Test Questions

1. How far in depth can a GPR reach? [2]

20 wavelengths [1] regardless of the frequency of transmission [1]
2. What is the horizontal or quasi-horizontal iew of GPR data called? !nd wh" does it
hae this na#e? [$]
A Time slice [2]. The time slice is extracted at a constant point in the 2 way travel
time [1]. This may e hori!ontal if the transmission velocity is a constant across the
survey area [2].
%. What is the #ini#u# separation &etween 2 tar'ets for &oth to &e detecta&le &" a
GPR? [2]
1 wavelength of separation. [2] "f #otes $$$
(. Wh" #i'ht trans#ission speed ar" fro# da" to da" and how should this &e dealt
with? [(]
%ainfall or &ooding [2]. 'aily caliration. [2]
$. Wh" #i'ht a utilit" not &e isi&le in conentional 2d GPR data? [$]
(scured y other close targets) unsuitale soil) insu*cient depth penetration due to
use of wrong frequency) small utility lying in the same direction as the survey
direction or material composition too close to that of the surrounding soil. [1 ea or +
total]
). Wh" #i'ht this state#ent cause a pro&le#? *+ou can download the data as an
i#a'e , that-s all "ou need.. [$]
,ven when wor-ing with an automatic software pac-age. it is important to e ale to
re/examine this data. The data cannot e examined. The processing cannot e
changed. $f it is necessary to compare the data or re/examine it. this will not e
possile. An image is all there is. [+]
/. What is the for#ula for calculatin' trans#ission elocit"? [)]
01c2sq rt ,r [2]. 3here v is the transmission velocity [1]) c is the speed of light [1].
approximated to 0.4m2ns [1]) and ,r is the dielectric constant of the soil [1].
0. What is 'round couplin' and wh" is it i#portant? [0]
5round coupling is the degree to which the signal can e transmitted into the ground
[2]. $t is produced y -eeping the antenna as close to the ground as possile during
survey [2]. $t is important ecause if the antenna is not -ept ground coupled. over
+06 of the signal is lost y re&ection at the ground surface.[2] The less signal
transmitted. the less signal is availale for detecting uried targets. [2]
1. What is the waelen'th of a $223Hz antenna in da#p soil for which the dielectric
constant has &een #easured as 1)? What practical use is this infor#ation? [1(]
'ielectric constant is 17. The transmission velocity can e calculated y v1c2sq rt17
[2]
010.428 or 0.09+m2ns [1].
3avelength : 1 v ;velocity<2frequency in 5=!. [4 for formula. + if terms explained]
> 1 0.09+20.+ 1 0.1+m or 1+cm. [2].
?ee #otes $$$.
@ractical Ase B depth of penetration. aility to distinguish targets) aility to detect
targets) depth accuracy [8].
12. What is the size of the s#allest tar'et detecta&le &" a 1GHz antenna? 4ist an"
assu#ptions "ou are #a5in' in "our calculation. [0]
?mallest target detectale 1 0.1 wavelength [2]
Assuming a velocity of 0.1m2ns for dry soil [2]
3avelength 1 0.121 or 10cm [2]
?mallest target is c. 1cm. [2]
11. What is wron' with the followin' state#ent. *We use a telescope to focus the
&ea# so that we can i#a'e tar'ets in real ti#e.. [2]
%adars emit radio waves not light [1]. %adio waves are not linear in shape C cannot e
focussed in this way. [2]
12. 6elow the tar#ac surface lies a la"er of reinforced concrete. How would "ou
reco'nise this in the GPR data7 assu#in' that "ou are usin' a $223Hz antenna? [(]
$t would not e possile to see through the reinforcement unless it was unusually
widely spaced. [2]. A strong and of signal as if there were a metal sheet present [1].
Di-ely to e ringing from the metal content covering the EdepthsF elow [1].
1%. How would "our answer to 12 &e di8erent if "ou were usin' a 1GHz antenna? [$]
3ould expect to see a series of hyperolas indicating the position of the rears [2].
%inging would e unli-ely [1] and it should e possile to see elow the level of
reinforcement [2].
1(. Wor5in' in the street the easiest #ethod of depth9elocit" calculation is to lift the
#anhole coer. :o "ou a'ree with this state#ent? Gie reasons for "our answer. [(]
$t is not possile to measure the depth in time across the manhole cover ecause the
strong signal response from the cover will oscure any material elow. [2] $t might e
possile to extrapolate if there is evidence that the utility continues level [1] ut this
is not ideal. [1]
1$. How would "ou present "our GPR sure" results to "our client? [0]
The results would normally e presented in a drawing [1]. The position of hyperolas
or Time slices can e used for producing the drawing [2]. The drawing ought to form
part of a plan [1] with appropriate notes on how the wor- was carried out [1]. the
certainty attached to the results [1]. conclusions [1] and any further investigation
required [1].
1). Wh" should GPR antennas &e screened ;shielded<? [2]
To -eep the eam from spreading out into aove ground targets [1] and to minimise
the eGect of external radiation on the radar data[1].
1/. How would "ou test antenna screenin'? [2]
%un the radar close to a metal [1] aove ground target [1].
10. How can "ou tell if the tar'et on the GPR screen is actuall" a&oe 'round? [%]
The shape of the signal depends upon the transmission velocity [1]. 'ownload the
data and test the speed using the hyperola function [2].
11. !re all h"per&olas isi&le on screen utilities? =>plain "our answer. [$]
#ot necessarily [1]. There are other uried ha!ards [1]. Any oHect with a diGerent
dielectric could potentially show as a hyperola [1] depending also on its position [1]
and overall shape [1].
22. ?n data processin'7 wh" do we use &ac5'round re#oal? What is it i#portant to
re#e#&er when usin' &ac5'round re#oal? [$]
Iac-ground removal is used to eliminate the constant ac-ground [2] and to highlight
any anomalies [1]. $t is important to use only the ac-ground which does not contain a
strong signal response to deJne the ac-ground for elimination [2]