l
a
A E t .
F
S2 =
a + 2l
a + 2l

2l F
a
F
a
( + E t ) , 2 =
E t .

a + 2l A
a + 2l A a + 2l
(3), (5) (6)
S a
2l F a
2al
K = l 2 = 2 + a t =
+
t .
(a + 2 l ) A E a + 2 l
AE
1 = 3 =