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A Gravity,
U 
(4)
×
U 
(4)
Yang-Mills andMatter Unification in Clifford Spaces
Carlos CastroCenter for Theoretical Studies of Physical SystemsClark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 30314, perelmanc@hotmail.comDecember, 2009
Abstract
A brief review of a Conformal Gravity and
U 
(4)
×
U 
(4) Yang-Mills Unifica-tion model in
four
dimensions from a Clifford Gauge Field Theory in
C 
-spaces(Clifford spaces) is presented. It based on the (complex) Clifford
Cl
(4
,C 
) alge-bra underlying a complexified four dimensional spacetime (8 real dimensions).The 16 fermions of each generation can be arranged into the 16 entries of a4
×
4 matrix associated with the
A
= 1
,
2
,
3
,.....,
16 indices corresponding tothe dimensions of the
Cl
(4) gauge algebra. The Higgs sector is also part of the
Cl
(4)-algebra polyvector valued gauge field in
C 
-space. The Yukawa cou-plings which furnish masses to the fermions (after symmetry breaking) admit a
C 
-space geometric interpretation as well.
Keywords
: C-space Gravity, Clifford Algebras, Grand Unification.A model of Emergent Gravity with the observed Cosmological Constantfrom a BF-Chern-Simons-Higgs Model was recently revisited [1] which allowedto show how a Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and
SU 
(2)
×
SU 
(2)
×
U 
(1)
×
U 
(1)Yang-Mills Unification model in
four
dimensions can be attained from a Clif-ford Gauge Field Theory in a very natural and geometric fashion. In this firstpart of this work we will review the results [5] and show how to construct aComplex Conformal Gravity-Maxwell and Yang-Mills Unification based on aClifford gauge field theory in
C 
-spaces (Clifford spaces). We finalize by show-ing how the fermions (quarks, leptons), Higgs scalars and Yukawa couplings fitnaturally into the picture. The latter construction is new (to our knowledge).A Chern-Simons
E 
8
Gauge Theory of Gravity in
D
= 15 (the boundary of a16
D
space) and Grand Unification approach based on a Clifford
Cl
(16) algebrawas proposed in [15]. The advantage of this work is that one does not need toinvoke 15
,
16 dimensions.1
 
Let
η
ab
= (+
,
−
,
−
,
−
),
0123
=
−
0123
= 1, the Clifford
Cl
(1
,
3) alge-bra associated with the tangent space of a 4
D
spacetime
M
is defined by
{
Γ
a
,
Γ
b
}
= 2
η
ab
such that[Γ
a
,
Γ
b
] = 2Γ
ab
,
Γ
5
=
−
i
Γ
0
Γ
1
Γ
2
Γ
3
,
(Γ
5
)
2
= 1;
{
Γ
5
,
Γ
a
}
= 0; (1)Γ
abcd
=
abcd
Γ
5
; Γ
ab
=12(Γ
a
Γ
b
−
Γ
b
Γ
a
)
.
(2
a
)Γ
abc
=
abcd
Γ
5
Γ
d
; Γ
abcd
=
abcd
Γ
5
.
(2
b
)Γ
a
Γ
b
= Γ
ab
+
η
ab
,
Γ
ab
Γ
5
=12
abcd
Γ
cd
,
(2
c
)Γ
ab
Γ
c
=
η
bc
Γ
a
−
η
ac
Γ
b
+
abcd
Γ
5
Γ
d
(2
d
)Γ
c
Γ
ab
=
η
ac
Γ
b
−
η
bc
Γ
a
+
abcd
Γ
5
Γ
d
(2
e
)Γ
a
Γ
b
Γ
c
=
η
ab
Γ
c
+
η
bc
Γ
a
−
η
ac
Γ
b
+
abcd
Γ
5
Γ
d
(2
f 
)Γ
ab
Γ
cd
=
abcd
Γ
5
−
4
δ
[
a
[
c
Γ
b
]
d
]
−
2
δ
abcd
.
(2
g
)
δ
abcd
=12(
δ
ac
δ
bd
−
δ
ad
δ
bc
)
.
(3)the generators Γ
ab
,
Γ
abc
,
Γ
abcd
are defined as usual by a signed-permutation sumof the anti-symmetrizated products of the gammas. A representation of the
Cl
(1
,
3) algebra exists where the generators
1
,
Γ
0
,
Γ
5
,
Γ
i
Γ
5
,i
= 1
,
2
,
3 are chosento be Hermitian; while the generators
−
i
Γ
0
≡
Γ
4
; Γ
a
,
Γ
ab
for
a,b
= 1
,
2
,
3
,
4are chosen to be anti-Hermitian. For instance, the anti-Hermitian generatorsΓ
k
for
k
= 1
,
2
,
3 can be represented by 4
×
4 matrices, whose block diagonalentries are 0 and the 2
×
2 block off-diagonal entries are comprised of 
±
σ
k
,respectively, where
σ
k
,
are the 3 Pauli’s spin Hermitian 2
×
2 matrices obeying
σ
i
σ
j
=
δ
ij
+
i
ijk
σ
k
. The Hermitian generator Γ
0
has zeros in the main diagonaland
−
1
2
×
2
,
−
1
2
×
2
in the off-diagonal block so that
−
i
Γ
0
= Γ
4
is anti-Hermitian.The Hermitian Γ
5
chirality operator has
1
2
×
2
,
−
1
2
×
2
along its main diagonaland zeros in the off-diagonal block. The unit operator
1
4
×
4
has 1 along thediagonal and zeros everywhere else.Using eqs-(1-3) allows to write the
Cl
(1
,
3) algebra-valued one-form as
A
=
i a
µ
1
+
i b
µ
Γ
5
+
e
aµ
Γ
a
+
i f 
aµ
Γ
a
Γ
5
+14
ω
abµ
Γ
ab
dx
µ
.
(4)The Clifford-valued anti-Hermitian gauge field
A
µ
transforms according to
A
µ
=
U 
−
1
A
µ
U 
+
U 
−
1
∂ 
µ
U 
under Clifford-valued gauge transformations.The anti-Hermitian Clifford-valued field strength is
F 
=
dA
+ [
A,A
] so that
F 
transforms covariantly
F 
=
U 
−
1
F U 
. Decomposing the anti-Hermitian fieldstrength in terms of the Clifford algebra anti-Hermitian generators gives
F 
µν
=
i F 
1
µν
1
+
i F 
5
µν
Γ
5
+
F 
aµν
Γ
a
+
i F 
a
5
µν
Γ
a
Γ
5
+14
F 
abµν
Γ
ab
.
(5)2
 
where
F 
=
12
F 
µν
dx
µ
∧
dx
ν
. The field-strength components are given by
F 
1
µν
=
∂ 
µ
a
ν
−
∂ 
ν
a
µ
(6
a
)
F 
5
µν
=
∂ 
µ
b
ν
−
∂ 
ν
b
µ
+ 2
e
aµ
f 
νa
−
2
e
aν
f 
µa
(6
b
)
F 
aµν
=
∂ 
µ
e
aν
−
∂ 
ν
e
aµ
+
ω
abµ
e
νb
−
ω
abν
e
µb
+ 2
f 
aµ
b
ν
−
2
f 
aν
b
µ
(6
c
)
F 
a
5
µν
=
∂ 
µ
f 
aν
−
∂ 
ν
f 
aµ
+
ω
abµ
f 
νb
−
ω
abν
f 
µb
+ 2
e
aµ
b
ν
−
2
e
aν
b
µ
(6
d
)
F 
abµν
=
∂ 
µ
ω
abν
+
ω
acµ
ω
bνc
+ 4
e
aµ
e
bν
−
f 
aµ
f 
bν
−
µ
←→
ν.
(6
e
)A Clifford-algebra-valued dimensionless anti-Hermitian scalar field Φ(
x
µ
) =Φ
A
(
x
µ
) Γ
A
belonging to a section of the Clifford bundle in
D
= 4 can beexpanded asΦ =
i φ
(1)
1
+
φ
a
Γ
a
+
φ
ab
Γ
ab
+
i φ
a
5
Γ
a
Γ
5
+
i φ
(5)
Γ
5
(7)so that the covariant exterior differential is
d
A
Φ = (
d
A
Φ
C 
) Γ
C 
=
∂ 
µ
Φ
C 
+
A
Aµ
Φ
B
f 
C AB
Γ
C 
dx
µ
.
(8)where[
A
µ
,
Φ] =
A
Aµ
Φ
B
[Γ
A
,
Γ
B
] =
A
Aµ
Φ
B
f 
C AB
Γ
C 
.
(9)The first term in the action is
I 
1
=
 
M 
4
d
4
x
µνρσ
<
Φ
A
F 
Bµν
F 
C ρσ
Γ
A
Γ
B
Γ
C 
>
0
.
(10)where the operation
< ....... >
0
denotes taking the
scalar
part of the Cliffordgeometric product of Γ
A
Γ
B
Γ
C 
. The scalar part of the Clifford geometricproduct of the gammas is for example
<
Γ
a
Γ
b
>
=
δ
ab
, <
Γ
a
1
a
2
Γ
b
1
b
2
>
=
δ
a
1
b
1
δ
a
2
b
2
−
δ
a
1
b
2
δ
a
2
b
1
<
Γ
a
1
Γ
a
2
Γ
a
3
>
= 0
, <
Γ
a
1
a
2
a
3
Γ
b
1
b
2
b
3
>
=
δ
a
1
b
1
δ
a
2
b
2
δ
a
3
b
3
±
......<
Γ
a
1
Γ
a
2
Γ
a
3
Γ
a
4
>
=
δ
a
1
a
2
δ
a
3
a
4
−
δ
a
1
a
3
δ
a
2
a
4
+
δ
a
2
a
3
δ
a
1
a
4
, etc ......
(11)The integrand of (10) is comprised of terms like
F 
ab
∧
F 
cd
φ
(5)
abcd
;
F 
(1)
∧
F 
(5)
φ
(5)
;
F 
a
∧
F 
a
5
φ
(5)
;2
F 
ab
∧
F 
ba
φ
(1)
;
F 
(1)
∧
F 
(1)
φ
(1)
;
F 
(5)
∧
F 
(5)
φ
(1)
;
F 
(1)
∧
F 
ab
φ
ab
;
F 
(1)
∧
F 
a
5
φ
a
5
;
F 
(1)
∧
F 
a
φ
a
;
F 
a
∧
F 
a
φ
(1)
;
F 
a
5
∧
F 
a
5
φ
(1)
;
F 
ab
∧
F 
c
(
η
bc
φ
a
−
η
ac
φ
b
);
F 
ab
∧
F 
c
φ
5
d
abcd
;
F 
a
∧
F 
b
5
φ
cd
abcd
;
........
(12)3
of 00

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