Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ΚΟΣΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ
ΚΟΣΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ
.
.
.
, ,
: .
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
, 1920
1930.
20
. ()
Albert Einstein,
,
, .
(Big Bang theory). ,
0
.
1: .
: ,
102 sec,
380.000 , .
, 13,7
.
(
!) .
( 1)
.
.
,
:
75% 25%
.
Hubble.
,
.
Doppler1.
Hubble
(
)
Doppler .
2
( )
.
,
.
,
.
,
, 12 15 .
Hubble Ho. Hubble
r
( = .r),
r :
= r/ = r/Ho.r = -1 =
73 km/sec/Mpc, 3 13,7
.
1
Doppler ,
, , .
2
. .
3
, Mpc
km/sec .
H 1965
Arno Penzias Robert Wilson ( )
COBE WMAP ( 2)
. 15
George Gamov
.
(cosmological principle)
:
.
,
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
4 (pc),
1000 (kpc),
(Mpc)
( ) 100 Mpc.
,
.
.
, = 73
km/sec/Mpc,
200 Mpc.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
4
parsec - ( :
149.598.000 km) . 311012 km
( km) 3,26 ( , 300.000
km/sec, )
. , ,
13,7 .
,
.
, ,
, , , .
.
, , ,
.
a(t),
5 (cosmic scale factor).
t,
.
,
, .
,
, 10
.
, kT ( k
Boltzmann), (mc2) .
( )
- ( - )
, .
. 1
1010
(, , )
.
(Radiation Era) ( 1).
109 108
(nucleosynthesis),
.
(
).
,
75% 25% .
,
.
5
:
ds2=-dt2+a2(t)[dr2/(1-kr2) + r2(d2+sin2d2)], ds (), t ,
r, , . k 1,0,+1 : , , .
:
ds2=-dt2+a2(t)[dx2+dy2+dz2], x,y,z
.
6. 5103 (1,6x1011 sec)
4103 K, .
,
.
(Matter Dominated Era). ( 1)
,
.
,
.
380.000 (1013 sec),
3103 :
.
, ,
.
,
, .
,
.
( 2):
2: . 380.000
WMAP
a(t)-4
a(t)-3.
a(t), ,
, .
7
(Milky Way) , 8
.
3: ,
, , 380.000
, .
12,7
, .
( -)8
( Hubble)9
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
(The Milky Way) 31
()
9
O Edwin Hubble 1929,
,
.
.
,
.
, :
,
,
.
4:
,
, ,
(critical density),
, ,
10.
=/c ( c
).
(=1),
. ,
.
(flat). ,
2 . ( 3
4)
(>1),
,
.
. (Big Crunch)
(closed)
.
2 . (1
4)
(<1),
10
: c=3H2/8G Hubble
=73 km/sec/Mpc , G
.
: c=5x10-30 gr/cm3
.
.
, 2
. ( 2 4)
.
!
4%
.
23%
, ( ,
)
,
,
.
, ,
5: ,
,
,
.
.
()
.( 5)
( )
.
.
10
.
.
.
6:
.
73% ,
,
.
(
)
().
.
,
.
,
.
7
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
( =5>1).
,
7:
. (Big
Crunch)
,
( =1). ,
(
) .
,
(=0,3), ,
,
.
(m=0,3 v=0,7)
(Dark Energy)
.
,
,
8.
.
.
,
,
!
.
, (
)
.
,
,
,
(
)
.
8:
.
.
. ,
, .
,
.
( )
.
,
.
.
,
.
, , .
, , ,
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
( ) ,
11.
o
,
.
10-43sec
12, ,
()
.
10-43 sec ( Planck)
10-33 cm ( Planck), 1032 gr/cm3 (
Planck) 1093 ( Planck).
. 10-43 sec,
, ( )
13 ,
.
.
, ,
,
,
9:
14.
,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
( )
, .
11
(, )
.
,
.
.
12
10 -43sec 380.000
,
.
13
14
: , , ,
.
( CERN
),
( Planck
1.500.000 km -),
.
( , , ),
,
, .
, .
, , !
(
) ,
, 200.000.000.000
.
,
, .
, ,
.
,
,
!!!
. ,
.
!
-,
!
-, ,
- ,
, , !
,
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
:
,
! : ,
!!!15
;
.
, ,
,
!
, !!!
15
, ! ( ( )
[1] Carl Sagan, I.S. Sklovski:
[2] Stephen Hawking :
[3] :
[4] : ( )
[5] Kostas Kokkotas: Cosmology January 25, 2011
[6] Sean M. Carroll: Space time and Geometry: An Introduction to General
Relativity
[7] James B.Hartle: Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity
[8] : ( )
[9] : ( )
[1] www.physics4u.gr:
[2] www.physics4u.gr:
[3] http://el.wikipedia.org: