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Anaerobic
Sporogenous
Motile – peritrichous flagella (except for C tetani, perfringens)
Non capsulated
CULTURE
Presence of reducing substance in media is important (low redox potential)
Robertson’s cooked meat medium
Unsaturated fatty acids – take up O2
Hematin - catalise the reaction
Sulfhydric component - brings reduced OR potential
RCM medium pink - sacharolytiic
Black - proteolytic
C.PERFRINGENS
Capsulated
Non motile
CULTURE
T 37’C
pH 5.5-8
RCM at 45’C for 2-6 hrs servs as Enrichment medium. Subcultures from this to blood
agar give pure cultures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on toxins produced (a, b, e, i)
A – Produced by all
Abundantly produced by type a
Responsible for toxemia in gas gangrene
Phospholipidase (lecithinase C) converts lecithin to diglyceride and phosphoryl
choline
Opalecense in serum/egg yolk due to this
NAEGLER REACTION
Medium - 6% agar, 5% fildes peptic digest of sheep blood, 20% human serum,
antitoxin in half the plate
Observation - zone of opacity in the other half
Use - rapid detection of Cl perfringence in clinical specimen
Problems - other bacteria may produce similar opalescence
TOXINS
B, e, I nectotising and lethal properties
G, n minor lethal
D lethal
Theta like streptolysin O, lethal, cytolytic
Kappa collagenase
Lambda proteinase and gelatinase
Meu hyaluronidase, collagenase
Gamma DNAase
ENZYMES
Enzymes A and H destroy blood group substance
Neuraminidase destroy myxovirus receptors on RBC
Expose T antigen- RBC panagglutination
Hemagglutinin histamine
Fibrinolysin bursting factor- responsible for muscle lesion
Hemolysin circulating factor- increase adrenalin sensitivity
Anaerobic cellulitis
Muscle invasion
FOOD POISONING
Type A
Contaminated cold/warmed meat dish.
Reaches intestine.
C/F
Abdominal pain, diarrhea
Self limited, recovery within 24-48 hrs
GANGRENOUS APPENDICITIS
Usually C perfringens type A and type D are separated from gangrenous appendicitis
Also the cause of toxemia in intestinal obstruction and peritonitis
NECROTISISNG ENTERITIS
C perfringens type C
Known as pig belly as the condition follows on feasting on pig meat and trypsin
inhibitors like sweet potatoes
B toxin producing mucosal necrosis
Immunization with type C toxoid
BRAIN ABSCESS
PAN OPTHALMITIS
THORACIC AND UROGENITAL INFECTIONS
C SEPTICUM
Motile
Hemolytic
Transparent irregular colonies
Saccharolytic c
4 distinct toxin and a fibrinolysin
A dermonecrotic and hemolytic
B leucotoxic DNAase
G hyaluronidase
D O labile hemolysin
Can also cause gas gangrene
C NOVYI
4 types
Type A cause a gas gangrene with high mortality rate in which there is little gas and large
amt of edema fluid
C PROTEOLYTICUM
Aerotolerant
Proteolytic
GAS GANGRENE
Rapidly spreading edematous myonecrosis associated with severe wounds
CAUSES
Generally mixed culture of bacteria – clostridium, anaerobic strep, facultative anaerobes
Clostridia
C perfringens 60%
C Novyi + C septicum 20-40%
C histolyticum less common
STAGES
Simple wound contamination with clostridia with no invation
Anaerobic cellulitis - clostridium invade fascial planes with minimal toxin production
and no invasion
Anaerobic myositis - abundant exotoxin formation
C/Fs
Increased pain, tenderness, edema, systemic toxemia
Initially – thin watery discharge
Later – profuse, serosanguinous
Crepitant tissue