HEART

HEART
FUNCTIONS: generating BP, routing
blood, ensuring one way-blood flow,
regulating blood supply
SIZE, POSITION, LOCATION
MEDIASTINUM – heart, trachea,
esophagus
Apex – (L) ventricle 5th intercostals
space
Base - atria 2nd intercostal space
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEART
2 coronary aa. – from base above the
semilunar valves
1. (L) coronary aa. – left side of aorta,
ant. Wall & most of left ventricle
2. ® coronary aa. – ® side of heart, ®
ventricle

• Cardiac veins
• Cardiac sinus – post. Aspect of heart
HEART VALVES
• Atrioventricular valves( AV)
• tricuspid
• mitral/bicuspid
• papillary ms. – cone shaped muscular
pillars
• chordae tendinae – connective tissue
strings
Semilunar valves
• Pulmonary
• aortic
ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
REPOLARIZATION PHASE
3 permeability changes
a. Voltage gated Na+ channels - opens
b. Voltage gated K+ - closes
c. Voltage gated Ca+ channels – opens
2. REPOLARIZATION PHASE
3. PLATEAU PHASE - a period of slow
repolarization that prolongs action
potential
4, REFRACTORY PERIOD – allow cardiac
muscle to contract & almost complete
relaxation to take place before another
action potential can be produced
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE – pacemaker of the
heart; initiates the contraction of the heart
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE – lower portion
of the right atrium
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE – projects
through the fibrous connective tissue plate
that separates the atria from the ventricles
® & LEFT BUNDLE BRANCHES
PURKINJE FIBERS – pass the apex of the
heart & then extend to the cardiac muscle
of the ventricle walls
ECTOPIC BEAT – action potentials originate
in an area of the heart other than the SA
node
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM – record of electrical events
• P WAVE repolarization of the atrial myocardium;
beginning of the P wave precedes the onset of
atrial depolarization
• QRS COMPLEX – depolarization of the ventricles;
beginning of the QRS complex precedes
ventricular relaxation
• T WAVE – repolarization of ventricles; beginning
of the T wave precedes ventricular relaxation
• PQ INTERVAL or PR INTERVAL – time between
the beginning of the P WAVE & beginning of the
QRS complex
• QT INTERVAL – beginning of the QRS COMPLEX to
the end of the T wave & represents the length
time required for ventricular repolarization &
depolarization
CARDIAC CYCLE – refers to repetitive pumping
process that begins with the onset of
cardiac muscle contraction & ends with the
beginning of the next contraction
- move from higher pressure to lower pressure
ATRIUM – primer pump
VENTRICLES – power pump
ATRIAL SYSTOLE – contraction of the two atria
ATRIAL DIASTOLE – relaxation of the two atria
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE - contraction of the two
ventricles
VENTRICULAR RELAXATION - relaxation of the
two ventricles
HEART SOUNDS
• 1st heart sound – syllable lubb; low
pitched; beginning of ventricular systole
& results from closure of the AV valves
• 2nd heart sound – dupp; higher pitch;
beginning ventricular diastole; closur of
the semilunar valves
• MURMURS – abnormal heart sound from
faulty valves
• Ex incompetent valve
REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION
CARDIAC OUTPUT – volume of blood pump by the
ventricle of the heart each minute
STROKE VOLUME – volume of blood pump per
ventricle each time the heart contracts
HEART RATE – no. of times the heart contracts per
minute
HR x SV = CO
(beats/min) (ml/beat) ml/min
RESTING CONDITIONS
HR = 72 beats/min SV = 70 ml/
beat
CO = 5 L/min
DURING EXERCISE (nonathelete)
HR – 190 bpm SV – 115ml/beat CO –
22L/min
INTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART –
refers to the mechanism contained within
the heart itself
VENOUS RETURN – amount of blood that
returns to the heart
PRELOAD - the degree to which ventricular
walls are stretched at the end of diastole
STARLING’s LAW OF THE HEART –
relationship between preload & SV
AFTERLOAD – pressure against which the
ventricles must pump blood
EXTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART
• Ex. Hormonal or nervous regulation
BARORECPTOR REFLEX – stretch receptors
that monitor BP in the aorta in the wall of
the internal carotid aa.
CARDIOREGUALTORY CENTER – medulla
oblongata ( contains chemoreceptors that
are sensitive to changes in Ph & CO2 ,
result in sympathetic stimulation of the
heart