Measuring Support for

Equality in the 109th Congress

CONGRESSIONAL
SCORECARD
 Dear Friends,

With every passing year, our country is becoming a

more welcoming place for gay, lesbian, bisexual and
transgender Americans. With full marriage equality
in Massachusetts and partnership recognition a
reality or likelihood in several other states, millions
of same-sex couples are finally getting many of the
same protections as their opposite-sex counterparts.
Our stories are increasingly present in the media.
More and more religious leaders and people of faith
are voicing their support for equality. And economic
fairness is becoming a reality for greater numbers
of GLBT workers, with more than half of all Fortune
500 companies offering benefits to their employees’
domestic partners.

Our society is making incredible progress toward fairness and inclusion – but
achieving equality in our political system has been another story. While overwhelming
majorities of American voters support non-discrimination laws and increased hate
crimes protections, and these bills have more than enough votes to pass, the current
congressional leadership has halted virtually all action on measures that would benefit
our community. Instead, the leadership has forced votes in the U.S. Senate and House
of Representatives on the so-called Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposal designed
to write same-sex couples out of the U.S. Constitution forever.

We can reverse this course, but there is only one path that leads to passing bills in
Congress. That path is elections.

On Nov. 7, 2006, the nation’s voters will elect a new Congress. If enough fair-minded
Americans show up to be counted at the polls, we can write a new history for our
country. The Human Rights Campaign wants to provide you with all the resources you
need to make an informed decision. Use this scorecard to evaluate your federal elected
officials and make your voting decisions.

And when the election is over, keep this scorecard so you can contact your
elected officials on issues that are critical to you. You can reach your senators and
representatives simply by calling the U.S. Capitol Switchboard at 202/224-3121.
Just ask for your lawmaker by name.

Be heard, be counted, be part of making history.

Sincerely,

Joe Solmonese
President
Human Rights Campaign

 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

CONGRESSIONAL
SCORECARD

109TH CONGRESS 
 U.S. Senate

A Federal Marriage Amendment (S.J. Res. 1)

The Federal Marriage Amendment would enshrine discrimination into the U.S.
Constitution by defining marriage as the union between one man and one woman
and prohibiting federal and state laws from conferring same-sex couples with marital
status and “the legal incidents thereof.” The amendment would thereby endanger civil
unions and domestic partnership benefits. The amendment failed by a vote of 49-48,
falling 11 votes short of the 60 necessary to invoke cloture, a procedural motion to
advance to a vote on the substance of the bill (Roll Call Vote 163, 2nd Session).
The amendment would have needed 67 votes (two-thirds majority) to pass.
Democrats — 2 yes, 40 no, 2 not voting; Republicans — 47 yes, 7 no, 1 not voting;
Independents — 1 no. HRC strongly opposed this amendment. This vote is triple-
weighted in the final Senate scores.

B Judge William Pryor Confirmation

The Senate voted June 9, 2005, on President Bush’s nomination of Judge William
Pryor to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. The Senate confirmed his
nomination, 53-45 (Senate Roll Call Vote 133, 1st Session). Democrats — 2 yes, 42
no; Republicans — 51 yes, 3 no, 1 not voting; Independents — 1 not voting.
HRC opposed this nomination.

C Judge Samuel Alito Confirmation

The Senate voted Jan. 31, 2006, on President Bush’s nomination of Judge Samuel
Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed his nomination, 58-42 (Sen-
ate Roll Call Vote 2, 2nd Session). Democrats — 4 yes, 40 no; Republicans — 54
yes, 1 no; Independents — 1 no. HRC opposed this nomination.

D Lautenberg Amendment to Child Custody Protection Act (S. 403)

Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J., offered an amendment to the anti-choice Child
Custody Protection Act (S. 403) that contained provisions from the HRC-supported
Responsible Education About Life Act (S. 368). The amendment would create a
federal funding stream for states to teach comprehensive sex education. The only
current federal funding available to teach sex education in schools mandates the
teaching of abstinence-only until marriage. The Senate rejected this amendment by a
vote of 48-51 (Senate Roll Call Vote 214, 2nd Session). Democrats — 42 yes, 1 no,
1 not voting; Republicans — 5 yes, 50 no; Independents — 1 yes. HRC supported
this amendment.

 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 E Early Treatment for HIV Act (S. 311) (Co-Sponsorship)
Senators were asked to co-sponsor legislation that would offer states the option to
provide Medicaid coverage to low-income, HIV-positive Americans as “categorically
needy.” As of Sept. 29, 2006, the measure had 39 co-sponsors: Democrats 31;
Republicans 8; Independents 0.

F Uniting American Families Act (S. 1278) (Co-Sponsorship)

Senators were asked to co-sponsor legislation (formerly called the Permanent
Partners Immigration Act) that would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to
provide same-sex partners of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents the same
immigration benefits legal spouses of U.S. residents enjoy. As of Sept. 29, 2006, the
measure had 14 co-sponsors: Democrats 12; Republicans 1; Independents 1.

G L
 ocal Law Enforcement Enhancement Act of 2005 (S. 1145)

(Co-Sponsorship)
The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act would expand federal jurisdiction to
reach serious, violent hate crimes perpetrated because of the “actual or perceived
race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation or disability” of the victim. HRC
supports the language passed by the U.S. House (see p. 10) because it includes
gender identity; however, because the Senate leadership refused to allow the Senate
to vote on the House language, co-sponsorship of LLEEA is the only indication of a
senator’s position on hate crimes. As of Sept. 29, 2006, the measure had 46
co-sponsors: Democrats 38; Republicans 7; Independents 1.

109TH CONGRESS 
 109th 108th 107th
SENATOR (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E F G
Alabama
KEY
Sessions, Jeff (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Shelby, Richard (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j

A Alaska
FMA
Murkowski, Lisa (R) 0 13 NA j J j j j j j
B Pryor
Stevens, Ted (R) 0 13 0 j j j j j j j
Arizona
C Alito Kyl, Jon (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
McCain, John (R) 33 25 14 v j j j j j j
D REAL Arkansas
Lincoln, Blanche (D) 89 63 57 v v v v v j v
E ETHA Pryor, Mark (D) 89 63 NA v v v v v j v
California
F UAFA
Boxer, Barbara (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v v v
Feinstein, Dianne (D) 88 75 100 v v v J v j v
G LLEEA
Colorado
Allard, Wayne (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Salazar, Ken (D) 67 NA NA v j v v j j v
v Supported
HRC’s Connecticut
position Dodd, Christopher (D) 100 75 100 J v v v v v v
Lieberman, Joseph (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
j Did not Delaware
support Biden, Joseph (D) 78 63 100 v v v v j j v
HRC’s
position Carper, Thomas (D) 67 63 100 v v v v j j j
Florida
Martinez, Mel (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j j j
J Did not
vote Nelson, Bill (D) 89 75 100 v v v v v j v
Georgia
Chambliss, Saxby (R) 0 0 0^ j j j j j j j
Isakson, Johnny (R) 0 0^ 17^ j j j j j j j
Hawaii
Akaka, Daniel (D) 100 75 100 v v v v v v v
Inouye, Daniel (D) 78 88 100 v v v v j j v
Idaho
Craig, Larry (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Crapo, Michael (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Illinois
Durbin, Richard (D) 89 100 100 v v v v v j v
Obama, Barack (D) 89 NA NA v v v v v j v
Indiana
Bayh, Evan (D) 89 75 100 v v v v v j v
Lugar, Richard (R) 0 13 14 j j j j j j j
Iowa
Grassley, Charles (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Harkin, Tom (D) 78 75 100 v v v v j j v

^ Indicates House Score

 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
SENATOR (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E F G
Kansas
Brownback, Sam (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
KEY
Roberts, Pat (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Kentucky
A FMA
Bunning, Jim (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
McConnell, Mitch (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
B Pryor
Louisiana
Landrieu, Mary (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v C Alito
Vitter, David (R) 0 0^ 0^ j j j j j j j
Maine D REAL

Collins, Susan (R) 78 88 86 v v j v v j v

Snowe, Olympia (R) 78 50 57 v v j v v j v E ETHA

Maryland
Mikulski, Barbara (D) 89 75 100 v v v v v j v
F UAFA

Sarbanes, Paul (D) 89 75 100 v v v v v j v

G LLEEA
Massachusetts
Kennedy, Edward (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v v v
Kerry, John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v v v
v Supported
Michigan HRC’s
Levin, Carl (D) 78 63 100 v v v v j j v position
Stabenow, Debbie (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
Minnesota j Did not
Coleman, Norm (R) 22 38 NA j j j j v j v support
HRC’s
Dayton, Mark (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v v v position
Mississippi
Cochran, Thad (R) 0 0 14 j j j j j j j
J Did not
Lott, Trent (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j vote
Missouri
Bond, Christopher (R) 11 0 17 j j j j v j j
Talent, James (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j j j
Montana
Baucus, Max (D) 67 50 71 v v v v j j j
Burns, Conrad (R) 0 0 20 j j j j j j j
Nebraska
Hagel, Chuck (R) 0 0 0 J j j j j j j
Nelson, Benjamin (D) 11 25 43 j j j j j j v
Nevada
Ensign, John (R) 11 25 43 j j j j j j v
Reid, Harry (D) 67 63 100 v v v v j j j
New Hampshire
Gregg, Judd (R) 33 13 14 v j j j j j j
Sununu, John (R) 33 25 0^ v j j j j j j
New Jersey
Lautenberg, Frank (D) 100 100 NA v v v v v v v
Menendez, Robert (D) 88 100^ 100^ v J v v v j v

^ Indicates House Score

109TH CONGRESS 
 109th 108th 107th
SENATOR (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E F G
New Mexico
KEY Bingaman, Jeff (D) 89 75 100 v v v v v j v
Domenici, Pete (R) 0 0 14 j j j j j j j
New York
A FMA
Clinton, Hillary Rodham (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
Schumer, Charles (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
B Pryor
North Carolina
C Alito Burr, Richard (R) 0 0^ 0^ j j j j j j j
Dole, Elizabeth (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j j j
D REAL North Dakota
Conrad, Kent (D) 56 38 43 v v j v j j j
E ETHA Dorgan, Byron (D) 78 63 71 v v v v j j v
Ohio
F UAFA
DeWine, Mike (R) 11 25 14 j j j j v j j
Voinovich, George (R) 0 13 14 j j j j j j j
G LLEEA
Oklahoma
Coburn, Tom (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j j j
Inhofe, James (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
v Supported
HRC’s
Oregon
position Smith, Gordon (R) 33 63 86 j j j v v j v
Wyden, Ron (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v v v

j Did not Pennsylvania

support Santorum, Rick (R) 0 0 14 j j j j j j j
HRC’s
position
Specter, Arlen (R) 67 50 86 v j j v v j v
Rhode Island
Chafee, Lincoln (R) 100 88 100 v v v v v v v
J Did not
vote Reed, Jack (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
South Carolina
DeMint, Jim (R) 0 0^ 0^ j j j j j j j
Graham, Lindsey (R) 0 0 0^ j j j j j j j
South Dakota
Johnson, Tim (D) 78 63 71 v v j v v j v
Thune, John (R) 0 NA 0^ j j j j j j j
Tennessee
Alexander, Lamar (R) 0 13 NA j j j j j j j
Frist, Bill (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Texas
Cornyn, John (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j j j
Hutchison, Kay Bailey (R) 0 0 29 j j j j j j j
Utah
Bennett, Robert (R) 0 13 0 j j j j j j j
Hatch, Orrin (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
Vermont
Jeffords, James (I) 88 86 100 v J v v j v v
Leahy, Patrick (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v v v

^ Indicates House Score

 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
SENATOR (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E F G
Virginia
Allen, George (R) 0 13 14 j j j j j j j
KEY
Warner, John (R) 0 13 14 j j j j j j j
Washington
A FMA
Cantwell, Maria (D) 89 88 100 v v v v v j v
Murray, Patty (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v v v
B Pryor
West Virginia
Byrd, Robert (D) 22 13 29 j v j v j j j C Alito
Rockefeller, John (D) 67 50 71 J v v v j j v
Wisconsin D REAL
Feingold, Russell (D) 89 88 86 v v v v v v j
Kohl, Herb (D) 67 50 86 v v v v j j j E ETHA

Wyoming
Enzi, Michael (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j j j
F UAFA

Thomas, Craig (R) 0 0 14 j j j j j j j

G LLEEA

v Supported
HRC’s
position

j Did not
support
HRC’s
position

J Did not
vote

109TH CONGRESS 
 U.S. House of Representatives

A Federal Marriage Amendment (H.J. Res. 88)

The Federal Marriage Amendment would enshrine discrimination into the U.S.
Constitution by defining marriage as the union between one man and one woman
and prohibiting federal and state laws from conferring same-sex couples with marital
status and “the legal incidents thereof.” The amendment would thereby endanger
civil unions and domestic partnership benefits. The House of Representatives voted
on the amendment on July 18, 2006, needing a two-thirds majority to approve the
amendment. The amendment failed to reach a two-thirds majority by a vote of 236-
187-1 (Roll Call Vote 378, 2nd Session). Democrats — 34 yes, 159 no, 1 present,
7 not voting; Republicans — 202 yes, 27 no, 2 not voting; Independents — 1 no. HRC
strongly opposed this amendment. The vote is triple-weighted in the final House score.

B Conyers Amendment to Child Safety Act (H.R. 3132)

Rep. John Conyers, D-Mich., offered an amendment to the Child Safety Act (H.R.
3132), adding the provisions of the HRC-supported Local Law Enforcement Hate
Crimes Prevention Act which would give the federal government jurisdiction to help
local law enforcement confront hate violence based on sexual orientation, gender
identity, gender and disability. This amendment passed 223-199 (Roll Call Vote 469,
1st Session). However, this amendment was not included in the final version of the
bill signed into law. Democrats — 192 yes, 5 no, 5 not voting; Republicans — 30 yes,
194 no, 6 not voting; Independents — 1 yes. HRC supported this amendment. This
vote is double-weighted in the final House score.

C Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (H.R. 2662) (Co-Sponsorship)
Members of Congress were asked to co-sponsor legislation introduced May 26,
2005, that would expand federal jurisdiction to reach serious, violent hate crimes
perpetrated because of the “actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin,
sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or disability” of the victim. As of Sept.
29, 2006, the measure had 160 co-sponsors: Democrats 149; Republicans 10;
Independents 1.

10 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 D Military Readiness Enhancement Act (H.R. 1059) (Co-Sponsorship)
Members of Congress were asked to co-sponsor legislation that would repeal “Don’t
Ask, Don’t Tell,” the ban on gay, lesbian and bisexual service people, and allow them
to serve openly in the military. As of Sept. 29, 2006, the measure had 123 co-spon-
sors: Democrats 116; Republicans 6; Independents 1.

E Uniting American Families Act (H.R. 3006) (Co-Sponsorship)

Members of Congress were asked to co-sponsor legislation (formerly called the
Permanent Partners Immigration Act) introduced June 21, 2005, that would amend
the Immigration and Nationality Act to provide same-sex partners of U.S. citizens and
lawful permanent residents the same immigration benefits legal spouses of U.S. resi-
dents enjoy. As of Sept. 29, 2006, the measure had 116 co-sponsors: Democrats
112; Republicans 3; Independents 1.

109TH CONGRESS 11
 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
Alabama
KEY 1 Bonner, Jo (R) 0 11 NA j j j j j
2 Everett, Terry (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Rogers, Mike (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
A FMA 4 Aderholt, Robert (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
5 Cramer, Bud (D) 25 11 0 j v j j j
B HC Amdt 6 Bachus, Spencer (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Davis, Artur (D) 38 44 NA j v v j j
C HCPA
Alaska
AL Young, Don (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
D MREA
Arizona

E UAFA
1 Renzi, Rick (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
2 Franks, Trent (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
3 Shadegg, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
v Supported 4 Pastor, Ed (D) 100 100 83 v v v v v
HRC’s
position
5 Hayworth, J.D. (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
6 Flake, Jeff (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Grijalva, Raúl (D) 100 100 NA v v v v v
j Did not 8 Kolbe, Jim (R) 100 100 83 v v v v v
support
HRC’s Arkansas
position
1 Berry, Marion (D) 0 0 17 j j j j j
2 Snyder, Vic (D) 75 55 83 v v v j j
J Did not 3 Boozman, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
vote 4 Ross, Mike (D) 25 11 50 j v j j j
California
P Present 1 Thompson, Mike (D) 88 88 100 v v v j v
2 Herger, Wally (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Lungren, Daniel (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
4 Doolittle, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
5 Matsui, Doris (D) 100 NA NA v v v v v
6 Woolsey, Lynn (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
7 Miller, George (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
8 Pelosi, Nancy (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
9 Lee, Barbara (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
10 Tauscher, Ellen (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
11 Pombo, Richard (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
12 Lantos, Tom (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
13 Stark, Pete (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
14 Eshoo, Anna (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
15 Honda, Michael (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
16 Lofgren, Zoe (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
17 Farr, Sam (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
18 Cardoza, Dennis (D) 63 44 NA v v j j j
19 Radanovich, George (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
20 Costa, Jim (D) 63 NA NA v v j j j
21 Nunes, Devin (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
22 Thomas, William (R) 0 0 33 j j j j j
23 Capps, Lois (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
24 Gallegly, Elton (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
25 McKeon, Howard Buck (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j

12 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
26 Dreier, David (R) 38 22 17 v j j j j
27 Sherman, Brad (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
KEY
28 Berman, Howard (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
29 Schiff, Adam (D) 88 100 100 v v v j v
30 Waxman, Henry (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v A FMA

31 Becerra, Xavier (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v

32 Solis, Hilda (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v B HC Amdt

33 Watson, Diane (D) 100 100 75 v v v v v

34 Roybal-Allard, Lucille (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v C HCPA
35 Waters, Maxine (D) 88 100 83 v v v v j
36 Harman, Jane (D) 100 86 100 v J v v v D MREA
37 Millender-McDonald, Juanita (D) 88 88 100 v v v j v
38 Napolitano, Grace Flores (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v E UAFA
39 Sánchez, Linda (D) 100 88 NA v v v v v
40 Royce, Ed (R) 0 0 0 j J j j j
v Supported
41 Lewis, Jerry (R) 0 11 50 j j j j j HRC’s
42 Miller, Gary (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j position
43 Baca, Joe (D) 75 77 100 v v v j j
44 Calvert, Ken (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
j Did not
45 Bono, Mary (R) 75 66 67 v v v j j support
46 Rohrabacher, Dana (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j HRC’s
position
47 Sanchez, Loretta (D) 75 100 100 v v v j j
48 Campbell, John (R) 0 NA NA j J j j j
49 Issa, Darrell (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j J Did not
50 Bilbray, Brian (R) 0 NA NA j J j j j vote
51 Filner, Bob (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
52 Hunter, Duncan (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
P Present
53 Davis, Susan (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
Colorado
1 DeGette, Diana (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Udall, Mark (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
3 Salazar, John (D) 63 NA NA v v j j j
4 Musgrave, Marilyn (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
5 Hefley, Joel (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
6 Tancredo, Tom (R) 0 11 17 j j j j j
7 Beauprez, Bob (R) 0 0 NA j J j j j
Connecticut
1 Larson, John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Simmons, Rob (R) 100 100 83 v v v v v
3 DeLauro, Rosa (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
4 Shays, Christopher (R) 100 88 100 v v v v v
5 Johnson, Nancy (R) 63 66 67 v v j j j
Delaware
AL Castle, Michael (R) 63 44 33 v v j j j
Florida
1 Miller, Jeff (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
2 Boyd, Allen (D) 25 0 33 j v j j j
3 Brown, Corrine (D) 100 71 100 v v v v v
4 Crenshaw, Ander (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
5 Brown-Waite, Ginny (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j

109TH CONGRESS 13
 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
6 Stearns, Cliff (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
KEY 7 Mica, John (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
8 Keller, Ric (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
9 Bilirakis, Michael (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
A FMA 10 Young, C.W. Bill (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
11 Davis, Jim (D) 75 66 100 v v v j j
B HC Amdt 12 Putnam, Adam (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
13 Harris, Katherine (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
C HCPA 14 Mack, Connie (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
15 Weldon, David (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
D MREA 16 Foley, Mark (R) 75 88 83 v v v j j
17 Meek, Kendrick (D) 100 71 NA v v v v v
E UAFA 18 Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana (R) 88 86 67 v v v v j
19 Wexler, Robert (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
20 Wasserman Schultz, Debbie (D) 100 NA NA v v v v v
v Supported
HRC’s 21 Diaz-Balart, Lincoln (R) 63 13 17 v v j j j
position 22 Shaw, E. Clay (R) 0 11 33 j j j j j
23 Hastings, Alcee (D) 100 83 100 v v v v v
24 Feeney, Tom (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
j Did not
support 25 Diaz-Balart, Mario (R) 63 13 NA v v j j j
HRC’s
position Georgia
1 Kingston, Jack (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Bishop, Sanford (D) 38 44 83 j v v j j
J Did not 3 Marshall, Jim (D) 25 11 NA j v j j j
vote
4 McKinney, Cynthia (D) 80 NA 100 J v j v v
5 Lewis, John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
P Present 6 Price, Thomas (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
7 Linder, John (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
8 Westmoreland, Lynn (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
9 Norwood, Charlie (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
10 Deal, Nathan (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
11 Gingrey, Phil (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
12 Barrow, John (D) 25 NA NA j v j j j
13 Scott, David (D) 38 55 NA j v v j j
Hawaii
1 Abercrombie, Neil (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Case, Ed (D) 88 100 NA v v v v j
Idaho
1 Otter, C.L. Butch (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Simpson, Mike (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
Illinois
1 Rush, Bobby (D) 63 88 100 v v j j j
2 Jackson Jr., Jesse (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
3 Lipinski, Daniel (D) 40 NA NA P v j j j
4 Gutierrez, Luis (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
5 Emanuel, Rahm (D) 100 100 NA v v v v v
6 Hyde, Henry (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
7 Davis, Danny (D) 100 100 100 J v v v v
8 Bean, Melissa (D) 75 NA NA v v v j j
9 Schakowsky, Janice (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
10 Kirk, Mark Steven (R) 75 88 67 v v v j j

14 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
11 Weller, Jerry (R) 25 11 17 j v j j j
12 Costello, Jerry (D) 25 22 33 j v j j j
KEY
13 Biggert, Judy (R) 75 77 83 v v v j j
14 Hastert, J. Dennis (R) 0 0 0 j J j j j
15 Johnson, Timothy (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j A FMA

16 Manzullo, Donald (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

17 Evans, Lane (D) 80 77 100 J v j v v B HC Amdt

18 LaHood, Ray (R) 25 11 17 j v j j j

19 Shimkus, John (R) 25 33 17 j v j j j C HCPA

Indiana
D MREA
1 Visclosky, Peter (D) 75 77 100 v v v j j
2 Chocola, Chris (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
3 Souder, Mark (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
E UAFA

4 Buyer, Steve (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

5 Burton, Dan (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j v Supported
6 Pence, Mike (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j HRC’s
position
7 Carson, Julia (D) 88 88 100 v v v v j
8 Hostettler, John (R) 38 22 0 v j j j j
9 Sodrel, Mike (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j j Did not
support
Iowa HRC’s
1 Nussle, Jim (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j position
2 Leach, Jim (R) 75 88 100 v v v j j
3 Boswell, Leonard (D) 75 77 100 v v v j j
J Did not
4 Latham, Tom (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j vote
5 King, Steve (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
Kansas
P Present
1 Moran, Jerry (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Ryun, Jim (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Moore, Dennis (D) 88 77 100 v v v j v
4 Tiahrt, Todd (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
Kentucky
1 Whitfield, Edward (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Lewis, Ron (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Northup, Anne (R) 0 0 17 J j j j j
4 Davis, Geoff (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
5 Rogers, Harold (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
6 Chandler, Ben (D) 25 11 NA j v j j j
Louisiana
1 Jindal, Bobby (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
2 Jefferson, Willliam (D) 38 77 100 j v v j j
3 Melancon, Charles (D) 0 NA NA j J j j j
4 McCrery, Jim (R) 0 11 33 j j j j j
5 Alexander, Rodney (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
6 Baker, Richard (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Boustany, Charles (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
Maine
1 Allen, Thomas (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Michaud, Mike (D) 100 100 NA v v v v v

109TH CONGRESS 15
 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
Maryland
KEY 1 Gilchrest, Wayne (R) 67 44 50 v J j v j
2 Ruppersberger, C.A. Dutch (D) 63 77 NA v v j j j
3 Cardin, Benjamin (D) 88 77 100 v v v v j
A FMA 4 Wynn, Albert (D) 88 100 100 v v v v j
5 Hoyer, Steny (D) 88 100 100 v v v j v
B HC Amdt 6 Bartlett, Roscoe (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Cummings, Elijah (D) 88 100 100 v v v v j
C HCPA 8 Van Hollen, Chris (D) 88 88 NA v v v v j
Massachusetts
D MREA
1 Olver, John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Neal, Richard (D) 88 88 100 v v j v v
E UAFA
3 McGovern, James (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
4 Frank, Barney (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
v Supported 5 Meehan, Martin (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
HRC’s 6 Tierney, John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
position
7 Markey, Edward (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
8 Capuano, Michael (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v
j Did not 9 Lynch, Stephen (D) 88 88 100 v v v v j
support 10 Delahunt, William (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
HRC’s
position Michigan
1 Stupak, Bart (D) 63 55 83 v v j j j
2 Hoekstra, Peter (R) 0 0 0 j J j j j
J Did not
vote 3 Ehlers, Vernon (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
4 Camp, Dave (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
5 Kildee, Dale (D) 75 66 100 v v v j j
P Present 6 Upton, Fred (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
7 Schwarz, Joe (R) 63 NA NA v v j j j
8 Rogers, Michael (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
9 Knollenberg, Joe (R) 38 22 17 v j j j j
10 Miller, Candice (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
11 McCotter, Thaddeus (R) 25 11 NA j v j j j
12 Levin, Sander (D) 88 88 100 v v v j v
13 Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks (D) 63 55 100 v v j j j
14 Conyers Jr. , John (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
15 Dingell, John (D) 88 77 100 v v v v j
Minnesota
1 Gutknecht, Gil (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Kline, John (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
3 Ramstad, Jim (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
4 McCollum, Betty (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
5 Sabo, Martin (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
6 Kennedy, Mark (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Peterson, Collin (D) 25 11 0 j v j j j
8 Oberstar, James (D) 88 86 100 v v v v j
Mississippi
1 Wicker, Roger (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Thompson, Bennie (D) 38 55 100 j v v j j
3 Pickering, Charles Chip (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
4 Taylor, Gene (D) 0 0 0 j j j j j

16 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
Missouri
1 Clay, William Lacy (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v KEY
2 Akin, Todd (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Carnahan, Russ (D) 88 NA NA v v v v j
4 Skelton, Ike (D) 38 22 50 j v v j j A FMA
5 Cleaver, Emanuel (D) 75 NA NA v v j v j
6 Graves, Samuel (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j B HC Amdt
7 Blunt, Roy (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
8 Emerson, Jo Ann (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j C HCPA
9 Hulshof, Kenny (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
Montana
D MREA

AL Rehberg, Dennis (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

E UAFA
Nebraska
1 Fortenberry, Jeff (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
2 Terry, Lee (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j v Supported
HRC’s
3 Osborne, Thomas (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j position
Nevada
1 Berkley, Shelley (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
j Did not
2 Gibbons, Jim (R) 0 22 17 j j j j j support
3 Porter, Jon C. (R) 0 11 NA j j j j j HRC’s
position
New Hampshire
1 Bradley, Jeb (R) 0 11 NA j j j j j
2 Bass, Charles (R) 63 44 33 v v j j j J Did not
vote
New Jersey
1 Andrews, Robert (D) 88 100 100 v v v j v
2 LoBiondo, Frank (R) 25 33 33 j v j j j P Present

3 Saxton, Jim (R) 25 22 17 j v j j j

4 Smith, Christopher (R) 0 22 0 j j j j j
5 Garrett, Scott (R) 0 11 NA j j j j j
6 Pallone, Frank (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
7 Ferguson, Mike (R) 0 22 67 j j j j j
8 Pascrell, William (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
9 Rothman, Steven (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
10 Payne, Donald (D) 100 100 100 v J v v v
11 Frelinghuysen, Rodney (R) 38 44 67 v j j j j
12 Holt, Rush (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
13 Vacant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New Mexico
1 Wilson, Heather (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Pearce, Steve (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
3 Udall, Tom (D) 75 77 100 v v v j j
New York
1 Bishop, Timothy (D) 88 77 NA v v v j v
2 Israel, Steve (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v
3 King, Peter (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
4 McCarthy, Carolyn (D) 88 100 100 v v v j v
5 Ackerman, Gary (D) 88 88 100 v v v v j
6 Meeks, Gregory (D) 88 83 75 v v v v j
7 Crowley, Joseph (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v

109TH CONGRESS 17
 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
8 Nadler, Jerrold (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
KEY 9 Weiner, Anthony (D) 100 88 100 v J v v v
10 Towns, Edolphus (D) 88 100 100 v v v v j
11 Owens, Major (D) 100 77 100 v v v v v
A FMA 12 Velázquez, Nydia (D) 88 100 100 v v j v v
13 Fossella, Vito (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
B HC Amdt 14 Maloney, Carolyn (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
15 Rangel, Charles (D) 88 100 100 v v j v v
C HCPA 16 Serrano, José (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
17 Engel, Eliot (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
D MREA 18 Lowey, Nita (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
19 Kelly, Sue (R) 25 33 83 j v j j j
E UAFA 20 Sweeney, John (R) 38 44 17 v j j j j
21 McNulty, Michael (D) 88 100 83 v v v j v
22 Hinchey, Maurice (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
v Supported
HRC’s 23 McHugh, John (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
position 24 Boehlert, Sherwood (R) 75 33 83 v v j v j
25 Walsh, James (R) 0 33 33 j J j j j
26 Reynolds, Thomas (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
j Did not
support 27 Higgins, Brian (D) 88 NA NA v v v j v
HRC’s 28 Slaughter, Louise (D) 88 88 100 v v v v j
position
29 Kuhl, J. Randy (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
North Carolina
J Did not 1 Butterfield Jr. , G.K. (D) 63 44 NA v v j j j
vote
2 Etheridge, Bob (D) 25 22 67 j v j j j
3 Jones, Walter (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
P Present 4 Price, David (D) 75 77 83 v v v j j
5 Foxx, Virginia (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
6 Coble, Howard (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 McIntyre, Mike (D) 25 0 0 j v j j j
8 Hayes, Robin (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
9 Myrick, Sue (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
10 McHenry, Patrick (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
11 Taylor, Charles (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
12 Watt, Melvin (D) 63 66 83 v v j j j
13 Miller, Brad (D) 100 77 NA v v v v v
North Dakota
AL Pomeroy, Earl (D) 63 55 67 v v j j j
Ohio
1 Chabot, Steve (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Schmidt, Jean (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
3 Turner, Michael (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
4 Oxley, Michael (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
5 Gillmor, Paul (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
6 Strickland, Ted (D) 60 77 100 J v v j j
7 Hobson, David (R) 38 22 33 v j j j j
8 Boehner, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
9 Kaptur, Marcy (D) 75 55 100 v v v j j
10 Kucinich, Dennis (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
11 Jones, Stephanie Tubbs (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
12 Tiberi, Patrick (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j

18 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
13 Brown, Sherrod (D) 100 77 100 J v v v v
14 LaTourette, Steven (R) 0 0 33 j j j j j KEY
15 Pryce, Deborah (R) 38 44 83 v j j j j
16 Regula, Ralph (R) 0 0 33 j j j j j
17 Ryan, Timothy (D) 63 55 NA v v j j j A FMA
18 Ney, Bob (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
B HC Amdt
Oklahoma
1 Sullivan, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Boren, Dan (D) 0 NA NA j j j j j
C HCPA

3 Lucas, Frank (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

4 Cole, Tom (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j D MREA

5 Istook, Ernest (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

E UAFA
Oregon
1 Wu, David (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Walden, Greg (R) 25 11 17 j v j j j v Supported
HRC’s
3 Blumenauer, Earl (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v position
4 DeFazio, Peter (D) 100 77 100 v v v v v
5 Hooley, Darlene (D) 63 55 100 v v j j j
j Did not
Pennsylvania support
1 Brady, Robert (D) 75 100 100 v v j v j HRC’s
position
2 Fattah, Chaka (D) 100 63 100 v v v v v
3 English, Phil (R) 0 22 33 j j j j j
4 Hart, Melissa (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j J Did not
5 Peterson, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j vote
6 Gerlach, Jim (R) 75 55 NA v v v j j
7 Weldon, Curt (R) 25 0 0 j v j j j
P Present
8 Fitzpatrick, Michael (R) 63 NA NA v v j j j
9 Shuster, Bill (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
10 Sherwood, Don (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
11 Kanjorski, Paul (D) 63 44 50 v v j j j
12 Murtha, John (D) 63 17 33 v v j j j
13 Schwartz, Allyson (D) 88 NA NA v v v v j
14 Doyle, Mike (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v
15 Dent, Charles (R) 25 NA NA j v j j j
16 Pitts, Joseph (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
17 Holden, Tim (D) 25 11 17 j v j j j
18 Murphy, Timothy (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
19 Platts, Todd (R) 25 11 17 j v j j j
Rhode Island
1 Kennedy, Patrick (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
2 Langevin, Jim (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
South Carolina
1 Brown, Henry (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Wilson, Joe (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Barrett, J. Gresham (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
4 Inglis, Bob (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
5 Spratt, John (D) 25 33 33 j v j j j
6 Clyburn, James (D) 50 55 100 v J j j j
South Dakota
AL Herseth, Stephanie (D) 25 11 NA j v j j j

109TH CONGRESS 19
 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
Tennessee
KEY 1 Jenkins, Bill (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Duncan, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Wamp, Zach (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
A FMA 4 Davis, Lincoln (D) 0 0 NA j j j j j
5 Cooper, Jim (D) 38 55 NA j v v j j
B HC Amdt 6 Gordon, Bart (D) 25 11 33 j v j j j
7 Blackburn, Marsha (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
C HCPA 8 Tanner, John (D) 0 0 17 j j j j j
9 Ford, Harold (D) 25 44 100 j v j j j
D MREA
Texas
1 Gohmert, Louie (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
E UAFA
2 Poe, Ted (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
3 Johnson, Sam (R) 0 0 0 J j j j j
v Supported 4 Hall, Ralph (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
HRC’s 5 Hensarling, Jeb (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
position
6 Barton, Joe (R) 0 0 0 j J j j j
7 Culberson, John (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
j Did not 8 Brady, Kevin (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
support 9 Green, Al (D) 75 NA NA v v j j v
HRC’s
position
10 McCaul, Michael (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
11 Conaway, K. Michael (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
12 Granger, Kay (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
J Did not 13 Thornberry, Mac (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
vote
14 Paul, Ron (R) 38 25 0 v j j j j
15 Hinojosa, Ruben (D) 40 55 100 J v j j j
P Present 16 Reyes, Silvestre (D) 63 43 100 v v j j j
17 Edwards, Chet (D) 25 11 33 j v j j j
18 Jackson Lee, Sheila (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
19 Neugebauer, Robert Randy (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
20 Gonzalez, Charles (D) 88 88 100 v v v j v
21 Smith, Lamar (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
22 Vacant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
23 Bonilla, Henry (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
24 Marchant, Kenny (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
25 Doggett, Lloyd (D) 75 88 100 v v v j j
26 Burgess, Michael (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
27 Ortiz, Solomon (D) 25 22 83 j v j j j
28 Cuellar, Henry (D) 25 NA NA j v j j j
29 Green, Gene (D) 75 66 83 v v v j j
30 Johnson, Eddie Bernice (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
31 Carter, John (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
32 Sessions, Pete (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
Utah
1 Bishop, Rob (R) 0 0 NA j j j j j
2 Matheson, Jim (D) 38 55 83 j v v j j
3 Cannon, Chris (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
Vermont
AL Sanders, Bernard (I) 100 100 100 v v v v v

20 HRC CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD

 109th 108th 107th
REPRESENTATIVE (Party) SCORE SCORE SCORE
A B C D E
Virginia
1 Davis, Jo Ann (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j KEY
2 Drake, Thelma (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
3 Scott, Robert (D) 75 55 83 v v v j j
4 Forbes, J. Randy (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j A FMA
5 Goode, Virgil (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
6 Goodlatte, Bob (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j B HC Amdt
7 Cantor, Eric (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
8 Moran, James (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v C HCPA
9 Boucher, Rick (D) 25 11 50 j v j j j
10 Wolf, Frank (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j D MREA
11 Davis, Tom (R) 0 0 33 j j j j j
Washington E UAFA

1 Inslee, Jay (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v

2 Larsen, Rick (D) 75 88 100 v v v j j v Supported
3 Baird, Brian (D) 88 88 83 v v v j v HRC’s
position
4 Hastings, Doc (R) 0 11 0 j j j j j
5 McMorris, Cathy (R) 0 NA NA j j j j j
6 Dicks, Norman (D) 63 88 100 v v j j j j Did not
7 McDermott, Jim (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v support
HRC’s
8 Reichert, David (R) 25 NA NA j v j j j position
9 Smith, Adam (D) 100 88 100 v v v v v
West Virginia
J Did not
1 Mollohan, Alan (D) 63 55 17 v v j j j vote
2 Capito, Shelley Moore (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
3 Rahall, Nick (D) 25 11 33 j v j j j
P Present
Wisconsin
1 Ryan, Paul (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
2 Baldwin, Tammy (D) 100 100 100 v v v v v
3 Kind, Ron (D) 60 88 100 J v v j j
4 Moore, Gwen (D) 100 NA NA v v v v v
5 Sensenbrenner, F. James (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
6 Petri, Thomas (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j
7 Obey, David (D) 63 44 60 v v j j j
8 Green, Mark (R) 0 0 17 j j j j j
Wyoming
AL Cubin, Barbara (R) 0 0 0 j j j j j

DELEGATES
Because delegates do not represent states, they do not have voting privileges on the floor
of the House of Representatives. However, they can co-sponsor legislation. C D E

American Samoa
Faleomavaega, Eni (D) 0 40 100 j j j
District of Columbia
Norton, Eleanor Holmes (D) 67 100 100 v v j
Guam
Bordallo, Madeleine (D) 33 0 NA v j j
Puerto Rico
Fortuño, Luis (R) 0 NA NA j j j
Virgin Islands
Christensen, Donna (D) 0 80 100 j j j

109TH CONGRESS 21
Human Rights Campaign
1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
Phone 202/628-4160
TTY 202/216-1572
Fax 202/347-5323
www.hrc.org

The Human Rights Campaign is America’s largest civil rights

organization working to achieve gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender
equality. By inspiring and engaging all Americans, HRC strives to
end discrimination against GLBT citizens and realize a nation that
achieves fundamental fairness and equality for all.