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Dr. Tahir Zaidi

Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 2
Signal Representation and Time
Domain Analysis


Basic Types of Digital Signals
Basic Types of Digital Signals
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Basic Types of Digital Signals
Sine and Exp Using Matlab
% sine generation: A*sin(omega*n+theta)
% exponential generation: A^n
n = 0: 1: 50;
% amplitude
A = 0.87;
% phase
theta = 0.4;
% frequency
omega = 2*pi / 20;
% sin generation
xn1 = A*sin(omega*n+theta);
% exp generation
xn2 = A.^n;
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Basic Operations
Operations in Matlab
xn1 = [1 0 3 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0];
xn2 = [1 3 -1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0];
yn = xn1 + xn2;
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x[n] via impulse functions
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Input: sum of weighted shifted impulses
Time Domain Analysis
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Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Linear
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Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Linear Time-Invariant System
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Linear Time-Invariant System
Input: sum of weighted shifted impulses
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Using Linearity and Time-Invariance for the impulses
Sum of wt. Shifted impulses sum of wt. Shifted impulse responses
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LTI System
Two ways
As the representation of the output as a
sum of delayed and scaled impulse
responses.
As a computational formula for
computing y[n] (y at time n) from the
entire sequences x and h.

Form x[k]h[n-k] for -<k<+ for a fixed n
Sum over all k to produce y[n]
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Convolution in the time domain:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
k
y n x k h n k

y[n] = 2 3 3 3 6 0 1 0 0
Example-Convolution of Two Rectangles
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Example..(Continued)
Example-Convolution Of Two Sequences
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Stability
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Causality
Causality & Stability- Example
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Difference Equation
For all computationally realizable LTI systems, the
input and output satisfy a difference equation of the
form



This leads to the recurrence formula



which can be used to compute the present output
from the present and M past values of the input and
N past values of the output
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Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference(LCCD)
Equations
Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference (LCCD)
Equations( Continued)
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Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference (LCCD)
Equations.( Continued)
First-Order Example
Consider the difference equation
y[n] =ay[n1] +x[n]
We can represent this system by the
following block diagram:
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Exponential Impulse Response
With initial rest conditions, the
difference Equation has impulse
response

y[n] =ay[n1] +x[n]
h[n] =a
n
u[n]
Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference (LCCD)
Equations.( Continued)
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Digital Filter
Y = FILTER(B,A,X)
filters the data in vector X with the filter described by
vectors A and B to create the filtered data Y. The filter
is a "Direct Form II Transposed" implementation of the
standard difference equation:
a(1)*y(n) = b(1)*x(n) + b(2)*x(n-1) + ... +
b(n
b
+1)*x(n-n
b
) - a(2)*y(n-1) - ... - a(n
a
+1)*y(n-n
a
)
[Y,Zf] = FILTER(B,A,X,Zi)
gives access to initial and final conditions, Zi and Zf, of
the delays.
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LTI summary
Complex Exp Input Signal
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The Frequency Response
Delay and First Difference
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More on the Ideal Delay
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
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Properties
Properties(cont)
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Symmetric Properties
DTFT Properties:



x[n] X(e
j
)
x
*
[n] X
*
(e
j
)
x[n] x[n] X(e
j
) X(e
j
)
even even
x[n] x[n] X(e
j
) X(e
j
)
odd odd
x[n] x
*
[n] X(e
j
) X
*
(e
j
)
real Hermitian symmetric
Consequences of Hermitian Symmetry
If
then




And
X(e
j
) X
*
(e
j
)
Re[ X(e
j
)] is even
Im[X(e
j
)] is odd
X(e
j
) is even
X(e
j
) is odd
If x[n] is real and even, X(e
j
) will be real and even
and if x[n] is real and odd, X(e
j
) will be imaginary and odd
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DTFT- Sinusoids
DTFT of Unit Impulse
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Ideal Lowpass Filter
Example
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Magnitude and Angle Form
Magnitude and Angle Plot
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Example
Real and Even ( Zero Phase)
Consider an LTI system with an even
unit sample response





DTFT is



e
2 j

+
2 e
j

+
3
+
2 e

j

+
e

2 j


2 cos( 2

)
+
4 cos(

)
+
3
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Real & Even (Zero Phase)
Frequency response is real, so system
has zero phase shift
This is to be expected since unit
sample response is real and even.



Linear Phase




H(z) e
2 j
+ 2e
j
+ 3+3e
j
+ e
2 j
e
2 j
(e
2 j
+ 2e
j
+ 3+2e
j
+e
2 j
)
e
2 j
(2cos(2) + 4cos() +3)
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Useful DTFT Pairs
Convolution Theorem
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Linear Phase ( cont.)
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Frequency Response of DE
Matlab
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Example
Ideal Filters
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Ideal Filters
HP Digital Filter from LP Design
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BP Digital Filter from HP & LP
Ideal Lowpass Filter
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h[n] of ideal filter
Approximations
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Freq Axis
Inverse System