Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(a) An increase in respiration in the tissues of a mammal affects the oxygen dissociation curve of
haemoglobin. Describe and explain how.
[2m]
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[2m]
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(ii) The graph shows oxygen dissociation curves for people living at high altitude and for people
living at sea level.
Explain the advantage to people living at high altitude of having the oxygen dissociation curve
shown in the graph.
[2m]
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AQAUnit2 Jan 2010
[3m]
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(ii) The second time the child was infected with the chicken pox virus she did not develop
symptoms of the disease.
Use the graph to explain why.
[2m]
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AQA HB101 May 2012
8 (a) Describe how an atheroma is formed and how it can lead to a myocardial
infarction.
[6 m]
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AQA June 05
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
6
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(b)
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AQA Jan 05
(a) (i) Unprotected sexual intercourse and intravenous drug abuse may spread the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from one person to another. Explain how.
[3m]
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(ii) Give one other way in which the virus may be spread.
[1m]
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(b) Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses such as HIV. Explain one reason why.
[2m]
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[1 m]
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(b) Molecule X causes B-cells to produce antibodies. Describe
how.
[3 m]
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(c) The ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum become more active in a B-cell when it starts to produce
antibodies. Explain why.
[2 m]
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(d) There are many different forms of molecule X on different HIV particles. This makes it difficult to
develop a vaccine against HIV. Explain why.
[2 m]
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AQA HBI01 Jan 2013
[1m]
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(ii) Explain why the curve for AIDS does not follow the same pattern as the curve for HIV.
[2m]
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AQAJUNE 06
(b) An antigen in a vaccine leads to the production of antibodies. Describe the part played by B
lymphocytes in this process.
[4m]
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AQAJUNE 06
(a) (i) increases slowly until 1997 then much more rapid increase; 1
(ii) not all cases of HIV develop into AIDS/time delay in onset of AIDS/ dormant/ trigger factor; 1
improved medical care/antiviral drugs that prevents/slows down onset of AIDS; 1
39.
[1m]
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(d) The hinge region of the antibody allows both ends to pivot and rotate in
relation to one another.
Suggest how this action assists the role of antibodies in agglutination.
[2m]
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(b) People who have McArdles disease produce less ATP than healthy people. As a
result, they are not
able to maintain strong muscle contraction during exercise. Use your knowledge
of the sliding
filament theory to suggest why.
[3m]
[1m]
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(ii) The woman did not become pregnant during this cycle.
[1m]
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5 (c) When a pathogen causes an infection, plasma cells secrete antibodies which
destroy this pathogen.
Explain why these antibodies are only effective against a specific pathogen.
[2m]
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AQA BioL1 June 12
The graph shows how pulmonary ventilation changes during a period of exercise.
(a)
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(b) After 4 minutes of exercise, the breathing rate was 20 breaths per minute.
Explain how you could
use this information and the graph to calculate tidal volume.
[2m]
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(c) Describe how the phrenic nerve and muscles increase breathing rate during
exercise.
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(d) When a person starts to breathe out, the percentage of oxygen in the air first
exhaled is the same as
the percentage of oxygen in the atmospheric air. Explain why.
[2m]
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AQA BYA1 Jan 04
(ii) Account for the change in the plasma concentration of progesterone from day 14 to day 42.
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(iii)What would happen to the woman if the progesterone level dropped significantly on day 35? [1m]
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(iv) With reference to the changes in the concentration of the hormones shown in the above graph,
explain why progesterone can be used as a drug for contraception.
[3m]
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HKDE 2012
1. (a)
(i) ovulation* 1
(ii) A high LH level stimulates the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum after day 14.
The production of progesterone by the corpus luteum accounts for the continuous rise in plasma
[ progesterone] from day14 onwards.
The high level of progesterone (after day 28) indicates that this woman is pregnant and the corpus luteum
continues to produce progesterone.
(iii) A significant drop in the progesterone level will cause miscarriage / cause the detachment of the uterine
lining / trigger menstruation. 1
(iv) A high progesterone level after day 14 causes the levels of both FSH and LH to become low.
At a low level of FSH and LH, there is no follicular development / no maturation of egg, and hence no
ovulation will take place.
Thus, progesterone can be used as a drug for contraception. 1
(a) Label each of the two boxes on the diagram using A, B, C or D to identify the processes that take
place at this location.
[2m]
(b) Which one of the above processes (A, B, C or D) occurs due to active transport?
[1m]
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2. (a) (i) Draw two diagrams to show the shape and relative thickness of the cell
walls of
guard cells in stomata when open and closed. [2]
(ii) What organelles are present in guard cells but not in the other epidermal cells
of
a leaf ? [1]
.............................................................................................................................
(b) What is the advantage of stomata opening during the daytime and closing at
night? [2]
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(c) Explain the mechanism by which light causes the opening of stomatal pores.
[4]
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WJEC 2010
(Total 9 marks)
2 (a) (i) Drawing showing 2 guard cells curved and pore open AND drawing
showing guard cells inner edge straighter and pore closed (1);
Wall adjacent to pores thicker (1). Touching top + bottom
2
(ii) Chloroplasts. (right + wrong = 0) 1
(b) Stomata will be open to allow carbon dioxide in / gas exchange for
photosynthesis.
closed at night to avoid water loss. / transpiration reduced
1
1
(c) 1. K+ / Potassium ions pumped into guard cell (by active transport)
(not: diffused)
2. Starch to malate.
3. Solute/ water potential in the (guard cells) lowered. (not: WP)
4. Water moves in by osmosis / down a water potential gradient
5. (Turgor increases) as cells expand they curve/bend (because inner walls
are thicker than outer walls)
[4/5]
4
9 MARKS
10
Question
Mark
Scheme
1
10 MARKS
(c) (i)
[1m]
What environmental factor could account for the displacement of the curve from A to B?
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
Draw another curve on the diagram to show the relative position of the haemoglobin
dissociation curve for the blood of llamas which live in the high Andes of South America.
[1m]
(ii) Explain the significance of the relative position of the curve you have drawn.
[2m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest one change which could be observed in the blood of an athlete who had been training at
high altitude?
[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
WJEC 2010
(c) (i)
7. (a) Describe how the structure of the leaves of flowering plants is adapted for
gaseous exchange and
photosynthesis. [10]
(b) Plants have two distinct transport systems. Describe how the structure of
each is adapted to its
function. [10]
WJEC 2010
7 (a) -
Leaves (are flat) and have large surface area to absorb maximum light/CO2/gas exchange
Leaves can grow towards/orientate with light/sun to expose maximum area.
Leaves thin to allow light to penetrate to lower layers.
Cuticle and/or epidermis are transparent to allow light to penetrate to mesophyll.
Palisade cells elongated to reduce number of cross walls to absorb light.
Palisade cells packed with chloroplasts to increase photosynthetic capacity/light absorption.
Chloroplasts can move/circulate inside cells to gain best positions for absorbing light.
Spongy mesophyll cells are moist/wet surface or have large surface area for gas exchange/absorption of gases.
Xylem to supply water and/or phloem to remove sugar.
Leaves thin (i.e. overall thickness) to reduce distance for diffusion.
Air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow circulation of gases/ cut down distance for diffusion into cells/gradient
for uptake.
- Stomatal pores permit entry and exit of gases/sub stomatal/intercellular spaces in spongy mesophyll allow
supply of carbon dioxide and removal of oxygen/gas exchange between outside and inside leaf.
- Waxy cuticle on upper surface reduces water loss (by evaporation) or waterproofs the leaf.
- Stomatal pores in lower epidermis reduce water loss (by evaporation).
- Guard cells can close stomatal pores/control opening to reduce water loss.
(allow: ecf for ref. traps light or stops/prevents water loss) 10 MAX
(b) - Xylem transports water (and mineral salts) (from the roots to leaves). 1
- Phloem transports the soluble products/sucrose/sugars/organic molecules/amino acids/source to sink of
photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant. (not: glucose)
- Xylem is made of vessels and tracheids. 1
- Xylem vessels form continuous tubes/ lose end walls (to carry water throughout the plant).
- Their (secondary) wall is lignified to waterproof and/or strengthen/or support them/stop them (collapsing
under suction/tension).
- Mature Xylem vessels are dead and cytoplasm has gone so there is nothing to impede flow.
- Tracheids have tapered ends that fit together and/or pits to allow transfer of water between cells.
- Phloem is made of sieve tubes and companion cells. 1
- Sieve tube cells lose most of their organelles/are still alive when mature.
- Sieve tube cells have perforated sieve/end plates that allow solutes/sugar to pass through.
- (Sugar solution) flows in both directions. 1
- Companion cells have all the organelles/communicate by plasmodesmata/are responsible for keeping sieve
tube cells alive/provide ATP
- Any reference to fibres or parenchyma in either. 1
- Cohesion-tension/capillarity/adhesion in xylem. Correct use of terms with ref. water molecules.
- Correct use of terms in correct context: Reference to mass flow/cytoplasmic streaming/protein filaments in
phloem.