Seminar On

ISDN
&
B-ISDN
 Pre-ISDN Scenario

Need For Change In Pre-existing Networks:

Lack of Bandwidth, Flexibility and Quality of Analog Voice

Transmission Equipments.
The Public Telephone network Could not effectively
support Non-Voice Services.
Private networks were unable to offer access to other
Networks and Users.
Inadequate Support for linking geographically distinct
Networks.
 ISDN Overview
There are many types of WAN technologies that can be used to solve the
problems of users who need network access from remote locations.

In this chapter, you will learn about the

services, standards, components, operation, and configuration of
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) communication.

ISDN has been specifically designed to solve the low bandwidth

problems that small offices or dial-in users have with traditional
telephone dial-in services. 
Telephone companies developed ISDN with the intention of creating a
totally digital network whilst making use of the existing telephone
wiring system.
ISDN works very much like a telephone - When you make a data call with
ISDN, the WAN link is brought up for the duration of the call and is
taken down when the call is completed
 What is ISDN?

ISDN allows digital signals to be transmitted over existing

telephone wiring.

This became possible when the telephone company switches

were upgraded to handle digital signals.

ISDN is generally viewed as an alternative to leased lines,

which can be used for telecommuting and networking small
and remote offices into LANs.
 What Can ISDN Do?

ISDN's ability to bring digital connectivity to local sites has many benefits,
including the following:

• ISDN can carry a variety of user traffic signals including:

– digital video, packet-switched data, and telephone network services.
• ISDN offers much faster call setup than modem connections
because it uses out-of-band (D, or delta, channel) signaling.
– For example, some ISDN calls can be setup in less than one second.
• ISDN provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the
bearer channel (B channel of 64kbps).
– With multiple B channels, ISDN offers users more bandwidth on WANs
than some leased lines.
– For example, if you were to use two B channels, the bandwidth capability
is 128Kbps because each B channel handles 64Kbps.

ISDN can provide a clear data path over which to negotiate PPP links.
 ISBN Services
There are two ISDN services:

BRI (Basic Rate Interface)

PRI (Primary Rate Interface).

The ISDN BRI service offers two 8-bit B channels and one 2-bit D
channel.

ISDN BRI delivers a total bandwidth of a 144-kbps line into three

separate channels.

BRI B channel service operates at 64 kbps and is meant to carry user

data and voice traffic.
 
The third channel, the D channel, is a 16 kbps signalling channel used
to carry instructions that tell the telephone network how to handle each
of the B channels.
 Protocols

Protocols That Are Used For These Purposes

Begin With This
Letter

E These protocols recommend telephone standards for ISDN. For

example, the E.164 protocol describes international addressing for ISDN.

I These protocols deal with concepts, terminology and general

methods. The I.100 series include general ISDN concepts and the structure
of other I series recommendations; the I.200 series deal with service aspects
of ISDN; the I.300 series describes network aspects; the I.400 series
describes how the UNI is provided.

Q These protocols cover how switching and signaling should operate. The term
signalling in this context means call set-up.
 Broadband ISDN Overview

B-ISDN: Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

•Designed to provide similar services as ISDN

•B-ISDN is substantially more capable than ISDN
•B-ISDN techonolgy.
 Asynchronous Transfer mode (ATM) Switching.
 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) for transport

•Integrated network for Data , Voice and Video.

 B-ISDN versus ISDN

• ISDN uses existing telephone network (copper pairs);

B-ISDN uses Optical Fibre.

• ISDN is primarily Circuit Switching;

B-ISDN uses only Packet Switching specially ATM “CELL”
switching.

• ISDN uses Pre-defined channel rates;

B-ISDN uses Virtual Channels without prescribed rates
as BandWidth on demand
 Intro To ATM

• ATM standard (defined by CCITT) is widely accepted

by common carriers as mode of operation for
communication – particularly BISDN.
• ATM is a form of cell switching using small fixed-sized
packets.

Basic ATM Cell Format

5 Bytes 48 Bytes

Header Payload
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

MUX

Wasted bandwidth

TDM
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

ATM `
4 3 1 3 2 2 1
 Genesis Of ATM

• Traffic Integration
– Voice, video and data traffic
– Multimedia became the ‘buzz word’
• One-way batch Web traffic
• Two-way batch voice messages
• One-way interactive Mbone broadcasts
• Two-way interactive video conferencing
• Quality of Service guarantees (e.g. limited jitter, non-
blocking streams)
• LAN Interoperability
• Mobile and Wireless nodes
 Introduction to Optical Fibers

Fibers of glass
Usually 120
micrometers in
diameter
Used to carry signals
in the form of light
over distances up to
50 km.
No repeaters
needed.
 Introduction (Cont…)

Core – thin glass center

of the fiber where light
travels.
Cladding – outer
optical material
surrounding the core
Buffer Coating –
plastic coating that
protects the fiber.
 Advantages of Optical Fibre

Thinner
Less Expensive
Higher Carrying Capacity
Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals
Light Signals
Non-Flammable
Light Weight
 Areas of Application

Telecommunications
Local Area Networks
Cable TV
CCTV
Optical Fiber Sensors
 How Does Optical Fibre Transmit
Light??

Total Internal Reflection.

Fibre Optics Relay Systems has
-Transmitter
-Optical Fibre
-Optical Regenerator
-Optical Receiver
Total Internal Reflection in Fiber
Thank You

Submitted By:
Tarun Garg
7040301192
 References
Wikipedia.org
Google.co.in
ATM networks By Sumit Kasera
ATM networks By Rainer Handel, Manfred
N Huber & Stefan Schroder