PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING

Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Medical Laboratory Science
Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Learning Expected Outcomes
• at the end of the lecture, students will be able to
differentiate population from a sample.

• Identify the different sampling techniques

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PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING
( DEFINITION OF TERMS )

• Population (N)
• Is the set of complete collection or totality of all possible values of the
variable.
• Sample (n)
• A subset or sub-collection of elements drawn from a population.

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N 3
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DETERMINING THE SAMPLE
• There is no general rule regarding the sample size.
• However, the higher the percentage of the sample, the higher the
validity of the study.
• The bigger the population, the lesser percentage of the sample is
taken.
• For a specific calculation of the sample for the purpose of
adequate sampling, the use of the Sloven’s Formula presented
below is advised as given by Pagoso

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Simplified Formula for
Proportion

N = Population; n = sample
e = margin of error or percentage of error
Using .05 or .01 as the sampling error, the Sloven’s Formula may easily be applied
Examples:
• Determine the number of samples needed in each:
• 1. N = 10,000, e = 1%
• Solution:

• 2. N = 10,000, e = 5%
• Solution:

• 3. N = 10,000, e = 10%
• Solution:

1. N = 10,000 , e = 1% , n = 5,000
2. N = 10,000 , e = 5% , n = 385
3. N = 10,000 , e = 10% , n = 100
 Sampling techniques

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

• Simple random sampling • Purposive sampling
• Systematic sampling • Quota sampling
• Cluster sampling • Convenience sampling
• Stratified sampling • Snowballing sampling

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Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• In this technique elements of the sample are selected
through lottery.
Systematic Sampling
• This technique of sampling is done by taking every element in
the population assignment of number as a part of the
sample.
• To select the systematic sample of n elements from a
population of N element, we divide the N element in the
population in the n groups of kth element.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING 1
2
3
26
27
28
51
52
53
76
77
78
4 29 54 79
5 30 55 80
6 31 56 81
N = 100 7 32 57 82
8 33 58 83
9 34 59 84
10 35 60 85
n = 20 11 36 61 86
12 37 62 87
13 38 63 88
k = N/n = 5 14 39 64 89
15 40 65 90
16 41 66 91
Select a random number between 1 and 5:
17 42 67 92
18 43 68 93
For example, choose 4 19 44 69 94
20 45 70 95
21 46 71 96
22 47 72 97
Start with #4 and select every 5th item 23 48 73 98
24 49 74 99
25 50 75 100
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Cluster Sampling
• Population under this technique is being
divided into sections (or cluster), randomly
select some of these cluster as the member
of the sample size.
Stratified Sampling
• In this technique, the population is subdivided
into at least two different subpopulation (or
strata) that share the same characteristics
and then the elements of the sample are
drawn from its stratum proportionately.
PROPORTIONAL STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Example. N = 322, e = 5%, n = 179

No. of Students Procedure Result

Unit 1 5 5 ÷ 322 x 179 3
Unit 2 15 15 ÷ 322 x 179 9
Unit 3 2 2 ÷ 322 x 179 2
Unit 4 30 30 ÷ 322 x 179 17
Unit 5 100 100 ÷ 322 x 179 56
Unit 6 12 12 ÷ 322 x 179 7
Unit 7 158 158 ÷ 322 x 179 88
Total 322 182
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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Purposive Sampling (Judgmental / Authoritative)
• In this technique , the elements of the sample are
being selected according to the criteria or rules set.
Quota Sampling
• In this technique , the sample size is limited on the
required number or subject in the study.
Convenience Sampling (Haphazard / Opportunity)
• In this technique , the sample are being selected from
a particular place at specified time preferred.
Snowballing Sampling
• In this technique , the researcher asks respondents to
give referrals to other possible respondents.
THANK YOU!