QUANTAM PHYSICS

SUMITTED BY SUMITTED TO
ASWIN S BHAVIKA VYAS
M.Sc. Physics(1st year)
IU2254460009
History of Quantum Mechanics:
The history of quantum mechanics is an important part of the history of modern
physics. The term “Quantum Mechanics” was coined by a group of physicists
including Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli, and Werner Heisenberg in the early 1920s at
the University of Göttingen. Both matter and radiation have characteristics of
waves and particles at the fundamental level. The gradual acknowledgment by
scientists that matter has wave-like properties and radiation has particle-like
properties provided the momentum for the development of quantum mechanics.

What is Quantum Mechanics?

Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of
matter and light on a subatomic and atomic level. It attempts to explain the
properties of atoms and molecules and their fundamental particles like protons,
neutrons, electrons, gluons, and quarks. The properties of particles include their
interactions with each other and with electromagnetic radiation. So below
mentioned are those two pointers one should know necessarily before tackling
quantum mechanics.
Quantum Mechanics is Everywhere:
It’s extremely difficult to notice the quantum effects when large bodies come into
play. All things obey the quantum mechanics laws. This was the reason why
quantum physics was explored later in theoretical chemistry. Until the physicist had
to find an explanation for the shells in which the electron sits around the nucleus,
they had no use for quantum mechanics.

It is an Area of Active Research:

Dismissing quantum mechanics as a thing of the past will be a mistake. Agreed that
the theory was coined a century before but due to the lack of modern instruments,
research into it was at a primitive state. Quantum mechanics has been applied and
accepted into many fields such as optics, computers, thermodynamics, cryptography,
and also meteorology. Research in these fields is still active.
Information is Never Conveyed Non-Locally:
Things appear and disappear at random, but they don’t just travel over stretches of
space without going through all the things in between. In the hay-days of quantum
mechanics, this confusion was a great one but now it has been proved that this
theory fits in perfectly compatibility with the theory of special relativity. This tells us
that entanglement, although a non-local phenomenon, does not have any action.

It was not Denied by Einstein:

Quantum mechanics was not denied as a theory by Einstein, although many people
have the misconception. He could not have denied the theory as it was successful on
such a large scale. What Einstein said was that the theory was incomplete and it was
his belief that the random processes of quantum mechanics may have an
explanation for them.

Schrodinger’s Cat is either Alive or Dead. Surely not both:

Macroscopic bodies lose their quantum behavior very fast. This was never well
understood by the scientists of that time. This happens because of the regular
interactions the body would have to endure. Quantum mechanics has been
exceptionally successful in explaining microscopic phenomena in all branches of
physics.
QUANTUM MECHANICS IN BLACK HOLE:
A black hole spontaneously emits elementary particles. The typical energy of these
particles is proportional to Planck's constant, so the effect is purely quantum mechanical in
nature, and the rate of particle emission by a black hole of astronomical size is
extraordinarily small, far too small to be detected.
The puzzling cosmic objects can be at the same time small and big, heavy and light, or
dead and alive, just like the legendary Schrödinger's cat.
Black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including
light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general
relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black
hole. There is a Relativistic jet, black holes will observes the somethings that time dust or
practicals will release , it will create a straight path of line, it will travel millions of light
years.
What is Quantum Chemistry?
Quantum chemistry, also known as physical chemistry or quantum mechanics, is a
branch of chemistry that applies the principles and equations of quantum mechanics to
the study of molecules. It focuses on rationalizing and explaining the behavior of
quantum particles within the atom called subatomic particles. There are three types of
subatomic particles within every atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
History and Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry:
The origins of quantum chemistry began in 1926 with the Schrödinger equation by
physicist Erwin Schrödinger followed by an article in 1927 from physicists Walter
Heitler and Fritz London. This article was the first explanation in quantum mechanics
of molecular bonding in the diatomic hydrogen molecule and the chemical bond.
QUANTUM WORLD:
The quantum world is the world that’s smaller than an atom. Things at this scale
don’t behave the same way as objects on the scale that we can see.

It may lead us towards a multiverse:

The idea that observation collapses the wave function and forces a quantum
‘choice’ is known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics. However,
it’s not the only option on the table. Advocates of the ‘many worlds’ interpretation
argue that there is no choice involved at all. Instead, at the moment the
measurement is made, reality fractures into two copies of itself: one in which we
experience outcome A, and another where we see outcome B unfold. It gets around
the thorny issue of needing an observer to make stuff happen — does a dog count
as an observer, or a robot?
Instead, as far as a quantum particle is concerned, there’s just one very weird
reality consisting of many tangled-up layers. As we zoom out towards the larger
scales that we experience day to day, those layers untangle into the worlds of the 
many world’ theory.(opens in new tab) Physicists call this process decoherence.
Without it the sun wouldn’t shine: Quantum tunneling is the finite possibility that a
particle can break through an energy barrier.  The sun makes its energy through a
process called nuclear fusion. It involves two protons — the positively charged
particles in an atom — sticking together. However, their identical charges make them
repel each other, just like two north poles of a magnet. Physicists call this the
Coulomb barrier, and it’s like a wall between the two protons. 

Think of protons as particles and they just collide with the wall and move apart: No
fusion, no sunlight. Yet think of them as waves, and it’s a different story. When the
wave’s crest reaches the wall, the leading edge has already made it through. The
wave’s height represents where the proton is most likely to be. So although it is
unlikely to be where the leading edge is, it is there sometimes. It’s as if the proton has
burrowed through the barrier, and fusion occurs. Physicists call this effect "quantum
tunneling".
QUANTUM LEVITATION :
Quantum levitation as it is called is a process where scientists use the properties of
quantum physics to levitate an object (specifically, a superconductor) over a magnetic source
(specifically a quantum levitation track designed for this purpose).
THANK YOU