1.

Introduction
The structural design and thus the production of structural elements made of reinforced concrete is
based on forces and loads current in codes of the time. However, during the service life of a structure,
various circumstances may require that the service loads are changed due to:
• Modification of the structure
• Aging of the construction materials
• Deterioration of the concrete caused by reinforcement corrosion
• Earthquake design requirements; fire design changes
• Upgrading of building codes relating to load bearing capacity or service loads etc.

The consideration of the actual loads resisted by a structure is a necessary prerequisite for the devel-
opment of a comprehensive rehabilitation concept. Basically, the methods available for the structural
strengthening of structural elements made of reinforced concrete are as follows:
• Application of cast or sprayed concrete with additional reinforcement
• Placing of additional reinforcement in slots cut in the concrete
• External post-tensioning
• Installation of supports or additional bearing members
• Steel plate bonding to increase shear or flexural capacity.

An alternative to these traditional methods of strengthening is the use of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
composites.

2. Selection of the S&P FRP system

The basic fibres used for the FRP composites are imbedded in a matrix and applied as reinforcing ele-
ments to an existing structural member. For flexural enhancement, prefabricated FRP composites (S&P
Laminates CFK) are used. As prefabricated laminates are not suitable for confinement or shear en-
hancement situations, sheets made of different types of basic fibres are offered for manual lamination
on the job site.

Different types of FRP composites:

Fibre direction Fibre arrangement Typical application
S&P C Sheet uni-directional ——— stretched increase in stiffness
S&P A Sheet uni-directional ——— stretched special applications
S&P G Sheet bi-directional ~~~~ undulating increase in ductility
S&P Laminate CFK uni-directional ——— stretched increase in stiffness
(partly prestressed)

In both the S&P C Sheets and the S&P Laminates CFK, the fibres are stretched. However, due to manual
application, the C Sheet becomes slightly wave like in form. As a consequence, these products are
suited for absorbing tensile forces at a minimum elongation. Both sheets and laminates are preferred
for use in the increasing of flexural capacity of a structural element. Carbon fibres with a high modulus
of elasticity are used in their production. This modulus of elasticity is the decisive parameter when
comparing the various types of carbon fibre sheets and CFK laminates.

In the bi-directional S&P sheets the fibres are arranged in the form of waves due to the weaving process
used in their production. As a result, the absorption of tensile forces takes place at a higher elongation
than with the carbon sheets. Bi-directional sheets are ideally suited for increasing the ductility of a struc-
tural element and are often used in the seismic upgrading of concrete structures. Glass fibres with a
modulus of elasticity of 70,000 N/mm2 are used in these applications. The selection of normal E-glass
or alkali-resistant AR-glass depends on the application. Since strains during load transfer into the
contact substrate are relatively high, the stresses in the substrate are distributed by the formation of
micro-cracks and are thus locally relieved. Thus, glass sheets are able to be applied to substrates with
a low inherent tensile strength.

1
 S&P glass sheets are suited for the strengthening of historic buildings or the increasing of shear capacity
of walls made of bricks or masonry. On the other hand, for the application of S&P C Sheets and
S&P A Sheets an inherent substrate tensile strength of >1.0 N/mm2 is required. In the case of prefabri-
cated S&P Laminates CFK, the load transfer into the substrate is concentrated and thus strengthening
with these laminates requires substrates with an inherent tensile strength >1.5 N/mm2.

Demands on the substrate:

Product Inherent tensile strength
S&P C Sheet / S&P A Sheet >1.0 N/mm2
S&P G Sheet approx. 0.2 N/mm2
S&P Laminate CFK >1.5 N/mm2

Testing of the bond (tensile) strength of the bearing Roughening of the surface by sandblasting or grinding.
substrate.

In order to ensure the load transfer from the S&P FRP system to the substrate, the surface must be
roughened by sandblasting or grinding.

3. Types of fibres for S&P FRP systems

e

Type of fibre Modulus Tensile

Aramid

2500
Carbon

of elasticity strength
2000
GPa N/mm2
s

1500
Glas

Carbon 240 - 640 2,500 - 4,000

S
PE

1000 Aramid 124 3,000 - 4,000

500
Glass 65 - 70 1,700 - 3,000
Steel
Polyester 12 - 15 2,000 - 3,000
0 5 10 15
(Steel 210 250 - 550)

S&P Reinforcement manufactures custom-mode sheets of either a single fibre type or of fibre combina-
tions (hybrids). The advantages and disadvantages of the various fibres are as follows:

2
E- glass: Uncoated E-glass corrodes in alkaline environments. Since the coating may be subjected
to damage near its edges during the application, E-glass should only be applied in non-
alkaline areas (reinforcement of asphalt) or where it is completely embedded in the epoxy
resin matrix. E-glass sheets should not be used for strengthening of concrete in combina-
tion with a water vapour permeable matrix.

AR-glass: Alkali-resistant glass is suited to confinement reinforcement for concrete elements (in-
crease in ductility) in combination with an epoxy resin matrix and a water vapour perme-
able matrix.

An intensive research program has been carried out with the S&P AR Glass. During 28 days the glass
was stored in the substances listed below and then examined:

Saturated solutions of calcium hydroxide:

10% potassium hydroxide
10% sodium hydroxide

Acids: Chlorides:
5% acetic acid 10% calcium chloride
10% hydrochloric acid 10% sodium chloride
10% nitric acid 10% potassium chloride

Nitrates: Sulphates:
10% calcium nitrate 10% calcium sulphate
10% potassium nitrate 10% sodium sulphate
10% sodium nitrate 10% potassium sulphate
10% ammonium nitrate

View of S&P AR Glass in the scanning

electron microscope, after storage

The S&P AR Glass was resistant against all acids, salts and alkalis examined in the test. After a storage
of 28 days none of the samples showed any weight reduction. No surface modification and thus no
attack was observed in the scanning electron microscope. The S&P AR Glass is highly alkali-resistant
(resistance against 100% caustic soda).

Aramid: Aramid is a very tough material. Aramid sheets are used, as an example, for the manu-
facture of bullet-proof vests. For structural elements this extreme toughness provides
benefits for special applications such as the strengthening of rectangular columns.
Because of the very high price of the A fibres, the S&P A Sheet (aramid sheet) is often
replaced by carbon or glass fibre products.
Upon request, S&P offers the S&P A Sheet 120 (Types A and B). The products are uni-
directional fibre sheets of different weights. Several tests have been carried out with
aramid sheets. For more information please ask the S&P engineering department.

Carbon fibres: Used as the basic fibres for reinforcement of concrete, carbon provides all the benefits:
• High modulus of elasticity (depending on fibre type)
• Minimum coefficient of thermal expansion (approx. 50 times lower than steel)
• Excellent fatigue properties
• Excellent resistance to all types of chemical attack
• Will not corrode
• Freeze/thaw and de-icing salt resistance.

3
 4. S&P FRP glass fibre systems
4.1 Seismic upgrading with S&P G Sheet 90/10 (Types A and B)

Lateral
load

Actuator
2000 mm

200/200 mm
column

Load-bearing column after earthquake in San Francisco

(USA)

In the analysis of a structure for seismic upgrading the structure as a whole is considered for ductility.
Individual elements may have their ductility increased using S&P G Sheets 90/10 made of either E-glass
or AR-glass. The performance of glass in ductility enhancement has been proven by large scale
push-pull (reverse cycle) tests. Only system approved epoxy may be used as a primer or for the
impregnation of the S&P G Sheet. Please contact S&P for detailed test reports.

Drift Ratio ∆/L (%)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

...... Reference column

Lateral load

Pull
Push
- - - Column wrapped with C Sheet (1kg/mm ) 2

––– Column wrapped with

G Sheet 90/10 (Types A and B) (4kg/mm ) 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Deflection

4.2 Protection of structures subject to explosion hazards

with S&P G Sheet 50/50
The S&P G Sheet 50/50 has been specially
developed for this field of application. The sheet,
which has a 50% glass content in two orthogo-
nal directions, can be applied in several layers.
Explosion
S&P offers also prefabricated GFK plates for the
same purpose. These are glued on to the struc-
S&P G Sheet AR
tural element with approved epoxy resin. Various
2-directional
test reports are available from S&P Reinforce-
ment.

The S&P specialty products have been tested for

special protective structural elements for NATO.

4
4.3 Repairs to historic buildings with S&P G Sheet 50/50

Combination
of adhesives S&P Sheet

The woven S&P G Sheet 50/50 is suited for the reinforcement of historic buildings and for applying to
substrates with a low inherent tensile strength (brickwork/natural stone). The high toughness of the S&P
G Sheet 50/50 ensures the load transfer from the sheet to the substrate by the formation of micro-
cracks. Aspects of building physics in relation to the moisture conditions of the structure should be
taken into account in each individual case.

5. S&P FRP carbon fibre systems

Both uni-directional S&P C Sheets and S&P Laminates CFK can almost be considered as homo-
geneous. Since C fibres are linear-elastic and subject to brittle fracture, FRP laminates loaded in the
fibre direction are also linear-brittle/elastic. If the fibre volume and the mechanical values of the com-
ponents are known, some properties of FRP in the fibre direction can be estimated from a composite
calculation; the low contribution of the matrix in practice can be neglected.

5.1 Mechanical long-term properties

Creep strength
The creep strength of CFRP is far superior to that of other fibre composites. This has been proven in a
large number of tests. In a creep test conducted on CFRP rods in a saline solution under alternating
load, no failure was registered in the rods up to a continuous stress level of 70% of their short-time
tensile strength after 10,000 hours. A creep strength of 79% of the short-time tensile strength is extra-
polated for CFRP rods for a period of 50 years.

When CFRP is used as reinforcement, the continuous tensile stress under service loading can be
expected to be a maximum of 20% of the short-time tensile strength. At this level, no loss of strength
of relevance in dimensioning occurs as a result of continuous stress situations.

Fatigue strength
FRP made of C fibres (CFRP) has a very high fatigue strength. In Japanese tests conducted with maxi-
mum stresses of less than 87.5% of the short-time tensile strength and amplitudes of up to 1,000
N/mm2, more than 4 · 106 load cycles were attained. No fatigue failure and, in the subsequent tensile
test, no reduction in tensile strength was established on CFRP rods embedded in concrete after 4 · 105
load cycles with an oscillation range of 0.05 - 0.5 fc and a frequency of 0.5 Hz.

When CFK plates are used as reinforcement, the maximum stress which can be expected in service will
not exceed 20% of the short-time tensile strength and hence it is not the fatigue strength of the CFK
material which governs the design, but always the reinforcing or prestressing steel.

5
 Creep and relaxation
Creep and relaxation are expressions of the viscoelastic behaviour of a material. With fibre composites,
it is possible to distinguish between axial creep in the composite cross section and interlaminar creep.
Both types of creep are negligible in CFK laminates under continuous stress conditions which occur
when used in strengthening applications.
Under continuous loads which exist in the service state, carbon fibres themselves do not display a
measurable creep deformation or stress loss as a result of relaxation. In contrast, the epoxy resin matrix
is a visco-elastic material and is linear-elastic up to a strain of εM = ±20%. Hence, creep failure will not
occur when strains are less than the yield strain of the reinforcing steel (which is not permitted to creep
in the service state).
The ratio of the Young’s Moduli Ef/Em = ±30 and the matrix volume component of vM = ±30% means
that the tensile force carried by the matrix is only some 0.5% of the total tensile force. Force rearrange-
ments of the fibres as a result of matrix creep can thus be neglected. There is seen to be virtually no
correlation between time and strength for UD laminates which have continuous fibres and which are
loaded in a direction parallel to the fibres.
Relaxation tests conducted on CFRP rods over a period of 3,000 hours with a starting stress level of
70% of the static short-time tensile strength produced relaxation losses of less than 2%. Relaxation
losses of 2 to 3% were extrapolated from the logarithmic profile of the creep curve over time for a dura-
tion of 50 years and the above stress level.
To sum up, it can be stated that UD-CFRP plates bonded with epoxy resin do not undergo significant
creep or relaxation when subjected to the types of low creep generating continuous loading which result
from their application to elements which are already subject to dead loads.

5.2 Physical and chemical material properties

Durability
CFRP exhibits very good resistance to all the chemical attacks of relevance to construction applica-
tions. This has been proven by a large number of tests. Creep tests on CFRP rods under permanent
stress levels of 5 to 75% of the short-time tensile strength and temperatures of 21°C - 80°C, which were
exposed to simulated concrete pore liquids at pH = 10 - 13.5 over a period of three months, did not
reveal any reduction in interlaminar shear strength.

Component tests on prestressed concrete beams, reinforced with CFRP rods prestressed to 40% of
their short-time tensile strength, which were immersed in alkaline solutions for 81 days at pH =
12.5 - 13, did not show any strength reduction. Parallel tests on bare CFRP rods that were exposed to
the same solutions at 60°C likewise failed to show any negative influence on the mechanical properties,
from the immersion.

Thermal properties
The measured coefficient of linear thermal expansion for the two S&P plate types in the longitudinal and
transverse direction are set out in the following table.

Plate type αT; longit. [10-6K-1] αT; transv. [10-6K-1]

S&P 150/2000 ±0 30
S&P 200/2000 ±0 20

6
The coefficient of thermal expansion in the transverse direction is of no relevance for dimensioning. The
difference between the coefficient of expansion of the S&P Laminate CFK plates in the longitudinal
direction and that of concrete, at αT = ±10 · 10-6K-1, could be expected to have a negative impact on the
bond between the plate and the concrete in the event of major temperature fluctuations.

At EMPA, two series of beams were subjected to a static bending test following 100 freeze/thaw cycles
at between -25°C and 20°C and the results were compared to those of identically designed beams that
had not been exposed to the freeze/thaw cycles. The beams in one of the series displayed cracks prior
to the freeze/thaw cycles on account of prior loading, while the beams in the other series had no cracks.
The beams were saturated with water during the freeze cycles, which meant it was possible to study
the potential loosening of the composite structure as a result of freezing water, in addition to the poten-
tial impact of any thermal incompatibility of the CFRP and the concrete. The results did not reveal any
reduction in flexural load bearing capacity, when compared to the reference beams.

A further concrete beam reinforced with a CFRP plate was cooled to -60°C without the plate becoming
detached from the concrete or any fibre buckling resulting from the induced compressive stresses.

The adhesive bond between a CFK plate and an aluminium substrate did not reveal any damage to the
bond up to the minimum temperature of -133°C. The problem of thermal incompatibility is more
pronounced with CFRP/aluminium composites than with CFRP/concrete composites on account of the
aluminium’s high coefficient of expansion (αT,AL = 23.4 10-6K-1). Even though it was not possible to study
potential bond failure in this test, the test nonetheless showed that, under the temperature conditions
of relevance for construction purposes, no fibre or plate buckling has to be expected as a result of
forced compressive stresses with standard-modulus CFRP plates.

According to the current state of knowledge, the dissimilar thermal expansion behaviour of CFRP plates
and concrete in no way impairs the load carrying capacity of structural elements strengthened with
CFRP plates. Nonetheless, in order to make provision for any potential uncertainty and knowledge gaps,
it is recommended (in agreement with design guidelines contained in an existing CFRP plate approval),
that the design value for the bond failure stress be reduced by 10% when major temperature fluctua-
tions have to be taken into account. This recommended reduction is based on approximate estimates.

Fire behaviour
Carbon fibres have high heat resistance. The glass transition point of the matrix resin is TGM = 100 -
130°C. The load carrying capacity of the composite system is determined by the adhesive which has a
glass transition point of TGK = ±47°C. This temperature will be attained after just a few minutes of a stan-
dard fire.

With reinforcement levels of η ≤ γv ≤ 1.75 below the safety level for the structural element in the
reinforced state, element safety will not fall below γresidual = 1.0 in the event of plate failure. The fire
resistance period will then be conditioned by the reinforced concrete component, i.e. by the cover on
the concrete. The fire resistance period can be increased by a fire protection cladding.

With reinforcement levels ηB, of γv < η ≤2, the structural element safety in the event of plate failure will
fall to γresidual = γv/η <1.0. The fire protection cladding must thus prevent the layer of adhesive from heating
up to TGK over the desired fire resistance period. This should be verified in each individual case.

7
 6. Manual lamination at the job site
with S&P C Sheet
UD carbon sheets are used as confinement reinforcement for load bearing elements or as external shear
reinforcement for beams. As the influence of the matrix is negligible in terms of strength, only the fibre
properties (not the properties of the composite) and the theoretical fibre cross section are used for
design purposes.

The theoretical fibre thickness for design of a UD carbon sheet layer is determined as follows:

S&P C-Sheet

Theoretical fibre weight of C fibre

=
thickness for design density of C fibre

Due to the application process, the site lamination does not always produce an optimum fibre ar-
rangement. There is also a risk of damage to the fibres while they are being rolled on to the surface. It
is therefore recommended that the E-modulus used for the fibres be reduced by a safety factor [S].

1.2 UD stretched products

Recommended safety factor [S]: 1.5 woven products

The value of strain used in design should not be greater than 50% of the ultimate strain and it also
depends on the individual case at the strengthening (Shear/Confinement/Flexural)

Recommended design values for strain of C fibre sheets:

• Shear reinforcement Limiting design strain = 0.2-0.3%
• Confinement reinforcement
Limiting design strain = 0.4-0.6%
of load-bearing structures
• Flexural reinforcement Limiting design strain = 0.6-0.8%

The selection of the ideal carbon fibre for the production of a sheet is based on the following criteria:

Carbon fibre type: Modulus of elasticity 640,000 N/mm2 (Safety factor S = 1.2)
Ultimate strain 0.4%
Limiting design strain 0.2%
Field of application: Shear reinforcement S&P C Sheet 640

8
Properties of S&P C Sheet 640 for external shear strengthening

Weight Theoretical Modulus Ultimate

thickness of elasticity elongation

400 gr./m2 0.190 mm 640,000 N/mm2 0.4%

Width of S&P C Sheet Shear force (0.2%) for design (1 layer)

150 mm 30 · 103 N each side
300 mm 60 · 103 N each side

Carbon fibre type: Modulus of elasticity 240,000 N/mm2 (safety factor S = 1.2)
Ultimate strain 1.55%
Limiting design strain 0.4-0.6%
Field of application: Confinement
reinforcement of load-bearing structures S&P C Sheet 240
(Replacing of corroded stirrups)

Properties of S&P C Sheet 240 for confinement reinforcement

Weight Theoretical thickness Modulus Ultimate

(C fibres only) of elasticity strain

200 gr./m2 0.117 mm 240,000 N/mm2 1.55%

300 gr./m2 0.176 mm 240,000 N/mm2 1.55%

Width of carbon (1 layer of sheet) Tensile force (0.6%) for design (1 layer)
200 gr./m2 weight 300 gr./m2 weight
300 mm 42 · 103 N 63 · 103 N
1000 mm 140 · 103 N 210 · 103 N

9
 6.1 Aspects of building physics to consider in site application

A STRUCTURE MUST BE PERMEABLE

TO WATER VAPOUR FROM THE INSIDE
TO THE OUTSIDE.
VITRUVIUS De-bonding of a coating
Roman architect and engineer, approx. 50 B.C. due to vapour pressure.

When total surface wrapping of concrete is intended, aspects of building physics must be considered.
30-50% of the surface of the element should remain water vapour permeable. A total surface coverage
with an epoxy matrix is therefore not suitable. In such cases, the element is only partially wrapped. As
an alternative, the matrix can be varied as follows:

Anchoring area of the sheet: Epoxy matrix => System approved

Water vapour permeable area of the sheet: PU or acrylic matrix adhesives

Calculation of the water vapour permeability of the coating

Sd = µ H2O · layer thickness [m] < 4 m

Sd: Resistance of the coating against water vapour transmission

µH2O: Water vapour transmission rate of the coating

As is the case with thin coatings, aspects of building physics must be checked when intending to fully
wrap with fibre composites. The type of matrix used is the limiting factor relating to water vapour trans-
mission.

FRP matrix µH2O Shear modulus

Epoxy matrix 1,000,000 >3,000 N/mm2
PU or acrylic matrix 400 - 3,000 50 - 500 N/mm2

In areas where the fibre composites are subject to load transfer (anchoring and lap zones), it is always
necessary to apply an epoxy matrix with a high shear modulus. In the water vapour permeable zones
of the fibre composite, however, a PU or acrylic matrix is used to protect the C fibres.

When using FRP for reinforcement, it is essential that aspects of building physics be considered
in each individual case.

10
Example A

A total coverage for flexural reinforcement using

S&P C Sheets is not recommended. Reinforce-
ment using S&P Laminates CFK, allowing water
vapour transmission between the laminates, is a
better solution.

Example B

A total surface coverage using C sheets and an

epoxy matrix to the underside of the box girder
soffit is possible. Water vapour permeability into
the inside of the box girder is assured.

Example C
• Epoxy adhesive • PU or acrylic adhesive
(anchoring/lap (water vapour
area) permeable area)

Due to the use of different matrices, 50% of the

element's surface remain open to water vapour
transmission.

11
 6.2 Special adhesives for site application of FRP sheet systems

Standard adhesives System approved standard adhesives may only be applied to substrates with
a moisture content of <4%. In addition, the dew point must be measured
during the application; the temperature must be at least 3°C above the dew
point.

Special adhesives System approved special adhesives are required for substrates with a high
moisture content. In order to ensure an optimum load transfer from the FRP
to the substrate, a system approved primer must be brushed into the sub-
strate.

PU or acrylic matrix These adhesives are not suitable for load transfer areas and must not be
applied to lap areas of C sheets. The vapour permeable adhesives serve as a
protection of the C fibre.

Note: Special adhesives for underwater applications of S&P Sheets (off-shore

works) are available from S&P.

The application guidelines of the system approved primer and the impregnation epoxy must be fol-
lowed in each case. These guidelines must be ordered from the supplier of the reinforcing system.
Recommended Health and Safety measures for the use of epoxies must be observed. The S&P FRP
reinforcing systems may only be applied in combination with system approved adhesives. In the case
of non-compliance, all product liabilities are declined.

7. Strengthening of load bearing elements with

S&P C Sheet 240

7.1 Replacing of corroded reinforcement by using FRP

In the case of traditional concrete repair, also the corroded steel reinforcement is replaced by FRP. Thus,
the original safety factor of the constructional element is guaranteed after the repair.

Concept:

• Remove all spalled concrete.

• If the chloride content of the concrete exceeds the approved limit, apply a corrosion inhibitor.
• Repair with cementitious repair mortar.
• New: The corroded reinforcement may be replaced with FRP.
• Finally, coat the structural element.

12
Replacement of corroded flexural reinforcement with
S&P Laminates CFK bonded into slots.

Slot-applied
S&P Laminate CFK

Epoxy
adhesive

Slot-applied
S&P Laminate CFK

S&P Laminates CFK (type 10 mm/1.4 mm) are epoxy bonded into slots cut into the column to prevent
buckling.

The corroded reinforcing stirrups are replaced by confinement

reinforcement with S&P C Sheets 240.

In order to verify the reinforcing effect of the FRP confinement against compressive loading, various
tests were conducted by internationally recognized testing institutes on behalf of S&P Reinforcement.

13
 7.2 Large scale tests on FRP reinforced circular columns
At the Technical University of Gent (Belgium)
large scale tests were carried out on circular
columns of height 2.0m and diameter 400mm, to
which different FRP systems had been applied.

FRP • S&P C Sheet 240 (stretched fibres)

systems: • S&P C Sheet 640 (stretched fibres)
• Carbon/glass hybrid (undulating fibres)
• Glass sheet (undulating fibres)

The increase in compressive strength obtained

from the FRP confinement was measured.

In order to achieve an identical increase in compressive strength, the following fibre quantities were
required in the confinement direction:

• S&P C Sheet 240 (stretched fibres) 1.0 kg of C fibres

• S&P C Sheet 640 (stretched fibres) 1.6 kg of C fibres
• Carbon/glass hybrid (undulating fibres) 2 - 3 kg of fibres
• Glass sheet (undulating fibres) ≈ 4.0 kg of G fibres (3.6 kg confinement, 0.4 kg vertical)

Since the consumption of epoxy adhesive increases in proportion to the fibre volume, the use of cheap
glass fibres for confinement reinforcement is not economical.

The cost/benefit comparison shows that

the confinement reinforcement of the load bearing column
with the S&P C Sheet 240 is the most economical solution.

In an additional test series the columns were wrapped with S&P C Sheet. The approved adhesive was
applied to the anchoring/lap areas only, and the remaining surface of the columns was left without
adhesive (water vapour permeable). The increase in compressive strength of the columns with partial
and with full surface adhesive application was more or less identical. The reinforcing effect of the water
vapour permeable FRP confinement could thus be established.

14
Large scale test on a column with confinement reinforcement
of 5 layers of S&P C Sheet 240

Identical tests were carried

out on circular and rectangular
cross sections.

increase of
the compressive
strength 100%

(D=150 mm)

Rounding
of edges
R = 1 cm
60%
R = 3 cm
80%

In order to guarantee
two confined cores, a
line of horizontal bars,
firmly attached to the
external concrete sur-
face on its both ends,
should cross the section of the column. The verti-
cal spacement between these bars shall not
exceed the diameter of the cores to be confined.

15
 7.3 Design concept for the confinement of axially
loaded columns
While the design of structures subject to bending moments is generally based on capacity design prin-
ciples, where a high level of ductility is required of an element when it passes into the non-linear range,
the strengthening of axially loaded columns by means of external confinement reinforcement produces
a triaxial stress situation due to the fact that strains at right angles to the direction of loading are im-
peded, thus allowing a substantial increase in the load carrying capacity of the column. Since this
increase is proportional to the increase in transverse compressive strength, confining materials should
therefore exhibit a low ductility. Carbon fibres are very well suited for this application as they offer a high
modulus of elasticity and exhibit linear-elastic behaviour until failure, without yielding. Thus, what
appears to be a negative feature in the case of flexural strengthening, can be considered an advantage
for confinement.

The design concept is based on a circular column completely wrapped with S&P C Sheet. If an axial
load N is applied to this column, a vertical stress σz is created. In addition, due to the fact that the strain
at right angles to the longitudinal axis is impeded by the confinement reinforcement, a horizontal com-
pressive stress σx is created which acts evenly from all sides (Fig. 1). The highest stress σx the C sheet
can carry, is calculated as follows:

fFRP: Tensile strength of the C fibre sheet [N/mm2]

f ·t
σx = FRP FRP tFRP: Thickness of the C fibre sheet [mm]
r r: Radius of the column [mm]

Due to the confinement reinforcement, the con-

crete of the column is exposed to a triaxial com-
pressive stress condition. If the cross elongation
of steel reinforced concrete columns is impeded
by means of steel clamps, the concrete com-
pressive strength can be increased to a maxi-
mum of:

fC FRP = fc + 4 · σx

fC FRP: Concrete compressive strength after

FRP confinement [N/mm2]
fc: Uniaxial concrete compressive strength
[N/mm2]
Fig. 1: Longitudinal and cross section of a con-
crete column exposed to a vertical load and σx : Horizontal concrete compressive stress
completely wrapped with a C sheet. resulting from confinement reinforcement
with C fibres [N/mm2]

The related longitudinal compressive strain εcc of the column can be expressed as:

[ { }]
fC FRP
εcc = εco · 1+5 -1
fC
fc
εco =
60

Non-regular situations, especially those regarding columns with some of its longitudinal bars not
strongly tied by the internal stirrups should be carefully analysed, regarding, for example, what is estab-
lished at the FIB Bulletin nr. 1. In this situation the S&P A Sheet 120 can be an interesting solution.

16
 Example:
A circular column Ø 300 mm requires its axial compressive stress capacity increased from
4.0 N/mm2 to 7.0 N/mm2 (+3.0 N/mm2), safety factor 1.75:
Required 4σx = 1.75 x 3.0 N/mm2 = 5.25 N/mm2
1 layer of S&P C Sheet 240 (200 gr./m2) = 4 N/mm2 => 2 layers are required
Design table: FRP confinement of axially loaded columns

17
 7.4 FRP confinement of axially loaded columns:
Application guidelines

Slot-application of S&P Laminate CFK Rounding of edges R =1-3 cm

Checking of flatness (max. deviation 1 mm per 30 cm) Application of S&P C Sheet 240

Sanding of S&P C Sheet Mineral-based final coating

18
8. Prefabricated FRP laminates
Prefabricated laminates are produced by the extrusion method. In a continuous process, the carbon
fibres are soaked in epoxy resin and hardened through heating. For technical reasons, the extrusion
method limits a maximum fibre content to approx. 70%. The elastic properties of a uni-directional layer
can be calculated from the performance of the fibres and of the matrix. Since the modulus of elasticity
and the tensile strength of the matrix can be neglected for the calculation of the laminate properties,
the values are approx. 70% of the values of the carbon fibre. The S&P laminates are manufactured by
a new method. For the production of S&P hybrid laminates various types of carbon fibres with different
moduli of elasticity and different tensile strengths are used. Normally, the modulus of elasticity of a
hybrid laminate does not have a linear progression. Carbon fibres with a high modulus of elasticity and
a low ultimate elongation will break sooner than fibres with a low modulus of elasticity. In the hybrid,
however, the C fibres with a higher elongation are prestressed during the production procedure. This
produces a linear progressive modulus of elasticity in the laminate. Due to this hybrid technology, inex-
pensive C fibres with a low modulus of elasticity can be used.

While the design for manual on-site lamination is based on the theoretical fibre cross section and the
parameters of the fibres only, the design for application of prefabricated CFK laminates is based on the
cross section and the parameters of the composite.

S&P Laminate CFK

Thickness
of laminate

The production of the S&P Laminates CFK is subject to a strict quality control procedure in accordance
with ISO 9001. Thus, the properties of the laminates are guaranteed by the manufacturer.

Properties S&P Laminate 150/2000 S&P Laminate 200/2000

S&P Laminates CFK
Modulus of elasticity
165,000 N/mm2 205,000 N/mm2
for design
Ultimate tensile strength 2,700 - 3,000 N/mm2 2,400 - 2,600 N/mm2

Special laminates with a modulus of elasticity of 300,000 N/mm2 can be custom-made to the specific
requirements of a project. However, the application is often not economical because of their low effec-
tive tensile strength (~1,200 N/mm2). For the laminates with a modulus of elasticity equivalent to steel,
calculation rules for steel plate bonding are used. Due to the higher utilization of the tensile strength,
this type of laminate is normally the most economical alternative.

19
 8.1 Design for flexural strengthening using
S&P Laminates CFK
The bonding of an additional external S&P Laminate CFK on to the tensile stress zone of a structural
element subject to bending is carried out with a system approved epoxy resin. Thus, a reinforced con-
crete structure is produced with an elastic-plastic (steel reinforcement) and a perfectly elastic tensile
element (S&P Laminate CFK). Models for the calculation of the load bearing capacity of the composite
structure and of the anchor lengths were found by means of bond tests.
* for more details ask for the Expert Opinion by
Prof. Rostasy, TU Braunschweig

Related bond failure forces of all bond tests on CFK laminates, depending on the anchor length (TU
Braunschweig, Germany)

The existing design model for the bond strength of reinforcements glued on to concrete is based on the
non-linear mechanics of brittle fracture and is suited for any type of elastic laminate material. The appli-
cability of the existing models was established during the bond tests carried out to obtain the approval
for S&P Laminates CFK in several countries.

8.2 Approved elongation limit for design

Cracks in the exposed area of the concrete are necessary for the steel reinforcement to absorb the
bending stresses. A high allowable elongation limit of the laminate permits large depth cracks. With a
low allowable laminate elongation the crack depth remains minimal. Large crack depths lead to a
detachment of the CFK laminates due to shear forces caused by displacements.

Concrete

Concrete Concrete

Steel Steel

Steel

min. ε max. ε
(elongation of the laminate) (elongation of the laminate)
Detachment of the laminate

20
Beam tests have demonstrated that the detach-
ment of the laminate depends on the elastic
elongation as well as on the plastic steel elon-
gation. Failure of the internal reinforcement was
initiated at an elongation of the CFK laminate of
approx. 0.65% which corresponds to 5.7 times
the yielding point of the internal steel. Failure of
the structure occurred at an elongation of the
S&P laminate of approx. 1.3%.

Measured plate tensile forces from local strains:

Theoretical and measured plate tensile forces in slab

The approved maximum elongation limit for design

of S&P Laminates should therefore be restricted to 0.6 - 0.8%.

Recommended tensile strength of the S&P Laminate for design:

Elongation limit for S&P Laminate 200/2000 S&P Laminate 150/2000
flexural design (E = 205,000 N/mm2) (E = 165,000 N/mm2)
0.6% 1200 N/mm2 1000 N/mm2
0.8% 1600 N/mm2 1300 N/mm2

In addition, it must be checked that the internal reinforcement of the structural element will not
undergo plastic deformation in the service state. In practice, the tensile strength for design of the
S&P Laminate CFK will often be restricted by the elongation limit of the internal reinforcement (DIN
0.5%, Euro Standard 1.0%).

The following diagram shows the procedure for dimensioning of the flexural strength with S&P Lami-
nates CFK.

21
 8.3 Procedure for design of flexural strength (diagram)

A Reinforcing factor V

According to
German approval
η: Strengthening factor
Mv: Moment ultimate stress state (after strengthening)
Mo: Moment ultimate stress state (before strengthening)

B Design rules

22
C Check of spacing

D Development length (anchor length)

23
 8.4 Flexural strengthening with S&P Laminates CFK:
Application guidelines

Delivery of S&P Laminates CFK Cutting of S&P Laminates CFK

Application of adhesive to laminate Pressing on of laminate

• Standard epoxy Moisture content substrate <4%

• Special adhesive for wet substrate Moisture content substrate >4%
• Special adhesive for low temperature Application up to -20°C
• Special adhesives for underwater applications Upon request

Box girder soffit reinforced with S&P Laminates CFK

24
9. Design software “flexural/shear”
for S&P FRP systems
Peter Onken, Wiebke vom Berg, Dirk Matzdorff; bow ingenieure, Braunschweig

9.1. General Introduction

S&P Lamella is an analysis program for reinforced concrete slabs and beams that have to be strengt-
hened with S&P FRP laminates to resist uniaxial bending. The program can be used both as a design
tool for strengthening beams and slabs and as an analysis tool for checking existing designs. The pro-
gram provides the user with the appropriate FRP laminates, internal forces and performs the necessary
calculations for proving that a given design satisfies the requirements of a specific job.
The program was developed in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 for Windows '95, Windows '98 and Windo-
ws NT operating systems. The program is windows-based both for input and output. The analysis
results can be printed directly by a standard windows printer. Routines for automatic installation and
deinstallation will be provided on the compact disc. The program is adjustable to different country con-
figurations.

9.2. Analytical Basis

The program S&P Lamella has been developed for different national code systems as British Stan-
dard BS 8110, American Concrete Institute ACI 318 and Eurocode 2. For calculations following the
ACI code system, the program supports the European metric system as well as the American imperial
system (psi). Additionally the program is based on the analytical approach of the German General
Approval for the Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Members by Externally Bonded CFRP lamina-
tes and also on the guidelines in the Rules for the Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Members via
External Bonding of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer laminates, Draft Sept. 1998.
The prevailing national code can be chosen by the user at the start of the program as shown in the
opening window (fig. 1).

Internal forces for the existing system

to be strengthened must be determined
initially by the user in a hand calculati-
on or with the help, for example, of a
separate structural analysis program.
The design for unstrengthened and
strengthened systems is performed ite-
ratively by finding the internal force
equilibrium of the concrete cross-
section. Plane sections are assumed
to remain plane and the constitutive
models for concrete and steel corre-
spond to non-linear stress-strain rela-
tionships in accordance with the na-
tional codes. Concrete is assumed to
have no tensile strength.
Fig. 1 Opening window of the program

9.3. Safety Concept

The program is following the safety concept of the different national standards according to the code
chosen in the opening window. The safety concept of the provided national codes is based on partial
safety factors for ultimate limit states, i.e. on one side the partial safety factors for actions or loads on
building structures and on the other side the partial safety factors for materials. In the special case of
the ACI 318 the partial safety factor on the material side is expressed by a reduction factor. The follo-
wing table gives an overview.

25
 Table 1: Partial safety factors for EC2, BS ACI

The program calculates the necessary

Loads materials cross-sectional area of the CFRP strips
Code dead loads live loads concrete reinforcement for the ultimate limit state of the
strengthened structure under the follo-
γG γQ γC γS wing condition
MRdf > MSdf
Eurocode 2 1,35 1,5 1,5 1,15
where MRdf indicates the design resi-
BS 8110 1,4 1,6 1,5 1,15 stance (internal moment) of the strengt-
hened section and MSdf indicates the
ACI 318 1,4 1,7 1 / 0,9 design action or load of the streng-
thened structure.
The serviceability check of the strengthened system is not provided by the program. In every case where it is neces-
sary the serviceability, like the control of crack width and the deflection of structure has to be checked by the user.

9.4. Program Sequence

At the beginning of the calculations the user has to enter the
sectional area of the concrete structure, the existing reinfor-
cement and the material properties of the concrete structure.
Furthermore it is necessary to choose the desired type of
CFRP strip (high or low modulus of elasticity) before starting
the calculations.
The user then specifies the characteristic bending moment
present in the reinforced concrete section at the time just
prior to strengthening, i.e. what moment, MSk0, acts on the
section at the time when the lamellas are bonded in place.
Commonly this will be the dead load moment. This input
defines the initial state of strain in the section. Next, the
expected moment demand after strengthening MSdL must be
specified, which is corresponding to design loads. This
procedure is shown schematically in figure 2.

The program calculates the design resistance of the

unstrengthened section MRd0 and in dependence of the
expected design moment MSdf the degree of strengthening η.
Furthermore the program provides the required cross-
sectional area for the FRP laminates Af req for the strengthened
section. Figure 3 depicts the superposition of the initial strain
and additional demand in the strengthened state. The strains
are assumed to have linear distribution.

Fig. 2 Load cases before / during

and after strengthening the
concrete structure

After dimensioning the cross-sectional area of

Fig. 3 Superposition of the initial strain and addi-
tional strain after strengthening
the external bonded FRP laminates additional
windows provide the user with the ability to
control the strain profiles for the ultimate limit
state (ULS) and service limit state (SLS).
Furthermore in additional proofs the program
performs a bonding check for the anchorage of
the FRP laminates and shear strength check of
the strengthened structure. If necessary, the
level of required externally bonded FRP sheets
will be determined to increase the shear capa-
city.

26
9.5. Input data
9.5.1 General
To enter the input data for the calculations the program supports the user by a special card file system.
The card files are sorted in different blocks like geometry, reinforcement, material properties and load
actions as depicted in figure 1. According to the different national codes the input fields for the materi-
al properties are containing some default values. In some special cases default values can only be
changed by the provided enable key-button in the menu. These values may not be conform to the
regulations of the national codes. For quick changes the program allows to enter input data in any card
file in spite of the sequence of the card files. Special graphic elements in every card file will support the
user to identify the required input data.

9.5.2 Geometry
The program supports the calculation of 3
different section types: slabs, rectangular
beams and T-beams. After entering the
dimensions of the concrete section it has
to be considered if the calculations will
perform for positive and negative
moments, i.e. a moment of span or a
moment at support. The input card file for
the geometry of the concrete section is
depicted in figure 4.

Fig. 4 Geometry input card file (T-beam)

9.5.3 Rebars
The next card file contains the parameters
of reinforcement. The program allows the
input of 2 layers of rebars on the tension
side and also includes possibility of
compression rebars. The input card file for
reinforcement is depicted in figure 5.

Fig. 5 Rebars input card file (T-beam)

9.5.4 Steel –
Material Properties
The card file steel contains details of the
reinforcement material properties for the
tension layer, compression layer and stir-
rups. According to the different national
codes the input data fields for the material
properties are containing default values.
The reinforcement steel is assumed to be
elastic-perfectly plastic as depicted in
figure 6. The modulus of elasticity, the
maximum steel strain and the partial
safety factor for reinforcement can be
changed if necessary by a special enable
Fig. 6 Steel input card file key-button.

27
 9.5.5 Concrete – Material Properties
Fig. 7 Concrete input card file
9.5.6 FRP – Material Properties
Fig. 8 FRP input card file
9.5.7 Load
Fig. 9 Load input card file
28
In accordance to the CEB Model Code 90
concrete is assumed to have parabolic
stress-strain characteristics up to a point
where it is assumed to behave perfectly
plastic, as shown in figure 7. The maximum
strain for concrete subjected to uniaxial
compression is limited as stated in the
prevailing national codes. Also the concre-
te classes and the partial safety factor for
concrete are classified to these codes. The
special enable button can be used to
change the default values.
After entering the data of the concrete
structure it is necessary to choose the de-
sired type of FRP laminates. There are two
types of FRP laminates available: S&P
150/2000 and S&P 200/2000. The FRP
laminates are assumed to behave linear
elastically (figure 8). The modulus of elasti-
city will be chosen according to type of
laminates. The strain limit states for the
laminates are set according to the German
General Approval for the Strengthening of
Reinforced Concrete Members by Exter-
nally Bonded CFRP laminates:
εF max = 5 fsyk/Es
εF max = 0.0065 for S&P CFRP Strips 150/2000
εF max = 0.0075 for S&P CFRP Strips 200/2000
Before starting the calculation the design
values for load actions have to be spe-
cified. First of all the user must check the
bending moment at time of strengthening
MSk0 (Fig. 1) which is assumed to be a cha-
racteristic value. This bending moment is
needed to evaluate the initial state of strain
in the unstrengthened structure. For the
calculation of the necessary cross-sectio-
nal area for the laminates the input of the
design moment after strengthening MSdf is
required. The input value MSdf must include
the partial safety factors for combination of
action.
Next the characteristic moment after
strengthening MSkf is needed for the calcu-
lation of strain profile under service state
conditions (SLS). This value can be entered
exactly by the user or calculated from the
program with an average load safety factor.
The default value may be changed by the
user. The input card file for the load is
depicted in figure 9.
9.6. Analytical Procedure and Dimensioning
Fig. 10 Dimensioning output window
Fig. 11 Strain output window (ULS)
After entering the required data the calcu-
lations will be started by the calc button.
The very exact iterative solution procedure,
the use of non-linear material properties for
both concrete and steel and the possibility
to include the effects of compression
rebars enable an especially economical
allocation of FRP laminates. The necessary
cross-sectional area for the strips will be
determined by satisfying the equilibrium
conditions for the internal forces (ΣH = 0,
ΣM = 0) through varying the state of the
internal strain distribution.
An opening window (dimensioning card file
as shown in figure 10) provides the user
with the ability to choose the cross-section
of FRP laminates and the number of lami-
nates or especially for slabs the distance
between the laminates. If the provided
cross-sectional area of the laminates
exceeds the required value the program
conducts the proof: MRdf > MSdf. and the
following card files will be enabled. Further
the program is giving the degree of streng-
thening h which indicates the ratio between
the resistance of the strengthened section
(MSdf) and the resistance of the unstreng-
thened section (MRd0).
Additional windows allow the control of the
strain profiles for the ultimate limit state
(ULS) and the service limit state (SLS).
41
 9.7. Additional Proofs
9.7.1 Bonding Check
The proof of bonding strength is performed
according to regulations of the German
General Approval for the Strengthening of
Reinforced Concrete Members by Extern-
ally Bonded CFRP laminates as a function
of the substrate strength and the end point
of the laminates. Therefore the beginning of
the loaded portion of laminates (in tension)
can be pinpointed depending on local
moment distribution and also depending
on staggered reinforcement. The proof that
the bond strength is greater than the bond
tensile force in the theoretical ultimate
moment will be performed in a specific out-
put window. Recommendations for the
bonding length are given by the program.

Fig. 12 Bonding output window

9.7.2 Shear Design

The shear strength calculation is performed
according to the rules of the different natio-
nal codes. The existing stirrups are taken
into account. The magnitude of demand
will determine whether or not shear reinfor-
cement is required. If necessary, the level of
required externally bonded strap binder is
determined either for steel material or by
using S&P C Sheets 640. The program is
given recommendations for the anchoring
of the required strap binder.

Fig. 13 Shear output window

9.8. Other Features

In addition to purely technical functions, the program offers the possibility to enter project and position
numbers as well as descriptions. Data blocks can be loaded or saved as needed. The program also
enables the user to input a letterhead that then appears at the top of every page of output. Input data,
analysis results and strain profiles can be printed by a standard windows printer.

42
Sampel using S&P design software

Moment at time of
Cross-section FRP strengthening

Moment due to service

(after FRP strengthening)

Moment due to design loads

(after FRP strengthening)

The code for the access to

the S&P Design Software is
replaced every year. Please
ask S&P or our regional
representative for the new
valid code.

43
 S&P Lamella
– bending tension reinforcing with CFK Lamella –

44
45
46
10. External shear reinforcement using FRP
Often when using CFK laminates for flexural strengthening, it is necessary to increase the shear capa-
city. This can be achieved by using S&P C Sheets 640.

Shear force (V) must be resisted by the concrete (Vc), by the internal stirrups (Vs) and by the glued-on
S&P C sheet 640 (Vf).
V = Vc+ Vs + Vf
Usually in the International Codes Shear, V is controlled by a limit called Vr, that depends on the cross-
section area. Assuming that V < Vr, two situations may be distinguished:

Situation 1: The existing internal shear reinforcement (plus concrete) is not sufficient to absorb the
shear force:
Vf = V – Vc –Vs

In this case, the S&P C Sheets 640 must be anchored in the compression zone.

The S&P C Sheet 640 is anchored in the web,

150 mm above the neutral axis. According to
Slots are cut into the plate in order to allow com- some International Standards, encapsulation of
plete wrapping with S&P C Sheet 640 strips. the stirrups in the compression zone is required.

47
 Situation 2: The existing internal shear stirrups (plus concrete) are sufficient to absorb the shear force.

V < Vs + Vc

In this case, the S&P C Sheet 640 must be dimensioned to transfer the shear force from below (from
the flexural strengthening) up to the stirrups, in order to guarantee the complete compliance to the truss
model (strut and tie).

So, the S&P C Sheet 640 doesn’t need to go up to the compression zone, but only to have a length that
guarantees the overlapping with the stirrups beyond the centroid of the flexural reinforcement.

existing stirrups (shear reinforcement)

100 mm

existing flexural reinforcement

flexural strengthening with S&P laminates CFK

shear compatibility with S&P Sheet C 640

The S&P design software automatically calculates the cross section of stirrups made of steel or S&P C
Sheet 640. These additional external shear stirrups can be replaced by external shear reinforcement
with S&P C Sheets 640.

The maximum strain when S&P C Sheet 640

is used in shear applications shall not exceed 0.2-0.3 %,
in order to be compatible with elongation of
the internal stirrups.

48
Technical data of S&P C Sheets 640 (external shear reinforcement)

Weight Theoretical Elastic modulus Breaking elongation

thickness of C fibres
400 gr/m2 0.190 mm 640´000 N/mm2 0.4%

Width of S&P C Sheet 640 Shear force absorption for design Potential replacing of
(0.2%), 1 layer application ST37 stirrups according
to the design software
150 mm 30 · 103 N per side 140 mm2 (beam width 1 m)
300 mm 60 · 103 N per side 280 mm2 (beam width 1 m)

During a test series at Potsdam Technical University, the strengthening effect of FRP strips used to
increase the resistance to shear forces of reinforced concrete structures was established.

11. Slot application of S&P Laminates CFK

The S&P Laminate CFK 10/1.4 with a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 1.4 mm is specially designed
to be bonded into slots in concrete or timber structures. A concrete saw is used to cut slots approx. 3
mm wide and 10-15 mm deep into the substrate. The slots are filled with the system approved epoxy
adhesive, and the S&P Laminates are pressed on edge into the adhesive.

The performance of slot-applied laminates has been tested at the Technical University in Munich. The
test results positively proved that a good and uniform bond exists between the laminate and the con-
crete. Furthermore, the high tensile strength of the laminate fibres was fully utilized prior to shear fail-
ure between laminate and surface.

11.1 Bond tests

Tests: Comparison of slot-applied and surface-applied CFK laminates by means of bond strength
tests.

49
 The illustration shows the relative displacement in the static tensile strength test.

Strength-displacement ratios of CFK laminates bonded into slots versus

CFK laminates bonded on to the surface (anchor length 25 cm)

The illustration clearly shows the considerably more ductile behaviour of the slot-applied laminate.

The bond performance of the S&P Laminate corresponds to that of deformed reinforcing steel encased
in concrete. However, the stiffness of the bond in the lower load range is higher than with surface-
applied CFK.

At an anchor length of 25 cm, the slot-applied laminate

provided three times the tensile strength of the surface-applied
laminate with the same cross section.

These test results confirm those numerous investigations which have shown that the bond performance
of reinforcement glued on to the surface is very brittle. The potential relative displacements up to fail-
ure in the bonding area between the CFK laminate and the concrete are within a range of below 0.3 mm,
while the potential displacements of deformed bars encased in concrete are in the range of 1 mm. Thus,
the bond of encased reinforcement is clearly more ductile. This leads to a redistribution of forces
between the surface-applied CFK laminate and the encased deformed steel. Therefore, this type of
bond provides only a relatively low load transfer into the laminate. In addition, this load transfer is highly
dependent on the concrete quality and, particularly, on the substrate bond strength.

The bond provided by slot-bonded CFK laminates has a

considerably higher load canying capacity. Within the range of
working loads, the bond performance is higher and, within the
range of failure loads, far more ductile compared to
surface-applied laminates.

50
11.2 Flexural tests on beams
Three point load tests with a span of 2.5 m were carried out on various reinforced concrete beams.

CFK Laminate

Beam sections

Each sample was either reinforced by a surface-applied CFK laminate 50/1.2 or by two slot-applied
CFK laminates 25/1.2.

– On test beams A1 and B1 failure occurred due to debonding of the CFK laminate.

– On test beam A2 failure occurred due to tensile fracture of the slot-applied laminate.

– On test beam B2, with a low shear reinforcement made of steel, shear failure occurred in the concrete.

The load-deflection curves of test beams A1 and A2 are shown in the illustration:

Interpretation of results from test beams A

At equal stiffnesses, the breaking load was more

than doubled using the slot-applied laminate.
This is due to the high utilization of the tensile
strength of the CFK laminate.

The load-deflection curves of test beams B1 and B2 are shown in the illustration:

Interpretation of results from test beams B

The load-deflection curves are almost identical

except that the slot-applied CFK laminate
exhibited a substantially higher breaking load.

51
 11.3 Benefits of slot-applied laminates
– The improved utilization of the laminate permits higher loads to be applied and laminate cross sec-
tions to be reduced.
– The quality of the substrate (tensile strength of the surface) is less important. Slot-applied laminates
can also transfer loads into substrates with a low bearing capacity (brickwork, masonry).
– The slot application is more economical than levelling and roughening required for surface-applied
laminates.
– The slot-applied laminate is protected against mechanical damage. Better performance is achieved
in the event of a fire, thus reducing the cost of fire protection measures.

11.4 Anchoring at the ends of the laminates

The S&P design software automatically calculates the required anchor length. In case of anchoring the
laminates in a compression zone, no mechanical aid is needed. In the case of steep moment curves,
under tension zone, the anchor length of the S&P laminate as indicated by the S&P design software is
often insufficient. In this situation, two alternatives for anchoring at the laminate ends are available.

A) Strengthening of slabs
The forces are transferred from the laminate into the sub-
strate through a stainless steel plate fixed with 4 - 6 steel
bolts.

Tests demonstrate that with this type of anchoring the ten-

sile force transferred from the laminate into the substrate
can be doubled.

B) Strengthening of beams
The ends of the S&P Laminate CFK are wrapped with the S&P C Sheet 640. Thus, the forces are
transferred into the web of the beam. Tests on bending beams, with and without confinement rein-
forcement of the laminate ends, have been carried out at the University of Lisbon.

Testing arrangement

The test results show that due to the confine-

ment reinforcement of the beam at the ends of
the laminates, the bending moment can be
increased by approx. 20%.

52
12. Seismic retrofitting
Strengthening is often a necessary measure to overcome an unsatisfactory deficient situation or where
a new code requires the structure – or a part of it – to be modified to achieve new requirements.
For a structure to remain elastic under seismic action, typically associated with a 10% exceedance in
50 years, it has to be designed for lateral forces with magnitude in the order of 50% or more of its weight.
As it will cost a lot of money, seismic design codes allow, as design philosophy, the development of sig-
nificant inelastic response since the inherent deformations do not endanger the integrity of the individual
members and of the structure as a whole.
Recent earthquakes in urban areas have repeatedly demonstrated the vulnerability of older structures
to seismic deformation, not only the traditional masonry ones but also those made with reinforced
concrete, particularly regarding the column - beam connection, showing deficient shear strength, low
flexural ductility, insufficient lap splice length of the longitudinal bars and, very often, inadequate seismic
detailing, as well as, furthermore, in many cases, very bad original design, with insufficient flexural ca-
pacity.

Failure modes
For a good design of the seismic strengthening of an existing structure it is necessary to understand
the seismic actions and the typical failure modes that can be observed under its load / deformation
input. Regarding reinforced concrete frames, these modes could be summerized as follows:

• The most critical mode of failure is the column shear

failure – see picture – where inclined cracking leads to
the concrete cover spalling and to the rupture – or
opening – of the stirrups. To prevent this brittle failure,
the columns need to have guaranteed shear capacity
both in its ends – potential plastic hinge regions, where
concrete shear capacity can degrade with increasing
ductility demands – and in the column center portion,
between flexural plastic and/or existing built-in column
hinge.

• Another mode consists of a confinement failure of the plastic

hinge region, where subsequent to flexural cracking, cover
concrete crushing and spalling, buckling of the longitudinal
reinforcement or compression failure of concrete initiates pla-
stic hinge deterioration, usually limited to shorter regions in the
column. It can also happen that the column fails to the debon-
ding of the lap splices of the longitudinal reinforcement. The
associated flexural capacity degradation can occur rapidly at
low flexural ductilities in cases where short lap splices are pre-
sent and little confinement is provided.

53
 • Regarding the horizontal elements, failure can also
occur due to shear, near the plastic hinge regions,
but also as a consequence of deficient flexural
capacity, both on the top and bottom of the beams.

Methodology of strengthening
Many researchers have shown that a better confinement of concrete on the potential plastic hinge re-
gions increases significantly the failure strain of concrete and therefore the overall ductility. The perform-
ance of the S&P G Sheet 90/10 in ductility enhancement has been proven by push-pull tests (chap. 4.1).
For this reason, retrofit methods typically utilise schemes for increasing the confining forces either in
the potential plastic hinge regions or over the entire columns or beams span.

Advanced composites have shown to be technically just as effective as, and more economical than,
conventional steel jacketing.

As a result of the confinement provided by the composite belts – either glass and carbon fibre epoxy
impregnated sheets - wrap, concrete will fall at higher strains. The lateral pressure exerted by the com-
posite will increase the compressive strength of concrete in both the core and shell regions, resulting
in higher axial as well as lateral load carrying capacity. The lateral confinement guaranteed by the wrap
will also provide additional support against buckling of the longitudinal bars.

54
 S&P G Sheet 90/10 A
Round column
D = 100 – 300 mm

1 – 3 layers of S&P G Sheet 90/10 A are required to achieve the maximum

displacement level.

Square column
D = 100 – 300 mm
(The edges must be rounded)

S&P G Sheet 90/10 B

Round column
D = 300 – 600 mm

2 – 3 layers of S&P G Sheet 90/10 B are required to achieve the maximum

displacement level.

Square column
D = 300 – 600 mm
(The edges must be rounded)

The S&P engineering team will assist you with more information on static design.

Strengthening of masonry
Masonry structures or the masonry pieces of some constructions typically show cross cracking
between overtures or rigid elements as a consequence of seismic actions.

56
First strengthening concept
Regarding masonry wall strengthening is usually done by the application of S&P Laminates CFK, as-
suming x or + cross styles, depending on each case. Care must be taken in detailing the intersection
of the strips.
The method was developed at EMPA, Switzerland, to upgrade masonry buildings in seismicly en-
dangered areas using FRP material.
CFK laminates are bonded diagonally to the shear walls. Both ends of each laminate must be anchored
into the existing concrete slab. In practice a slot is cut into the concrete slab. The slot is filled with a
system approved epoxy paste and the laminate is placed into it.
At EMPA Switzerland shear walls 3.60 x 2.00 m were subsequently loaded cyclically in the horizontal
direction at the upper edge of the walls. The earthquake resistance could be increased with the CFK
laminates strengthened walls by a factor of over 4.

Picture and diagram: Dissertation ETH Nr. 10672, G. Schwegler

”Verstärken von Mauerwerken mit Faserverbundwerkstoffen”.

Second strengthening concept

The masonry can be strengthened with the S&P G Sheet 50/50. The bi-directional glass woven must
be applied to the full surface only on one side of the masonry. If the product is not anchored into the
adjoining concrete slabs, the earthquake resistance can only be increased minimally.
The best solution is a combination of the first and the second method. Thanks to the S&P
G Sheet 50/50 the cracks can be distributed uniformly over the masonry surface. The earthquake
resistance of the masonry wall can be increased. Thanks to the release of the CFK laminates and due
to the end anchoring into the concrete slabs, the system ductility can be increased.

Design should consider the possibilities of

failure in each member as well as in the
structure, as a whole, applying appropriate local
and global criteria. In any case, strengthening
must be considered both for the resistance –
shear and flexural (bending and axial inter-
action) capacities – and ductility considerations.
A coefficient considering the non-monolithic
behaviour γn = 0,9 must be adopted, and it must
be guaranteed that the effects of cyclic loads as
well as the formation of plastic hinges are
addressed.

57
 13. Prestressing System S&P laminate CFK
S&P has developed a prestressing system for S&P Laminates CFK and has applied for a patent. The
system is exclusively used by a world-wide network of specialized applicators.

햲 Fixed anchoring:
(A steel plate is fastened to the concrete
suface by means of heavy-duty anchors).
The S&P laminate CFK is glue-applied
between the steel plate and the con-
crete surface.
햳 Mobile anchoring:
(The S&P laminate CFK is glued between
two steel plates, held together by means of
screws.).
After the final setting of the adhesive of
plate (3) the mobile anchorage (plate 2)
is removed (cut off).
햴 Prestressing system:
(The prestressing kit is fastened to a steel
plate applied to the concrete surface by
means of anchors).
The S&P laminate CFK is applied to
the concrete by adhesive, finally set-
ting after the prestressing process.

During a test series carried out at the University of Freiburg (Switzerland) the behaviour of a concrete
slab reinforced with untensioned and prestressed S&P Laminates CFK was investigated. The following
is a summary of the breaking tests performed on the Laminate Type 80/1.2. For a detailed report plea-
se contact S&P or the system applicator.

13.1 Testing Arrangement

Steel FRP Prestressing Prestressing Prestressing

longitud. vertical 0
/00 stress (N/mm2) force (kN)

Reference LC1 6 Ø 12 (Ø8 s =150) 0 0 0 0

LC5 6 Ø 12 (Ø8 s =150) 0 0 0
2 S&P laminate
LC2 6 Ø 12 (Ø8 s =150) CFK 150/2000, 4.0 640 2x61 = 122
Typ 80/1.2
LC4 6 Ø 12 (Ø8 s =150) 6.0 960 2x92 = 184

58
13.2 Test results
Under working load the test specimens which
were reinforced with prestressed S&P Laminates
CFK exhibited a high reduction in the deflection
and the crack widths. Due to the overriding nor-
mal force the concrete cross sections remain in
the unbroken condition I, up to and above the
maximum working loads.
The failure condition shows a high increase in
the breaking load, at substantially higher deflec-
tion levels compared to LC5 specimens. Sam-
ples with untensioned CFK laminates show an
increase in the breaking resistance of 32%, while
prestressed CFK laminates raised the breaking
resistance by 82% at a prestress of 4‰ and by
93% at a prestress of 6‰. The breaking elonga-
tion measured on the prestressed S&P Lamina-
tes CFK was practically increased by a factor
corresponding to the respective prestressing
force.
Research by University of Fribourg, CH

Table: Failure load/Failure moment

S&P laminate CFK Concrete slabs Failure load Failure moment Failure moment
(kN) (kNm) (%)

– LC1 Reference 16.4 82.6 100

2 x 80/1.2 LC5 FRP 24.0 109.4 132
2 x 80/1.2 LP2 FRP 40/00 35.3 150.1 182
2 x 80/1.2 LP4 FRP 6 /00
0
37.9 159.4 193

13.3 Conclusion 40.0 0 00

/
0.6
FRP
LP4
35.0
Prestressing of the S&P Laminates FRP
0.4 /
000

LP2
CFK has a very positive influence 30.0
on the behaviour of strengthened 25.0
Load (kN)

reinforced concrete structures. FRP

LC5
Deflection and crack formation 20.0
LC1 RC
under working load are reduced. 15.0
The breaking moment is substanti-
10.0
ally increased.
5.0
With the lightweight S&P prestres- 0
sing kits it is possible to prestress 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0
the S&P Laminates CFK to an elon- Deflection (mm)
gation of 6‰. The system has been
specially developed for the strengthening of reinforced large-span concrete slabs.

There is a high potential of applications in bridge construction:

• Post-reinforcement of overloaded elements
• External prestressing of bridges with corroded internal prestressing cables
• Repairs to connection joints

59
 14. Outlook for the application of S&P Laminates
CFK in timber construction
It is a well-known fact that strength and stiffness of glue-laminated timber girders vary considerably.
This is due to the different tensile strengths of the individual layers. For this reason, the allowable flex-
ural strength of glue-laminated girders is reduced. Tests were carried out by Wiesbaden Technical
University (Germany) to evaluate the reinforcement of glue-laminated girders with S&P Laminates CFK.
To this end, three series of glue-laminated girders with different height/length ratios, with and without
S&P Laminates CFK, were produced and compared. The S&P Laminate CFK 200/2000 was applied be-
tween the support points only, not outside.

Height/length ratio and reinforcement level of girder series A to C

The objective of the tests was to bridge weak
points in the glue-laminated girders, such as
dovetail joints and knots, with S&P Laminates
CFK. The high modulus of elasticity of the lami-
nate was used to increase the flexural strength
of the glue-laminated girder/S&P Laminate com-
posite.
Thus, the cross section of the timber girder can
be reduced to obtain the identical flexural
strength.

14.1 Flexural tests / Arrangement of beams

The tests were carried out using a 1,000 kN

bending test machine. To avoid tilting, the
beams were laterally fixed to the support and
the loading points.

Static system and loading device:

Loading cycle
This testing procedure basically consisted of a bearing
system which was subjected to a defined loading
pattern during a defined period of time. The deforma-
tions measured at given intervals were continuously
registered and recorded for subsequent evaluation.

60
Arrangement of measuring points

The deflections on the loading points and at mid-span of the beam were measured by means of load-
deformation detectors. The strain at mid-span of the beam across the entire cross section of the beam
and the CFK laminate was measured using strain gauges.

Test results at breaking load

FAILURE PERIPHERAL STRAIN

in the timber section
Girder type Force Deflection Pressure Tension
(kN) (mm) (mm/m) (mm/m)
A series
B 50 without CFK 168.7 56.4 -3 3.1
BC 50 with CFK 169.3 49.1 -2.55 2.4
Difference (%) 0.4 12.9 0.2 3.8
B series
B 30 without CFK 56.2 68.8 not measured 2.6
BC 30 with CFK 95.1 112.6 not measured 4.8
Difference (%) 69.2 63.7 n/a 84.6
C series
B 36 without CFK 38.3 119.3 -2.2 2.35
BC 36 with CFK 62.6 183.1 -3.82 3.4
Difference (%) 63.4 53.5 73.6 44.7

Summary
The examination of the loading of flexural beams up to rupture provided information on the load bear-
ing capacity and the performance under loading of the composite structure in the plastic state. It was
found that the increase of the load bearing capacity was substantial. In one of the tests the breaking
load of the fibre reinforced girder could be raised by up to 93% compared to conventional glue-
laminated girders. With a reinforcement level of 0.47%, this is a considerable increase.

61
 A stress/strain diagram was made based on the strain measurement in the timber section and the lami-
nate. The measurement of the strains in the composite cross section should indicate from which stress
level the timber girder changes into the plastic state and also if the CFK laminate is utilized in its ultimate
tensile strength range. In a second part of the investigation of this system, design concepts are defined
and applied. The concepts should basically be designed to ensure that in the event of a failure of the
CFK reinforcement the remaining cross section is able to absorb the assumed load with a safety factor
of 1.1.

Stress/strain diagram:
Girder cross section, Strain line in the failure state, Stresses in the timber section
dimensions w/h girder series B and C and the laminate

Both girder series with a higher height/length ratio (B and C series) displayed a very elastic deformation
behaviour in the compression zone. In the case of the A series with a lower height/length ratio, flexural
failure of the timber could likewise be observed on the reference sample without fibre reinforcement.
The fibre reinforced samples, by contrast, showed a different failure mechanism. As a result of the high
load application, the girder cross section failed due to shear displacements: first in the support area and
then over the entire length of the girder. This means that the change in the failure mechanism was
caused by the reinforcement of the girder. In this case, it could be possible to further increase the
breaking load by means of external steel jackets.

Note:
Currently, a further testing programme is in progress: In order to prevent shear displacements in the
support area, additional S&P Laminates CFK are applied into slots on the outside of the glue-laminated
girder.

14.2 Bond tests FRP application to timber

The BOKU University in Vienna has conducted tensile tests to examine the strengths of S&P Laminates
CFK applied to timber structures.

Samples for testing of the mean shear strengths

S&P Laminates CFK were glued in parallel to the fibres onto one
face of the timber beams, and the shear strengths [tm] of the
applied CFK laminates were measured. The following parame-
ters were varied: adhesive, laminate surface (rough, smooth),
application areas of the adhesive.

62
 Adhesive Fm tm Type of failure
(kN) [kN] (N/mm2)
Failure in timber,
Epoxy resin adhesive - type A 6,71 5,59
scarcely any adhesive failure
Failure in timber,
Epoxy resin adhesive - type E 6,75 5,63
scarcely any adhesive failure
Resorcinol-phenolic adhesive 5,00 4,12 Adhesive failure
type C
Resorcinol-phenolic adhesive 3,56 2,97 Adhesive failure
type D

Application of adhesive:

• Ambient temperature: 20°C

• Relative humidity of air: 30%
• Moisture content equilibrium of timber: approx. 7%

The suitability of the system approved epoxy adhesive on dried timber was established during these
tests.

63
 15. Fire protection measures for FRP
strengthened elements
When strengthening with laminates made of steel or CFK, one must consider that the heat resistance
of epoxy based adhesives is limited to temperatures between 60° and 80°C (140° and 180°F). In the
event of a fire, this leads to a premature failure of the laminate. Therefore, measures must be taken to
protect S&P Laminates CFK against premature failure.

In the event of a failure of the CFK laminate, the residual

safety factor S is decisive for the necessary measures for fire
protection. The S&P design software automatically outputs the
residual safety factor in the case of failure
of the S&P Laminate CFK.

Residual safety in the event

of laminate failure

S > 1.0 S < 1.0

Fire resistance ensured

by internal reinforcement

Conventional fire protection for internal

reinforcement only

Additional protective measures for

S&P Laminates CFK are required!
Example: Fire protection plates

Concrete ceiling

A A D S&P Laminate CFK

Fire protectio
n plates
Fire A = 100 mm A = 200 mm
resistance (D) (D)
F 30 2 x 20 mm 2 x 20 mm
F 60 2 x 40 mm 2 x 30 mm
F 90 > 110 mm 2 x 40 mm
F 120 > 110 mm > 110 mm

Please contact the S&P Technical Service

for detailed documentation.
Fire protection plates

64
16. Texts for specifications
16.1 Flexural strengthening with S&P Laminates CFK

Item Text Unit

1 Installation
Transport (to and from) and supply of necessary 0000 P
appliances and materials for the reinforcing job.
Additional site visits. 0000 Pcs.

2 Scaffolding
Installation and supply of scaffolding, incl. required 0000 P
measures for dust protection during the construction phase.

3 Substrate preparation
Removal of cement skin by sandblasting, incl.
cleaning with brush or vacuum cleaner.
Theoretical application surface + 20% excess:
Laminate width 50 mm 0000 m
Laminate width 80 mm 0000 m
Laminate width 100 mm 0000 m
Laminate width 120 mm 0000 m

4 Levelling of substrate
Removal of local excess profile and reprofiling of cavities and
unevennesses in the application area with system approved levelling mortar.

Bill of quantities, based on actual consumption

Labour 0000 h
System approved levelling mortar 0000 kg
4.1 If the substrate is poor, priming of the concrete surface
is recommended. Priming with system approved primer. 0000 m2

5 S&P Laminates CFK

Delivery and application of S&P Laminates CFK with system approved epoxy
adhesive according to the application guidelines of the system supplier:
Elastic modulus CFK laminates: >200,000 N/mm2
Tensile strength at 0.8% elongation: >1,600-1,700 N/mm2
Elongation at break CFK laminates: <1.2%
Product names: S&P Laminate CFK 200/2000
System approved adhesive
Type of laminate: Tensile force/laminate at 0.8% elongation:
50 mm/1.4 mm 112 x 103 N 0000 m
80 mm/1.4 mm 179 x 103 N 0000 m
100 mm/1.4 mm 224 x 103 N 0000 m
120 mm/1.4 mm 269 x 103 N 0000 m

6 Reference samples laminate

Delivery and application of reference samples of S&P Laminates CFK
for subsequent bond strength testing. (Ideally, the reference area
is added on to the application area.) 0000 Pcs.

6.1 Bond strength test

Testing of bond strength of the S&P Laminate CFK to the substrate
by means of test cores Ø 50 mm. 0000 Pcs.
6.2 Reference samples adhesive
During the application of the adhesive, two samples of the epoxy adhesive
(prisms 40 x 40 x 160 mm) must be produced every day for subsequent quality control. 0000 Pcs.

65
 16.2 Reinforcement of load bearing columns with S&P C Sheet 240

Item Text Unit

1 Installation
Transport (to and from) and supply of necessary 0000 P
appliances and materials for the reinforcing job.
Additional site visits. 0000 Pcs.

2 Scaffolding
Installation and supply of scaffolding, incl. required 0000 P
measures for dust protection during the construction phase.

3 Slot-application of S&P Laminates CFK

Delivery and application of the S&P Laminates CFK 10/1.4 0000 m
into slots cut into the substrate, according to S&P application
guidelines. (slot depth 10-15 mm/slot width 3-5 mm)
Product names S&P Laminate CFK 10/1.4
System approved adhesive

4 Substrate preparation prior to application of C Sheet

Removal of cement skin by sandblasting or surface roughening, 0000 m2
incl. cleaning with brush or vacuum cleaner. All edges must be
rounded to a minimum radius of 1-3 cm.

5 Levelling of substrate
Removal of local excess profile and reprofiling of cavities and
unevennesses in the application area with system approved levelling mortar.
Bill of quantities, based on actual consumption
Labour 0000 h
System approved levelling mortar 0000 kg

6 Primer application
• Anchoring/overlapping areas System approved epoxy primer 0000 m2
• Vapour permeable areas PU or acrylic paint

7 Application of S&P C Sheet 240 (200 gr./m2)

Wrapping and simultaneous impregnation of column
with S&P C Sheet 240, incl. lap areas of sheets of
150 mm in the fibre direction.
• Anchoring/lap areas System approved impregnation adhesive
• Vapour permeable areas PU or acrylic paint 1 layer 0000 m2
2 layers 0000 m2
... layers 0000 m2

8 Final coating
Application of water-vapour permeable coating of PU or 0000 m2
acrylic paint.

9 Sanding
Sanding of final coating, or laminating resin respectively, 0000 m2
in the case of subsequent plaster application.

66
16.3 External shear reinforcement with S&P C Sheet 640

Item Text Unit

1 Installation
Transport (to and from) and supply of necessary 0000 P
appliances and materials for the reinforcing job.
Additional site visits. 0000 Pcs.

2 Scaffolding
Installation and supply of scaffolding, incl. required 0000 P
measures for dust protection during the construction phase.

3 Substrate preparation prior to application of C Sheet

Removal of cement skin by sandblasting or surface roughening, 0000 m2
incl. cleaning with brush or vacuum cleaner. All edges must be
rounded to a minimum radius of 1-3 cm.

4 Levelling of substrate
Removal of local excess profile and reprofiling of cavities and
unevennesses in the application area with system approved levelling mortar.
Bill of quantities, based on actual consumption
Labour 0000 h
System approved levelling mortar 0000 kg

5 Primer application
Application of the system approved epoxy primer to the 0000 m2
application area.

6 Application of S&P C Sheet 640 (400 gr./m2)

Wrapping and impregnation of the structural element
to be shear reinforced with S&P C Sheet 640.

Product names C sheet: S&P C Sheet 640 (400 gr./m2)

System approved impregnation adhesive

Width 150 mm 1 layer 0000 m2

... layers 0000 m2

Width 300 mm 1 layer 0000 m2

... layers 0000 m2

7 Anchoring with steel plates

Application and anchoring of corrosion protected steel plates
with two welded-on anchor bolts Ø 10 mm. Drilling of the holes and
application of the anchor bolts with system approved adhesive to be
included in the price per unit.

Anchor length in concrete: 150 mm

Dimensions steel plates: W = 150 mm / H = 150 mm 0000 Pcs.
W = 300 mm / H = 150 mm 0000 Pcs.

67
 16.4. Reinforcement with S&P G Sheet AR 50/50
(Poor substrate / Historic buildings)

Item Text Unit

1 Installation
Transport (to and from) and supply of necessary 0000 P
appliances and materials for the reinforcing job.
Additional site visits. 0000 Pcs.

2 Scaffolding
Installation and supply of scaffolding, incl. required 0000 P
measures for dust protection during the construction phase.

3 Substrate preparation prior to application of G Sheet

Removal of cement skin by sandblasting or surface roughening, 0000 m2
incl. cleaning with brush or vacuum cleaner. All edges must be
rounded to a minimum radius of 1-3 cm.

4 Levelling of substrate
Removal of local excess profile and reprofiling of cavities and
unevennesses in the application area with system approved levelling mortar.
Bill of quantities, based on actual consumption
Labour 0000 h
System approved levelling mortar 0000 kg

5 Priming
Application of system approved epoxy primer, if required 0000 m2

6 Application of S&P G Sheet AR 50/50

Application of S&P G Sheet AR 50/50, incl. overlapping of the sheets in both directions
and simultaneous impregnation of the constructional element.

Impregnation with system approved impregnation adhesive

1 layer 0000 m2
2 layers 0000 m2
… layers 0000 m2

16.5. Seismic retrofitting of colums

(Item 1-5 equal as above)

Item Text Unit

6 Application of S&P G Sheet AR 90/10,

Application of S&P G Sheet AR 90/10, incl. overlapping of the sheets in main direction
and simultaneous impregnation of the constructional element.
Impregnation with system approved impregnation adhesive
S&P G Sheet 90/10 Type A 1 layer 0000 m2
2 layers 0000 m2
… layers 0000 m2
S&P G Sheet 90/10 Type B 1 layer 0000 m2
2 layers 0000 m2
… layers 0000 m2

68
17. S&P FRP product overview

S&P Laminates CFK 150/2000 S&P Laminates CFK 200/2000

Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength at break Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength at break
> 150 GPa 2500 N/mm2 > 200 GPa 2500 N/mm2
Width/thickness Tensile force at elongation Width/thickness Tensile force at elongation
mm/mm of 0.6/0.8 % mm/mm of 0.6/0.8 %
50/1.2 58/77 x 103 N
50/1.4 67/90 x 103 N 50/1.4 84/112 x 103 N
80/1.2 92/123 x 103 N
80/1.4 108/143 x 103 N 80/1.4 134/179 x 103 N
100/1.2 115/154 x 103 N
100/1.4 134/179 x 103 N 100/1.4 168/224 x 103 N
120/1.4 201/269 x 103 N
* special dimensions upon request
Delivery in rolls of 150 m or ready-to-use
(unroll set available upon request)

Levelling mortar: Adhesive:

Only approved systems Only approved systems

S&P G Sheet 90/10

S&P C Sheet 240 S&P C Sheet 640 S&P A Sheet 120
or G Sheet 50/50
2-directional uni-directional uni-directional uni-directional

Modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) > 65’000 240’000 640’000 120’000

Tensile strength (N/mm2) > 1’700 3’800 2’650 2’900
Fibre density (kg/cm3) 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.45
Ultimate elongation (%) 2,8 1,55 0,4 2,5
Weight (gr./m2) different types 200 400 290
available 300 420
Width 680 mm Width 300 mm Width 300 mm Width 300 mm
Delivery in rolls Lenght 50 m Lenght 150 m or more Lenght 50 m or more Length 150 or more

Adhesives in the overlapping/anchoring zone: Upon request:

Primer and impregnation adhesive: Special adhesive for wet substrates
only approved systems Special adhesive for low temperatures
Special adhesive for underwater
applications

69
 18. Literature
• Versuche zur Bestimmung der Werkstoffeigenschaften, der Verbundtragfähigkeit, des Entkoppe-
lungsverhaltens von CFK-Lamellen sowie Biegeschubversuche an mit CFK-Lamellen verstärkten
Platten, Untersuchungsbericht Nr. 8524/5247 des Institutes für Baustoffe, Massivbau und Brand-
schutz der TU Braunschweig vom 20.05.1998.
• Dolan. C.W., Leu, B.L., Hundley, A.: Creep rupture of fiber reinforced plastics in a concrete environ-
ment. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Non-Metallic (FRP) reinforcement for
Concrete Structures, Sapporo, October 1997, 2, 187 - 194.
• Ando, N., Matsukawa, H., Hattori, A., Mashima, M.: Experimental studies on the long – term tensile
properties of FRP-tendons. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Non-Metallic (FRP)
reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Sapporo, October 1997, 2, 203 - 210.
• Uomoto, T., Nishimura, T., Ohga, H.: Static and fatigue strength of FRP rods for concrete reinforce-
ment. Non-Metallic (FRP) reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the Second Inter-
national RILEM Symposium (FRPCS-2), Gent, August 1995, 100-1070.
• Adini, R., Rahman, H., Benmokrane, B., Kobayashi, K: Effect of temperature and loading frequen-
cy on the fatigue life of a CFRP-bar in concrete. Fiber Composites in Infrastructure, Proceedings of
the Second International Conference on Composites in Infrastructure, ICCCI 98, Tucson, Jan. 1998,
2, 203 – 210.
• Sheard, P., Clarke, J., Dill, M., Hamemrsley, G., Richardson, D.: Eurocrete – Taking account of
durability for design of FRP reinforced concrete structures. Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium on Non-Metallic (FRP) reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Sapporo, October 1997, 2,
75 – 82.
• Porter, M.L., Mehus, J., Young, K.A., O’Neil, E.F., Barnes, B.A.: Aging for fiber reinforcement in
concrete. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Non-Metallic (FRP) reinforcement for
Concrete Structures, Sapporo, October 1997, 2, 59 - 66.
• Kaiser, H.: Bewehren von Stahlbeton mit kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Epoxidharzen. Dissertation Nr.
8918, ETH Zürich, 1998.
• Terrasi, G.P., Kaiser, H.: CFK-Lamellen verstärkte Querschnitte bei Temperatursprüngen, nach-
trägliches Verstärken von Bauwerken mit CFK-Lamellen, Referate und Beiträge zur EMPA/SIA-
Studientagung vom 21. September 1995 in Zürich, Dokumentation SIA D 0128
• Terrasi, G.P.: Aluminium/CFK Hybride unter thermischer Beanspruchung. Diplomarbeit an der ETH
Zürich, Abt. für Werkstoffe.
• Vielhaber, Joh.: Versuchsreihe Verstärkung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonkonstruktionen,
Fachhochschule Potsdam.
• Holzenkämpfer, P.: Ingenieurmodell des Verbunds geklebter Bewehrung für Betonbauteile. Disser-
tation TU Braunschweig, 1994.
• Pichler, D.: Die Wirkung von Anpressdrücken auf die Verankerung von Klebelamellen. Dissertation,
Universität Innsbruck Institut für Betonbau, 1993.
• Rostasy, F.S., Holzenkämpfer, P., Hankers, Ch.: Geklebte Bewehrung für die Verstärkung von
Betonbauteilen. Betonkalender 1996, Teil II, S. 547 – 638, Berlin: W. Ernst & Sohn, 1996.
• Verbundversuche an Doppellaschenkörpern mit CFK-Lamellen und Biegeversuche an mit CFK-
Lamellen verstärkten Platten, Untersuchungsbericht Nr. 8511/8511 -Neu- des Institutes für Bau-
stoffe, Massivbau und Brandschutz Braunschweig vom 05.11.1996.
• Täljsten, B.: Plate Bonding, Strengthening of existing concrete structures with epoxy bonded plates
of steel or fibre reinforced plastics. Dissertation, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 1994.
• Fracture mechanics of Concrete Structures, From Theory to applications, Report of the Technical
Committee 90-FMA Fracture Mechanics to Concrete – Applications, Capman and Hall, London,
New York, 1989, 188 – 190.
• Rostasy, F.S., Ranisch, E.-H.: Sanierung von Betontragwerken durch Ankleben von Faserverbund-
werkstoffen. Forschungsbericht, Institut für Baustoffe, Massivbau und Brandschutz der Technischen
Universität Braunschweig, Dezember 1994.
• Statische Belastungsversuche an mit CFK-Lamellen verstärkten Plattenbalken “Instandsetzung Für-
stenlandbrücke”, EMPA-Bericht Nr. 165'432 vom 28.04.1997.

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• Biege- und Schubtragverhalten eines mit geklebten CFK-Lamellen und Stahllaschenbügeln verstärk-
ten Stahlbetonträgers, Untersuchungsbericht Nr. 8516/8516 Neu- des Instituts für Baustoffe, Massiv-
bau und Brandschutz der Technischen Universität Braunschweig vom 13.05.1996.
• Tagung Kreative Ingenieurleistungen TU Darmstadt, BOKU Wien, Referate:
Meier Urs, EMPA CH: Unidirektionale CFK Profile im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau
Scherer Josef, S&P Reinforcement: Bewehrungsalternativen aus CFK in der Bauwerkverstärkung
Luggin Wilhelm, BOKU Wien: Verstärkung von Holzbauteilen mit geklebten CFK Lamellen
Zilch Konrad, Blaschko Michael, TU München: Verstärkung mit eingeschlitzten CFK Lamellen
• Fachveranstaltung “Zusätzliche Beanspruchung für bestehende Bauwerke: Verstärken mit
Lamellen und durch Querschnittsvergrösserung”, TFB Wildegg/CH:
Scherer Josef, S&P Reinforcement: Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Faserverbundwerkstoffen in der
Bauwerkverstärkung
Bronner J., Tenax Fibers: Herstellverfahren / Technische Eigenschaften der Kohlefaser
Hankers Ch. Dr., Torkret: Bemessungsbeispiel “Schubverstärkung mittels Stahlbügeln
resp.Carbontücher”
Ladner M. Prof., Hochschule Technik + Architektur: Bemessungsansätze für die Nachverstärkung
von Druckelementen mittels Faserverbundwerkstoffen
• Suter René, Hértier Christof: Rapport Nr. 6C-1999-02, Ecole d’ingénieurs et d’architectes de
Fribourg
• Forschungsergebnisse faserverstärktes Leimholz FH Wiesbaden, BOKU Wien
• ACI Spring Convention March 14 – 19, 1999, Chicago:
Scherer Josef, S&P Reinforcement: Fiber reinforced polymer FRP systems for external strengthening
of concrete structures
• Taerwe L., Matthys S., Universiteit Gent: Inrijgen van Betonkolomnen met vezelcomposiet-
laminaten.
• Allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung Deutschland-236.12-54 für S&P Lamellen CFK
• Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik: Gutachten Nr. 98/0322
Ingenieurbüro Prof.Dr.Ing.Dr.Ing.E.h.F.S. Rostasy, Braunschweig
• Bemessungsdiskette BOW Ingenieure, Braunschweig
• Procédé “Carbone CFK”, Dossier SOTEL No EX 1443
• T. Pauly and M.J.N. Priestly: Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings
• M.J.N. Priestly, F. Seible and G.M. Calvi: Seismic design and retrofit of bridges
• Procédé “Carbone CFK”, Dossier SOTEC No. Ex 1443
• G. Schwegler: Dissertation ETH Zürich CH 10672
• T. Ripper, J. Scherer: "AVALIAÇÃO do DESEMPENHO de PLÁSTICOS ARMADOS com FOLHAS
UNIDIRECCIONAIS de FIBRAS de CARBONO como ELEMENTO de REFORÇO de VIGAS de
BETÃO ARMADO", IBRACON 41st Congress, 1999, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.

Patents:
S&P Reinforcement Company has applied world-wide for various patents in the field of
FRP reinforcement:
• Application of water vapour permeable FRP systems using a combination of adhesives
for the reinforcement of constructional elements.
• Use of AR glass with FRP systems, for the reinforcement of constructional elements.
• Application of fast-setting adhesives in combination with CFK laminates, for the
post-reinforcement of load-relieved constructional elements.
• Application of special adhesives in combination with FRP systems onto wet substrates.
• Application of APS adhesives (up to -20˚C) in combination with CFK laminates.
• Production of prestressed CFK hybrids and application of these hybrids for the reinforcement
of constructional elements.
• Prestressing system for CFK laminates.
• Anchoring elements.

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