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By Christopher Johnston, PE, National Critical Facilities Chief Engineer, Syska
Hennessy Group Inc.
08.22.2008
There's no way to avoid it: The total cost of ownership (TCO) for data centers gives
every owner a case of sticker shock. Not only is the capital expense (CAPEX) -- or the
cost to design, build, test and commission -- increasing, but the inevitable operating
expense (OPEX) increases on the horizon are daunting. Knowledgeable users have
forecasted that the OPEX will exceed the CAPEX.
Syska believes the following are the basic principles of reducing TCO and constitute best
practices:
Two Tier 4 facilities with a four-megawatt computer load may cost $100 million each for
a total first cost of $200 million, while three Tier 2 facilities of four-megawatt computer
load may each cost $46 million for a total first cost of $138 million. The difference in
first cost may be $62 million. The tradeoffs have to do with network costs versus facility
costs. Network costs will be higher for three facilities than for two.
The best sources of information on utility rates for data centers include:
Most knowledgeable owners use a TCO model that considers both CAPEX, OPEX, cost
of funds, desired return on investment (ROI) and other factors.
I try to avoid hard and fast rules since each client's needs are different and worthy of
independent thought. Some upgrades are simple to accomplish and suggest ratios for
consideration. For example, on Day 1 we install two UPS systems on capacity N to
supply N computer load in a system + system arrangement. On Day 2 when the owner
needs 2N computer load, we can add another pair of systems or we can add a third system
of capacity N to the two original systems and reconfigure the arrangement as 3N/2.
Minimize the number of layers in the electrical distribution system to reduce cost
and make selective coordination of the electrical system easier.
Eliminate secondary chilled water pumps by making the primary chilled water
pumps variable speed.
If all of the computer equipment is dual-cord and there are no motor loads
supplied by the UPS, then static transfer switches downstream of the UPS systems
are unnecessary.
I recently heard from a client that has 12-year-old UPS equipment that is no longer
manufactured has some custom, one-of-a-kind control boards. As UPS equipment ages,
the availability of spare parts and trained technicians decreases.
Follow these practices and you will be on your way to designing a cost-effective data
center.