Ancient Chinese Acupuncture

By Jennifer Gawne

Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese system of medicine which involves the practice of inserting fine
needles into the skin.
To research the beginnings of the art and practice of acupuncture we must pierce the folds of time
and cast our minds back to ancient China.
The oldest records of ancient Chinese acupuncture are found on bone etchings thought to be from
around 1600 B.C. or almost 4000 years ago.
Archaeological excavation of sites around China through the last century has brought to light a
number of pointed stones which archeologists have determined are ancient acupuncture needles.
These stones slivers were for medical treatments, used to make skin incisions and to stimulate
specific points on the body.
The history of ancient acupuncture originated with the use of these stones, then slivers of animal
bones were used. Later still, bamboo needles were used for therapeutic purposes.
Another archeological dig in China, at a site from the Shang Period (1766-1122 BC), excavated a
tomb and found a stone hook which was contained in a lacquer casket, indicating an object of
value. It was determined that this was also a medical instrument used in ancient Chinese
acupuncture.
Not only do the medical instruments and ancient needles show us that acupuncture was being
used at these times, but history has large, bronze artifacts proving the importance of ancient
Chinese acupuncture.
A life sized bronze man was created to show acupuncture points on the body and greatly
contributed to the development of ancient Chinese acupuncture. The creator of this figure, Wang
Weiyi (c.987-1067), had the idea of casting two statues in bronze representing a man from the
front and behind. On these statues were engraved 657 acupuncture points. These statues were
used in the Imperial acupuncture exams for new acupuncturists in ancient China. The statues
were coated in thick wax and then filled with water. The student taking the exam would locate the
acupoint and needle into the wax covered statue. When the needle was withdrawn a small drop of
water would be evident if the student had needled the correct point
Wang Weiyi also compiled the book Tongren Shuxue Zhen Jiu Yujing (Illustrated Manual of the
Bronze Man Showing Acupuncture and Moxibustion Points). The text of this work was also
engraved on two stone steles more than two meters high and seven meters in width, and were
erected at Kaifeng, then capital of the Northern Song dynasty, for public benefit. Wang Weiyi’s
ancient work provided the impetus for a great leap forward in ancient Chinese acupuncture.
The points on the body had been mapped out, the ancient instruments had been created and
ancient Chinese people were being healed.
Recorded history of ancient Chinese acupuncture from the book, Songshi (History of the Song
Dynasty) recounts that Emperor Renzong, who fell ill in 1034, was cured successfully through
acupuncture. This helped popularize ancient acupuncture and the art and practice of acupuncture
became the forte of specialized physicians such as Wang Zhizhong during the Southern Song
dynasty. Wang was the author of A Description of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, (Zhenjiu
Zishengjing) published in 1220, a classic text on ancient acupuncture.
Ancient acupuncture is not the exclusive possession of the Chinese. The papyrus Ebers of 1550 BC
is the most important of ancient Egyptian medical treaties. It refers to a book on the subject of
vessels which could correspond to the twelve meridians of acupuncture.
The Bantu of South Africa sometimes scratch parts of the body to cure disease. In the treatment
of sciatica the Bantu cauterize with a hot metal probe a part of the ear. This practice corresponds
with the acupuncture method of Auricular or Ear acupuncture.
Some Eskimos practice simple acupuncture with sharp stones, just like ancient Chinese
acupuncture. An isolated tribe in Brazil shoot tiny arrows with a blowpipe into specific parts of the
body.
The great contribution of the Chinese to the primitive, or largely local form of acupuncture
practices mentioned above, is that they have developed a fairly complete systemic method.
Catalogued and described in many text books, it is taught at universities and is reproducible under
experimental conditions.
The methods and practice of acupuncture have come a long way since its ancient beginnings but
the interest and desire to understand this ancient art is as fresh as ever.

Jennifer Gawne is a Registered TCM Herbalist and Instructor at the Academy of Classical Oriental
Sciences in beautiful Nelson, British Columbia. ACOS is a Traditional Chinese Medicine and
Acupuncture School offering 3, 4 and 5 year fully-accredited diploma programs.

The Academy of Classical Oriental Sciences teaches classic TCM acupuncture and stays true to
classical forms. History and language are important components of the education at the Academy,
as we must know where we have been in order to know where we are going.