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2E1623
Data Links and Local
Area Networks
Topics
• Optical components
WDM transmission
Add-drop multiplexing
Cross-connects
o Digital
o Optical
• SDH/SONET
Chapters 2,3
• Setting up connections
GMPLS
RSVP-TE
2
Optical Systems and Devices
Optical Systems and Devices
Adding signals into Combination of
(dropping signals multiple signals
from) a path on a path
Regeneration
of optical signal
4
From B. A. Forouzan: Data Communications and Networking, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill
WDM—Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
5
Cross-Connects
input ports output ports
1 1
2 2
. .
. .
. .
. .
N N x N switch N
7
Photonic Switches
• ”OOO” switches
input ports
Optical switch • Potentially less
1 expensive
2
• No support for
. regeneration,
.
. wavenlength
N
translation, traffic
monitoring, …
1 2 N
.
.
.
output ports
8
No Switch Is Perfect
• Switching speed
Time to reconfigure the switch
• Power loss
All power switched from input to
output
• Wavelength dependency
• Polarization dependency
9
Photonic Switches Technology
• Opto-mechanical switches
Most common
Moving fiber
Moving deflector
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
o Semi-conductor manufacturing process
• Electro-optic switches
2 x 2 couplers
Voltage-controlled refraction index
• Acousto-optic, thermo-optic, magneto-optic, liquid
crystal optical switches, …
10
WDM System
Added wavelengths
• Add/drop and cross-
connect configuration Transponders
Demultiplexer Multiplexer
N x N
• Transponders
Combine Transponders
receive/transmit on
different wavelengths
Dropped wavelengths
11
SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH Rates
15
Illustration from B. A. Forouzan: Data Communications and Networking, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill
IP Over Fiber
IP
Packet over
Ethernet MAC ATM
SONET (PPP/HDLC)
GFP
SONET/SDH
16
Protection and Restoration
Network Failures
18
Aspects of Protection and Restoration
• Robustness
Kinds of failure scenarios
Probability of failure detection and recovery
Effects during normal operation?
• Bandwidth efficiency
Network utilization
• Recovery time
Time to detect failures
Time to reorganize
19
MTBF and MTTR
20
Linear Protection
N working lines
• M protection lines
• M:N protection
Protection lines in stand
by mode
No traffic
• Design questions
How large M?
When switch over to
protection lines?
o Requires communication
between sender and M protection lines
receiver
21
1+1 Unidirectional Protection
working line
• Same traffic on working
and protection line
• Receiver selects one of
the signals
Based on for example
signal quality or error
information
o LOL (Loss of light)
o BER (Bit error rate)
protection line
o OSNR (Optical Signal
to Noise Ratio)
o …
22
Ring-Based Protection
23
Ring-Based Protection
24
Protection vs Restoration
25
Line Switching
Data path
26
Path Switching
Data path
27
Mesh Restoration
• Path switching
Combined with end-to-end
rerouting
Restoration at granularity
of individual user
connections
Optical signalling and
rerouting
28
Protection At Different Layers
• IP routing
OSPF, BGP, IS-IS rerouting
29
Control Plane
MPLS Revisited
IP
IP MPLS
ATM ATM data plane
SONET/SDH SONET/SDH
Fiber Optics Fiber Optics
31
ATM Virtual Connections
32
Illustration from B. A. Forouzan: Data Communications and Networking, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill
ATM VCI/VPI
33
Illustration from B. A. Forouzan: Data Communications and Networking, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill
What Are MPLS Labels?
• ATM VCI/VPIs
34
Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)
35
GMPLS Rationale
IP
MPLS
ATM data plane IP
SONET/SDH GMPLS
Fiber Optics Fiber Optics
36
Generalized Label Request
37
Hierarchical LSPs
Fiber LSP
Wavelength LSP
Time slot LSP
Packet LSP
39
Link Management Protocol
• M:N protection
RSVP Path refresh message
o Sent at failure
o From upstream to downstream node
42
Path Protection
• M:N protection
Preconfigured “secondary” paths for backup
May be used by lower-priority traffic
43
Restoration
• Line restoration
Shorter delay—no need to signal back to endpoints
Transit node need information about routing
restrictions to select alternative path
• Path restoration
Longer delay
o Can be improved through precomputation of routes
44
Reading Instructions
45