Seminar:

GVHD: L Ngc nh
SVTH: Nguyn Minh Trung K0503200

MC LC:
TNG QUAN
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS_RTDs
THERMALLY SENSI TI VE
RESI STOR/THERMI STOR
THERMOCOUPLE
NHIT K HNG NGOI

CM BIN O NHIT
Nhiet o la ai lng vat ly khong the o trc
tiep c,nhng co the xac nh c thong qua
s thay oi cua cac ai lng phu thuoc( ien
tr,s gian n).

Thang o Celsius
Thang o Kelvin:



Thang o Fahren:

T C T K ( ) ( ) . = 27315
T F T C ( ) ( ) = +
9
5
32
Thang o nhit chun :
-182,97 C : cn bng kh _lng - oxygne;
0,00 C: cn bng rn_ lng nc;
0,01 C: im th ca nc;
100,00 C: cn bng lng_ rn nc;
419,58 C: cn bng rn lng km ;
444,67 C: cn bng kh_ lng lu hunh;
961,62 C: cn bng rn _lng- bc;
1064,43 C: cn bng rn lng- vng.
CC PHUNG PHP O
NHIT :
o nhit trc tip:
- Cp nhit in (Thermocouple).
- Nhit in tr kim loi/ nhit in tr
dng (Resistance Temperature Detectors-RTDs).
- Nhit in tr bn dn/ nhit in tr
m (Thermally Sensitive Resistor/Thermistor)
o nhit gin tip:
- Nhit k hng ngoi
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS_RTDs :
Nguyn l :in tr vt dn thay i
theo nhit :



l : chiu di dy dn [m]
A : tit din dy dn [m2]
: in tr sut [m]
) 1 ( T
A
l
R
o
o

+ =
=
S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit gn nh
tuyn tnh c biu din theo phng trnh:



Ta c th coi nh p ng ny s l tuyn tnh trn
mt khong nh nhit ,.Cng thc ny c th
c vit li:



a, b, : hng s ph thuc kim loi
RT: in tr ti nhit cn o T [K]
R0: in tr ti nhit To[K]

( ) ( ) | |
0 0 0
1 T T b T T a R R + =
( ) T R R
T
A + = * 1
0
o
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS_RTDs :
nh hng ca s t t nng :


: h s tiu tn cng sut [mW/ C]
PD : cng sut tiu tn [mW]
nhy [/ C]:
T
I R
T
P
D
A

=
A
=
2
o
0
R S = o
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS_RTDs :
Quan h in tr_nhit :
Nhit tng th in tr tng.
Cu to :
Vt liu ch to :
Mch in ng dng :
Mch phn p :
Mch in ng dng :
Mch cu Wheatsone :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
4 3
3
2 1
2
R R
R
R R
R
V V
in out
Khi cu cn bng : Vout = 0 :
3
4
2
1
2
2 1
3
4 3
4 3
3
2 1
2
R
R
R
R
R
R R
R
R R
R R
R
R R
R
=
+
=
+

+
=
+
Mch in ng dng :
Khi R1=R2=R4=Rg:
g
g
in
out
g g
g in out
g
g
g
g
in out
R R
R R
v
V
R R R
R V V
R R
R
R
R
V V
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
Khi R3=Rg dR:
dR R
dR V
V
g
in
out

=
2 2
THERMALLY SENSI TI VE
RESI STOR/THERMI STOR :
Nguyn l : S thay oi cua ban dn theo nhiet
o T, do so lung cap ien t lo trong tang lam
giam ien tr :
: hng s vt liu ph thuc nhit in tr
RT: in tr ti nhit cn o T [K]
Ro: in tr ti nhit To[K]
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
1 1
exp
T T
R R
T
|
dT
dR
R
T
=
1
o
2
T
|
o =
i vi nhit ln hn th ta phi
dng phng trnh Steinhart-Hart:
1
3
T
A B R C R
T T
= + + ln ln
THERMALLY SENSI TI VE
RESI STOR/THERMI STOR :
Quan h in tr_nhit :
Nhit d tng th in tr gim
Cu to :
Thermistor l mt thut ng thng dng ca
thermally sensitive resistor,u d nhit ca
chng l cht bn dn c m / dng .Nhng
thit b ny c cu to bi vt liu s c tnh
cht dn in ph thuc vo nhit .
NTC thermistor thng c lm t nhng
oxid ca mangan,nickel,coban,st.Trong qu
trnh sn xut thng thng,trc ht,mt hn
hp hai hay ba loi oxid c gn kt vi nhau
nh cht gn kt thch hp v c c theo
nhng hnh dng mong mun.Vi nhng cht
oxid khc nhau,t l pha trn khc nhau th ta
s c sn phm khc nhau mang tnh cht ta
mun c.
Mch in ng dng :
Tuyn tnh ha thermistor:
S dng mch analog: mch xp x tuyn
tnh_piecewise; mch chuyn i in p
thnh tn s; mch logarit; mch chuyn i
nhit thnh tn s
S dng k thut s tuyn tnh ha trong min
tn s.
Thay i mch ca transducer : mch cu
Wheatstone; gn tr song song.
Thng thng in tr song song c tnh
theo cng thc :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
m
m
Tm S
T
T
R R
2
2
|
|
THERMOCOUPLE:
Hiu ng Peltier: ch tip xc
gia hai dy dn A v B khc nhau
v bn cht nhng cng mt nhit
tn ti mt hiu in th tip xc
.Hiu in th ny ch ph thuc vo
bn cht ca vt dn v nhit :

THERMOCOUPLE:
nh lut Volta : trong mt chui
cch nhit c cu thnh t nhng
vt dn khc nhau, tng sut in
ng Peltier bng 0.
VD : trong mt chui gm bn vt
dn A B C D mc ni tip , tng sut
in ng s bng 0:
THERMOCOUPLE:
khi hai vt dn A v C c phn cch
bi cc vt dn trung gian v ton h l
ng nhit th hiu in th gia hai vt
dn A v C u mt cng chnh bng
hiu in th nu nh chng (A v C)
tip xc trc tip vi nhau.
THERMOCOUPLE:
Hiu ng Thomson: trong mt vt dn
ng nht A, gia hai im M v N c
nhit khc nhau s sinh ra mt sut
in ng . Sut in ng ny ch
ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt dn v
nhit TM, TN ca hai im M v
N.
THERMOCOUPLE:
Hiu ng seebeck: gi s c mt mch
kn to thnh t hai vt dn A B v
hai chuyn tip ca chng c gi
nhit T1 v T2, khi mch s to
thnh mt cp nhit in.
Cp nhit in ny gy nn mt sut
in ng do kt qu tc ng ng
thi ca hai hiu ng Peltier v
Thomson.Sut in ng gi l
sut in ng Seebeck.
THERMOCOUPLE:
Sut in ng gia a v b, b v c, c
v d, d v a ln lc bng:
THERMOCOUPLE:
Sut in ng Seebeck s bng tng cc
sut in ng thnh phn Peltier v
Thomson trn:


Nu chn T1 l nhit so snh v ly
T1 = 0 C, khi i vi mt cp vt
dn A B cho trc, sut in ng ch
ph thuc vo T2.
THERMOCOUPLE:
Nguyn l :Hai vat lieu dan ien khac nhau
c noi nhau tao thanh 2 moi noi,khi co s
chenh lech nhiet o gia chung se t sinh ra
sc ien ong.
THERMOCOUPLE:
Do bi sc ien ong ch phu thuoc vao s chenh
lech nhiet o gia hai moi noi, can phai biet c t
nhat nhiet o cua 1 trong 2, mi xac nh c nhiet
o moi noi con lai.
Nhiet o cua moi noi a biet goi la nhiet o
chun.
nhy nhit (hay cn gi l nng sut
nhit in) ca cp nhit in nhit Tc
c xc nh:

c trng cp nhit :
Cu to :
Bng di y lit k mt s loi
cp nhit in thng gp:
Cp nhit in Nhit lm vic
0
C E, mV chnh xc
ng/Constantan
= 1,63 mm
-270 370 -6,258 n 19,027 (-100
0
C -40
0
C): 2%
(-40
0
C 100
0
C): 0,8%
(100
0
C 350
0
C): 0,75%
St/Constantan
= 3,25 mm
-210 800 -8,096 n 45,498 (0
0
C 400
0
C): 3
0
C
(400
0
C 800
0
C): 0,75%
Chromel/Alumel
= 3,25 mm
-270 1250 -5,354 n 50,633 (0
0
C 400
0
C): 3
0
C
(400
0
C 1250
0
C): 0,75%
Chromel/Constantan
= 3,25 mm
-270 870 -9,835 n 66,473 (0
0
C 400
0
C): 3
0
C
(400
0
C 1250
0
C): 0,75%
Platin-Rodi(10%)/Platin
= 0,51 mm
-50 1500 -0,236 n 15,576 (0
0
C 600
0
C): 2,5%
(600
0
C 1500
0
C): 0,4%
Platin-Rodi(13%)/Platin
= 0,51 mm
-50 1700 -0,226 n 17,445 (0
0
C 538
0
C): 1,4%
(538
0
C 1500
0
C): 0,25%
Mch in ng dng :
Sut in ng Seebeck o c gia
hai u ca cp nhit s cung cp thng
tin v nhit cn o.Ngi ta thng
p dng hai phng php o sut in
ng:
- S dng milivn k c in tr trong rt
ln gim st th trn dy dn.
- S dng phng php xung i dng
chy qua cp nhit bng khng.
Mch in ng dng :
Cac cach bo chnh cap nhiet : e bao am
viec o luon chnh xac, co 2 cach bo chnh cho
nhiet o moi noi:
Bo chnh bang phan cng :
Mch in ng dng :
Bo chnh bang phan mem :o nhiet o khoi
ng nhiet bang cam bien nhiet khac nh RTD :
o ien tr RTD e co T
REF

-T T
REF
xac nh ap V
REF

-o V
M
va tr V
ref
co V
1

-T V
1
xac nh T
1

NHIT K HNG NGOI :
Nhit k hng ngai (IRT) c bn gm
c 4 thnh phn:
- ng dn sng (waveguide) thu gom
nng lng pht ra t bia (target)
- Cm bin c tc dng chuyn i nng
lng sang tn hiu in
- B iu chnh nhy phi hp php
o ca thit b hng ngai vi ch s bc
x ca vt th c o.
NHIT K HNG NGOI :
- Mt mch cm bin b nhit m bo
s thay i nhit pha bn trong thit
b khng b truyn n ng ra.
NHIT K HNG NGOI :
Mng nh pht ra nng lng hng ngai.
B vi x l s iu khin vic iu chnh
nhy v b nhit, v tin hnh tnh
ton nhit bnh nhn theo phng
trnh :
NHIT K HNG NGOI :
Cm bin mi trng l mt nhit in tr
c tc dng iu chnh cm bin o nhit
(Ta).
Cm bin hng ngai l mt cm bin ha
in (pyroelectric sensor) theo sau l b
chuyn i dng sang p