Reservoir Analysis System

Discovering the Earth's
Resources
RAS -Reservoir Analysis System

Accurate Evaluation of 3-Phase Fluid Saturation Behind Casing
Mihail Adrian Nicolae,

Senior Log Analyst – Prospectiuni S.A.
Ploiesti, 30-June-2015
www.prospectiuni.com
Resources
Through-Casing Formation Evaluation
Reservoir Analysis System (RAS) Applications
 Reservoir Monitoring
• Saturation Logging
• Contact monitoring
 Oil and Gas saturation
 Oxygen Activation for Water Flow
• Water flow logging
 Wellbore performance and integrity
 Harmonization of field data sets
 Prospecting in existing wells, bypassed pay
 Primary reservoir description for well where Open-
hole logging is constrained
 Open Hole Log Emulation
Future:
 Lithology derived from Calcium, Silicon and Iron
yields
Committed to help you:
 Improve your oil and gas production
 Reduce your risk and cost
Reservoir Analysis Sonde (RAS)
Resources
RAS is:
 A new multi-detector pulsed neutron logging tool
GR  Designed and manufactured by Hunter Well Science in Calgary and field tested by Allied Wireline
RAS features and benefits are:
 Three Detector Array that includes Time and Energy Spectra
 High Resolution Lanthanum Chloride Detectors for improved Energy Spectra (10X faster than NaI or BGO)
 Advanced Calibration Methods to Enhance Accuracy
Long  Simultaneous Sigma and Carbon/Oxygen Logging
1X6 NaI
Specifications
Capture
Gamma Ray Temperature rating : 160°C / 320°F
3 Detector array:
Far  2 Lanthanum Chloride detectors for Sigma and C/O. Pressure rating : 103.4 MPa / 15,000 psi
1X4 LaCl3  Long Spacing NaI detector for porosity and gas evaluation Diameter : 43mm / 1 11/16”
 Lanthanum Chloride features: Length : 3573mm / 140.7"
Halide – no internal oxygen signal Weight : 20kg / 44lb
Near Fast pulse emission – higher count throughput Measure point – Near : 2134mm / 84”
1X1 LaCl3 High peak resolution – aids energy calibration accuracy
Inelastic Measure point – Far: 2311mm / 91”
Minimal heat effects – good response at all temperatures
Gamma Ray Measure point - Long :2565mm / 101”
Materials Corrosion resistant throughout
Measurements:
Pulsed Neutron
Source
T=0
Sigma C/O Dual mode (SG-C/O) Inelastic Gas Oxygen activation
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reservoir Analysis Sonde (RAS)
Resources
Capture Cross Sections RAS Carbon/Oxygen
Heavy Heavy
C/O application
•High in Oil
Hydrocarbon
Mod porosity •Low in Water
Hydrocarbon
SIGMA
Density
Density
application High porosity •Moderate in Gas

Mod porosity
High porosity
Light
Light Low Salinity High
Low Salinity High
This module uses the Sigma data set to predict reservoir water saturation, Accurate determination of hydrocarbon saturation from carbon/oxygen
and can also be applied to determine reservoir gas saturation. The measurements requires a description of the wellbore environment and rock
program uses the variable-matrix model to incorporate rock matrix parameters. This module uses a multi-parametric inversion for oil saturation
variations into the inversion. The RAS-Sigma can be coupled with the based on empiricism; a characterization database for the specific reservoir
RAS-CO module to determine gas saturation in 3-phase reservoirs. and wellbore parameters is used as the basis for the inversion.
Fluid
Fresh water  = 22
Saline water  = 23 - 125
Density
Fluid
Oil  = 16 – 22
Gas(Methane)  = 4 – 15
Sandstone  = 4.8 – 13
Limestone = 7 – 10 GasPhi
Shale  = 25 - 45 application
Gas
Low Salinity High
Physics of PNL Measurements (Sigma)
Resources
Resources
Reservoir Analysis System - Pulsed Neutron Log-Sigma (Interpretation model)
Material Balance
Equation
Shales: Vsh
Effective Porosity
Rock Matrix: (1- Fe - Vsh)
Water Content: Sw Fe
Hydrocarbons: (1-Sw) Fe
 log =  ma (1 -  - V sh ) +  sh V sh
+  wS w  +  h (1 - S w )
 log -  ma (1 -  - V sh ) -  sh V sh -  h 
Sw =
(  w -  h )
RAS Sigma Analysis Example
Resources
Synthetic Sigma
Fine Tuning the Interpretation
Predicted Logged Sigma Value:
syn = m (1 Vsh) +sh Vsh +w  Sw  +h (1Sw)
Predicted Water-Filled Porosity Sigma Value:
 syn, w =  m  (1    Vsh ) +  sh  Vsh +  w  S w  
Predicted Oil-Filled Porosity Sigma Value
syn,h = m  (1 Vsh ) + sh Vsh + h  (1 Sw ) 
Physics of RAS Measurements (Sigma & C/O)
Resources
•The Carbon/Oxygen (C/O)logging mode measures the
abundance of carbon and oxygen in the reservoir.
•These characteristic nuclear reactions are created by inelastic
scattering of fast neutrons; the gamma rays from the reactions
are sorted into 256 channel spectra for analysis.
•The C/O measurement is very borehole sensitive
- Measures SO in reservoirs with fresh

water or unknown salinity
- Measures Carbon/Oxygen ratio in
inelastic gamma ray spectra
● High in Oil
● Low in Water
● Moderate in Gas
C/O - Inelastic Energy Spectrum
RAS- C/O Basic interpretation - Dynamic Envelope Generator
Resources
Continuous variations in... … are reflected in the

response characterization
Porosity
C/O Response Characterization
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
Mineralogy 1.7
Oil Saturated Formation
C/O
1.5
C/O Saturation
1.3
1.1
DEG 0.9
Water Saturated Formation
Hole Size 0.7
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Porosity
Holdup
RAS Carbon/Oxygen Analysis Example
Resources
C/O c  C/O min (D, H,  , L)
So =
ΔC/O(D, H,  , L)
S o = Oil Saturation
C/O c = Corrected C/O Ratio
C/O min = Minimum C/O (Water Line
ΔC/O = Max. C/O(Oil) - Min C/O (Water)
- D = Borehole & Casing
- H = Holdup
-  = Porosity
- L = Formation Lithology
Oil Saturated Formation
Water Saturated Formation
Pulsed Neutron Gas indicator curves
RNF – Primarily responsive to the formation and porosity, exhibits a light hydrocarbon effect in the presence ofResources
gas-filled.
RNF – Dependent on the fast neutrons through the formation, affected by the hydrogen amount, depends on the fluid density.
RNBC – Responsive to changes in porosity, not sensitive to gas. RNF/RNBC overlay provide qualitative information regarding the gas presence.
RBOR – Provide relative information about the borehole SIGMA. RBOR/RNF overlay provide qualitative information regarding the gas presence
RAS – GASPhi Advanced Gas Analysis
Resources
The RAS GasPhi Module is comprised of several processing objects which the analyst can use to derive the
reservoir porosity, neutron porosity, and gas saturation. The analysis tools of this module can be broken into three
main functions:
•Neutron Porosity from RAS
•Gas Saturation using external porosity or porosity derived from RAS
•Neutron Overlay Porosity - For time-lapse logging, to earlier neutron porosity logs is used to track gas movement.
RAS – GASPhi and 3 Detectors
Resources
The Long detector has a density

effect, gamma-rays created near
the source are attenuated by the
wellbore and reservoir
Figure 1 of the paper below: computer

modeling of inelastic gamma production
and transport demonstrates that a larger
percentage of gammas at the long
detector have been transported through
the media.
RAS - GASPhi (Monte Carlo Modeling)
Resources
 Monte Carlo Modeling predicts the life cycle of

an individual neutron
 During its life a neutron may have hundreds of
Capture collisions with different possible results
Cl (elastic, inelastic, capture, activation)
 The same process is repeated for 50 Million
Neutrons (or more, for desired statistical
Elastic Reaction
accuracy)
Elastic Reaction Random sampling used for
H Neutron transport:
Si  How far? Which direction?
Neutron interactions:
 Which atom? What interaction?
GR Detected !
Elastic Reaction Random number generation is synonymous
O to throwing a dice or spinning a wheel
If Borehole Fluid is Water (H2O)
H H
Inelastic Reaction Atoms in the Formation
O Ca Matrix: Quartz (SiO2) O
Porosity: 20%
Elastic Reaction 100% Saturated by H2O (100kppm
NaCl)
 Si: 26.7% Si
• Global characterization database
 O: 59.3% O C
– Open and Cased Completions; 6-12 inch boreholes  H: 12.0% H
– Covering a range of fluid and gas densities  NaCl: 1%
– Approximately 7000 data points modeled using Monte Carlo Modeling methods
RAS – GAS Phi envelope
Resources
RAS GasPhi uses the response of RNLB To characterize the RAS GasPhi for
vs. total or effective porosity to determine the specific reservoir and wellbore,
inputs to the model include:
gas saturation
100
1. Pressure & Temperature – to calculate Gas Density
2. Salinity
3. Lithology
4. Size of BH
5. BH & Formation Fluids, types and characteristics
6. Total porosity
RNLB
0
From the modeling cluster we predict the response

envelope for the specific reservoir and wellbore:
Parameters: Sandstone, 5.5-inch casing, 115 Kppm
salinity
Porosity: Open-hole Neutron-Density crossplot PhiNDc
RAS – SIGMA/GAS Phi Example
Resources
RAS – SIGMA/GAS Phi Example
Resources
RAS CO2 Detection
Resources
• RNLB and RNLC sensitive to
hydrogen density
• CO2 has an even larger effect
•Applications
- EOR floods
- Sequestration
- CO2 injection
RNLB
RAS – OH Replacement (Emulation)
Resources
RAS Water Velocity Measurement
Resources
Count Rate vs. Velocity

The detected count rates are a
function of the water volume, water
velocity relative to the instrument
and the distance between source and
detectors.
RAS Oxygen Activation – Water Flow
Resources
• One of the inelastic nuclear reactions of oxygen creates a 7-second isotope
• Water is activated by neutron generator, movements of the activated water can
be sensed by the detectors
• Functional range of velocities: 5 to 60+ feet/minute
• Velocity - Stationary or continuous measurement
= v inst lE
v flow +
'
C  D 
ln   + ln 1
'
 1
C  D 
2 2
Water Velocity = Logging Speed + Water velocity relative to the tool
Stationary measurement:
• Source on and off at regular intervals (e.g. 60 seconds on, 60 seconds off)
• Time-based acquisition
• Velocity determined by time-correlation of radiation signals measured along the
instrument to measure travel time between 2 points of known separation
RAS Features and Application
Resources
 3 Detectors array that includes time and energy spectra.

 Combination Modes to run Sigma and C/O logs simultaneously.
 High resolution Lanthanium Chloride detectors
 Advanced calibration mechanism to assure accuracy
 Includes experienced petrophysical support and broad
 portfolio of answer products
 Through casing reservoir evaluation

 Salinity-independent measurement of gas saturation bypassing limitation of conventional PNC-
Sigma methods
 Production targeting
 Gas injection monitoring (methane, CO2, N2, steam)
 Identifying pressure-depleted sands
 Differentiating gas and condensate
 Component of 3-phase saturation analysis
 Replacement of open hole logs in special conditions – drilling with casing, hole problems
 Works in lower porosity than other PN tools
 Water flow measurement – Combinable with PL tools
 Shale gas plays with GASPhi and OH Emulation.
Weakness
Resources
Operating limits: Sigma Logs (Capture)

 Requires fluid in borehole (salty fluids are preferred)
 Minimal drilling or cementing fluid Invasion (rule of thumb: allow 3-4 weeks to dissipate)
 Multiple strings of pipe or tubing (tubing will affect Sigma less than C/O)
 Qualitative if formation water salinity < 40 Kppm or porosity <10 %
 Operating limits: Sigma Logs (Capture)
Operating limits: C/O Logs (Inelastic)
 Requires fluid in borehole (oil or water but not gas)
 Requires minimal drilling or cementing fluid Invasion (rule of thumb: allow 3-4 weeks to
dissipate)
 Inelastic measurements suffer statistically (slow logging speeds), have lower DOI (~8 in) and
are more highly affected by hole size/rugosity or poor cement bond to pipe
 Operating limits: C/O Logs (Inelastic)
 Multiple strings of pipe or tubing can significantly affect Inelastic measurements (stand off
effect)
 Qualitative if porosities <15 %
 Maximum logging speed 8 fpm
Resources
Thank you!

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Discovering the Earth's

RAS -Reservoir Analysis System

Mihail Adrian Nicolae,

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

application High porosity •Moderate in Gas

Predicted Logged Sigma Value:

syn = m (1 Vsh) +sh Vsh +w  Sw  +h (1Sw)

Predicted Water-Filled Porosity Sigma Value:

 syn, w =  m  (1    Vsh ) +  sh  Vsh +  w  S w  

Predicted Oil-Filled Porosity Sigma Value

syn,h = m  (1 Vsh ) + sh Vsh + h  (1 Sw ) 

- Measures SO in reservoirs with fresh

C/O - Inelastic Energy Spectrum

Continuous variations in... … are reflected in the

Hole Size 0.7

Oil Saturated Formation

Water Saturated Formation

The Long detector has a density

Figure 1 of the paper below: computer

 Monte Carlo Modeling predicts the life cycle of

If Borehole Fluid is Water (H2O)

From the modeling cluster we predict the response

Count Rate vs. Velocity

• Velocity - Stationary or continuous measurement

Water Velocity = Logging Speed + Water velocity relative to the tool

 3 Detectors array that includes time and energy spectra.

 Through casing reservoir evaluation

Operating limits: Sigma Logs (Capture)

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