Modal Analysis

Advanced Topics
Module 8
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Module 8
Modal Analysis - Advanced Topics
A. Learn how to do a prestressed modal analysis
B. Learn how to take advantage of cyclic symmetry in a modal
analysis
C. Learn how to perform a modal analysis following a large
deflection static analysis

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A. Prestressed Modal Analysis
What is prestressed modal analysis and why?
Modal analysis of a prestressed structure.
Some structures show different dynamic behavior depending on
their stress state.
A guitar string or a drum head, for example, will vibrate at higher
frequencies as its tension is increased.
When a turbine blade spins, its natural frequencies tend to be higher
because of the prestress caused by centrifugal forces.
To properly design such structures, both stress-free and
prestressed modal analyses may be required.
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Three main steps:
Build the model
Prestress the model with a static analysis
Do the modal analysis with prestress
Build the Model:
Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
Remember to specify density with proper units.
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
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Build the model

Priestess the model with a static
analysis
Choose analysis type & options:
Be sure to activate prestress
effects.
Loading: Apply the loads
causing the prestress.
Postprocessing: Review the
results to make sure that the
proper loads have been applied.
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
Solution > Unabridged Menu
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
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Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
Element Plot - Static Analysis
of Prestressed Modal
Stress Plot - Static Analysis
of Prestressed Modal
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Build the model
Pre-stress the model with a static
analysis

Do the modal analysis with
prestress
Same procedure as a normal
modal analysis except that
prestress effects must be
included when specifying
analysis options.
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
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Prestressed plate Without prestress
Compare:
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
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Build the model
Prestress the model with a static analysis
Do the modal analysis with Pre-stress
Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure
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B. Workshop
In this workshop, you will Pre-stress the disc shown below and then
determine its natural frequencies. If time permits, determine the
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the disc without any Pre-
stress and compare the results.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
(Pre-stressed Modal Analysis Workshop - Pre-Stressed Disc, Page W-61.).
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C. Modal Cyclic Symmetry
What is modal cyclic symmetry?
A modal analysis that takes advantage of cyclic symmetry.
You can model only one sector, then view mode shapes of the
entire structure!
Saves modeling time - no need to model all 360 degrees.
Saves computer time and disk space - fewer elements and DOF.

Applications
Any structure that is cyclically symmetric: turbines, impellers,
rotors, fans, etc.
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry Procedure
Six main steps:
Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Automatic via CYCLIC command
Manually by creating node components
Apply BCs
Specify modal analysis type and options
Specify cyclic solution options via CYCOPT command and solve
using ANSYS SOLVE command
Review results by expanding to 360 degrees via /CYCEXPAND
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Model the Basic Sector
Basic sector
Must be in a global or user-
defined cylindrical system: X
radial, Y along , Z axial.
Cyclic symmetry planes (or
edges):
Node patterns can be
matched or unmatched,
but matched may provide
more accurate solution.
Can be curved.
The sector angle modeled, ,
can be any number as long as
the total number of sectors
(360/) is an integer.
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Identify Cyclic Symmetry Planes
Model the basic sector

Identify cyclic symmetry planes:
Automatic Procedure:
Issue the CYCLIC command to detect:
the number of sectors
the sector angle
cyclic coordinate system
cyclic boundaries
Manual Procedure:
Select nodes along the lowest angle.
Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu >
Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component
Select nodes along the highest angle.
Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu >
Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component
Issue CYCLIC command specifying all fields
Be sure to select everything when done!
Components: DISC_M01L
DISC_M01H
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Apply BCs
Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes

Apply BCs:
Mainly displacement constraints.
Apply on nodes only, not on solid
model entities (since the second
sector contains only nodes and
elements).
Select nodes by location, not by
numbers.
No need to specify symmetry BC
(unless you are doing a static
analysis for prestress).

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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Specify Analysis Type & Options
Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Apply BCs

Specify analysis type
Analysis Type Modal
Options:
Block Lanczos method is
recommended.
Number of modes extracted
(NMODE) is per nodal
diameter (explained later).
Expand as many modes as
the number extracted.
Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type >
New Analysis
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve using ANSYS SOLVE command
Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Apply BCs
Specify analysis type & options

Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command:
Issue CYCOPT,hindex, command to specify which harmonic indices
to solve for. The default is to solve all applicable harmonic indices.
Menu path is:
Solution > Solve > Current LS
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Nodal diameter
A diametric line of zero displacement during vibration for a
circular membrane (like a COSINE wave).
Provides relationship to compute mode shape of entire model
from the basic sector results.
One nodal diameter typically causes one wave around the
circumference , two nodal diameters cause two waves, and so on.
Each nodal diameter has multiple modes of vibration.
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
One nodal diameter
Notice one diametric line of zero displacement in the
UZ contour plot below. An end view of the mode
shape is shown on the right.
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Two nodal diameters
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Three nodal diameters
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Four nodal diameters
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Zero nodal diameters (axisymmetric mode)
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
Why is the harmonic index range important?
For each harmonic index ANSYS will extract a specified number of
modes.
The user controls the range of harmonic indices for each of which
modes are extracted.
Minimum harmonic index number is 0 ( breathing mode).
Maximum harmonic index value is (NSECTOR/2) for even number
of sectors or ( NSECTOR-1)/2 for odd number number of sectors.
Usually, the first few modes are extracted for the whole range of
harmonic indices to cover all the low frequency modes.
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The relationship between the harmonic index k and nodal
diameter d for a model consisting of N sectors is:


,..., 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 m where
k N m d
The following table shows how the harmonic index, nodal diameter
and number of sectors relate to one another:
Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Solve
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Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes
Apply BCs
Specify analysis type & options
Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command

Review results over 360
Use the General Postprocessor (POST1).
Four main steps:
List frequencies.
Issue /CYCEXPAND,,ON command
Read in results for the desired mode.
Plot and animate the mode shape.
Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results over 360
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
List frequencies:
General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick
Each harmonic index is stored as a separate load step.
Harmonic index 0, modes 1-5
Harmonic index 1, modes 1-5
Harmonic index 2, modes 1-5
Harmonic index 3, modes 1-5
Harmonic index 4, modes 1-5
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Type the command /CYCEXPAND,,ON. ( General Postproc > Cyclic Analysis > Cyc Expansion )
All displays will now be graphically expanded to a full 360 image.





Read in results for the desired mode, using the SET command or By Load Step
Harmonic index.
LSTEP=1 means
harmonic index 0
in this case.
Mode number
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Animate the mode shape
PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape...
Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Harmonic Index 0
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Harmonic Index 1
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Harmonic Index 2
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Harmonic Index 3
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Harmonic Index 4
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Review Results
Compare cyclic symmetry and
full solutions:
Frequencies match well.
Notice that the lower modes
are the first few modes for
each harmonic index.
538 elements and 1790 active
DOF vs. 2690 elements and
17900 active DOF.
The symmetry model requires
less than half the CP time for
solution.
Results file size: 1.34 MB vs.
4.16 MB.
36 Symmetry Model Full 360 Model
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
D. Workshop
In this workshop, you will model one
tooth of the spiral bevel gear shown
to determine its natural frequencies.
See your Dynamics Workshop
supplement for details.
Modal Cyclic Symmetry Workshop -
Spiral Bevel Gear, Page W-67.
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E. Large Deflection Modal Analysis
What is large deflection modal analysis?
Modal analysis of a structure that has undergone significant
geometry change due to loads.
Some applications include
When pressure or spin load is applied to a relatively thin turbine
blade, it tends to untwist the airfoil affecting natural frequency.
Undersea pipeline installations where contact with seabed causes
change in frequencies.
Membranes under pressure load.
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What is the difference between large deflection modal analysis and
prestressed modal analysis?
Prestressed modal assumes that stresses will affect the natural
frequencies but deflections are small; that is the geometry has not
changed.
Large deflection modal assumes that the geometry is changing
significantly due to deformation and that this updated geometry
(in addition to the stress) will change the natural frequencies and
mode shapes.
Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Contact and large deflection
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Procedure
Five main steps:
Build the model
Run static analysis with large deflection effects turned on
Update geometry to the deformed geometry
Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures
Review results
Build the Model:
Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
Remember to specify density with proper units.
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Run Static Analysis
Build the model

Run Static analysis
Choose analysis type &
options: Be sure to activate
both prestress and large
deflection effects.
Loading: Apply the static
loads. Follow guidelines
from Chapter 8 , Structural
Analysis Guide
Solve
Solution > Unabridged Menu
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Update Geometry to deformed shape
Build the model
Run static analysis with large deflection effects
Update geometry
Add displacements from static analysis to the original
geometry.
This creates the new geometry on which modal analysis
will be carried out.

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Build the model
Run static analysis with large deflection effects
Update geometry to the deformed geometry




Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures
Step 1. Analysis type and options
Step 2. Triangularize the matrix ( PSOLVE,TRIANG)
Step 3. Compute eigenvalues ( PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
Step 4. Expand mode shapes ( PSOLVE,EIGEXP)
Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform modal analysis
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform Modal Analysis
Step 1. Analysis type and options
Set analysis type to Modal
Select mode extraction method ( Block Lanczos
recommended)
Select the number of modes to extract


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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform Modal Analysis
Step 2. Triangularize the matrix (PSOLVE,TRIANG)

Solution > Solve > Partial Solu
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform Modal Analysis
Step 3. Compute eigenvalues (PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
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Step 4. Expand mode shapes
This is done as a separate pass (issue FINISH and
get back into Solution)
Turn expansion key ON

Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform Modal Analysis
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform modal analysis
Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)
Select how many modes to expand
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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Perform modal analysis
At this point the user will have a standard modal analysis results file.
Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)
Perform partial solution to expand modes

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Mode 4, Frequency= 585.631 Hz
Mode 2, Frequency = 151.584 Hz
Mode 6 , Frequency=881.08 Hz
Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Review results
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Large deflection modal analysis
The mode shapes are based on deformed geometry.
You should remember that nonlinearities are ignored and contact
elements retain their initial status at the start of the modal analysis.
For instance , only modes where the beams are in contact with each
other will be extracted in the example used in this chapter.
With contact elements sliding motion may be allowed depending on
the value of coefficient of friction used.
Use Rough Contact (keyopt(12)=1) to prevent sliding motion.
Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Review results