Unit 1: Noun Danh t

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or an abstract idea.

Eg: company, computer, puppy, Sam, New York
I Positions of a Noun
Positions of a Noun

Examples

Ch ng

The cat chases a mouse

Tn ng

The cat chases a mouse

Sau gii t

One of the cats

Sau a/an/the / some/ my/ his

Sau tnh t

A cat, the cat, some cats, your cat

A big cat chases a small mouse

II. Nouns Suffixes

When a noun suffix is added o a verb or an adjective, a noun will be formed. Below are some
common noun suffixes.
Noun suffixes
-ancel -ence/ -ency

Examples
Important - importance

Noun suffixes
-al

Examples
Propose - proposal

-ion / -sion / -tion /

- Decide - decision

-sis

Analyze - analysis

Ition/-ation

Define - definition

-ment

Develop -

-ness

Kind - kindness

-ty/-ity/-ety /ary

development
-ure

Fail-failure

Possible - possibility
Noun suffixes indicating occupations or people.

When the suffix -ant, -or/-er, or -ee is added to a verb or and adjective, a noun which means a
person who does an action is formed.
-ant
Account - Accountant

-or/-er
Supervise - supervisor

-ee
Employ - employee

Participate - participant

Contribute - contributor

Train - trainee

Apply - applicant

Contract - contractor

Interview - interviewee

Assist - assistant

Interview - interviewer

Refuge - refugee

Nhng tnh t tn cng bng -al, -ial, -id, -ile, -ure: thm ui -ity thnh danh t
V d:

Equal => ................................. (s bnh ng)

Special => .......................... (s c bit)
Partial =>............................(tnh thin v, khng cng bng)
Timid => ........................... (tnh rt r, nht nht)
Solid => ................................ (s rn chc, vng chc)
Valid => ...................................... (tnh hiu lc, gi tr php l)
Pure => .....................................(s tinh khit)
Fertile -> ...................................(s mu m)
. Nhng tnh t tn cng bng -ant hay -ent: b -t, sau thm -ce thnh danh t
V d:
Important => ............................(s quan trng)
Ignorant =>.................................. (s ngu dt)
Confident => ............................. (s t tin)
Intelligent => ....................................... (s hiu hit, kh nng hiu bit)
Mt s danh t c to nn t ng t: bng cch thm ui -ion/-ation/-ment:
V d:
Confess => .......................... (s th nhn)
Express => ..............................(s by t)
Confuse => ............................... (s ri lon, m h)
Organise => .............................. (t chc)
Improve => ..................................... (s tin b)
Manage => ........................................(s qun l)
Danh t ch ngi: ng t + -or/-er/-ist/-ant
V d:
Manage => .......................... (ngi qun l)

Drive => .................................(ngi li xe)

Teach => .............................. (gio vin)
Visit => ..............................(khch du lch)
Assist => ..............................(tr l)
Consult => ........................... (t vn vin)
Ch ui ant l ui tnh t, ch c mt s t ui ant ch ngi l danh t nh: assistant, accountant,attendant,
participant
Ngoi ra mt s tnh t +ness / ry/ ship -> danh t .

p n
Equal => ................................. (s bnh ng)
Special => speciality (s c bit)
Partial => partiality (tnh thin v, khng cng bng)
Timid => timidity (tnh rt r, nht nht)
Solid => solidity (s rn chc, vng chc)
Valid => validity (tnh hiu lc, gi tr php l)
Pure => purity (s tinh khit)
Fertile -> fertility (s mu m)
Important => importance (s quan trng)
Ignorant => Ignorance (s ngu dt)
Confident => confidence (s t tin)
Intelligent => Intelligence (s hiu hit, kh nng hiu bit)
Confess => confession (s th nhn)
Express => expression (s by t)
Confuse => confusion (s ri lon, m h)
Organise => organization (t chc)

Improve => improvement (s tin b)

Manage => management (s qun l)
Manage => manager (ngi qun l)
Drive => driver (ngi li xe)
Teach => teacher (gio vin)
Visit => visitor (khch du lch)
Assist => assistant (tr l)
Consult => consultant (t vn vin)

1. This is a of recent comments from our product users.

A. Summarize

C. summarizes

B. Summary

D. summarized

p n B.
ng sau mo t a/ an/ the cn mt danh t.
Summary: bn tm tt.
2. Interviewees normally have a fear of
A. Rejection

C. rejected

B. Rejecting

D. to reject

p n: A
ng sau gii t of l mt danh t.
Rejection: s loi b, t chi
3. The book was released after it got final from the author.
A. Approved

C. approve

B. Approving

D. approval

p n: D
Ch trng trong cu ng sau tnh t final v vy cn in danh t.
Approval: s tn thnh, chp thun

4. Once the of the parking lot is completed, visitors will have no problem parking
their cars.
A. Construction

C. constructive

B. Construct

D. constructing

p n: A
ng sau mo t a/ an/ the cn mt danh t.
Construction: s xy dng
5. The article will discuss the of new commercial law.
A. Implicates

C. implicating

B. Implicated

D. implications

p n: D
ng sau mo t a/ an/ the cn mt danh t.
Implications nhng hm
6. The director has asked us to send monthly to Ms. Shriver in the finance.
A. Statements

C. states

B. Statement

D. state

p n: A
Ch trng trong cu ng sau tnh t monthly v vy cn in mt danh t, v la chn danh
t s nhiu cm monthly statements c ngha cc bn kt ton hng thng
7. If you have questions regarding your purchase, please provide our staff with the relevant

A. Informed

C. inform

B. Information

D. informations

p n: B
Ch trng trong cu ng sau tnh t relevant ph hp v vy cn in mt danh t
Information thng tin. Danh t ny l danh t khng m c nn lu khng c dng s
nhiu nh trong p n D.
8. of labor union met with management to discuss the contract for the next year.
A. Represent

C. Representative

B. Representing

D. Respresentatives

p n: D
Danh t ng vai tr lm ch ng - Representatives: cc i biu, ngi i din (Khng chn
danh t s t representative v nu dng th cn c mo t a/ the trc )
9. Recent studies have found that there are a number of why customers prefer
placing orders online.
A. Reasons

C. reasoning

B. Reason

D. reasoned

p n: A
Sau cm gii t a number of cn in mt danh t s nhiu
A number of reasons = some reasons: mt vi l do
10. franchises comply with strict rules on structure or operations.
A. Another

C. Most

B. Much

D. Little

p n: C
Sau ch trng l danh t s nhiu franchises cc ca hng kinh doanh di hnh thc nhng
quyn thng mi nn loi tt c cc p n another (ng sau l danh t s t), much v little
(theo sau l danh t khng m c)
11. Car emissions for 40 percent of air pollution.
A. Account

C. defeat

B. Take

D. care

p n: A
Account for 40 percent: chim 40%
12. Mr. Keynes retired last year in order to concentrate .....................writing a book.
A. On

C. at

B. For

D. in

p n: A
Concentrate on smt/ doing smt: tp trung vo ci g/vic lm g
13. Unfortunately, the is out of order.
A. Copier

C. copying

B. Copy

D. to copy

p n: A

ng sau mo t a/ an/ the cn mt danh t.

The copier is out of order: my photo b hng.
14. The R&D Department at Infor Tech is looking for
A. Special

C. specializing

B. Specialize

D. specialists

p n: A
Sau cm look for cn in mt danh t.
Look for speacialists: tm kim cc chuyn gia
15. An early is required, especially in this kind of situation.
A. Decide

C. to decide

B. Decision

D. decided

p n: B
Sau tnh t early cn in l mt danh t.
Early decision: quyt nh sm
16. We are looking for someone with two years of in the marketing field.
A. Experiencing

C. experience

B. To experience

D. experienced

p n: B
Sau gii t of trong cm two year of cn in l mt danh t.
Two years of experience: 2 nm kinh nghim
17. can get a brochure on the second floor.
A. To participate

C. Participants

B. Participate

D. Participating

p n: C
Ch trng cn mt ch ng. p n A-to participate ( tham gia) v D-participating (vic tham
d) c th ng vai tr lm ch ng nhng khng ph hp v ngha -> chn danh t
participants - nhng ngi tham d
18. in computer courses has increased for the past few years.
A. To enroll

C. Enrolls

B. Enrollment

D. Enrolled

p n: B
Ch trng cn mt ch ng. p n A-to participate ( ghi danh) c th ng vai tr lm ch
ng nhng khng ph hp v ngha. -> chn danh t enrollment vic ng k, ghi danh

19. You need to wear protective at the construction site.

A. Cloth

C. clothings

B. Clothes

D. clothing

p n: B
Protective clothes: qun o bo h
20. Your in this matter will be appreciated.
A. Cooperation

C. cooperate

B. Cooperating

D. to cooperate

p n: A
Sau tnh t s hu your cn mt danh t.
Cooperation: s hp tc
21. The recent conducted by Todays Report showed some surprising results.
A. Researching

C. to research

B. Research

D. researched

p n: B
Sau tnh t recent gn y cn mt danh t
Recent research: nghin cu gn y
22. The will inform you of any changes happening here.
A. Managing

C. managed

B. Manager

D. manage

p n: B
Sau mo t a/ an/ the cn mt danh t.
Manager: ngi qun l
Dnh cho 600

1. To demonstrate our appreciation to our valued, we are offering free tickets to

new plays which received outstanding reviews from critics
A. Custom

C. Customers

B. Customary

D. Customized

pn : D Trongcmdanht , tngcuicngldanht
2. The customer service department is responsible for fulfilling from the public
and has to forward them to the chief financial officer.
A. requests

C. requesting

B. request

D. requested

pn : A Sau fulfilling cnmtdanht, do khng c a, an, the nn cn 1 danhtsnhiu

3. The largest __________in venture capital in all of North America is Vero one president,
Bob Hawker.
A. invests

C. investing

B. investor

D. investment

pn: BLoi A,C : Vtrcadanht

LoiD :Cn 1 danh t ch ngi ( du hiuis president )
4. As the chief administrative officer, Quincy Paxton will face exciting in this
new job with Laval International Shipping Company.
A. Challenge

C. Challenging

B. Challenges

D. challenged

pn : BCm danh t exiting (adj) cn 1 danht

5. Even experienced clerks are encouraged to attend trainingto keep them
updated on new ideas in the world of banking.
A. materials

B. sessions

C. experiences

D. positions

pn : BAttend + N
6. The chief financial officer of Waterhouse Inc. is expressing __________concerning his
predecessor's informative advice.

A. appreciation

C. concern

B. pity

D. thankful

pn : AInformative ( nhiuthng tin ) mang ngha tt cn appeciation s bit on chn

thnh
7. A new approach to information asset protection will be covered in the forthcoming
March of the magazine.
A. issue

C. price

B. condition

D. promise

pn: A (cmt Issue of the magazine : nbn )

8. A year-long__________ to Gardeners' Monthly magazine costs just $85.50, and it
comes with a free pair of gardening gloves.
A. subscription

C. warranty

B. entry

D. membership

pn : A ( cmtSubcription of the magazine : sdngdihn )

9. The growing number of vacant housing units on the for more than 6 months
implies that excessive supply still exists
A. sale

C. advertisement

B. place

D. market

pn : DCmtBe on the market : angcbn

10. Employees require__________ from their immediate supervisor to take part in the
leadership training.
A. suggestion

C. permission

B. admission

D. supervision

pn : CDuhiu from their supervisor (tnggimst )

11. Customers must provide__________ that they have sufficient income to meet their
monthly payments.
A. identifications

C. criteria

B. evidence

D. circumstance

pn : BDuhiu : they have sufficient income, cnbngchng =>evidence

12. The cost__________ provided by the building contractor for the renovation work
was much higher than we anticipated.
A. proportion

C. deduction

B. estimate

D. measurement

pn : BThe cost estimate : bngd tnh chi ph

13. With Netwise Bank, you will not be charged any additional fees for online banking
__________ .
A. deficits

C. expenses

B. transactions

D. providers

pn : C Online banking transactions : giao dch ngn hng trctuyn.

14. The company keeps__________ on all business deals, accounting processes, and
employment matters.
A. documentation

C. dependence

B. encouragement

D. institution

pn :Asau t keep, chonDocumentation( tiliunichung )

15. It is very difficult for non-governmental organizations to measure the, __________ of
the aid they supply to developing nations.
A. finding

C. accuracy

B. satisfaction

D. effectiveness

pn : D Duhiu: the aid ( khonvintr )

Number
Singular
Plural

Singular

Plural

Person
First
Second
Third
First
Second
Third

Subject

Possessive

Possessive

pronoun
adjective
pronoun
1
My
Mine
You
Your
Yours
He/she/it
His/her/its
His/ hers
We
Our
Ours
You
Your
Yours
They
Their
Theirs
Subjective pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
I
Myself
You

Yourself

He

Himself

She

Herself

It
We

Itself
Ourselves

You

Yourselves

They

Themselves

1. I finished writing up the report, but hasnt finished it yet.

A. Him

C. they

B. He

D. her

p n: B
Ch trng cn in l i t ng vai tr lm ch ng (subject pronoun), hn na ng t theo
sau c chia s it hasnt, v vy p n ng l he
2. Please inform of any schedule changes.
A. I

C. mine

B. My

D. me

p n: D
Chng ta cn dng mt tn ng (object pronoun) ng sau ng t inform, v vy p n ng
l D. me.
I ch ng vai tr lm ch ng trong cu, my theo sau cn c 1 danh t, mine thay th cho
cho c mt tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc trc .
3. These are my teachers names are Paul and Rita.
A. They

C. them

B. Their

D. theirs

p n: B
Theo sau ch trng l danh t names nn t cn in ch c th l mt tnh t s hu. p n
ng l B. Their
4. Her mobile phone is broken. She borrowed
A. I

C. mine

B. My

D. me

p n: B
Loi ngay cc p n I, My v I ch ng vai tr lm ch ng, My theo sau cn c danh t.
Xt v ngha p n ng l mine ( c ngha l my mobile phone). Cu c hiu: in thoi
ca c y b hng. C y mn in thoi ca ti.
5. Jenifer Lee said that she prefers travelling by to travelling with lots of people.
A. Herself

C. itself

B. Himself

D. her

p n: A
Loi ngay phng n D. her v theo sau khng c danh t. 3 i t phn thn cn li th cn c
vo ch ng trc l Jenifer Lee/ she Chn herself (by herself - t c y)
6. The executives of the board decided to conduct the analysis.
A. Himself

C. themselves

B. Herself

D. their

p n: C
Loi ngay p n D v theo sau khng c danh t. 3 i t phn thn cn li th ta cn c vo t
Executives trc - danh t s nhiu chn themselves
7. Companies should examine the environmental effects of activities.
A. They

C. themselves

B. Their

D. them

p n: B
T cn in ng trc danh t activities nn ch c th tnh t s hu their
8. Writers have produced extra ordinary work in conditions more oppressive than .
A. I

C. me

B. My

D. mine

p n: C

Trong cu trc so snh hn lu sau than c th dng tn ng hoc dng dng y (ch ng
km tr ng t). Cu trn p n ng l me, v mt s la chn c th na l I have.
9. may order any necessary office supplies from the catalog.
A. You

C. Yours

B. Your

D. Yourself

p n: A
Ch trng cn mt ch ng chn You
10. At the meeting, the manager announced that she would prepare the presentation by

A. Her

C. she

B. Hers

D. herself

p n: A
By herself: t c y
11. HTs sports bags differ from of Star Track in price and quality.
A. Those

C. this

B. These

D. them

p n: A
La chn i t thay th cho sports bags (danh t s nhiu) c cp trc chn those
12. Our company implemented a program of structural reforms, but plan was
unsuccessful.
A. Those

C. these

B. They

D. this

p n: A
La chn i t thay th cho sports bags (danh t s nhiu) trong cu trc so snh trnh s lp
li chn those
13. Our line of designer clothing is more expensive than of our competitors.
A. This

C. that

B. Those

D. their

p n: A
La chn i t thay th line of designer clothing (danh t s t) trong cu trc so snh trnh
s lp li chn that

14. salesman sold her an additional water purifier for two hundred dollars.
A. Those

C. These

B. That

D. They

p n: B
Sau ch trng l salesman danh t s t chn That
15. The interviewer learned that Mr. Sherman had of the materials in advertising
and PR.
A. Either

C. any

B. Some

D. another

p n: B
Theo sau c gii t of chn Some
1.Th hin ti n

2. Hin ti tip din:

3.Hin ti hon thnh

(+) S + V/ V(s;es) +
Object...
(-) S + do/ does not + V ?
(?) Do/ Does + S + V?

: always; usually; often;

sometimes; occasionally;
ever; seldom; rarely; every...

(+) S + is/am/are + Ving

(-) S + is/am/are not + Ving
(?) Is/Am/ Are + S + Ving ?

At the moment; at this time;

right now; now;
immediately

(+) S + have/has + PII

(-) S + have/has not + PII
(?) Have/ Has + S + PII

Just( va ); recently;
lately( gn y ); ever;
never; already( ri );
yet(cha); since( k t khi);
for( trong khong) ; so far;
until now; up to now; up to
present..( ti tn by gi )
-the first/second time
- so snh hn nht

4.Qu kh n:

(+) S + Ved/ PI-ct 2 trong

bng ng t bt quy tc.
(-) S + didnt + V

Yesterday; the day before

yesterday; ago; already;
last; in + mc thi gian

(?) Did + S + V

trong qu kh.

5.Qu kh tip din

(+) S + was/ were + Ving

(-) S + was / were not +
Ving.
(?) Was/ Were + S + Ving

While, when

6. Qu kh hon thnh

(+) S + had + PII

(-) S + had not + PII
(?) Had + S + PII

before; after; when;

by(trc), by the time

7.Tng lai n

(+) S + will/ shall + V

: tomorrow; the day after

tomorrow; next; in+ thi
gian tng lai

(-) S + will/ shall not + V

(?)Will / Shall + S + V
8.Tng lai gn:

(+) S + is/am/are + going

to + V
(-) S + is/am/ are not +
going to + V
(?)Is/Am/ Are + S + going
to + V

9.Tng lai tip din:

(+) S + will / shall + be +

Ving
(-) S + will / shall not + be
+ Ving
(?) Will / Shall + S + be +
Ving

This time tomorrow

10. Tng lai hon

thnh

(+) S + will / shall + have

+ PII
(-) S will/ shall not + have
+ PII
(?) Will / Shall + S + have
+ PII

By the time; By + mc thi

gian hin ti / tng lai

Dng hon thnh tip din khi mun nhn mnh hnh ng : all day,
all year, for 3 months, hoc khi c kt qu hnh ng
Mt s ng t ch cm xc, s hu, qu trnh khng dng tip din:
love, want, like, have, start

1. Many people this city every year

A. Visits

C. is visiting

B. Visit

D. was visiting

p n: B
Every year chn th hin ti n + ch ng Many people chn ng t s nhiu. Vy p
n ng l visit
2. Learning foreign language important
A. is

C. have

B. are

D. are having

p n: A
Ch ng l learning foreign language chn ng t s t is
3. The music that they listen to them to relax
A. help

C. helps

B. are helping

D. helping

p n: A
Sau to cn mt ng t nguyn th chn help
4. The articles that John has written difficult to understand
A. has been

C. are

B. was

D. is

p n: C
ng t cn chn phi chia theo ch ng The articles danh t s nhiu Chn are
5. Taking a trip to the mountains more fun than going to the beach.
A. Are

C. is

B. Were

D. have been

p n: C

Ch ng l Taking a trip . chn ng t s t is

6. The water in this swimming pool too cold.
A. Are feeling

C. feels

B. Feel

D. was feeling

p n: C
ng t cn chn phi chia theo ch ng The water danh t khng m c Chn ng t
chia s t l feels
7. Exercising everyday good for your health.
A. Are

C. were

B. Be

D. is

p n: C
Ch ng l Exercising everyday chn ng t s t is
8. Going to the movies last night a lot of fun.
A. Were

C. are

B. Was

D. being

p n: B
Ch ng l Going to the movies chn ng t s t + c t last night cn chia qu kh n.
Vy p n ng l was
9. The clothes in those boxes to my sister.
A. Belong

C. is belonging

B. Was belonging

D. belongs

p n: A
ng t cn chn phi chia theo ch ng The clothes danh t s nhiu Chn belong (ng
t ny l mt ng t tnh thi nn khng dng dng tip din.)
10. Some children too many toys.
A. Has

C. have

B. Has had

D. is having

p n: C

ng t cn chn phi chia theo ch ng Some children danh t s nhiu Chn have
11. We always a present to Elsa on her birthday.
A. Are taking

C. take

B. Taking

D. are taken

p n: C
ng t cn chn phi chia theo ch ng We v dng thc ch ng Chn take
12. I Michael for years.
A. Have known

C. knowing

B. Know

D. was known

p n: A
For years dng hin ti hon thnh chn have known
13. Rita class every day.
A. Not to attend

C. not attending

B. Doesn't attend

D. isn't attended

p n: B
Every day chn hin ti n chn doesnt attend
14. Kevin cant talk on the phone because he dinner right now.
A. Is eating

C. has eaten

B. Eats

D. has been eating Kfri

p n: C
Right now by gi Chn th hin ti tip din chn is eating
15. We since 5:00.
A. Talk

C. talking

B. Are talking

D. have been talking

p n: D
Since 5:00 t lc 5h Chn hin ti hon thnh/ hon thnh tip din chn have been
talking

16. I dont want to go outside today because it

A. Rain

C. is raining

B. Rains

D. is rain

p n: C
Loi ngay p n B. rain (khng chia vi ch ng it), D. is rain (sai cu trc).
Cu din t hnh ng ang xy ra chn is raining
v tr ca cc t trong cu ting anh
T loi
Danh t

ui
tion/-ation,
-ment, -er,
-or, -ant,
-ing, -age,
-ship, -ism,
-ity, -ness,ance/ence

ngha
s vt,
s
vic,
vt
th...

v tr

Form
adj +n

1.ng sau tnh t

Mo
2.Danh t ng sau a/an/ the/
some/ any/ no/ this/ that/ these/ t+N
those v sau cc tnh t s
hu.
These chairs, his house, my
friend,
N+V
OF +N
3.Danh t ng trc ng t
4.Danh t ng sau gii t :

Tnh t

-ful, -less,
-ly, -al,
-ble, -ive,
-ous, -ish,
-y, -like,
-ic, -ed,
-ing

B
sung
ngha
cho
danh
t

1.Trc danh t:
2. Sau Tobe v ng t ni
Linking
verb.
Cc ng t dng vi tnh t
gi l ng t tnh thi (tc
ng t ch trng thi, tnh
cm), ng t tnh thi i vi
tnh t v cc ng t ny u
thuc v cc gic quan, cm
gic, ca con ngi, d b
mt
i.
Look:
Feel:
Grow/become/turn:
Seem:

adj+n
tobe+adj

v d

Appear:
Sound:
Remain/stay:
Keep
ng t

en,fy,
ize,ate...

Trng t

ly

ch
hot
ng
b
sung
ngha
cho
ng
t v
tnh t

+ Sau ch ng
+ Sau gii t to

N+V
to+ V

+ Sau ng t
+ Trc tnh t

V+adv
Adv+adj

1. Everybody knows that it is a market.

A. Compete

C. competitively

B. Competitive

D. competition

p n: B
Sau ch trng l danh t market chn tnh t competitive
A competitive market: mt th trng y cnh tranh
2. All the staff members were during the workshop.
A. Cooperate

C. cooperative

B. Cooperation

D. cooperatively

p n: B
ng sau ng t to be chn tnh t cooperative nhit tnh, hp tc
3. A number of people attended the conference.
A. Consider

C. considerable

B. Considerate

D. consideration

p n: B
ng trc danh t number chn tnh t considerate
A considerate number: mt con s ng k

4. Mr. Tanaka is of dealing with unexpected problems in the office.

A. Ready

C. awesome

B. Responsible

D. capable

p n: D
Sau ch trng l gii t of chn capable
To be capable of doing smt: C kh nng lm g
5. The new policy was difficult to implement.
A. Extreme

C. extremely

B. Extremes

D. to extreme

p n: C
ng sau ng t to be v trc tnh t chn trng t extremely
Extremely difficult: Cc k kh
6. The vice president retired as of last Monday.
A. Office

C. officially

B. Official

D. offices

p n: B
ng trc ng t dng qu kh n chn trng t officially
Officially retired: chnh thc ngh hu
7. Car prices have decreased due to low demand.
A. Last

C. lately

B. Lateness

D. late

p n: C
Chn trng t lately gn y hon thin ngha cu chia hin ti hon thnh
8. My coworker comes in late. He is always on time.
A. Never

C. usually

B. Always

D. sometimes

p n: A
Always on time = never come late

9. You should hand in the sales report to the boss as as possible.

A. Quick

C. quicker

B. Quickly

D. quickest

p n: B
Ch trng cn dng dng so snh ngang bng vi trng t (v b sung ngha cho ng t hand)
chn quickly
10. This years salary increase is as as that of last year.
A. Largely

C. largest

B. Larger

D. large

p n: D
As . As so snh ngang bng + sau ng t to be chn tnh t. Vy nn p n ng l
large
11. The productivity of the factory became than before.
A. Low

C. lower

B. Much low

D. as lower

p n: D
than so snh hn chn lower
12. The usage of the device was more difficult than I had thought
A. A lot

C. many

B. Very

D. so

p n: A
A lot/ much more difficult: kh hn nhiu
13. Ms.Pitt is the employee in the Sales Department.
A. Reliable

C. more reliable

B. Most reliable

D. reliablest

p n: B
Trc ch trng c mo t the chn so snh hn nht chn most reliable ng tin cy
nht

14. You should submit it by Friday at the

A. Late

C. later

B. Latest

D. most

p n: B
At the latest: mun nht
15. One of the international conferences will be held in this country.
A. Bigger

C. most biggest

B. As big

D. biggest

p n: D
Trc ch trng c mo t the chn so snh hn nht chn biggest
16. The cost of living was not so as we had expected.
A. High

C. highest

B. Higher

D. as high

p n: D
So . as chn so snh ngang bng chn high
17. Ms. Bell is an especially employee at Ewing, Inc.
A. Value

C. valuably

B. Values

D. valuable

p n: D
Sau trng t especially v trc danh t employee chn tnh t chn valuable qu gi
18. Depositors should bring the identification to complete a transaction.
A. Necessity

C. necessitate

B. Necessarily

D. necessary

p n: D
Trc danh t identification chn tnh t chn necessary cn thit
19. All the visitors to the power plant must wear clothing provided when entering
the laboratory.
A. Protect

C. protective

B. Protection

D. protecting

p n: C
Trc danh t clothing chn tnh t chn protective
Protective clothing: Trang phc bo h
20. The new R & D head was highly of our procedures for collecting data.
A. Critical

C. criticize

B. Critically

D. criticizes

p n: C
Sau trng t highly chn tnh t chn critical
Highly critical: rt ph bnh

Tuy nhin, mt khi nm r quy tc trong mng ng php ny th vic chuyn i t cu ch ng sang cu b
ng s tr nn v cng n gin. V th, hy cng bt tay vo hc cc cu trc cu passive voice no.
I. Form:

Active:

Passive:
Ex:

Active:

S + V + O + .

S + be + PP2 + by + O +
She arranges the books on the shelf every weekend.

Passive: The books are arranged on the shelf by her every weekend.
iu kin c th bin i 1 cu t ch ng thnh b ng:
V trong cu ch ng phi l Transitive Verb (Ngoi ng t: i hi c O theo sau)
Cc O (trc tip, gin tip) phi c nu r rng
Quy tc:
Khi bin i 1 cu t ch ng sang b ng ta lm theo cc bc sau:
a. Xc nh S, V, O v th ca V trong cu ch ng.
b. Ly O trong cu ch ng lm S ca cu b ng.
c. Ly S trong cu ch ng lm O v t sau By trong cu b ng.
d. Bin di V chnh trong cu ch ng thnh PP2 (Past Participle) trong cu b ng.

1. The error was two days ago.

A. Discover

C. discovered

B. Discovering

D. will discover

p n: C
Ago chn th qu kh chn discovered: c pht hin
2. They are the document right now.
A. Sign

C. signed

B. Signing

D. will sign

p n: B
Right now chn th hin ti tip din chn signing: ang k
3. The next sales meeting will next week.
A. Take place

C. takes place

B. Be taken place

D. to take place

p n: A
Sau will dng ng t nguyn th + ng t take place din ra (khng dng dng b ng)
chn take place
4. Michael to hear that Jane had passed the test.
A. Was pleasing

C. pleased

B. Was pleased

D. pleasing

p n: B
To be pleased to do smt: vui khi lm g
5. The bank is near the office building where you work.
A. Locate

C. located

B. Locating

D location

p n: C
to be located : nm
6. Before products are to retailers, make sure that they are adequately wrapped.
A. Ship

C. shipped

B. Shipping

D. ships

p n: C
Ch ng products chn dng b ng shipped (c vn chuyn)

7. The acodent on the Atrova street at the beginning of last week.

A. Take place

C was taken place

B. Took place

D. had been taken

p n: C
Last week chn qu kh n + take place khng dng dng b ng chn took place (din
ra)
8. It seems that all defective merchandise for a full refund
A. Accepts

C. will be accepted

B. Accept

D. has accepted

p n: C
Ch ng all defective merchandise (tt c hng ha b li) chn dng thc b ng will be
accepted (s c chp nhn)
9. Please check sales figures before they to the accounting department.
A. Submits

C. submitted

B. Will submit

D. are submitted

p n: D
Ch ng they = sales figures chn dng thc b ng are submitted (c np)
10. Interviews will all afternoon and then there will be a small reception.
A. Conduct

C. have conducted

B. Are conducting

D. be conducted

p n: D
Ch ng Interviews chn dng b ng will be conducted (s c tin hnh)
11. All of the applicants are for the advertised positions.
A. Involved

C. known

B. Concerned

D. qualified

p n: C
To be qualified for smt: c nng lc, kinh nghim cho

12. Delegates in Manila for a trade fair ahead of schedule.

A. Reached

C. arrived

B. Board

D. attended

p n: C
Arrive in somewhere: n u
13. Companies will be to receive a lot of grants from the government.
A. Detailed

C. responsible

B. Pleased

D. previous

p n: B
To be pleased to do smt: Vui/ sn sng lm g
14. Employees who want to be for travel-expenses need to submit those receipts.
A. Spent

C. reimbursed

B. Informed

D. requested

p n: B
Who want to be reimbursed for travel-expenses: nhng ngi mun c bi hon chi ph
cng tc
15. Any news related to my company on the bulletin board every week.
A. Posts

C. is posted

B. Posted

D. are posted

p n: C
Every week dng hin ti n + ch ng Any news (danh t s t) chia dng thc b ng.
Vy p n ng l is posted.

. Public health and obesity experts are getting increasing worried about the number of
studies being by food and beverage companies.
A. funding

C. funded

B. funds

D. found

p n C. funded (cu b ng: sau being + p2)

2. When Sunlop Corporation moved its headquarters to Chicago, the director had a stateof-the-art security system__________.
A. installing

C. installed

B. install

D. installs

p n C. installed (cu b ng ca T have: have sth + p2)

3. an analysis of the performance of selected hospitals in tech province reveals that the
patient can have a sad experience with his or her illness if it is not effectivelyby
nurses and doctors.
A. management

C. managed

B. manage

D. managing

p n C (cu b ng th hin ti n: is + p2)

4. By next year, Contreal Medical College will extensively be renovated a
library which will be filled with a variety of books, microfiches, and periodicals.
A. for inclusion

C. with include

B. to including

D. to include

p n D. (to + V: lm g)
5. First impression is very important for all people preparing for an interview, so one way
to increase your chance to be hired is to be properly when going for a panel
interview.
A. Dressing

C. To dress

B. Dress

D. Dressed

p n D. dressed ( dng b ng sau be

6. __________ by his secretary, the president of the company will visit every branch in
every country as preparation for his retirement.

A. Accompany

C. To accompany

B. Accompanying

D. Accompanied

p n D. (P2 ng u 1 mnh vi ngha nh 1 mnh trng ng b sung

ngha cho cu) c thp tng bi th k, ch tch ca cng ty s n thm
7. While waiting for the movie to start, one can enjoy a light refreshment at the outdoor
terrace__________ right next to an ice cream vendor's booth.
A. locate

C. located

B. locating

D. location

p n C (trng hp ny dng b ng)

8. This leather jacket should be cleaned only as __________ by the manufacturer.
A. to recommend

C. recommend

B. recommended

D. recommending

p n B. recommended (cu trc: as recommended)

9. Though a great deal of money had__________, the project was a failure
A. invested

C. been invested

B. be invested

D. invest

p n C. been invested (cu b ng th qu kh hon thnh: had + been + p2)

10. Public buildings throughout the country will soon__________
A. implement

C. be implemented

B. implementation

D. implementing

a no-smoking policy

p n C. be implemented(cu b ng th tng lai n: will + be + p2)

11. It is a great pleasure to inform you that your company has ________ as our new
supplier.

A. selecting

C. be selected

B. selected

D. been selected

p n D. been selected (cu b ng th hin ti hon thnh: has/have + been + p2

12. If you require additional information, __________one of our sales representatives
A. contacting

C. contacts

B. contact

D. contacted

p n B. contact (cu iu kin vi mnh th 2 l cu mnh lnh, k c ch

ng)
13. Because of a mechanical problem, the replacement parts could not__________ by
tomorrow.
A. shipped

C. be shipping

B. be shipped

D. ship

p n B. be shipped (cu b ng vi ng t modal (could) + be + p2)

14. A special luncheon will be held in honor of the sales department, which
has__________ monthly sales goals.
A. reached

C. reaching

B. been reached

D. reaches

p n A. reached (cu ch ng hin ti hon thnh: 1 ba tic tra trang trng

s c t chc vinh danh phng kinh doanh, ni m t c mc tiu
doanh s )
15. According to a new policy, overnight camping in all national parks is no longer_____
A. permits

C. permitted

B. permitting

D. permission

p n C. permitted (cu b ng HT n: is + p2)

Unit 8: Prepositions
Part V: Sentence completion
Practice
1. __________ months of tough negotiations, it was announced this morning that an
agreement had finally been reached.
A. Following

C. Upon

B. Except

D. At

p n: A. Following: Sau nhiu thng thng lng gay gt,

2. To protect against the heat, carry a water bottle and drink water the day
even when yon are not thirsty.
A. across

C. throughout

B. along

D. toward

p n C. Throughout: trong sut ( bo v khi ci nng, hy mang theo bnh nc

v ung nc trong sut ngy k c khi bn ko kht)
3. Please contact the rental office ninety days vacating to ensure a full security
deposit refund.
A. unit

C. since

B. before

D. as

p n B. before (haxt lin lc vi vn phng cho thu nh 90 ngy trc khi ko

thu nh na) vacate: b khng, b trng nh

4. The European tire market, which has doubled in size __________ the last decade, is
now reaching its peak.
A. at

C. while

B. over

D. until

p n B. Over: (ng t chia HT hon thnh: has doubled th c time expression

l: over the)
5. In addition to spending time with his family at his home__________ Morocco, Mr.
Smith somehow managed to organize the final meeting.
A. Of

C. In

B. To

D. From

p n C. In (In dng cho t ch a dim l tn 1 t nc (Morocco)

6. If your pizza is not delivered__________ 45 minutes of ordering, you will receive it
free of charge.
A. during

C. until

B. from

D. within

p n D. within ( nu piza ca bn khng c giao trong vng 45 pht t khi t

hng, bn s)
7. Your application must be submitted to the administration department__________ the
last day of the month.
A. since

C. behind

B. by

D. until

p n B. by (n ng k ca bn fai c np ti phng qun l trc ngy cui

cng ca thng)

8. The chairperson was trying to curtail a lengthy, heated discussion the merits
of work ethics due to the time constraint.
A. on

C. with

B. by

D. to

p n A. on (discussion on)
9. No one will be admitted to the briefing room during Ms. Palmer's speech, so it is
important that you arrive prior__________ the scheduled start time of 3:30.
A. to

C. from

B. than

D. at

p n A. Prior to (trc) = before

10. Only with enthusiasm and the sincerity gained __________ serving people can we
receive true value from our job.
A. Since

C. By

B. for

D. about

p n C. by (vi s nhit tnh v chn tnh c c bng vic phc v mi ngi

chng ta mi nhn c nhng gi tr thc s t cng vic ca chng ta)
11. __________ the presentation of the film, ambient noise from neighboring theaters
made It very hard for the audience to concentrate on what they were watching.
A. into

C. Along

B. Within

D. Throughout

p n D. throughout: trong sut bui gii thiu phim

12. __________ the dozens of netbook models currently on the market, the 8.6-inch EBook Light made by New Age Machines has been rated the most dependable.
A. From

C. Out

B. Of

D. Near

p n Of: trong s hng t mu trn th trng

13. Several important diplomats were__________ the guests attending the president's
50th birthday celebrations at his home in Bolivia.
A. prior

C. throughout

B. among

D. selected

p n B 1 s nh ngoi giao trong s nhng khch tham d

14. hiring the British marketing agent Arthur Downshire, Keene Clothiers Co.
has gained an edge against its competition.
A. Up

C. By

B. About

D. To

p n C. By bng vic thu Arthur Downshire,. c c li th hn i th cnh

tranh
15. Mr. Park, who began his career in a family-owned garments business, served
__________ the company's president for about 11 years until the business was sold in
1979.
A. on

B. at

C. in

D. as

p n D. as (serve) khi Ch ng l ngi, lm vic vi cng v l th dng as

More practice
1.I am writing__________ behalf of Mr. William tc inform you of the alteration in the
date of our upcoming meeting in Tokyo.
A. at

C. for

B. on

D. to

p n B. on behalf of: i din cho

2. You shall be__________ no obligation to accept any offer and may, at your discretion,
discontinue membership after two years.
A. under

C. able to

B. making

D. used to

p n A. under no obligation: ko b bt buc phi lm g

3. The retirement banquet__________ honor of Mr. Gibson, whose professional
achievements have been without parallel, will start with an introduction by the new CEO.
A. For

C. After

B. In

D. Over

p n

B. in honor of: vinh danh ai

4. We place great emphasis __________ providing customers with prompt service.

A. At

C. To

B. On

D. For

p n B. on (place emphasis on: nhn mnh..)

5. Our customers expect good service from us and we should do our best to live
__________ their expectations.
A. in for

C. up for

B. on for

D. up to

p n D. up to
live up to expectations: p ng k vng
6. The engineering department approved__________ the product specifications earlier in
the week.
A. For

C. With

B. Of

D. To

p n B. of (approve of: ph duyt)

7. The technician from the local shop always receives the same amount of money for
repairs__________ any kind.
A. In

C. For

B. Of

D. With

p n B. Of (of any kind: bt k loi no)

8. The number of innovative cars that are aimed__________ improving energy efficiency
is growing rapidly.
A. With

C. On

B. To

D. At

p n D. aimed at: hng, mc tiu ti

9. Earle Jones suggested those amendments in the contract__________ his manager five
years ago, yet they are being included only now.
A. to

C. along

B. by

D. on

p n B. by: bi ai
10. At the Job Fair held in Centropolis, prospective employers invite all unemployed
residents to grab possible positions. their race, color, or religion, as long as
they possess a professional work aptitude.
A. regard to

C. regarding

B. regardless of

D. without regard

p n

B. regardless of: ko k n, khng tnh n

11. We are not happy to announce that due to recent cutbacks on members, we won't be
able to accept new projects..further notice.
A. except

C. onto

B. next to

D. until

p n D. until: cho n: (chng ti khng vui g khi phi thng bo v s ct gim

thnh vin gn y, chng ti ko th chp nhn d n mi cho n khi c thng bo
sau)
12. The entire company offered congratulations__________ Ms. Xiaos award for
excellence in architecture.
A. to

C. on

B. of

D. from

p n : C. on
congratulation on (chc mng)
13. The contractors are worried that the lobby renovation plan may not comply
__________ local building codes.
A. to

B. with

B. for

D. by

p n

B. with

comply with: tun theo, tun th

14. According to sources inside the company, the merger proposal with Quantum Finance
is__________ consideration.

A. within

C. under

B. before

D. between

p n C. under (under consideration: xem xt)

15. If you plan to rent equipment, delivery and collection times, plus insurance coverage
for any damage should all be dealt with__________ advance.
A. in

C. at

B. of

D. for

p n A. in
in advance: trc. nu bn c k hoch thu dng c, thi gian ly v tr, cng vi
ph bo him cho h hi cn c gii quyt trc

MNH QUAN H
(Relative clause)
1. nh ngha mnh quan h
Mnh quan h c s dng a ra thm thng tin m khng cn phi
dng thm mt cu khc. Kt hp cu bng mnh quan h s gip li vn trn
tru hn v trnh vic phi lp t.
VD:
Bruno Mars just released a new song. Its called 24K Magic.
Bruno Mars just released a new song which is called 24K Magic.
C 2 dng mnh quan h - mnh quan hxc nh v mnh quan h
khng xc nh:
Mnh quan h xc nh (Defining relative clause) dng a ra thng tin
chi tit, xc nh mt s vic thng dng hoc a ra nh ngha. Trong mnh
quan h xc nh KHNG C du phy.
VD:
-

Trong lp hc c 10 hc sinh, trong c 1 hc sinh ang hi bi gio vin,

khi dng mnh quan h hi tn hc sinh , ta s hi:

Do you know the name of the student who is asking the teacher?
-

Mnh quan h xc nh khi a ra nh ngha:

A pilot is the person who controls an airplane or a ship.

i t nhn xng tn ng trong mnh quan h xc nh c th c b i.
VD:
The dog (which) we adopted yesterday is very cute.

Mnh quan h khng xc nh (Non-defining relative clause) b sung

thng tin thm cho ngi, s vt hay s vic bit, khng cn xc nh li. Mnh
quan h khng xc nh th c s dng du phy.
VD:
-

Trong lp hc ch c 1 hc sinh ang hi bi gio vin, khi dng mnh

quan h hi tn hc sinh , ta s hi:

Do you know the name of the student, who is asking the teacher?

2. Cc i t quan h
Who
L i t nhn xng ch nghay i t nhn xng tn ng dng vi ngi.
VD:
The new teacher will be teaching us again today. He just started teaching last
week.
The new teacher who just started teaching last week will be teaching us
again today.

Which
C 2 trng hp s dng:
-

L i t nhn xng ch ng hay i t nhn xng tn ng dng vi ng vt hoc

vt.

VD:

Do you know where the English book is? I left it on the table.
Do you know where the English book which I left on the table is?
-

Thay cho ton b cu.

VD:
She declined the offer from that big company. What a shame.
She declined the offer from that big company which is a shame.

Whose
L i t s hu dng vi ngi, ng vt v vt. Sau whose s l mt danh
t.
VD:
I love hanging out with Steve. His humour sense is great.
I love hanging out with Steve whose humour sense is great.

Whom
L i t nhn xng tn ng i vi ngi, thng dng trong mnh quan h
khng xc nh. Vi mnh quan h xc nh, ta thng dng Who.
VD:
She is married to Sam. She met him in high school.
She is married to Sam whom she met in high school.

That
L i t nhn xng ch ng hay i t nhn xng tn ng dng vi ngi, ng
vt hoc vt.
Khng s dng That trong mnh quan h khng xc nh
VD:
Do you see that cat? Shes sleeping on the veranda.
Do you see the cat that is sleeping on the veranda?

3. i t nhn xng ch ng v i t nhn xng tn ng

Cch xc nh i t lin h l ch ng hay tn ng nh sau:
-

Khi i t quan h ng trc mt ng t, i t quan h l i t nhn xng

ch ng (Subject pronoun).
VD:
Mr. Anderson, who lives next door, is from America.

Khi i t quan h ng trc mt danh t hay mt i t, th i t quan h l

i t nhn xng tn ng (Object pronoun). i t nhn xng tn ng c th
khng xut hin trong cu.
VD:
The woman (who) I met last night at the party was a very charming lady.

4. Trng t quan h:
Trng t quan h (relative adverb) c th dng thay cho mt cm i t quan h
+ trng t cu t d hiu hn.
VD:
His daughterwas the reason for which he stopped smoking.
His daughterwas the reason why he stopped smoking.
Trng t quan h +
Ngha
When Khi m
Where Ni m
Why L do m

Dng thay
In which
On which
In which
At which
For which

V d
The day when I met my wife
The place where I met my wife
The reason why I met my wife

5. Mnh quan h rt gn
Khi cc i t quan h Who, Which v That l i t nhn xng ch ng, cc
t ny c th thay bng mt phn t (participle) lm cho cu ngn hn.
Participle: l cc t c cu to t mt ng t nhng li ng vai tr nh mt
tnh t trong cu (V-ing / V-ed).

VD:
The computers that lies on the floor are broken.
The computers lying on the floor are broken.
The family reunion which was planned for the next weekend has been
postponed.
The family reunion planned for the next weekend has been postponed.

6. Bi tp:
Practice
1. A banquet is being held in honor of the governor__________ political career began
in 1989 in an underground student movement and spanned almost quarter a
century.
A. who

C. which

B. whom

D. whose

p n: D. ngi c s nghip chnh tr

2. The Providence Hotel and Restaurant buys 500 barrels of red wine every month,
half ofare consumed by foreign guests, especially Spanish and French
nationals.
A. Every

C. Which

B. Whose

D. Many

p n: C. 500 barrels of red wine l vt => of which

3. Government regulators are expected to begin investigating all of the ventures in
the investment firm has speculated.
A. that

C .which

B. who

D. what

p n: C. sau gii t in => chn which

4, A team of experts is reviewing the resolutionscontain laws against
creating corporate monopolies.

A. what

C. whom

B. that

D. whose

p n: B. Resolutions = ngh quyt => loi C, D. C danh t ng trc => loi

A.
5. The country is attracting many companies, most of need to restructure
their operations to account for the lack of infrastructure there.
A. which

C. them

B. that

D. how

p n: A. Sau gii t of chn which

6. At the finance convention, we met with many associates

are

concerned about the stability of the global economy.

A. who

C. which

B. Those

D. whom

p n: A. Loi B do cu c 2 ng t c chia, cn i t quan h. Loi C do

associates ch ngi. Loi D do cn i t nhn xng ch ng.
7. For those are determined to attend the seminar, tickets are available at
the Human Resources Department.
A. Who

C. What

B. Whose

D. their

p n: A. Loi C, D do cn i t quan h. Loi B do cn i t nhn xng ch

ng.

8. Ms. Dumas, excellent market analysis helped us to foresee that the

takeover attempt would fail, has been promoted.
A. whose

C. which

B. where

D. who

p n: A. excellent market analysis l danh t => chn whose.

9. __________ is especially surprising about the survey results is that an extremely
high percentage of those asked to participate actually responded.
A. That

C. What

B. Which

D. It

p n: C. Loi A, B do That, Which khng th ng mt mnh, cn danh t trc.

Loi D do is that. Nu ch l that th p n l D.
10. __________ the weather is nice, Mr. Gordon and his teammates go to the park
during their lunch hour.
A. Wherever
B. However

C. Whenever
D. Whoever

p n: C. Whenever = bt k khi no.

11. The prize goes to__________ comes up with the most inexpensive way to reduce
overhead costs.
A. people

C. those

B. who

D. whoever

p n: D. p n ng l the people who = whoever.

12. Mr. Kim knows the location of the office__________ issues parking permits.
A. who

C. themselves

B. it

D. which

p n: D. Loi A do office ch vt. Loi B, C do cn i t quan h.

More practice
1. Prospective buyers in purchasing a Montalvo home must pre-qualify with
one of our designated lenders to secure a slot of the waiting list.
A. interesting

C. interested

B. interest

D. who interested

p n: C.Who are interested in rt gn = interested in

2. Fit For Life is a publication bi-monthly by the National Commission on
Sports.
A. are distributed

C. distributes

B. will distribute

D. distributed

p n: D.Which is distributed rt gn = distributed

3. Donations __________ for the purchase of necessities will help provide a brighter
holiday season to people in need.
A. seek

C. have sought

B. seeking

D. being sought

p n: D. Which arebeing sought rt gn = being sought

4. Anyone extra supplies must first consult with the finance officer.
A. would order

C. orders

B. ordering

D. ordered

p n: B. Who orders rt gn = ordering

5. Attendance is mandatory for the staff meeting

__________ for next Tuesday in

the council hall.

A has been scheduled

C. will schedule

B. schedule

D. scheduled

p n: D. Which is scheduled rt gn = scheduled.

6. Welton Textiles Inc. made a net profit of $500 million, it to fund its
expansion across the continent.
A. allowing

C. allowance

B. allows

D. allowably

p n: A. Which allows rt gn = allowing

7. Ms. Lucille Meyer received recognition for the production changes__________
proposed.

A. she

C. were

B. that

D. until

p n: A.(which) she proposed, do which l object pronoun nn c th khng

xut hin trong cu.
8. Please mark the appropriate box to indicate if the person named above__________
any of the certificates listed below.
A. holding

C. holds

B. held

D. hold

p n: B.mnh quan h y l the person (who is) named above, v vy

cn chia hold theo the person = holds.
9. Remember that work-life balance issues can affect in any stage of the
life cycle.
A. Who

C. Whoever

B. Whom

D. anyone

p n: D.Loi A, B, C do who/whom/whoever th trong mnh quan h vn c

ng t c chia
10. Based on performances to date, we will determine __________ delegates will
appear before the final selection panel.
A. about

C. on

B. whom

D. which

p n: D.Dch ngha: Da trn kt qu lm vic tnh n thi im ny, chng ti

s quyt nh i biu no s xut hin trc hi ng la chn cui cng.