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Formation Evaluation
Objective of a well
The Objective of most wells is to find hydrocarbons.
The volume of hydrocarbons in place is given by:
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H = Constant x SHh
where
H= initial oil in place
= effective porosity
SH= Hydrocarbon saturation
h= productive interval
A= drainage area
Can we measure SH???
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We measure
Water Saturation
= Sw
Then SH = 1- Sw
Archie’s Equation
Empirical constant
a Rww
(usually near Resistivity of
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unity) formation
S ww n
water, -m
Water m Cementation
Rtt
saturation exponent
, fraction (usually near 2)
Saturation
exponent (also Resistivity of
usually near 2) Porosity uninvaded
, formation, -m
fraction
Complex world - > Other reasons
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Well
• Rock type
Sandstone
• Porosity
Depth • Permeability
Claystone
• Fluid type
• Fluid volume
Limestone
• Formation tops
• Fractures
Shale
Granite
Types of Measurement
Passive measurements
Gamma ray:
Indicates lithology
Spontaneous potential:
Indicates lithology
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Caliper:
Hole condition
Active measurements
Resistivity:
Fluid saturation, fluid type
Cap rock Porosity:
Oil Rock properties, quantity of
hydrocarbon
Density:
Rock properties, seismic
response
Sonic log:
Source rock Rock properties, seismic
Reservoir rock
response
Passive measurements
Gamma ray
Spontaneous potential
Caliper
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Gamma Ray
Measures natural
radioactivity of formation
• Potassium (K)
• Uranium (U)
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• Thorium (Th)
Gamma Ray
Radioactive elements
tend to concentrate in
clays and shales
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In sedimentary
formations, the GR log
reflects the clay or shale
content.
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Perforation GR tools -> PGGT-C/D
Calibration?
Only for formation evaluation GR tools
Before and After Calibration with GR jig
Example GR Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
GRC -160 MV
ACAL
40 0.2
MLLCF
200 0.45 -0.15
6 16 0.2 200
0 150
10700
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10800
GR
Log
10900
Caliper
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actual borehole diameter,
to know the condition of
the well where the other
tools are being ran.
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6 Arm Caliper -> EMS
Calibration?
YES. Before Calibration
1 & 4 Arm calipers = 8 & 12 in rings
EMS = Star
Caliper Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
ACAL 10700
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6 16
10800
Caliper
Log
10900
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
Measures the electrical potential in the
formation caused by the salinity difference
between the drilling mud and the formation
water
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SP is generally an indicator of permeability
Spontaneous Potential - SP
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
SP:
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Membrane Potential - Em
Liquid Junction Potential -
Ej
“The SP cannot be
recorded in holes with
nonconductive muds”
Spontaneous Potential - SP
If Rmf > Rw
shales will have a low SP
and clean sandstones
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will have a higher SP.
If Rmf < Rw
shales will have a high
SP and clean sandstones
will have a lower SP.
If Rmf = Rw
little SP will be developed
and the SP log will have
very little character.
Spontaneous Potential - SP
Shaliness indicator
SPshale = -10 mV
SPsand = -40 mV
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SPlog = SP reading from the log = -25 mV
Correlation
SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
SPC 6 16 0.2 200
10700
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-160 MV 40
10800
SP
Log
10900
SP Log Response
SP
Shale
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Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Shale