TPHTA H ABHIJEHHA: 3APOXKJEHHE MEJMUMHbI B CPEXHEM A3HH (103M THBHBIE M HEPATHBHBIE ACHEKTBI 30POACTPHHCKOM TPAAMIMH) * AnGapuymsn A. A.(Canxt-Terep6ypr) cron Meum 8 Cpeaneli Aan Henocpenetaenio cassaHst ¢ menmumHolt npesneii Apnanst, no3queliImMM pasBHTHeM KoTOpoii crata Tak HaSbiBaeMaa Ma3nascHuiickan Wu sopoacrpulickas Mequuuna. [penis MeAMUMHcKas TAMA ApHAHEI, XOCTOREPHEIe Ces KOTOPOH coxpanwmncs 8 anecrulickux (Apecta: Apaasaxmur Slur - Sur 3, wack - Buaessar, Xycriapam, Hukanym, Unrpanar) 1 niexsesulicknx sopoactpuiickux coumnenuax (Bynaaxnuin, Brsuyarnxa-n Sagenpam, Uikana-rymanur-susap, J[paxt-H acypur yn Gy3, M mp.), HecoMHenHo, nomKHA Grima oxa3aTb Gombuoe BIMSHHe Ha cpopMHpoBaHie M pasBHTHe cpeaHeasHatcKoH MeaMUMHbI B Mycyabmancknii nepnos [Elgood C., 1951; Fichtner H., 1924]. B 910i cBx3H OcOOHAKOM CTOHT MMH TeHHaNBHOrO Bpaeparens HOH Cums (ABnucHHEs), Mpocmapmmmero wesaMcKy¥o Menmumny Cpenueli Asm Bo BCeM Mupe, TepauIM HaBecTHBIM TpeslMecTREHANKOM KoToporo Grin TepBEtit spas ApHaxt - TpHTa, saToxKMBIIHi OCHOBEI apHaHtcKoit H anecTHiickoli MenuunHbI. Ham mpencTaBiaeTcs BOSMOAHBIM MpOBeCTH NapaLtens MexIy AByMA 3HaMeHHTSIMH BpasieBaTestaMH CpegHeit Asnn: TpuToii m Anunennoi. © spaue Tpnte (ero uma B GyknambHOM nepenore “rpernii”, win cKopee “nopaxaromutit JeMOHOB WIH 3Meli TpeMs ytapaMi”) HSBECTHO H3 TOsAHesopoacrpulicKoro aBectuiicKorO COMMHCHHA Bunesnar (parapati 20-21). Kak rnacur mpenauue, Bonpocsi s7oposha M waeYeHHA HenyTOR Gecrtoxowm 3aparyumpy. Oreevas wa ero sompocet, Axypa-Masia pacckasbipaeT 0 neppom (napoupea)', 1epsoposwom (napadama), GmctarenbuoM (paaeama) H Mory4eM (maxwana) WenHTeNe Tpure. Tprra mpocnaswica Tem, 4To eMy BIepBHe yjlaioch oTOrHaTs Helyr K HeMyTy (askam yaskai), emeprs K cMeprn (mahrkam mahrkai), oTsectH ocrpHe Bpaxeckoro Komba (vazomno-arsti) u orous auxopanxn (0rd fafnus) or moneli. Tpura sanpocun (bopmysty mpoTuBoanHs (visci8ra- /smurmrpa), Koropyto noxy4na on or Xmarpa-Baupsu (oMananun Axypa-Masaui, noKposiTemcrayiomeli Bnacth H HeGy). Bce 91H JeKapcTBeHHBe MpOTHBOSJINK NpexHasHAsANHCE si mpotupoxelicraua Gomesnn (yaska-/iiacka), cmeptu (mahrka- /maxpxa), Gos (dazu /naxy), smuxopaae (tafnu /Tadpry), capane, capactée (nexienHiicKoe TomKOBAHHe - 031106 ?), axKarte, aKaxBe, Kypyre, axupake, upyke, actaupse, ypHoMy ritasy (ayajiia-/araumba), nopye (piltiia- /nyutps), sapaxkenmo (Ghitiia- /axrss), auupbe, aryupe, arpe # Yrpe. Haspanna Goxesneli capansi (sdrana-) W capactoH (sdrastiia-) noka He HomaIoTeR THosHOMy oGsacHenmto, Kak Mb Tlomaraem, ROaMOXKHO, OHM cBaSAHEI ¢ TOnOBO!, OT aBecr. sdra-/capa- “ronona”, Xora cpaBHiTe canicKp. sirand “HaBepxxenue; noHoc” m sdrana “caaGurembuoe”. Arana (aiana-), axaxna (azahuua-) 1 axwpaxa (aziuudka-) Toxe oka ocTaloTes Sarakoit, XOTA OMEBIAHO, TO BCC OHH CBA3AHBI CO 3Meeli, CO IMEHHEIM YKYCOM H 10M, OT anecr. axka-/axcu-“smea; apaxon”. Ilo onymenuo 2K. JJapmcterepa, ron “wkupaka” Mower HMETKCA B BHULy “ykyc smen” (la morsure du serpent). Kypyra (kuruya-) - nepostHo, Goes, cRa3aHHas ¢ TOpsIOM, TopTaHbIo H meeli (axTHHa, 6pouxur 2). [pyka (druka-) - BosMoxHO, YKasbIBAcT Ha KUINeHHBIe paccTpoiicrBa WIM paneHHs, Actanpoa (astairiia; npyrax bopma: astaraman-/actapaman - SlcHa 71.17) - coraacto TexnesuiicKoMy TONKOBAHHIO, caGoyMue, TyMOyMHe, WIM GesyMHe, TIpHBOAUce K nONHOMy rpexoniaeniio, cTapyecknii Mapaam. Boubuie HeonpenenenHocta c nocaexHMMH HasRaHHAMH GonesHeit: ammpes (asira-; 110 exiesniickomy TomKoBaHMIO: HeOMorakMe), aryupbs (ayitiriia-; mHaK tbopma: ay6-staii- /aro-craii “coctosaue 31068” - Bunesnar 7.57), arpa (ayrd-; npasucibnas (popma: a-rpa) - Hero B pose GectutonHs, yrpa (uyra-) - Gonesib, BOSHHKUIaK & pesysbTaTe MpuMeHeHMA CHIH * PaGora sunosmeHa B paMKaX mpoexra, noxepxanHoro rpairrom Pocciticxoro rywamitrapHoro May'oro thonxa (Ne 99-01-00321a). Boe neoromopenmste tepesont M KOMMEHTApHH APEBHIE- H CpeAHICUPAHCKHX HETOSITAKOB punaiexar asropy. Cobuika Ha asropa oGmarenbia npHt moGoM MITTHpOBARHH HTK Tlepeckase ConepAKANHR, V[prrarsi w upusepsi u2 Anecrst npumoaatea no santo K. @. Pensaiepa [GeldnerK. F., 1886-1895] 1 ¢ \cTOM TORKORAHH, MpeIOKEMMBNK B esIORAPE sApesKCHpACKOTO A3bIKa Xp. Baproaose (Bartholomae Chr., 1904].HM wacusma (ymm6; cuHaK; pana). Haxoxeu, raga m anarana (gada-, apagada-) - Hescusie pasHosnHocTH GonesHeHHBx AecTpyKUMii: pasnoxeHHe M nosIHOe pactsienne (?). Wpancxne ysensie mpupapuuzatot Tputy (Cputy) no auayenmio c rpeveckum Gorom ppavepaHns Dexysianom (pHMCKHM AckseTHeM), XOTH TepBBIM GoXCCTRAMH OYHCTHBIIHM MHP OT GonesHeli w cMepra Gum Manrpa Cnewra u Aupssman (Buaesaar, 22). TIporuainkamn sesenns cumramich amy (KOWMYHEI), naupura (BenMEI) H docaunu (rpemmuuet). Tpura oKasaica nepBEIM BpaveBaTeNeM, YIPeAHBINHM CHOCOGH TeTeHHA H KACCHHIHPOBABIIM GomesHH H sIeKapeTBeHHEIE cpeucrea no THnam, Ox (nexn. Tpurax uu Cpu, no aurmuiicKomy nepesogy Yacra: Arpat) mpovexosust 13 pona Cama, cba Typaxa, cotta Crasuescia, cha Jlypomacna, cbma Tyspka, cbutta apuayna (970 - nosaHAx H XOBONBHO cHopHas reHeomorHs). ComosbaMH TpuTbr Geum Yppaxuias (Ypnaxmt) 1 Kepecacna (Kapmiacn). HanGonee npocaapwsics ero cit Cama Hanpemana Kepecacna (myxkecrsennpiii Kepecacna v3 posta Cama). To asecruiickomy npenanmio (SIcna 9-11; Sur 20), ‘Tpura chirpai onpeneneHHyto posts B COBEpUICHHM puTyabHOrO OGpaia MpurorosneHHs Xaombl. B auanore c Goxecteom Xaomoii 3aparyurrpa y3HAeT 0 MepBBIX BLOKHMATEIAX XAOMBI, CpeM KOTOPEIX Geum Busaxsant, oren Humer, Arsus, oren Tpaztaonst; Moypymacua, ore 3aparyurrpst. Tpersum BEDKUMATeeM XaOMBI, HocHe ATSHH, GsLI TpHTa: “Tpura, cambrit ynaumupstit us pona Cama, Gut TPETEHM YeNOBEKOM, KoTOPKIH MPHTOTOBHT Mena (KAoMy) Ja SeMHOrO Mapa. JlatO eMy GIT 9TO Snaro H Mpuutia K HeMy TaKaa yslaNa, 4TO y Hero pomwaHce stBa cera, Ypsaxtias u Kepecacra, onmH Gmocrirrens neps H cYabs, Apyroli - nestMvaDHHH, YoHOUIA KyApABKIH, HOcAMHL NaNHNy, KOTOPHI y6un avex poraroro (Cpynapa), racranuiero Koveli, rmoranuiero moselt, SNORHTOTO H 2enTOr (rita samangm souuistd / Britiid mam mastio / astuuaiBiiai huntta gaevhiiai /ha ahmai asis aranduui / tat ahmai jasat diiaptam / yat he puilra us-caiioite / uruuaxsaiio karasaspasca / tkae¥o aniio dato-ra 20/aat anid uparo-kairiio / yauua gaésus gaSauuard / yo janat azim sruwaram / yim aspo-garam nara -garam / yim vixauuantam zairitam). Hecmorpa Ha cson GnaronesHMa M 3acayrH nepex sopoacrpuiinamu, Tpwra Tax H He GbuT BKIHONCH B MEMOPHAlIbHBI CIIMCOK MIONHTACMBIX JY 3opoactpHiicKHX MpaBesHUKB (PpasaprnH Slurr - Surr 13), BosMoxHo, ero 10 OMIMGKe cTaiH CBASKIKATS C HeraTHBHBIM Hepconaxen, c TpHToii “omHUM 13 ceMH OpaTbeB”, IpHEeM H COBeTHHKOM Kaii Yca. B “Atonormi 2xpenta 3aicnpama, chia Zoxynau-Jpxama” pacckaauinaeres apamaruseckuii much 0 Tpure u Kaii Yee, coracHo KoTopoMy, 110 lpukasy Nlociequero, TpHTa BEIYxNaeTCA YOUTS GHKA, IUIOXO MpotattreiRaBUlero TpaHMy MekLY Spatom m Typarom. Bbix scrynaer 8 noxemuky c Tputoii. Tpura KosieGreres, oHaKO B KOHIC KOHNOB BEINONHAeT MpHKas Waps. PacKaMBasch B CO/eHHOM, OM MpOcHT aps yOHTS ero, B TpoTHBHOM cayyae rposHtes yOuTb waps. Kaii Ye nocbutaer ero B sec, File KHBET BeABMa B COGANBEM oGmmuse, KoTopax omKHa Gsuta yOuTS TpuTy. OxasaBumcs 8 recy, TpHTa cpwkacTes c ReTBMOH 1 yOunaer ee. Ona cpasy oxuBaer, H BeNEM CTaHOBHTCS Boe. On yGuBAeT HX [0 Tex TIOp, MOKA KONMMECTRO BejbM NOcTeMeHHO JOXomHT jlo THCaHH. HakoHeN, THIcaa BeBM cTupaet TpuTy c naa sexum. Corsacho 3acnpamy, 970 coGsrHe npowsouto 3a 300 ner 0 Havana ape Saparyurrpsr (o6perenus um GoxecraenHoro orkponenus) (Busuxaruxa-n 3ancnpam, 12.10-25) [Gignoux Ph., Tafazzoli A., 1993]. He weer spay Tpura ormomienua mK MlosaHeMy McTOpuecKOMy Tepolo Ht Gorarsipio Tpure, cemy CarookipH, KoTopstii BMecTe co cBOMM Gparom Amapasifoii conepumt HeMasIO nopuron 2 cenepHoli Apuane (Slurr 5.72; Slurr 13.113) y Geperos pexs any, ‘Tpwra BHops Tloxpnserca 8 s0poactpHiicKoi TpanHNHH, B pasiene, TocBAMeHHOM TocsenHHM ronaM aHaHH ByunTacria Mocne cMepTH 3apaTyUITpEI, HIM, BOSMOKHO, aLIeropHMeCKOMY onncanmio cmepra Buurracust (Jlenkapa VUL.6). Buurractt npocut Tpaty (aneck ero HMs AHO Kak Cpura Bucpantas) mpexocrasurs eMy KoxecHMlly MpakeaHoro HestoneKa M TpuTa JapyeT eMy TaKylo xosecnuny. Ho KonecHut cranoputcs abe. Buurracn oTnpapnaeTes Ha SeMHOH KoNeCHHMe B CBOIO posony1o nepesnto Hozap (wis i Nodaran), a Tpura ua cBoeli weGecuoit Konecuume B nysUIMe MecTa npeGtisanus, He sco suit ero Buurractie rowao6unacs Takas ocoGas KomecHulla H HOWeMy OH obparises HMeHHO K TpHre, Moxer ObiTb, B HANeKNe HCHENEHHA, WIM 3ech HMeTach B BHIy norpeGasbHad KonecHMLLa, KoTOpas JoIAHA Obila JOCTaBHTs Buurracta B ero ponowoe HMeHHE (Posa Hoxapos, wm no-asecruiickn Haorampes, Horapwyos), me of 1omKeH Gut yenmunTsca 1 MpHrOTOBHTECA K MIyTeMecTBHIO B HHOM MHp. BO BCAKOM cMy4ae, CYNA MO KOHTeKCTY, peyb 37ech nomkHa Gbu1a wiTH 06 oGcrostemscrsax cmepra Buurracni. [o-sunumomy, Tpura, yempencrassembiii Kak 60xKecTBO, HTpar KAKY!O-TO POM HB HorpeGaTbHOM OGpajte, Tak KaK B ero OGs3AHHOCTH BpANeBAHHA BXOAUO TAKKE COsMAHME cpesicTs, OGecHedMBAIOMINX OMON@KUBAHHE A Geccmeprue. Touemy Tpura 8 stom pasjlese Jleukapna caasbisactex c Bucpanoii (on - com Bucparsi, 3 poxa Bvicpartsi, WH HMcs BeeTO SIME Tpex4acTHy! cymHOCTs Mo0GHO Bucpane), ocraetes garagkoll. Mima Bucparmst ckopee #B/ieTCA HCKaKEHHEM HMeHH BenHiicKorO TpexroOBOTO 1eMoHa Bumapymt (Gyks. “uMeromtero MHoro oGpasos”), y6uroro Mxapoli. Ha upanckoii nouse Buurpapyne cooraererayer Tpesronopstii temon Aakn JlaxaKa, 3akosannbtii win yOuTotit TpasTa0uoil. B usmenu Tpurst ect Kakas~to aHaslorua ¢ MMeHeM aBectHiicKoro Tpa3TaoHKi H BeauiicKoro TpHTst Anna (“rperaii RoxsHoii”), Ho oa npesctasnaetcs ommGoxnoii. Oxorvaremnyto cysb6y ‘rpexrnanoro mpakona Aru J[axaku npestctossto pemmrs csity Tpurer Kepecacrte”. Yro6t1 noMou Tpure, Axypa-Masia cosmaer Ha 3eMire THICHUH JeKapeTBeHHBIX TpaB: “Torma a, Axypa-Maaua, nputiec s1ekapeTseHiix pactenuit (ypapa Oazuiasba), KoTOpEIe MHOrHMH COTHAMH, MHOTHMH TBICaMH Hl -MMOTHMM =—MHpHanlaMM mpowspoctaior woKpyr oqHoro TaoKepena” (ada azam yo ahurod mazdé uruuaré baésaziid uzbaram paoiris pouru-sata paoiris pouru-hazayré paoi 118 pouru-baguuand diium gaokaranam pairi). Ynomunanne Xuarpa Bape (WoKposnrens Metasuios) 8 KonTeKcte c Tpuroli, KaK nonaralor, TopasyMepaeT Te¥eHHe ¢ MOMOMIbIO MeTamIa, T. €. XHpypruyecKoro Hora, TlosToMy cunraetes, sro Tpura 6u1 Take M TIepBEIM neKapem, KoTOpsiii Cray jenaTs xupypruveckue onlepauun ¢ HCTOMBORAHHEM MeTaILINYecKOrO HOXA H ApyrHx uncrpyMentos. Csas, Tpurut c Marrrpoii Cnentoii (Casts Caonom) noapasyMenaer sIeueHHe MPOHSHECeHMeM COKpAIIBHBIX cH10B, saKnmHarHit # MOHTB, Osnoit 13 reve6HIX MomHTB GpuIa MomtuTBA 0 GoxecTBe Aupbamane (Aupsema umé, SIcHa 54.1). B Apaawaxuur Aurre (Sur 3.5-16) ropopures o ucuenstompx ceoiicrsax 910i MomMTBEI: Moamrea Anpraan yrurroxkaet cwty cex nopoxnensii Aurpa Manubio, sy manpita. Ona sBIAeTeA caMoli BETHKOIt MaHTpOii, ... HOGeLOHOCHOI MaHTpoii, caMoii HOGesOHOCHOII 3 BCeX MaHTp, neueasoutelt ManrTpoii, camoit wcuensiomeit 13 Bex Mant (anaiti vispaegqm ayrd mainiius ahmai yaOwgm pairikangmca airiiamanam maBrangm mazistam mq Brangm ... mgBrangm varaOrayni mgBrangm varaBrayniidtamam marangm baz¥azom madrangm b agjaziiétamam). Ona senseTes MaHTpOH, HcHeNsIOUIelt NpaBeNHOCTSIO, HctenmMOMtel crIpaBexLIMBLIM 3aKOHOM, HCUENAIOUeH HOKOM, HCUENAKOULeH TpakaMH, HCUEIOULCH CBATKIM CHOBOM; oa BEEICHHT GouesHb B Tele MpaRenHMKa, MosTOMy OHA sBAAeTeR caMOii sIeYebHOI 43 BeCX TeKapcTREHHBIX cpexcrs (ma@rangm a¥o-bae¥azo dato-bae§az0 karatd-bae¥az0 uruuard-bae¥az0 mgOro-bae¥azo bag¥azangm bag¥aziidtamd yat mabram spantam bae§Saciio yO nars a§aond haca uruBwan bae§azi 0-21 asti baeazangm bag§aziiotemd), Suleck 2Ke MepesMcAMIOTCA BPETOHOCHBIe CYINECTBA H HANACTH, KOTOPHIE HOIDKEH YHUMTOAKHT ApbsMar, cpeuH Hux: Henyr (yaska-), cmepts (mahrka-), nasent (daguua-), mpotupozeiicrane (paitiidra-), nenpavexumie amemaora (afamaoyd ana§auua), moncKue tupansi (masiid sdsta), coma ameii (azicira-), vonkos (vahrko-cidra-), xsyuorux juKapeit (bizangrd-cifra-), sax ropaba H criech (tard-mata-), mpeapenne (pairi-mara-), ropsuax nuxopanka (tafnu), snocnosHe H KaeBeTa (spazga), pasnop (andxsta-), aypHowi rnas (dutdoira-), cammie KUBBIe cIORA KH (draoyo vaxs-draojistd), wexbmbr: okaxn sttyManTH (jahi yatumaiti) Ww wkaXM KaxsapesaunDs (ahi kav’aradaine), cesepusie nerpst (vat paouruud-apaxtara) (‘Kur 3. 14-16). Ha npontcxoaenme Gostestelt yxastinaer Bunesnar (pparapa 22). Aurpa-Mamnnio cosnaer 99 999 Gonesueli: “Torga nocorpes Ha MeHa snojeli Anrpa-Mannpio u coxa mporue Mena 9 Gouiesne¥i, 90 Gonesncii, 900 Gonestci, 9000 Gostesteit, 9 pas no 10 000 GoxtesHe#i. Tax wanes Mens Maurrpa Cuenta (Cparoe Croso), camsiii Gnarogatusiit” (Gat mgm mairiid akasat dat mam maii ‘frakaronaot ayrd mainiius pouru-mahrko nauuaca yask3 nauuaitixca nauuaca sata nauuaca hazagra n ‘auuasasca baguugn dat mam tim bigaziidix mars spanto yo ax-x'arand.) Tlevenve, 1o-BuuMoMy, He ObiT0 GecrarHEIM. 3opoacrpulius Jona! Geum mau apauaM 3a siewenne. CyMMa 3aBHcexa OT onoxeHHs sopoactpuiita 8 oGulecTBe, OT ero cTaTyca. Cpeaenepentexnti bpanwenr «Jlenxapsa> nunepedt lo pykorticu B, wsnannoii M. JIpewienow [. Dresden, M. J, 1966}Bunesnar pertamentupyet crouMocts raxoro poga yemyr. 3a neveHMe mpasurens crpaHsi WH oGsactn (Tr. €, Hapa) BaHMalach HaMGOMBUNA CYMMA, PaBHAd IeHe SANpHKCHHO! KOHAMH KOIECHHUBL. HawMenburas cyMaa BSHManach MpH neveHHH Osika, OOKTHHO OFA PaBHATAc’ NeHe HebombIIOTO GEKA, opubi HK KycKa Maca. [paso Ha GecrmaTHoe seyeHHe HMM xpeuB. Tpocroli sopoactpuen naarH To MHHMOMy - TIo Hee HeSombuioro Gerka. Ero 2keHa - Ho Weve ocsMust, TIpaKTHKoBasIOcs Take 1 JIeYeHHe KHBOTHEIX (BeTepHHapHa), HANPHMep, AOMAlUHETO CKOTA (staora-). Cormacuo xuure Buesaat (parapa 7 41-43), ucuemmrens nomKeH BBLTeUNTS 2xpena 3a Gnarocnosnenne mpasemHoro (GOrauuanam bigaziiat dahmaiiat paro afritoit); xosauma noma - 110 ueHe Heqopororo Gra (nmdanahe nmand-paitim bijazyat nitamam staoram arajd),; nepeseucKoro cTapocty - mo weHe cpenuero Gxika (visd vispaifim ... madamam staoram ...); BOKIA TEMeHH - 110 uene Gombuioro Geka (zantoud zantupaitin ... ayrIm staoram ...); pawurena crpatbl - mo WeHe KONeCHHUG, SanpwKeHHOH veTMpEMs KoHsMn (daijhdus daighupaitio ... vayom caBru-yuxtam ...); 2KeHy XO3AHHa OMA - 110 NeHe OCHNE (nmadnahe nmand-paitim nairikgm ... kaOwa daénu ...); *eHy slepeBetcKoro crapocris ~ Ho weHe KopoREL (V1s0 vispaifim ndirikgm ... gauua daénu ...); KeHY BOK TiemeHH - To ueHe KoGBUN (zantdus zantupaitio nairikgm ... aspa dagnu ...); ey mpaswrens crpanst - no uene wep6monuust (daighaus daijhupaittm nairikam ... ustra dagnu ...); cetKoBeii (uapexoro) pona (npruten) - mo neHe Gomsmtoro GxrKa (vIs0 pudram ... ayrim staoram ...); 6osmbMOro Guika - 10 neHe cpemtero Gstka (arajd ayrim staoram ... madamam staoram ...); cpemHeTo Obika ~ 0 eve Henopororo Guika (madomam staoram ... nitamam staoram ...); HeAOPOTOrO GkIKA - TO LeHE OBL (nitamam staoram ... anumaém ...), oBILy ~ To tieHe KycKa Maca (anumagm ... gus x'araBahe ...). Axypa-Masna mpocseuyier 3aparyurrpy 4 mo nosomy styyutero u3 stexapelt. H3 Kontexcra Bunepaata (pparapn 7.44) MoxHo cyAHTb, KAKHM BpaaM 3opoactpHlickas penurHs oTsapana npemnowrenne. Ecs npuser MHoro spavell (pouru-bag¥aza), cpean KoTopsix GynyT spay, ewamne HoxoM (xupypru) (karatd-baéjaza), wpa, mevame weseGHEIMH TpaBAMM H pacTeHHaMn (uruuaro-baéfaza) 4 pas, nevamue cBATHIM ciOBOM (MaHTpoil) (mgOrd-bazfaza), To cHenyeT oOpamarsca K Bpayy, nevamemy Crarsim Cronom (hanjasdure yat madram spontam bae¥azom), u60 CAMBIM HCHENSIONMM H3 BCeX Bpatiesatenell aBNAeTCR ToT, KoTopEHi meaHT CaaTiiM C70BOM (a8¥6 Zi asti bag¥azangm baz¥aziidtamd yat maBram spantem baé§aziid) « xovopsiii usrouset GonesH> ¥3 Tena mpaseaHoro MyxauHI (yO nar¥ ajaond haca urubwgn bigaziiat). Bopacs c Henyramu, TBITaIMCh MpOTHBOCTORTS HM (naumuwmamas), MpoKMMHaNH (naumucanxanu), mporoHaNH ux (naumunapane) w nen (6asuasai). Koro Mor ster sopoactpuiicknit spas? Koro moxHo Gsu0 neunTb, a Koro Heb3a? Ha KOM citepna onpoGuponaTs m HCTITHIBATS sTeKapcTBeHHBIe cpencTsa? Ha KOM MpoBOMHTS nepBute XMpypruveckue onepauuu, wa sopoactpuiiuax (wasdaacua - mnowwrarenix Masqu) wn nesopoacrpuiinax (daseancua - na9BOMOKIOUNMKaX, GoronounTateselt, HAOAOMIOKIOHHUKOB)? Kro MOF CTaHOBHTECA TepBoii, BrOpoli H TpeTEel %epTBOM HeoNITHOTO SopoacTpHiicKoro Bpaya? ~ BOT nompocs, uTepecytoue Sapatymrmpy. OrsersI Ha HeKOTOpSIe M3 9THX BOMpOCOD art B To! %e raape Bugesaara (ipparapa 7.36-40). B vacriocta, Axypa-Ma3ja HacrostenbHo pexoMenuyer 3apatyumpe McnosbsoBats 118 Me]MIMHCKHX HCIBITaUii TOHBKO Hesopoacrpniinies (as6aicna). Ecnu spay Gyser xesuT HOKOM onepupoBars nepaoro Hesopoacrpulila H TOT YMpeT, H €CiIH - BTOPOTO H TPeTbErO, H Te Tome YMPYT, TO MpHsHAeTCs, WTO TaKOii BPA HM Ha WTO He ToAHTcR (andmdto) u ero HemBsA yomyCKAT, K sopoactpuiiuam. Ec on Bce xe ABHTCA K 30poactpHiiuy, GyreT Ne4HTE ero HOXKOM H HaHeceT eMy CMepTeiIbHble paHbl, To eMy IpHsleTCs BEILIAHTE urTpad, BHMAeMEIi 3a MpeAyMBILIeHHOE yOuiiCTBO. Ecan 2Xe OH BBUIEYHT HOXOM TPOHX He3opoacrpuliites, M OHH BbUIeYaTe, Tora TaKOit BPAY AIA nevenus Gomsunix sopoacrpuiinen roxutes (@maid) u ero MOxHO jlOllycKaTh K MpoBemeHHIo XMpypriviecksx ottepaunit, B 30poacrpw3Me MpHopiTer B eveHNM NpHHaNexHT riaBHKIM oGpasoM mpaBesHIM sopoactpulickum myacuHaM. JKeHIMHB! BBICTYMaIOT HECKONbKO Ha BTOpoM TuIaNe. 3opoacTpusM OTKAILIBAET B JIeYEHHH RepOOTCTYMHHKAM, TpeUIHHKAM H MpaKTHYECKH BCeM HesopoacTpuiinaN. TipoGnemHiM mpecTanaeTcs BONPOC OTHOWIEHHA 3opoacTpHIMA K HEMSHeUHMGIM GOmBHBIM GouiBmM, CrpaaIOMIMM OT XPOHMECKHX saGomenamii, HensneuuMBIM XPOHMYCCKHM GONbHBIM KaK3opoacrpuiinam, Tak H HesopoacrpHiinan, (aKTHYeckKH OTKasbIBANOCE B JeyeHHH, H 3TOT COLA coxpaiutes 1ouIroe Bpems # Cpeaneli Asn. OGstaHo Hx OOBMHNIH 8 MpuBep»xcHHOCTH K SOI CHIE Anrpa-Mannbio, 1 1ooTOMY MojBepranH H3ONINHH H YHUITOXCHHIO. Taxoii oGnali OGLIIHO CBsIEIBATCA C GosSHEIO “OCKBEPHRTCH, UMCHHO ciO OGbACHAETCH 2KECTOKOCTS, MIPOABIIeMaX 30poacTpHiittaMH B TeYeHMe cTosIeTHI K CBONM exHHOBepHaM, CTPANAIOMIUM UIHYECKHMH HeLOMOTAHHAMH M KPOBOTENEHHSMH, THKETBIMN (PYHKIMOHATEHBIMH paceTpoiicTsamn opraHos nuuesapenusa. C T9oKe0 GonbHBIME CrapiKaMat M JeTMH SopoacTpriittst O6palllaiich ¢ H3BECTHOI CyPOBOCTHIO, NPHHEM OHM NPEAMOYUTATH B HEKOTOPEIX CHYMAAX BACT HX ckopee MepTBBINH, HexkeTH GosIbULIMH [JlopomtenKo E. A., 1982, c. 60; Boyce M., 1975, p. 306]. B oroii casam yMectHo mpsnecrh wuraty 13 Hume: “He Hao >xexaTb GbITb Bpatom Heu31e4HMBIX - TAK YyuHT apayctpa, - MosToMy BBI jJOIKHEI HcvesHyTb! Ho Hajlo Gombe My>xkecTBA JUA TOTO, ITOGK TONOKUTS KOHEH, HEM 4TOGBI BBICHJIET HOBBIN CTHX, - 9TO 3HAIOT BCe BPA H nota” (An Unheilbaren soll man nicht Arzt sein wollen: also lehrt es Zarathustra: - so sollt ihr dahinfahren! Aber es gehdrt mehr muss dazu, ein Ende zu machen, als einen neuen Vers: das wissen alle Arzte und Dichter. bpuapux Hume, Tax rosopir 3aparyurrpa, vacrs III, O crapsix 1 Hossrx ‘cxpwKaiax, 17). (Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch fir Alle und Keinen. Dritter Theil. Von alten und neuen Tafein, 17) Coppemennbie 30poacrpulinst OTKA3AIHCs OT TAKHX %KECTOKHX MCTONOB H CTAIH TONKOBATS cBaulennie TeKcTsI o-zpyroMy. Bonbuoit wi sapasuBuiicn mHpeKuselt 3opoactpuen HsOTHpyeTCA Cero HUN ¢ HenbIO He 3apwxkerHs OcTaTHBIX, B CBISH C 9THM OHH BULCHAIOT TPH OCHOBHEX BHIa waonmnH Gonstoro: 1) Korda GonsHEIX mpoKasoit, oKseMoli, NapuIofi, Hm >eHEUMTy, poHBLYIO MepTBoro peGeHKa, MS0NHPYIOT B CHeUMANBHOM MecTe B Mpeytetax oMa; 2) KorZa KeHUNEH B nocsleposlonoli HepHon HAOIKPYIOT B CHeNHaTbHOM MecTe B HoMe; 3) Kora HSOTMPYIOT 310pOBLIX mogeii, y KOTOPBIX MpOsBIMOTCA TIPHIHAKH TaKHX TwKENBIX GonesHeit KaK YyMa H_ ocrIa [Khodabakhehi S., 1376, p. 90-91]. Meauunna apesueli Apnarnt sanoxnna ocHossl nosqHelimel Menuet, cpemM HUX onpenescHne OcHoBHEIX MeTogoB Bpavenanns (BHseAMAT), KaccHduKalua JeKapeTBeHHBIX cpetcTs vt paccrenuit (ByHaaxHmmn), waysenne cTpyKTphl, crpocHHA M HsHOROTHH opranusMa (eM. Bynaaxnum, Busiiarnxa-H 3aicipam), Hcrionbonanve Hoxa, Hx0GpereHHe XHPyprHH H MpoBeneHMe onepamnii (Bujeayat), ucrlomsonanue TicHxonorH4eckoro osuelicTaMs, seyeHHe CTOBOM (Buzesaar). Pacnpoctparienme sopoacrpu3ma, B TOM HucHE H byHaMeHTAIbHOTO, & Gostee no3qHHit TlepHOsl MpHBEIO K HCKYCCTBCHHOMY OrpaHIMeHMIO BOIMOXHOCTeH MENMNAHBI, K HSOHpATesIBHOCTH B JIeMCHHH, M MPOIHM HerarHEHBIM OGCTOATEMBCTRAM, ONHHM. 13 KOTOPSIX GuLIO nypHbuKaTopeKoe pasrpanMucnne oOurectBa Ha 3opoacTpHiiues H HesopoacTpHiines, cymectso “uucToe” H “HeaHcToe”, “nropaxeHHoe 310M” WK “HenloparxKeHHoe 310M", WT. 1. C npnxoxom xpuctuancraa n uenama B Cpeaiiow Asui0 oTHoUleHHe K HenOBeKY 3aMeTHO waMentiock. ‘KalocTs, cOcrpallanne, mpouleHHe, esloBeKomOGHe H YeIOReYHOCTS, noxyHWUt TIMpoKoe pactpoctpatieHHe Guarogapsx MHpOBOI3pEHYECKHM HWeAM XpHCTHAHCTBA H HcsIama. C 3Tolt ‘TOUKW 3peHvig HenaMcKas TpaqWMA CbIrpasa TOSHTHRHY: pot B HeTopHH Cpemnel AsuH. Ito oGcrosrenbcTBo, ecTecTBEHHO, OTpasHTOC H Ha OpMHPOBAHHH TpHHUHTOB HeTAMCKoit MeNHUMEDI, SpKHM BbIpaaiTesleM KOTOpHX Gut ABHIEHHA. Bibliography Geldner K. F., 1886-1895 - Avesta, die heiligen Biicher der Parsen, im Auftrag der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, herausgegeben von Karl F. Geldner, Bd I-III, Stuttgart, 1886-1895. Bartholomae Chr., 1904 - Bartholomae Chr., Attiranisches Wérterbuch, Strassburg, 1904. Boyce M. A., 1975 - Boyce M. A., A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period, Vol. I (Handbuch der Orientalistik), Leiden, 1975 (corrected repr. 1989). Dresden M. J., 1966 - Dénkart. A Pahlavi text. Facsimile edition. of the manuscript B of the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, Bombay, Ed. by M. J. Dresden, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1966.Elgood C., 1951 - Elgood C., A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate, s. I., 1951. Fichtner H., 1921 - Fichtner H., Die Medizin im Avesta, 1924. Gignoux Ph., Tafazzoli A., 1993 - Gignoux Ph., Tafazzoli A., Anthologie de Zadspram, Edition critique du texte pehlevi traduit et commenté // Studia Iranica, Cahier, 13, Paris, 1993 Khodabakhchi S., 1376 - Pezeski dar Iran-e bastin, doktor moubad Sohrab Khodabakhsi, Tehran: Fravahar, 1376 (La medecine en Iran ancien, par Dr. Mobed Sohrab Khodabakhchi, Introduction par Dr. A. Nafisi, Prossesseur a la Faculte de Medecine de Teheran). opouenko E. A., 1982 - Hopomenxo E. A., 3opoacrpaiius » pane (Hctopuxo-stuorpapiyeckit cowepk), Mockea, 1982. Abstract Thrita and Avicenna: the Origin of Medicine in Central Asia (Positive and Negative Aspects of the Zoroastrian Tradition) Arthur A. Ambartsumian (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) The origin of medicine in Central Asia is directly connected with the medicine of Ancient Ariana, So called Mazdayasnian or Zoroastrian medicine has become its later development. Main traces of the Ancient Arianian medicine can be found in the great range of the Avestan (Yasht 3, Videvdat, Husparam, Nikadum, Chithradat) and Pahlavi Zoroastrian writings (Bundahishn, Vizidagiha i Zadspram, Shkand-gumanig-vizar, Drakht i asurig ud buz, and so on). Of course, it exerted vast influence upon the formation and growth of the Central Asian medicine in the Islamic period. Thereupon we try to make parallel between the two great physicians-of Central Asia - between Avicenna (Ibn Sina), who is the symbol and luminary of the Islamic era, and Thrita, who according to the Zoroastrian tradition was the first physician of the Ancient Ariana and has invented first antidotes and remedies. He also has introduced the main methods of medical treatment, including the use of surgical knife and performing operations. Historical and mythological role of Thrita is widely observed in the paper, as well as the origin of diseases, as it is presented in the Avestan and Pahlavi literature. Every disease or malady is originated against Ahura-Mazda by his evil adersary Angra-Mainyu in form of poisonous essence from the name of which has derived the medical formula first invented by Thrita (vishchithra, i.d. vish - “poison”, chithra - “seed; origin”) that was the earliest mentioned isotherapic remedy. Diseases have spread with the counter-work of the evil forces - reptiles and vermins. The status and social position of a physician in the ancient “younger” Avestan society is also outlined: the relations between physician and patient, the amount of treatment fee. The physician who treats by word and suggestion is considered as the best one. These were the positive aspects of the Zoroastrian tradition, One of the negative aspects was selectivity in treatment. Any non-Zoroastrian, chronic invalid, or any person having inherited disease and being in hopeless case usually was turned down from cure and was condemned to death. The Zoroastrian tradition recommended to perform trial surgical operations on non-Zoroastrians. With the expansion of Christianity and Islam into Central ‘Asia the treatment of human being noticeably changed. Compassion, pity, forgiveness, philanthropy and humaneness have spread due to the Christian and Islamic ideology. From this point of view the Islamic tradition played a positive part in the history of Central Asia. This case had an effect on the formation of the main principles of the Islamic medicine, whose outstanding exponent was Avicenna.