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 PERIODIC ARRAY OF ATOMS

3 An ideal crystal is constructed

by the infinite repetition of
identical STRUCTURAL UNIT
in space.

3 Structural unit may comprise

many atoms or molecules.

3 Structural unit is a single

atom in the simplest crystals
like copper ,silver ,gold ,iron,
aluminum and the alkali
metals.
Lattice & Basis
3 A lattice is a regular periodic
array of points in space. In 2D ,
it is called a net.

3 Lattice is a Mathematical
Abstraction.

3 Basis means a group of atoms.

3 The crystal structure is formed when a basis is attached to

every lattice point.

6

  




 Lattice Translational Vector

3 A lattice translation operation is defined as the displacement

of a crystal by a crystal translation vector:
§     £ where u1,u2,u3 are arbitrary
integers and a1,a2,a3 are fundamental translation vectors.

3 Atomic arrangement looks

the same in every respect
when viewed from the
point r as when viewed
from the point
r' = r + T
Primitive Lattice Cell
3 Parallelepiped defined by primitive
axes is called a primitive cell.
3 A primitive cell is a minimum
volume cell.
3 No. of atoms in a primitive cell
or in its basis is always same for
a given crystal structure.
3 No basis contains fewer atoms than a primitive basis
contains.
3 There is always one lattice point per primitive cell.
3 There are many ways for choosing primitive axes and
primitive cell for a given lattice.
 è

3 The Wigner±Seitz cell around a lattice point is defined as the locus
of points in space that are closer
to that lattice point than to any
of the other lattice points.
3 The cell may be chosen by first
picking a lattice point. Then,lines
are drawn to all nearby (closest)
lattice points. At the midpoint of
each line, another line is drawn
normal to each of the first set of
lines.
3 In the case of a three-dimensional lattice, a perpendicular plane is drawn
at the midpoint of the lines between the lattice points.
 Fundamental Type Of 2D Lattices

1. Oblique

2. Rectangular

3. Centered rectangular

4. Hexagonal

5. Square
FUNDAMENTAL 3D LATTICE TYPES
 Simple Cubic Lattice

3 The   system consists of one lattice point

on each corner of the cube.

3 Each atom at the lattice

points is then shared
equally between eight
adjacent cubes, and
the unit cell therefore
contains in total one atom
(1»8 × 8).
Body Centered Cubic Lattice
3 The 
 system has one lattice point
in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight
corner points. It has a net total of 2 lattice points per
unit cell (1»8 × 8 + 1).
Face Centered Cubic Lattice

3 The { 


system has lattice points on
the faces of the cube, that
each gives exactly one half
contribution, in addition to
the corner lattice points,
giving a total of 4 atoms per
unit cell (1»8 × 8 from the
corners plus 1»2× 6 from
the faces).
Index System Of Crystals

3 Find the intercepts on the axis in

terms of lattice constants a1, a2
and a3.

3 Take the reciprocals of these

numbers and then reduce to
three integers having the same
ratio.

3 The result is enclosed in

parenthesis (hkl).
Sodium Chloride Structure
3 The lattice is FCC £ the basis consists of one Na atom
and one Cl atom separated by one-half the body
diagonal of a unit cube.
3 There are four units of NaCl in each unit cube.
Cesium Chloride Structure
3 There is one molecule per primitive cell, with atoms at
the corners 000 and body centered positions ½½½ of
the simple cubic space lattice.
3 The number of nearest neighbors or coordination number
is eight.
 Close Packing Of Spheres

3 It is a dense arrangement of equal spheres in an infinite,

regular arrangement (or lattice).

3 There are two types :

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Diamond Structure

3 The space lattice of diamond is fcc.

3 The primitive basis has two

identical atoms 000 £ ¼¼¼
associated with each point
of the fcc lattice.

3 Conventional unit cube

contains eight atoms.
Êinc Sulfide Structure