KHI QUT V

O LNG CM BIN
Ging vin: Phm Vn Trung
Ni dung
7. 1 Khi qut
7.2 Cm bin tim cn


7.1 .KHI QUT

7.1.1 Khi nim & phn loi
7.1.2 Phn loi cm bin
7.1.3. ng cong chun ca cm bin

7.1.1 Khi nim
Cm bin l thit b dng cm nhn bin i cc i lng vt l
v cc i lng khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i
lng c th o v x l c.
Cc i lng o (M) thng khng c tnh cht in (nh nhit
, p sut, trng lng) tc ng ln cm bin cho ta i lng
c trng (S) mang tnh cht in nh (nh in tch, in p,
dng in hay tr khng) cha ng thng tin cho php xc nh
gi tr ca i lng .
c trng (s) l hm ca i lng cn o (M)
S = F(M)
Ngi ta gi (S) l i lng u ra hoc phn ng ca cm bin.
(M) l i lng u vo hay kch thch ( c ngun gc i lng
cn o). Thng qua o c (S) cho php nhn bit gi tr (M)

7.1.2 Phn loi cm bin
Cc b cm bin c phn loi theo c trng sau y:
Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng kch thch.
Phn loi theo dng kch thch
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng
Phn loi theo thng s m hnh mch thay th
Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p
ng kch thch
Hin tng Chuyn i v p ng kch thch
Vt l - Nhit in; - Quang in; - Quang t
- in t; - Quang n hi; - T in
- Nhit t....
Ho hc - Bin i ho hc ; - Bin i in ho
- Phn tch ph..
Sinh Hc - Bin i sinh ho; - Bin i vt l.
- Hiu ng trn c th sng
Phn loi theo dng kch thch
m
thanh
-Bin pha, phn cc; -Ph; -Tc truyn sng
in -in tch, dng in; -in th, in p
-in trng; -in dn, hng s in mi
T -T trng; -T thng, cng in trng; - t
thm
Quang -Bin, pha, phn cc,ph; -Tc truyn
-H s pht x, khc x; -H s hp th, h s bc x
C -V tr; -lc ,p sut; -Gia tc, vn tc
-ng sut, cng; -Moment; -Khi lung t trng
-Vn tc cht lu, nht
Nhit -Nhit ; -Thng lng; -Nhit dung, t nhit
Bc x -Kiu; -Nng lng; -Cng
Theo tnh nng ca b cm bin
nhy
chnh xc
phn gii
chn lc
tuyn tnh
Cng sut tiu th
Di tn
tr
Theo tnh nng ca b cm bin
nhy
chnh xc
phn gii
chn lc
chnh xc
tuyn tnh
Cng sut tiu th
Di tn

tr
Kh nng qu ti
Tc p ng
n nh
Tui th
iu kin la chn
Kch thc, trng lng
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng
Kh nng qu ti
Tc p ng
n nh
Tui th
iu kin la chn
Kch thc, trng lng
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng
Cng nghip
Nghin cu khoa hc
Mi trng, kh tng
Thng tin, vin thng
Nng nghip
Dn dng
V tr
Qun s
Phn loi theo thng s m hnh
mch thay th
Cm bin tch cc u ra l ngun p, ngun dng
(NPN, PNP)
Cm bin th ng c c trng bi thng s R, L, C,
M..tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn
ng cong chun ca cm bin l ng cong c
biu din s ph thuc vo i lng in (S) u ra
ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o (m) u
vo.

7.1.3. ng cong chun ca
cm bin
ng cong c biu th biu din bng biu thc i
s di dng S = F (M) hoc bng th sau y:
0 0
s s
m m
a) b)


Hinh 1:ng cong chuan cua cam bien

7.1.3. ng cong chun ca
cm bin
Dng ng cong chun
Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th
xc nh gi tr chun Mi cha bit ca M thng qua
gi tr o c Si ca S
d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm bin c
s ph thuc tuyn tnh gia i lng u ra v u
vo, phng trnh S = F(M) c dng S = AM+B vi
A,B l cc h s, ng cong chun l ng thng
7.2 CM BIN TIM CN
7.2.1 c im
7.2.2 Cc thut ng thng s dng
7.2.3 Cm bin tim cn cm ng
7.2.4 Cm bin tim cn in dung
7.2.5 Cm bin quang
7.2.6 Cc ng dng cm bin trong cng nghip

7.2.1.c im
Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc
Tc p ng nhanh
u cm bin nh c th lp t nhiu ni
C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit
7.2.2. Cc thut ng thng s
dng
Vt chun (standard sensing object)
Khong cch pht hin (sensing distance)
Khong cch ci t (Setting distance)
Thi gian p ng (Response time)
Tn s p ng (Response Frequency)

Vt chun (standard sensing
object)
Mt vt c l vt chun nu hnh dng, vt liu kch
c ca vt liu phi ph hp pht huy ht c tnh
k thut ca sensor.

Khong cch pht hin (sensing
distance)
l khong cch t b mt cm bin u sensor ti v
tr vt chun xa nht m sensor c th pht hin c.

oi
tng
Cam
Bien
OFF ON
Be mat
cam bien
bien
Cam bien tiem
can
Khoang cach
Phat hien

Khoang cach Reset
Khong cch ci t (Setting distance)

oi
tn
g
cua
Ca
m
Bien
Cam bien
tiem can
Ngo
ra
Be mat cam
bien
Khoang cach
c lng
Khoang cach
cai at
l khong cch t b
mt cm bin u
sensor ti v tr vt cm
bin sensor c th
pht hin vt n nh
(thng khong cch
ny bng 70-80%
khong cch pht hin)
Thi gian p ng (Response
time)

oi
tng
cua
Cam
Bien
Cam bien tiem can
Ngo ra
Be mat cam bien
Dai hoat ong
T1 T2
Trong dai hoat ong
Ngoai day
hoat ong
ON
OFF
T1: Khong thi
gian t lc i
tng chun
chuyn ng i
vo vng pht hin
ca sensor ti lc
u ra ca sensor
ln ON
T2: Khong thi
gian t lc i
tng chun
chuyn ng i ra
khi vng pht
hin ca sensor ti
khi u ra ca
sensor tt v
Tn s p ng (Response
Frequency)
l s ln tc ng lp li khi cm bin i vo vng
hot ng ca senso

Khoang cach cam
bien
Vat cam bien


2M

M

zM
T1 T2
T3
f =1/T1 +T2
7.2.3 Cm bin tim cn cm
ng
Cm bin cm ng t gm c 4 khi chnh:
Cun dy v li Fefit
mch dao ng
mt pht hin
mt u ra
7.2.3 Cm bin tim cn cm
ng
Mch dao ng pht dao ng in t tn s radio. T
trng bin thin tp trung t li st s mc vng qua
i tng kim loi t i din vi n. Khi i tng li
gn s c dng in Foucaul cm ng ln trn mt i
tng to nn mt ti gm tn hiu dao ng. B pht
hin s pht hin s thay i trng thi bin mch
dao ng. Mch pht hin v tr ON pht tn hiu mt
u ra v tr ON
T trng do cun dy cm bin thay i khi tng tc
vi vt th bng kim loi. Do , loi cm bin ny ch
pht hin vt th bng kim loi.
7.2.3 Cm bin tim cn cm
ng
c im:
Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc
u cm bin nh c th lp t nhiu ni
Tc p ng nhanh
Lm vic trong mi trng khc nghit
Lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng t, do d b nh
hng ca ngun nhiu hay nh hng ca ngun k
sinh
7.2.3 Cm bin tim cn cm
ng
Cm bin s dng in p mt chiu khong 10-30VDC,
u ra cm bin chu dng in nh (ti a khong
200mA), o thng u ni ra thit b trung gian
(rle trung gian, b iu khin cm bin . . . . )
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin cm ng t
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin cm ng t
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin cm ng t
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin cm ng t
7.2.4. Cm bin tim cn in
dung
Cm bin tim cn in dung khi c mt ca i tng
lm thay i in dung C ca bn cc.
Cm bin tim dung gm 4 b phn chnh: Cm bin
(cc bn cc cch in); mch dao ng; b pht hin;
mch u ra. Tuy nhin cm bin dung khng i hi
i tng lm bng kim loi. i tng pht hin l cht
lng, vt liu phi kim, thu tinh, nha. Tc chuyn
mch tng i nhanh, c th pht hin i tng c
kch thc nh, phm vi cm nhn ln.
Cm bin in dung chu nh hng bi bi v m.
Cm bin in dung c vng cm nhn ln hn vng
cm nhn ca cm bin in cm
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin in dung
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin in dung
Mt s hnh nh cc loi cm
bin in dung
7.2.6 Cm bin quang
Nguyn l hot ng: Khi chiu vo ngun sng thch
hp vo cm bin, tnh cht dn in ca cm bin thay
i, lm mch tn hiu cm ng thay i theo. Nh vy
thng tin nh sng c chuyn thnh thng tin ca tn
hiu in.
LED

AU
PHAT
A
U
THU
Photo-
Transistor
V
A
T
T
H
E
AMP
AMP
7.2.6 Cm bin quang
u pht ca cm bin pht ra mt ngun sng v pha
trc. Nu c vt th che chn, ngun sng ny tc
ng ln vt th v phn x ngc li u thu, u thu
nhn tn hiu nh sng ny v chuyn thnh tn hiu
in. Tu theo lng nh sng chuyn v, m chuyn
thnh tn hiu in p v dng in v khuych i
thnh tn hiu ra. (Hnh 6.1)
7.2.6 Cm bin quang
ien ap ien ap
Mc ngng
OK
NG
Cng o sang
Lng anh sang nhan ve c chuyen thanh tn hieu ien
ap hoac dong ien, sau o c khuyech ai
Cng o sang
Cam bien se xuat tn hieu ra bao co vat neu tn hieu
ien ap ln hn mc ngng
Hnh 6.2
7.2.6.1 Nguyn tc o ca cm
bin quang dch chuyn
nh sng t ngun sng c tp trung bi thu knh
hi t v chiu thng vo vt.
Tia sng phn x t vt c tp trung ln dng c cm
bin v tr (PSD: position sensing device) bng thu knh
thu. Nu v tr vt ( khong cch n thit b o) thay
i, hnh nh v tr vt hnh thnh trn PSD s khc i v
nu trng thi cn bng ca hai ng ra PSD thay i
nh v tr vt hnh thnh trn PSD s khc i v trng
thi cn bng ca 2 PSD cng thay i.
7.2.6.1 Nguyn tc o ca cm
bin quang dch chuyn
Nu 2 ng ra l A v B, tnh A/(A+B) v s dng cc gi
tr thch hp tng h s k v Offset C.
Khong dch chuyn = .K-C

Gi tr o lng ca ri ( sng) nhng 2 ng
dch chuyn A v B, v chnh v vy nu cng
nh sng nhn c v khong cch n vt thay i
kt qu ng ra tuyn tnh tng ng s thay i
khong cch v thay i v tr
B A
A

7.2.6.2 Phn loi

7.2.6.2.1 Cm bin quang thu pht c lp (Thought
Beam)
7.2.6.2.2 Cm bin quang pht thu chung (Retro
Replective)
7.2.6.2.3 Cm bin quang khuych i ( Diffuse
Replective)
7.2.6.2.4 Cm bin quang phn x gii hn (Limited
Reflective)

7.2.6.2.1 Cm bin quang thu
pht c lp (Thought Beam)
c im:
tin cy cao
Khong cch pht hin xa
Khng b nh hng bi b mt, mu sc vt
au phat au thu
Khoang cach
phat hien
7.2.6.2.2 Cm bin quang pht
thui chung (Retro Replective)
c im:
D lp t.
B nh hng bi mu sc, b mt vt, nn . . .
Khoang cach
Phat hien
au phat va au thu
Gng
7.2.6.2.3 Cm bin quang khuych i (
Diffuse Replective)
c im:
D lp t.
B nh hng bi mu sc, b mt vt, nn . . .

Vat
Khoang cach phat hien
7.2.6.2.4 Cm bin quang phn
x gii hn (Limited Reflective)
c im:
Ch pht hin vt trong vng pht hin gii hn
Khng b nh hng bi mu nn pha sau cm bin
L tng cho nhiu ng dng cn trit tiu nn
Khoang cach
phat hien
Truc thu
au thu va au phat

Vat Truc phat
Nen
7.2.6 Cc ng dng cm bin
trong cng nghip
S a dng v chng loi trong cc sn phm cm bin
p ng c nhiu ng dng chuyn su trong lnh
vc t ng ho cng nghip. Mt vi ng dng in
hnh...
Pht hin mn trong
Pht hin du/vt trn nn
Pht hin dy bng
Pht hin bng nim phong trn np l/hp
Pht hin nhn bng plastic bng trn giy
Pht hin np nhn trn chai nc
Pht hin chai PET
7.2.6 Cc ng dng cm bin
trong cng nghip
Pht hin mu bnh trn bng chuyn
Phn bit chiu cao ca np
Pht hin mc sa/nc tri cy bn trong hp
Cm bin pht hin mu
o ng knh ca ng
Kim tra hin tng thng np thic, np nhm
Pht hin np l b lng
Kim mu, pht hin chiu quay ca vin pin
Pht hin lon kim loi
Pht hin mn trong
E3S-R12 l sensor chuyn dng pht hin cc mn
trong sut vi tin cy cao. Cc sensor quang thng
thng khng th xc nh c chnh xc nh vy.

Pht hin du/vt trn nn
E3X-DA l sensor c n led mu /mu xanh
dng hoc xanh l cho php pht hin tng
phn gia cc im, cc vt mu trn nn. Ngi k
s rt d vn hnh nh nt Tech trn sensor.
Pht hin dy bng
Bao thuc l c bc bi mt v bc nylon sng mu
v c 1 dy bng d dng bc lp bao ny ra. C th
dng sensor trong trng hp ny pht hin dy
bng ny c nm ng v tr hay khng. E3C-VM35R rt
nh, c th pht hin vt th c kch tht nh n
0,2mm. N cng phn bit c s khc bit rt nh v
mu sc.
Pht hin bng nim phong trn
np l/hp
Np l/hp c bc bi mt lp plastic bo v nim
phong ngn khng kh, v bc ny rt mng, trong sut,
v bng lng. Mt sensor truyn thng khng th pht
hin c chnh xc i tng c bng cao nh vy.
Omron sng ch ra loi sensor c th p ng c
yu cu trn l: E3X-NL11 dng vi u E32-S15L1 vi
tin cy cao
Pht hin nhn bng plastic bng
trn giy
Nhn giy bng plastic c phn x rt cao m cc
loi sensor trc y khng th pht hin c. Sensor
E3X-NL11 vi u fiber E32-S15L-1 ca OMRON c th
c dng pht hin cc vt th bng long nh
trong trng hp ny.
Pht hin np nhm trn chai nc
Nhim v l pht hin np nhm trn chai nc. E2CY-
C2A l sensor tim cn chuyn pht hin vt th
bng nhm vi tin cy cao. N rt d ci t, ch cn
n nt TEACH trn b khuych i.
Pht hin chai PET
Chai PET thng rt mng v cha nc hoc cht lng
trong sut. Hnh dng ca chai l hnh trn hoc hnh
vung vi cc g cnh. Do vy, vic dng cc loi
sensor quang thng thng pht hin s khng tin
cy. Omron pht trin 1 loi sensor c bit dng cho
mc ch ny l model E3Z-B vi tin cy cao.
Pht hin mu bnh trn bng
chuyn
Pht hin mu bnh, ko vi kch tht v hnh dng,
mu sc khc nhau m khng cn phi ci t, thit lp
phc tp. E3S-CL l loi Photosensor ca OMRON vi
khong cch pht hin xc nh v iu chnh c d
dng.

Phn bit chiu cao ca np
E3G-L1 l loi photosensor t c khong cch th h
mi. N c th pht hin 1 cch chnh xc s khc bit
d l nh nht v chiu cao vt. Hot ng ca sensor
khng b nh hng bi mu sc, cht liu, nghing
dc, bng v kch tht vt th. C th d dng
chnh c khong cch pht hin ca sensor bng nn
hin th kp.
Pht hin mc sa/nc tri
cy bn trong hp
Pht hin sa/nc tri cy bn trong hp mu trng,
khng trong sut (hp ng np). E3Z-T61 vi tia
sng mnh, c th xuyn qua lp v bc giy bn ngoi
ca hp v do c th pht hin c sa/tri cy c
bn trong hp giy hay khng. E2K-C l sensor tim cn
cng sut ln, n cng c th pht hin c c cht
lng bn trong hp hay khng.
Cm bin pht hin mu
Nhim v l pht hin bn chi nh rng v phn loi
cc mu khc nhau. E3MC l loi sensor mu, n rt d
dng nhn bit mu ca vt theo yu cu (c chc nng
Teach). Tn hiu ra ca E3MC c th ni vi b iu
khin phn loi, xc nh li
o ng knh ca ng
Sensor laser vi tia sng song song Z4LC l loi cho
php o ng knh ng vi chnh xc cao m khng
cn tip xc.
Kim tra hin tng thng np
thic, np nhm
Bng cch kim tra lm ca np. Sensor lazer ZX c
th phn bit c chnh lch chiu cao rt nh, do
vy khi np b dp (do thng l) hay li ln, u ra s
c cnh bo ngay vi tc hot ng kh cao
Pht hin np l b lng
Pht hin np l b lng vi Z4LB-S10V2 ca loi sensor
thng minh ZX-LT vi tia lazer song song c th pht
hin c np l b lng hoc cc ng dng tng t
chnh xc ti vi micromet.
Kim mu, pht hin chiu quay
ca vin pin
Sensor F10 hot ng trn nguyn tc bt hnh v so
vi mu lu. Do ta c th kim tra sn phm c
hnh nh khng ng nh mu lu (hnh b quay,
nghing, sai loi)
Pht hin lon kim loi
Pht hin cc lon kim loi ang di chuyn trn bng
chuyn. E2EV l loi cm bin tim cn cm ng t, c
th pht hin tt c cc kim loi, ngoi ra cn c loi
sensor pht hin st t(E2E) v sensor ch pht hin
nhm/ng l E2EY.