Chapter 2 1

Pretreatment Department

Pretreatment Department
 Chapter 2 2
Pretreatment Department

Desizing
The process which removes the sizing material in the grey fabric is called the
Desizing process. When fabric is woven before the warp end is coated with
the material (starch) it give the strength in the end which bear the looms
forces and reduction in the broken of threads during weaving process. Then
this material should be removed if it not removed yet it’s present on the
fabric and make problems in dyeing. The desizing process is depending upon
the sizing material which used before the weaving knows the properties of
sizing material we set the desizing agents and process. In sizing material
there is always glucose and cellulose is used. There is three types of desizing
is present in textile sector.

• Acid Desizing

• Oxidative Desizing

• Enzymatic Desizing

Acid Desizing
The process in which hydrochloric acid is used for remove the size material
in the fabric is called acid desizing or Rot steeping. This technique is usually
removed from textile industry because of lack of area and production.
Mineral acids hydrolyze starch by attacking glycoside linkages. The main
disadvantage of this technique is damage the fabric very much so now days
this technique is removed in textile sector. We are not done the acidic
desizing in our practice.

Oxidative Desizing
It’s also the one of the good technique in textile sector to remove the sizing
material. In this technique used the oxidative chemicals like sodium
persulphate (Na2S2O8) sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypobromite. This
chemical takes part of reaction solublizing group (ONa+). Which impact the
sizing material and remove the sizing material by help of water. In oxidative
desizing there is only heavy quality will be treated because it’s high
oxidative agent and damage the light quality and remarks is pin hole in it.
The reaction open the hydro glucose rings at 2,3 hydroxyls converting into
carboxylic acid. Which is soluble in water and starch is removed from fabric.
We done practice on the oxidative agents the agents which we are used is
the sodium persulphate. The oxidative desizing mostly done on the perbale
 Chapter 2 3
Pretreatment Department

sando machine which is continuous machine and desizing chamber is placed

after the singeing. After singeing the fabric is proceeding to saturators.
There are four hot washes for the better application. The basic purpose of
hot saturators is to increase the fabric temperature, as the desizer is more
likely to react in high temperature conditions. Temperature for these hot
wash is 90°-95°C. After hot washes the chemical is applied by means of a
trough. In trough, sodium persulphate, Felosan NKB, acetic acid, Heptol B-95
or VL is used. These chemicals have their own application. After it there are
3 cold washers which removed the soluble material and the process is done

For 100% cotton 16*16/58*12:

Chemicals g/l Temp/PH

Sodium
1 90’C/4.5-5.5
persulphate
NKB 1
Acetic Acid 0.4
B-95 2

ROLE OF PROCESS AUXILARIES:

ACETIC ACID: acetic acid is a weak acid. pH is controlled by this acid
during process. The chemical formula of acetic acid is the CH3COOH. The PH
of acetic acid is the 5-6 which is very useful to the oxidative agents. The
Titration is placed after each compellation of Liquor because its good to
make precipitate in the water.

Felosan NKB: it is a soaping agent. It’s manufacture by the CHT chemical

company. It’s give the soaping properties during the process which remove
the starch cleanly in the fabric. Synergetic mixture of modified fatty alcohol
alkoxlyates. pH-value 7.0 – 8.0. ALKAPOL NKB has a good stability in usual
concentrations to acids, alkalis, metal salts as well as oxidation agents,
reduction agents and hardening agents of the water.
ALKAPOL NKB is also compatible with non ionic, anionic and cationic
products. The product is not sensitive to frost.

Heptol B-95/VL: it is a cleaning agent. It is used to clean the scattering

from the rollers, caused by the fabric passage form these rollers. If this
 Chapter 2 4
Pretreatment Department

chemical not use in the process the passing of fabric is must be difficult on
rollers.

Enzymatic Desizing
Enzymes are the bacteria which are not be lived or dead but work in suitable
condition and temperature. There is two types of enzymes

• Hot

• Cold

Hot enzymes are those who works only in hot condition and temp like the 90-
95’c thy only activate on this temperature.

Cold enzymes are those whose works only in 25-30’c and it activate and
suitable for working in this conditions.

Enzymatic desizing is the process in which enzymes are used in it and the
starch is removed by the help of this. This technique is very suitable in
textile sector and mostly used in the industry. It’s very fast process and also
not toxic to environment. In Enzymes the main unit which degrades the
cellulose is the amalyse because the sizing agent is used is amalyse. There
are three sources to get the amalyse

• Malt

• Pancreatic

• Bacterial

Malt is derived by the fruit malt and in this basically amalyse is present
which are the alpha amalyse which not suitable for textile sizing agent.

Pancreatic is derived by the animal hazards bloods in this basically the

bacterial enzyme and mostly used in textile and desizing process.

Bacterial are form the sources but it only works in condition it’s very useful
for desizing process and mostly alpha amalyse is present in it.

Enzyme has property it eat the starch by giving its time and no toxic is
produce in it. We done our practice on the enzymatic desizing there is JRL is
used in it. Osthoff singe machine done the desizing process because it is
batch wise process. In this machine there is two tanks is present which
 Chapter 2 5
Pretreatment Department

capacity are the 500 ml in each tank and after it there is making of batch
and it give the time of 8hr that removed the all starch in it when it give time
the batch should be revolve it because all the starch is removed in it. When
we used the enzymatic desizing there should care be taken of the following
parameters which are desizing chemicals, based on: after singeing the fabric
is proceed to saturated portion. There are two saturators. In which the
temperature is 40°-42° C. If Osth-Off machine is used of oxidative desizing,
cold bleaching should be done with this process. Saturator capacity is 500
liters/saturator. Stock tank at normal condition is 1000 litters but max.
capacity is 2000 litters. Machine speed is 50-150m/min. Dancer rollers are
used for proper tensioning. There are two nipping points in Osth-Off
machine. Fabric is dipped in each saturator for 8 times for better chemical
application. Treated fabric is wound on batcher

• pH

• TEMPERATURE

• Type of Enzyme

For 100% cotton 20*20/100*20:

Chemicals g/l Temp/PH

JRL 2 100’C/ 4-5.5

NKB 1

Acetic Acid/ 0.6

Formic Acid
B-95 2

• After the time there is should be wash in hot water at temp of 90’c

• If there is presence of any sizing material which removed by the hot

water

• Time should be 10min

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROCESSES AND CHEMICALS:

 Chapter 2 6
Pretreatment Department

PROCESS ENZYAMTIC OXIDATIVE

CHEMICALS JRL SPS
AUXILLARIE FELSON NKB FELSON NKB
S
ACID FORMIC ACID ACETIC ACID
OTHER B - 95 B- 95
AUXILLARIE
S
PH 5 – 5.5 5 – 6.5
REMARKS SEMI CONTINOUS
CONTINOUS
PROBLEMS PH PARTICIPATES
MAINTAINANC
E
DIFFERENCE TAKE 8 HRS, CONTINUOUS,
BATCH MADE OTHER
PROCESS
DONE LIKE
SCOURING
EXPERINCE COMPLETE
& OPINION DESIZING
Scouring
Scouring is process in which we remove waxes, dust, and other gummy type
substances are called securing.

In this process we use two methods like spoanification and emulsification

they are remove the waxes and oily type substances. In general, scouring is
the fourth major step in the above-described textile wet processing. The
purpose of the scouring step is to remove foreign matter left on the textile
material after desizing. The foreign matter can be naturally occurring
colorants, waxes, and protein, as on a cotton fiber. The foreign matter can
also be materials applied to fibers and yarns to improve their manufacture
into fabrics, as in weaving or knitting, but which have to be removed prior to
dyeing and finishing to insure that the color of the material will be uniform
throughout. These materials can be sizes such as starch, polyvinyl alcohol,
ethylene maleic anhydride, carboxy methyl cellulose and others, or
lubricants such as emulsified oils, softeners, antistatic materials, and others.

The scouring process is desirable in order to attempt to remove impurities or

foreign matter and thus ultimately prepare a "whiteness in color" product
 Chapter 2 7
Pretreatment Department

suitable for subsequent dyeing and affecting a uniformity of color thereon.

Generally, commercial scouring or boiling processes involve contacting the
textile material with alkaline aqueous solution containing a caustic material
such as sodium hydroxide and a surfactant. In the past, however, this type of
scouring step was not substantially completely effective in that the
subsequently bleached textile material did not exhibit a better than fair
whiteness in color. By the practice of the present invention, however, the
whiteness of the bleached material is substantially improved.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to improve the process of the

type described so as to enhance the appearance of the textile material
treated and to clean the surface of said material to promote a more effective
dyeing step.

Other objects will become apparent in view of the subsequent detailed

description and appended claims. It has been unexpectedly found that the
above objects can be accomplished by including an amino tri (lower
alkylidene phosphonic acid) or water-soluble salt thereof in the boiling
aqueous alkaline scouring bath in addition to the caustic material and
surfactant. The amino tri (lower alkylidene phosphonic acids) have the
general formula:

Wherein x and y represent hydrogen or a lower alkyl containing, for example,

from one to four carbon atoms. Compounds illustrative of these acids are
amino tri (methylene phosphonic acid), amino tri (ethylidene phosphonic
acid), and amino tri (isopropylidene phosphonic acid).

EXAMPLE 1:
One practical method to ascertain the degree of cleanliness of a textile
material is to determine its whiteness. This can be accomplished by using a
Gardner Automatic Color Difference Meter made by Gardner Laboratory, Inc.,
Bethesda, Maryland. The color difference meter directly measures color by
reflectance in different scales. In this test, the color was determined relative
to a standard which was as close to perfect whiteness as is possible. Utilizing
this testing device, the machine is so calibrated that the control or standard
material used for comparative purposes registers a b value to zero. When a
 Chapter 2 8
Pretreatment Department

high positive b value is obtained, the material is too yellow. A negative b

value indicates blueness. In the textile industry, it is desirable to have as low
a b value as possible, even if the material is on the blue (negative) side of
the b scale. Too much blueness is undesirable, but it is acceptable up to a
point because it means that the material has fewer impurities in it. These
impurities, thus, cause the yellow color.

As a practical demonstration, 1 liter of boiling caustic solution containing

80.0 grams of a 50 weight percent sodium hydroxide solution and 12.0
grams of Biofax P-35, a phosphated surfactant typical of those used in the
industry, were used in this experiment as the scouring bath. Six-20 gram
fabric samples, two of 100 percent cotton, two of 35 percent cotton and 65
percent polyester, and two of 50 percent cotton and 50 percent polyester
were tested. For each kind of fabric, one sample was scoured in the bath
described above with the addition of 2.3 grams of amino tri (methylene
phosphonic acid) herein referred to as ATMP, and one sample was scoured
without ATMP. Each sample was scoured for one hour at 210° F. and rinsed
twice with water at 210° F. for 30 minutes each time.

Textile scouring range

A range is provided for use in washing, scouring and otherwise treating
running fabric webs, especially those of a fragile nature such as knit goods
and the like. The range includes a plurality of.

Scouring agent composition for fiber

The present invention provides a method for souring, using a scouring agent
composition which has low-viscosity although being highly concentrated,
which has excellent scouring property.

There are two type of scouring namely specifications and emulsification. In

scouring process we remove waxes and gummy type substances, dust and
impurities through the chemical treatment.
 Chapter 2 9
Pretreatment Department

Spoanification
It is process in which we remove the dust and impurities and other gummy
type substances through chemical treatment. spoanification is also a soaping
process.

Emulsification
It a process in which we remove the oily type substances through the
chemical treatment if we remove long chain fatty acid than we used organic
compound. this process is known as emulsifications.