1

NEW MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE

Enrique lvarez Vita.

In this paper, we propose a physical model where the particles and anti-particles of the
quantum vacuum, which in turn contains sub-levels of quantum vacuum, polarize
electrical charges and the color of leptons and quarks in an infinite convergent sequence
that includes gravity, which facilitates its incorporation with the other fundamental forces
of nature. From a philosophical perspective, the model provides support for the possible
existence of a universe that would constitute a neutralized vacuum, noumenal in nature,
which would manifest itself as a phenomenal duality in infinite universes of matter and
anti-matter of a fractal nature, each contained within the other forming a single reality.
Given that this is an essay, we do not intend to embark on a technical presentation of all
the mathematical aspects of the model proposed. Nevertheless, we believe that it is
important to present some basic, non-tensorial and graphic equations that support our
thesis. However, if you have difficulties understanding these concepts, it is enough to
understand the fundamental concepts, which are easily assimilated.

During the last few decades, physicists have taken on the difficult task of unifying the
fundamental forces or interactions of nature: the force of gravity, the electromagnetic
force, and the weak as well as strong nuclear forces. Maxwell took the first step toward
unifying electricity and magnetism into a single theory, known as electromagnetism. Next,
Glashow, Salam and Weinberg unified electromagnetism with the weak force, into what is
known as the electroweak force. The quantum theory of fields is one of the most successful
theories created by the human mind. The concordance between theoretical calculations
and experimental observation has an extraordinary precision, one part in 10!! , which has
had noteworthy applications in the field of technology. To achieve this singular success, it
was necessary to overcome major obstacles at the theoretical level given the presence of
infinite quantities that threaten to submerge the theory in a state of chaos. In this brief
presentation, we will give a brief sketch of the scientific theoretical model that we have
developed, which could lead to integrating gravity with the other forces of nature. Due to
time constraints, we will only discuss a few of the fundamental concepts and will focus on
the nature of the universe from a philosophical perspective based on the model proposed.

We will begin our analysis by saying that two types of particles exist in nature: the
fermions, which have a fractional spin and make up matter, and the bosons, with a whole
spin, which are responsible for transmitting the fundamental forces of nature. In the group
of fermions, the quarks are the elementary particles that make up the hadrons, which are
composite particles that, like the quarks, react to the strong force which keeps the quarks
and the nucleus of the atom together, neutralizing the electrostatic repulsion of the
protons that have a positive charge, and as such, tend to separate. The hadrons also come
in two varieties: mesons, which are composed of two quarks, and baryons, which are made
up of three quarks, like the protons and neutrons that make up the atomic nucleus. The
quarks, together with the electrons, which are leptons or particles that do not react to a
strong force, are considered point particles with no internal structure. Physicists came
to this conclusion given that the repulsive nature of the electrostatic force would have
broken up the particles, which does not occur.

This particularity, nevertheless, creates a serious problem when it comes to calculating the
electrostatic field of a particle. A simple calculation shows that energy is inversely
proportional to the distance to the center of the particle. Given that this entails a point
particle, as the distance comes closer to the center, the energy shoots off toward the
infinite. Mathematicians and physicists, not to mention philosophers and theologians, have
found it difficult to deal with the infinite. The special theory of relativity stipulates that

2
mass and energy are equivalent as is expressed in the equation E = mc2, where E is energy,
m is mass and c is the speed of light in the vacuum. Consequently, if energy shoots off to
the infinite, mass should follow suit, which would make the particle infinitely heavy. In
fact, this is not what happens, given that when the mass of the electron is measured the
values found are very small. Something is wrong with the theory.

To deal with this problem, physicists chose to modify the scale of measurement and ignore
the infinite which arose in the calculations by establishing that the new frame of reference
was the experimentally found value. This is known as renormalization. Based on the
values obtained experimentally, physicists proceeded with their calculations and obtained
remarkably precise results. Virtually all of the progress made in contemporary science and
technology is due to the extraordinary precision of the calculations and their concordance
with experiments in quantum field mechanics. The diagrams by Feynman, a well-known
physicist and Nobel Prize winner, constitute an important tool in the analysis of quantum
processes. However, the problem persists at the conceptual level. Some physicists,
including Feynman, said that renormalization was a crazy process. Also Hawking and
Davis and philosophers such as Miro Quesada, among others, believe that renormalization
lacks solid mathematical foundations. Diracs delta, for example, which technically is not a
mathematical function, served as a basis for renormalization. Dirac even qualified this as
an effort to sweep the infinite under the rug. In the superstring theory and the M theory,
which is the most recent string theory that includes ten spatial dimensions and one
temporal dimension, it is considered that the electron and other particles are vibrating
cords, whose Planck length scales are extremely small in magnitude, rather than point
particles, as held in the standard model of physics. Nevertheless, the scientific community
believes that this is speculative given the technical difficulties implicit in proving the same
at the experimental level. In quantum loop gravity, space-time is quantized and a
minimum limit is set for space and time, which would be Planks distance and time. But
this constitutes a model of quantum gravity and not a model of the unification of the
fundamental forces of nature.

In order to provide quantum theory with a consistent conceptual foundation considering
the electron as a point particle with no internal structure, we have developed a
mathematical model based on the properties of the quantum vacuum, which appears to be
key to solving the problem. The original contribution of this thesis is to postulate the
existence of energy sub-levels in the quantum vacuum, which would allow the
incorporation of gravity to the other fundamental forces of nature, which would have both
scientific and philosophical implications as we will see later in the paper. The electron
attracts virtual positrons and repels virtual electrons, which weakens their
electrical charge. This phenomenon is known as quantum polarization or electron
shielding. According to our model, this level of virtual positrons attracts virtual
electrons and repels virtual positrons from a second energy level in the quantum
vacuum, increasing the electrical charge of the electron according to a specific law as a
function of distance. This process would continue indefinitely in a convergent infinite
mathematical series fractal in nature, which would produce a polarization of the
electrogravitational field at very short distances, thus neutralizing this field at a null
distance from the electron. The energy of each level is calculated by the integral defined
between two points of the energy from the previous level. The net energy would be the
sum of these integrals. Our calculations lead naturally us to finite values for the energy.

At the level of elementary particles the gravitational field is extremely weak so that, in
order to simplify calculations and to work with scalars, we can utilize Newtons equation
for gravity instead of Einsteins tensorial equation. Since the masses are very small, both
models practically yield the same results for calculating the forces.

3

When 0, the potential energy of the electron becomes its intrinsic energy = ! ! ,
where ! is the mass of the electron, which is precisely Einsteins equation for the energy
of the electron, when its self-induced kinetic energy is null, in accordance with the theory
and experimental observation.

Let us first consider the gravitational and electrostatic fields of the electron. According to
!
!
classical physics, the forces of gravitational attraction !!! and electrical repulsion !!! ,
which the electron exerts over itself (considering a spherical shell with a radium of r) is
given as:


!

!!! =

! !

!
!

!
!!!

!
= !

where G is the universal gravitational constant, ! is the electron mass, k is the Coulombs
!
electrostatic constant and ! is the charge of the electron. The resulting force !!
between both forces is expressed as:


!

!
!!

!
! !
= ! !

!
The potential energy !!!"! between the distances of a and b of the electron is expressed
as:


!!

!!"! =

!
! !
!
!
= ! ! !
!

1 1

Multiplying and dividing by (a length constant associated with the electron which for
now is undetermined) we have:


!

!
!!!"!

! ! !
! ! !
=

=
! !

!
!

! ! !

4
where ! = /. This change of variable is essential to the development of the model

proposed. The expression (! )/ is a potential electrogravitational

energy associated with the electron and is invariable with regard to the distance r.
The integral pertaining to the function in the equation defines the potential
electrogravitational potential energy between two points situated at distances a and b
from the particle.

At the experimental level, it has been proven that the electron attracts virtual positrons
and repels virtual electrons present in the quantum vacuum, which diminish the intensity
of the electrostatic field and produce quantum shielding or polarization. The opposite
occurs with the gravitational force as a consequence of the repulsion between matter and
anti-matter, an effect that later on attracts virtual electrons and repels virtual positrons,
reinforcing the intensity of the gravitational field. Still, given that the electrostatic force is
much more intense than the gravitational force, the virtual positrons will be attracted and
the virtual electrons will be repelled and this will produce an electrogravitational
shielding.

Each virtual positron in this new field, which we call the first level field of the quantum
!
!
vacuum, will generate a potential energy !!!"! , which will reduce the energy !!!"! .

!
We have seen that potential energy !!!"! was obtained by integrating potential energy
!

( ! ! ! )/ with regard to . Similarly, the potential energy !!!"! generated by

!

the virtual positrons will be obtained by integrating the potential energy !!!"! with regard
!
to . Consequently, the potential energy !!!"! of this new field would be given by:


!
!!!"!

!
!

! ! !
! ! !

=
! ! ! !

2!
!

where ! is the charge of the positron and the sign of !!!"! is negative. Similarly, these
virtual positrons will attract virtual electrons and repel virtual positrons in a second-level
field, which will increase the intensity of the electrons electrogravitational field and this
!
new field will generate a potential energy !!!!! , which will increase the potential energy
!
!
!!!"! of the electron, which will be similarly expressed by the integration of !!!"! with
regard to . Consequently:


!
!!!"!

!
!

! ! ! !
! ! !
=
! ! ! !
2!
3!

This process will continue indefinitely. In general, a potential energy of the nth level
!
!!!"# will be expressed as:


!
!!!"#

!
!

! ! !

!

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!

= 1

! !
! !!! ! !!!
( + 1)!

This means that the potential energy of level n between the points a and b is obtained by
the integral defined between said points of potential energy at level n 1.

!
Potential net energy !!!" will be expressed by the sum of all potential energies of the nth
level until the infinite, meaning:

!
!!!"

!!!

! !
! !!! ! !!!
+ 1 !

! ! ! !
=
! !!

!
! ! ! !!
=
! ! !

where e is the base of the Neperian logarithms and considering that the charge ! of
the electron and ! of the positron are of the same magnitude and we can represent them
as ! .

The equation gives us the difference of potential electrogravitational energy
between two points situated at distances a and b of the electron. We can assign a
value to the potential for a point at a distance r of the particle, for which it is necessary to
choose another arbitrary point of reference to which the so-called zero potential will be
assigned. To satisfy this condition, this point should be located at an infinite distance. If we
!
assign the point r to a and the infinite to b we will obtain the potential !!! or simply
!
!!! , which will be expressed as:


!

!!

!!

!
! ! !
=
1 ! !

or:

!
!!!

!!

+

2! ! 3! !

When r is much higher than , then the terms of the sequence inside the parentheses from
the second term on can be disregarded, giving us

!!

!!

!
! !
=

which coincides with that of classic physics for relatively large distances as a particular
case. If in the equation for potential energy r 0, we will have:


!

!
!!!

! ! !
=

This result leads us to a finite value for the potential at a null distance from the electron
unlike the scenario in classical physics, which produces an infinite value. The potential
energy leads us to a finite value for the potential at a zero distance from the electron
!
unlike classical physics, which produces an infinite value. Potential energy !!! is the very
energy that, through successive integrations, generates the net potential
electrogravitational energy of the electron, and of the positrons and virtual electrons,
!
invariant of the distance r. The figure shows potential energy!!! without scale.

As we have mentioned previously, in relativist mechanics, mass and energy are

equivalent. This implies that any physical system with energy must show a degree
of inertia so that in an attempt to move the electron, it would drag its own
electrogravitational field also generating some inertia, which would be detected as
!
an effective mass. Consequently, the energy of the electrogravitational field !!! of
an electron, measured by an observer at rest, is equivalent to its intrinsic energy
= ! ! . If we replace this value in the equation for energy we have:

! ! !
! =

where:

!
! ! !
=
=

! !
!

!
Being = ! / the electromagnetic constant of the fine electromagnetic structure of
the electron, which is of great importance in cosmology, also ! =

!!! !
!

, is the

gravitational coupling constant of the electron, and , the reduced Planck constant.


Deriving the equation of energy with respect to r, we obtain the electrogravitational force
! , self-induced from the electron at a distance r, meaning the repulsive electrostatic force
of positive sign plus the attractive gravitational force of negative sign:


!

!
!!

! ! ! !!
=
!
!

!

! ! ! ![!!!!]
=
!!!"
!

This result is consistent with the fact that the electron does not explode under the effects
of its own repulsive electrical charge when the intensity of the electrogravitational field at
a null distance from the particle is neutralized. It is important to note that to get past this
problem, physicists have proposed that the electron is in point particle that lacks an
internal structure. But this hypothesis implies that the potential electrogravitational
energy becomes infinite. This relation is fundamental because the electrical charge of
the electron attracts anti-particles or virtual positrons from the quantum vacuum
that polarize not only the electrical charge but also gravity, as we will see later.

If we develop the equation in a series we have:


!

!
!!

! ! !

!
=
1 +

!
2! !

If is much greater than , we can disregard the terms inside the parentheses beginning
from the second term on, obtaining the classical result of the equation for the
!
electrogravitational force as a particular case. When r 0, the force !! is cancelled out,
which differs from the classical model, in which the result is infinite. The following figure
represents the unscaled graph of the equation according to the model proposed.

The virtual positrons would be particles whose time passes by from the past to the future
but in the opposite direction to the time flow of the electrons, as such preserving the CPT
symmetry: charge, parity or specular image and time. Thus, according to our model the
virtual anti-particles not only polarize the gravitational force but also time in
Einsteins field equations of his general theory of relativity. The quantum polarization
would affect not only the electron and the other leptons but also - according to our
calculations - the quarks and the nuclear force as well as gravity in general. This would
represent progress toward unifying the fundamental forces of nature, one of the greatest
challenges in physics today.
The presence of positrons, whose time flows from the past to the future but in the
opposite direction of the electrons, also polarizes time, offsetting the temporal delay
due to the effect of gravity. Einsteins field equation, which was has been confirmed by
experiments over time, has the extraordinary precision of one part in 10!" , which is even
greater than that of quantum field mechanics in its own dominion. But it loses validity at
extremely small distances at the Planck scale, as is evident in our proposal for a modified
tensorial equation. The principle of energy conservation, which for practical
purposes is valid at large distances, does not apply to these scales, which is the
reason why, up to this point in time, a quantum theory of gravity (which is polarized
by the action of virtual positrons) has not been achieved yet. The same polarization
applies to the other leptons and quarks.

In the case of quarks, the color charges attract their respective anti-color virtual particles
also polarizing gravity. The strong force is cancelled out at the level of the atomic nucleus
while the electromagnetic force is cancelled out at the atomic and molecular level due to
the neutralization of the charges of the protons and electrons, with the exception of
certain materials and massive bodies with weak electromagnetic fields.

Unlike the other forces, the faint gravitational forces do not cancel each other out and their
cumulative effect transforms them into a dominant force on a cosmic level. Our
calculations show that the gravitational shielding can be applied to any mass; gravity is
polarized under the fractal quantum effects of virtual anti-particles; the infinite
remains trapped; and gravity is captured. At large distances, the potential
gravitational energy is negative but at Planck scales, where nuclear and electric
forces become relevant, it polarizes and converges with the other forces in the
intrinsic energy of mass E= , which would be the origin of all interactions,
including gravity. This follows from the fact that every force is a gradient or derivation
from energy. This (finding) constitutes a step toward unifying the fundamental forces of
nature.

The Laplacian or divergence of the gradient of the self-induced potential
electrogravitational energy of the electron at a distance r is given by:

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!
!!!

!
!
!
=
+
+
! ! !
!

! ! !
=
! ! !

[!!!! ]
!! !"

[!!!! ]
!! !"

The physical significance of this result is that there exists a drain in the
electrogravitational fluid in the vicinity of the electron as a consequence of quantum
polarization. It differs from the classical model in which there are neither sources nor
drains and therefore energy does not dissipate and tends toward the infinite inasmuch as
the distance tends to be zero. Dividing the expression by ! y ! , we obtain the
laplacians of the gravitational and electrical potentials respectively. In the Newtonian and
relativistic models of gravity the divergence is null and, thus, there is no drain. This leads
to infinite values in the Newtonian model and to a spacetime singularity in the relativistic
model. This follows from not taking into consideration the effects of gravitational
polarization. The electrons electric potential is ! ! / ! and its gravitational potential ! ,
Is a finite magnitude which is valid for any point mass.

According to general relativity, gravity is an effect of the space-time curvature generated
by mass and energy. In the case of the electron, the virtual positrons would produce a
negative space-time curvature that would offset the positive space-time curvature, thus
generating a gravitational shielding so that Einsteins equation for space-time curvature
!" would be modified in the following way:

!"

[!!!! ]
8
!
= ! !" !!!"

Being !" the energy-impulse tensor of the electron, when is relatively large the
exponential tends toward unity and the equation is reduced becoming a particular case of
Einsteins tensor equation, an expression analogous to Poissons equation in the
Newtonian model giving results which differ from Newtons gravitational formula for large
masses and short distances. Einstein assumed, due to the principle of conservation of
energy, that the divergence of !" , like the Laplacian of Newtons gravitational potential,
would be null, meaning ;!!" = 0. If no source or drain exists in the electrogravitational
flux, this leads to a space-time singularity when 0 as we previously mentioned. In such
case the curvature, the gravitational energy and gravitational attraction become infinite.

As mentioned, the presence of positrons, whose time flows from the past to the present,
but in an opposite direction to that of the electrons, also polarizes time, offsetting the
temporal delay due to the effect of gravity. Einsteins field equation, which has been

10
confirmed by experiments and is extraordinarily precise to the order of one part of 10!" ,
superseding even that of quantum field mechanics in their respective dominions, loses
validity at extremely small distances, on the Planck scale, as is evident in the modified
tensorial equation we propose, where ;!!" 0. The principle of energy conservation,
which is practically valid a large distances, does not apply to these scales. This is the
reason why we have yet to achieve a quantum theory of gravity, which is polarized by the
action of virtual positrons. This is one of the important consequences of the proposed
model. The same occurs with the other leptons and quarks.

As mentioned, in the case of the latter, the color charges attract their respective virtual
anti-color particles which also polarizes gravity. The strong force is cancelled out at the
level of the atomic nucleus while the electromagnetic forces are cancelled out at the
atomic and molecular level due to the neutralization of the charges of protons and
electrons, with the exception of some materials and massive bodies with weak
electromagnetic fields. Unlike other forces, the weak gravitational forces do not cancel
each other out and their cumulative effect transforms them into a dominant force on a
cosmic level. Our calculations show that gravitational shielding can be generalized to any
mass; gravity polarizes under the quantum fractal effects of virtual anti-particles; the
infinite remains trapped and gravity is captured. At large distances, the potential
gravitational energy is negative but a Planck scales, where nuclear and electric forces
become relevant, it polarizes and converges with others forces in the intrinsic energy of
mass = ! , which would be the origin of all interactions, including gravity, which is in
line with the fact that forces are the gradient or derivative of energy. This constitutes a
step toward unifying the fundamental forces of nature.

We also propose that electrostatic, chromodynamic and gravitational charges can
be represented by means of complex vectors whose scalar product determines the
attraction, repulsion or inexistence of either. In our work Introduccin al anlisis de
vectores y tensores complejos, we provide a more detailed explanation of this topic, which
includes derivatives and integrals of complex vectors, gradient operations, divergence and
rotation, covariant and contra-variant derivatives of complex tensors, etc. Basically, all of
the operations of the analysis of real vectors and tensors are valid for complex vectors and
tensors keeping in mind that the latter are the product of real vectors and tensors
multiplied by a complex scalar. Complex vectors define a vector field of n dimensions. In
this paper, we present some basic notions to understand the behavior of the charges of the
fundamental forces of nature. Where !" = (cos + ) and !" = (cos +
) are two complex vectors expressed in polar form, and where is the imaginary
unit 1 and e the base of the Neperian logarithms, which can be as follows:





!"

cos cos

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Assuming that two vectors !" y !" form an angle , the sum of both vectors is
expressed as:

!" + !" = (cos + ) + (cos + )

= ( cos + cos ) + ( + )

Which can be depicted as:

!" + !"

cos +


cos + cos

This means that the sum of two complex vectors is the vectorial sum of its real
components along with the vectorial sum of its imaginary components on the other side in
such a way that the resultants constitute the real and imaginary components of a new
complex vector which is the resultant of this sum, whose argument is as follows:

!" + !" =

! + 2 cos cos + !

When = , or = 0, the argument is the same as that of real vectors and the sum is
governed by the parallelograms rule.

Its scalar product is given by:

! . !" = !

!!

cos

Where A and B are its respective modules. Its vector product is given by:

! !" = !

!!

sen

Where is a unitary vector that is perpendicular to the plane made up by both vectors
whose direction, like the product of real vectors, is determined by the right hand rule. Just

12
like real vectors, imaginary vectors form an n-dimensional Euclidian space in which each
imaginary directional vector makes (with its respective real directional vector) a complex
vector plane. The complex vectors are defined by the sum of their corresponding real and
imaginary vectors. The complex vectors define a complex vector space. The same occurs
with complex scalars and their respective real and imaginary coordinates.

We can represent electric charges by means of two real unitary vectors, = = , !"
and !" , which form angle = 0! or = 180! . If in the scalar product = =
and = 0! , we will have:

. = !!" cos 0! = +1

meaning that the charges repel one another. If = 180! , the scalar product will be given
by:

. = !!" cos 180! = 1

and the charges attract each other as illustrated in the figure. This reflects the behavior of
electrostatic charges and color charges with their respective anti-colors.









180

180




u

13
Bayrons possess three quarks, whose charges are represented by the colors red, blue and
green (or red, blue and yellow) whose sum gives white. These charges constantly change
color. In the same way, we can represent the color charges through three real unitary
vectors, = = = , !" , !" y !" , which among them form an angle of
120! where = = = :


u



u 120


120
120





U


The sum of the three vectors is null, just as the sum of the three colors is white. Also, the
sum of two vectors is equal to the third with the opposite sign like the sum of the two
colors is equal to the anti-color of the other color. The analogy of the vectorial
representation of the charges with the chromatic properties of the quarks in quantum
chromodynamics is complete and constitutes a satisfactory description of their physical
properties. If = 120! , the scalar product of a vector with any of the other two will be
expressed as:

1
. = !!" cos 120! =
2

If we add to this value the scalar product of the first vector with the remaining vector we
have:

. + . = 2 !!" = 1

An equality which can also be expressed as:

. + = . = !!" cos 180! = 1

meaning that the charges attract each other. The proximity of the two nucleons, protons or
neutrons in an atom produces a slight asymmetry in each nucleon, which gives rise to a
small resulting vector which is complemented by the anti-vector of another nucleon, or its
respective anti-color. This is the residual strong force that brings together the protons

14
through the neutrons, neutralizing their repulsive electrical charge as is illustrated in the
figure below.



















This leads to a cubic packaging of the nucleons in an atom and it justifies the presence
of neutrons which make the joining of the protons possible. Here it is shown in the figure
below representing the beryllium atom, which is the most stable isotope possessing four
protons and five neutrons. Here the protons are represented by darker spheres and the
neutrons by the lighter spheres:


















It is interesting to note that the unitary charges of natures fundamental forces can be
represented in a complex vector field of four dimensions, as illustrated in the figure
below, in which the color charges of the quarks are represented on a plane determined by
the directional vectors i, j; the electrostatic charge by k and the gravitational charge by li.
Gravity, the only force that has not been unified until today, would possess an
imaginary charge and a gravitational field and gravitational mass mi, differing from
the inertial mass m, which would be real. This concept is not contemplated in current
physics. In this case, the directional vectors form an angle of 90 whose cosign is 0,

15
meaning that there is neither attraction or repulsion, corresponding with the fact that
these forces do not interact.


li




k

i










J


For example, the electrogravitational force between two electrons separated by a distance
r would be expressed as the scalar product of two complex vectors:

!

!!

!
!
!
! !
!
=
+ ! . + ! = ! !
!

According to the model presented, the quantum vacuum appears to be formed by
different sub-levels in which the virtual particles and anti-particles would exert a
polarizing action on the charge of real particles, which can be electrons or
positrons. This process would continue indefinitely to the infinite. The total energy
of the system is null. Given that the positrons time flows from the past to the future
but in an opposite direction to the electrons, the sum total of time also is null as is
the sum total of space, preserving CPT symmetry. This property would apply to all the
fundamental particles of nature, meaning to the leptons and quarks, along with their
respective anti-particles. We can represent this process in the following diagram:

16

The two light and dark areas of the large circle represent the electron and the positron. In
the center there is a smaller circle which represents the quantum vacuum with virtual
positrons and electrons interacting with the electron and the positron, polarizing their
respective electric charges. This smaller circle contains an even smaller circle, which
represents the first level of the quantum vacuum with its respective virtual electrons and
virtual positrons that interact with the virtual positrons and electrons of the quantum
vacuum also polarizing their respective electric charges. This process would continue
indefinitely to the infinite. The total energy of the system is null. Given that the positrons
time flows from the past to the future but in the opposite direction as the electron, the sum
total of time is also null as is that of space, preserving CPT symmetry. This property would
apply to all the fundamental particles in nature, including fermions and bosons, meaning,
to leptons and quarks with their respective anti-particles, as well as bosons and anti-
bosons.

If in the quantum vacuum there are as many virtual particles and anti-particles exist in the
quantum vacuum, preserving as such the principle of symmetry, it is reasonable to
conclude that there may exist a universe of anti-matter that we dont observe but
which would interact with ours, under Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, through
the quantum vacuum, which would be the natural frontier between both universes.
On the Planck scale, the quantum vacuum would keep them together, polarizing the
fundamental forces, including gravity.

Although we only observe the presence of matter in the universe, scientists cannot explain
where anti-matter ended up and why this asymmetry exists. It has been speculated that at
the big bang, a one hundred thousand million anti-particles existed for each one hundred
thousand million plus one particles and that when the universe cooled down, matter and
anti-matter were annihilated, leaving a small amount of matter which is observed in the
universe. This hypothesis is based on the supposition that the violation of the mirror
symmetry between particles and anti-particles in the K neutral meson would also apply in
the phase of unification of forces in the big bang. We propose that the violation of mirror
symmetry would also take place in the anti-matter universe, preserving the perfect global
symmetry between both universes. Consequently, we can speak of a universe of matter
and anti-matter, whose total energy is null, as space and time would be. Therefore, the
universe, in its totality, would be a neutral vacuum, which we call the neutral vacuum as

17
a concept resulting of the neutralization of opposing properties in the phenomenal world.
It would be without space, time, matter or energy and, according to our thesis, its dynamic
would manifest as matter, energy, space and time and at the same time, anti-matter, anti-
energy, anti-space and anti-time. The smaller circle in the figure, which represents the
quantum vacuum, could also symbolize the union of the small circles of yin and yang.

It is not our intention to establish a connection between the proposed model and Taoism.
We are solely proposing a degree of similarity given that our interpretation does not
correspond to the traditional conception of Taoism. Hawking was very condescending
when referring to the work of physicist and Buddhist Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics,
which establishes analogies between the discoveries of modern physics and the teachings
of Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism, which the Vietnamese astrophysicist Trinh Xuan
Thuan also supports. The same take place in Western philosophy. For example, Hegel and
Heidegger completely ignored the philosophical contribution of Eastern philosophy due to
their Eurocentric vision. This eurocentrism persists despite the influence that Oriental
thinking has also had on Western philosophers, such as Schopenhauer.

It is undeniable that Taoism and Buddhism represent an attempt to interpret reality and
that the East has prioritized this search through a process of internalization and
meditation, unlike the West, which has approached this problem through reason and the
exploration of nature. The affirmation that the philosophy arose as a discipline in Greece
and that consequently Eastern concepts do not qualify as philosophy (including ideas born
in our our Andean world), is a coherent interpretation from a western perspective but also
is currently subject to debate.

We have seen that a real elemental particle such as the electron is polarized by the action
of virtual particles from different energy levels in the quantum vacuum. These virtual
particles should also polarize in the same manner as real particles in order to avoid
generating infinite energies or exploding due to their own repulsive charge. Consequently,
each virtual particle of the different sub-levels of the quantum vacuum follows the same
laws as the real particles and are determined by the same equations. Keeping in mind this
particularity and given that these sub-levels are an infinite sequence, it is relevant to
question whether it is possible for a real particle to also be a virtual particle located on the
first level of the quantum vacuum of another real particle. This model would be similar to
that of a holographic universe, which is a virtual particle of another real particle and so on
towards infinity; a model in which we can visualize a diagram included in another larger
diagram and so on successively.

From the proposed model, it is possible to infer the potential existence of a universe of
anti-matter and universes of matter and anti-matter within the other universes in an
infinite sequence in which our universe would be merely a link in a chain of multiverses.
For example, in the diagram, our universe would be represented by one of the areas that
would in turn contain a microuniverse of matter and anti-matter. In the same way, our
universe, along with the anti-matter universe, would be contained in a macrouniverse of
matter and anti-matter.

The issue of the infinite has been addressed by different thinkers throughout history. The
mathematician Cantor made noteworthy contributions to discovering the transfinite
numbers that are actually different categories of infinites. As such, the number of infinite
decimals that contain irrational numbers is higher than that of rational numbers. When
we speak of fractal universes, which are contained within one another in an infinite
sequence and connected through sub-levels of quantum vacuum, we are not necessarily
establishing hierarchies of universes in terms of dimensions but are instead referring to
parallel universes of matter and anti-matter interwoven by different levels in the quantum

18
vacuum. An analogy may provide a reference point. If we observe the inside of a cylinder,
we will see in perspective that the circles become smaller as they distance from us.
Nonetheless, in reality, they are the same size.

Once again, under a theist worldview, we can find certain analogies with ancient oriental
traditions, for instance in the tantric cosmogony. One of the principles of Taoism holds that
each yin and yang also contains another yin and yang, which then contains another yin and
yang, on and on successively. The Raelian movement, which is known for purporting that
it had conducted the first human cloning, holds from an Atheist perspective that universes
exist within universes in an infinite sequence. The simile of planetary movement and
Bohrs atomic model led many to think that atoms and molecules were a microcosm
similar to the macrocosm of planets and galaxies. But in fact they are different realities
governed by different laws, by general relativity and quantum mechanics.

The theory of parallel universes, alternative realities and multiverses has been proposed
by modern science and is one of the arguments Hawking uses to refute the strong
anthropic principle and intelligent design in his book The Great Design, which tries to
explain the fine adjustment of the constants of nature that make the existence of other
intelligent beings such as ourselves possible without resorting to the concept of divine
intervention.

So now we would like to pose the following question: Is the neutral vacuum a metaphysical
reality that transcends the phenomenal world or a property of nature itself that possesses
a duality, the yin and yang, the taita inti and the pachamama of Andean cosmogony, used
to refer us to something closer to our own reality? The answer from an immanent
perspective is that the neutral vacuum is an intrinsic property of nature and the
result of the co-existence of universes of matter and anti-matter. From a Kantian
perspective it would be the noumenon and it would be transcendent in nature.

With regard to the immanent perspective, we can find an analogy in mathematics. The
number zero is obtained by adding to equal quantities with opposing signs, one positive
and the other negative. Mathematically, zero exists as a number and is used in operations.
Hence, we are not dealing with a quantity that does not exist and which should therefore
be excluded from mathematics; instead, it possesses certain properties that distinguish it
from the other numbers, unlike, for instance, of the empty set.

It is important, however, to reflect on this aspect. We have stated that in the standard
model of quantum physics, as well as in alternate models such as the theory of super
strings, M theory and loop quantum gravity, there is a limit in time and space, which
corresponds to the Plancks time and length, respectively and beyond which reality cannot
be defined. For our model, we based ourselves upon the concept of mathematical limits
for distance when it tends to zero and this is not the same as the physical limit of the
Planck length. In the case of an elementary particle such as the electron (or any other
elementary particle), when the radius tends toward zero and, consequently, also space and
time, the cumulative effect of virtual matter and anti-matter neutralize the electrons
charge. At this singular point, there is no space, time, matter or energy; notwithstanding, it
manifests itself in the phenomenal world with the characteristics we observe. And this
particularity would exist throughout the universe, which in essence would be empty or
noumenal according to Kant, manifested in the phenomenal as well as in all the totality of
universes of matter and anti-matter.

According to Thomas Aquinas, this entails primordial matter, which reflects potentiality,
and secondary matter, which reflects act. We are now in philosophical territory. The
noumenal and phenomenal world would co-exist as aspects of the same reality, as a sole

19
entity; one would not exist without the other and the transcendent and immanent would
need each other mutually.

The concepts of zero and infinite are closely linked to the points discussed above. In
mathematics, the theory of limits allows users to work consistently with these concepts,
which otherwise would generate inconsistencies at the calculus level. Newton and
Leibnitz were aware of this. Mathematically, it is expressed as 0 and ,
meaning, > 0 and < , but which tends to zero and to infinite respectively, which is
the limit for in our equations. However, when = 0, the phenomenal disappears and
becomes, from a transcendent perspective, in the Kantian noumenon beyond the
cognizable. This is unlike the idealism of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, which holds that
knowledge of the absolute can be obtained through reason. From a theological perspective,
it would be Gods hidden place for monotheistic religions or the Parabrahman in
Hinduism. From an immanent perspective, as we mentioned above, it would be an intrinsic
property of nature, stripped of the transcendent and whose Physics are beyond Plancks
limit. Regardless, we hold that the noumenal and phenomenal are inseparable and belong
to the same reality and that mathematics leads us to this beyond Plancks limit. Our
intention is to show a possible convergence between philosophy and science.

We must also reflect upon the fact that we and our conscience, life, birth and death are
manifestations of the phenomenal world similar to all forms of matter, energy and time.
The so-called spiritual world, religious and mystical experiences, paranormal phenomena,
states of consciousness in meditation practices, and the awakening of chacras in yoga
would all be manifestations of the phenomenal world. In our case, for example, we have
had mystical experiences that could be classified as extraordinary, like those described by
some mystics, but are nonetheless separate from our philosophical position. According to
some schools of Buddhism, we are immersed in a Wheel of life, an illusory world that
entails suffering. Their objective is to free us from the ties of phenomenal dualism by
extinguishing the ego to reach nirvana, shunyata or vacuousness, which is the absence of
real existence. But in the absolute abyss there is no consciousness; there are no observers
or anything to be observed or experienced.

It is pertinent to point out that Hawking proposes that the net energy of the universe is
zero, given that the positive energy of matter and negative gravitational energy cancel
each other out; however, this would not involve an absolute vacuum, which would not be
possible due to Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, and would instead entail a quantum
vacuum with a minimum state of energy that would generate the Casimir effect, whose
fluctuations, consisting in particles and fields appearing and disappearing from existence,
would give rise to the creation of an immense quantity of possible universes,
approximately 10!"" , without recurring to divine intervention or to an intelligent design
to explain the fine adjustment of the constants of nature given that our universe would be
within a range of probabilities of universes with these characteristics. Hawking bases his
work on the general theory of relativity to contend that the gravitational energy of the
universe is null.

According to the model we propose, Einsteins theory would be modified to Plancks scale
and gravitational energy would converge with the intrinsic energy of mass, which is
positive, as we indicated above. Also, due to a principle of symmetry, a universe of anti-
matter would exist canceling out with the universe of matter in an absolute vacuum. The
same would occur with the quantum vacuum, which would contain a microuniverse of
anti-matter which would manifest itself as a minimum state of energy through
Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, giving rise to a multiplicity of universes in a

20
continuous creation process that would contain an infinite number of universes contained
within each other as illustrated in the previous diagram.

San Agustin postulated that time was created alongside creation where God is an timeless
being that manifests in his own creation. In Islam, the earth and the sky were a single,
connected and homogenous entity that subsequently were formed or separated from each
other. Modern cosmology has only come closer to Plancks time; some 10! !" seconds,
beyond which it can affirm nothing except as a conjecture. This fact has been the Vaticans
welcome contending that beyond this limit lies divine intervention. In this context, it is
important to mention that through the experiments conducted with the Large Hadron
Collider at CERN, a super accelerator of particles, scientists attempt to recreate the initial
conditions of the Big Bang and find Higgs boson - an objective that was recently achieved -
which is a hypothetical particle of the standard model of physics better known as Gods
particle, which would be the origin of all of the mass of the universe.

But what conditions were in place for fluctuations of the quantum vacuum (as Hawking
contends) to give rise to the universe and when did this take place? These conditions must
necessarily have been the result of a process, which leads to an infinite sequence of events
previous to the creation of the universe and to the big bang and this brings us to the
conclusion that a process of transformations exists leading us to the creation of infinite
universes.

Another aspect to consider is cyclical time, symbolized in antiquity by Uroboros, the
serpent that bites its tail- the eternal return. Linear time appeared with Christianity, with
a beginning and end to the universe, the Fall of Man and the salvation in Christ, as a
singular a unique and unrepeatable event. Some theologians propose the possibility (given
the discoveries of science that show a universe of colossal proportions, where the Earth is
no more than an insignificant particle of dust lost in an immense cosmos) that the Fall of
Man should be interpreted as an event that took place throughout the universe and
consequently, that salvation would have taken place in every corner of the universe as
well.

Hawking proposes the possible existence of an imaginary time in a mathematical, circular
and borderless sense without a beginning or an end, similar to space in general relativity,
in which the universe is a curved and closed space-time tapestry along with a real time in
which the big bang would have occurred, giving rise to what he defines as a self-contained
universe, which would make divine intervention unnecessary. The idea of a circular time
does not run counter to the model proposed although it would remain speculative.
Notwithstanding, the conception of an infinite time makes it impossible to contemplate
arriving to the present through a process of cause and effect whose origin is in the past. As
such, we need to start on a concrete reality whose origin is the present and invert the
direction of time by applying causality in the direction of the past in an infinite process,
whether involving linear or circular time. Given that this is an infinite process, the present
becomes the past of an infinite future in which the past and the future converge in a
common origin which is the ontological reality of the present time. From this perspective,
there would be no beginning in the past or end in the future and the noumenal would be
timeless.

Finally, we would like to add a reflection on philosophy and science. Human beings - more
than arguments between philosophers and scientists - need contributions from both fields
to avoid problems and conflicts between both areas of knowledge. If we project these
divergences to everyday life we would have to conclude that the relation between
philosophy and science is an unresolved matter and that humanity may never reach a
concerted conclusion. We hope that this is not the case. For now, there is only one reality,

21
which is that, although thousands of years have passed, philosophy and science are a
reflection of a divergence proper to the human condition. It may perhaps be too human, if
we were to apply Nietzsches way of thinking. Off course this leaves us with the value of
solidarity but it is necessary to recognize that humanity is still far from practicing it well.
Swallows may be present but summer hasnt yet arrived.



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