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Contents
o
9.2.1 Force between two magnetic poles
9.2.2 Force between two nearby attracting
surfaces of area A and equal but opposite
magnetizations M
9.2.3 Force between two bar magnets
• 10 Footnotes and in-line references
• 11 Online references
• 12 Printed references
• 13 External links
14 See also
Magnetic field
Magnetic moment
Magnetization
The north pole of the magnet is the pole which, when the
magnet is freely suspended, points towards the Earth's
magnetic north pole in northern Canada. Since opposite
poles (north and south) attract whereas like poles (north and
north, or south and south) repel, the Earth's present
geographic north is thus actually its magnetic south.
Confounding the situation further, the Earth's magnetic field
has reversed itself many times in the distant past.
Overview
Physics of diamagnetism
Physics of ferromagnetism
Magnetic domains
Physics of antiferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetic ordering
Physics of ferrimagnetism
Ferrimagnetic ordering
Safety
Composites
Ceramic or ferrite
Alnico
Ticonal
Injection molded
Flexible
Nano-structured magnets
Temperature
Electromagnets
Fields of a magnet
Far away from a magnet, the magnetic field created by that
magnet is almost always described (to a good
approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total
magnetic moment. This is true regardless of the shape of the
magnet, so long as the magnetic moment is nonzero. One
characteristic of a dipole field is that the strength of the field
falls off inversely with the cube of the distance from the
magnet's center.
where
[2]
where
[3]
where
Online references
Printed references
External links
See also
• Halbach cylinder - a
cylindrical very strong
(~5T) magnetic
configuration that has
little external field
Magnetic moment
Contents
8 Notes
where
and
where
where
electro
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n
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n
, as well as the
'transverse' component:
Both the curl and the divergence of this field vanish. When
more than one magnetic moment is present, the total
magnetic field is simply the sum of the fields of each
magnetic moment.
where
and one can be put in terms of the other via the relation
In all these expressions is the dipole and is the magnetic
field at its position.
The final formulas are shown next. They are expressed in the
global coordinate system,
The torque is straightforward to obtain from the formula
which gives
Magnetic field
Contents
• 1 B and H
o 1.1 Alternative names for B and H
o 1.2 Units
• 2 Permanent magnets and magnetic poles
• 3 Visualizing the magnetic field
o 3.1 Magnetic B field lines
o 3.2 Earth's magnetic field
• 4 Effects of the magnetic field, B
o 4.1 Force due to a magnetic field on a moving
charge
4.1.1 Force on a charged particle
4.1.2 Force on current-carrying wire
4.1.3 Direction of force
o 4.2 Torque on a magnetic dipole
o 4.3 Force on a magnetic dipole due to a non-
uniform B
o 4.4 Electric force due to a changing B
• 5 Sources of magnetic fields
o 5.1 Electrical currents (moving charges)
5.1.1 Magnetic field of a steady current
o 5.2 Magnetic dipoles
o 5.3 Changing electric field
o 5.4 Magnetic monopole (hypothetical)
• 6 Definition and mathematical properties of B
o 6.1 Maxwell's equations
• 7 Measuring the magnetic B field
o 7.1 Hall effect
o 7.2 SQUID magnetometer
• 8 The H field
o 8.1 Physical interpretation of the H field
o 8.2 Sources of the H field
o 8.3 Uses of the H field
8.3.1 Energy stored in magnetic fields
8.3.2 Magnetic circuits
o 8.4 History of B and H
• 9 Rotating magnetic fields
• 10 Special relativity and electromagnetism
o 10.1 Moving magnet and conductor problem
o 10.2 Electric and magnetic fields different aspects
of the same phenomenon
• 11 Magnetic field shape descriptions
• 12 See also
• 13 References
• 14 Notes
B and H
Units
Field lines are a useful way to represent any vector field and
can often be used to reveal sophisticated properties of that
field quite simply. One important property of the magnetic
field that can be verified with field lines is that it always
makes complete loops. Magnetic field lines neither start nor
end (although they can extend to or from infinity). To date
no exception to this rule has been found. (See magnetic
monopole below.)
where
Direction of force
Magnetic dipoles
Maxwell's equations
The first is that the magnetic field never starts nor ends at
a point. Whatever magnetic field lines enter a region has to
eventually leave that region. This is mathematically
equivalent to saying that the divergence of the magnetic is
zero. (Such vector fields are called solenoidal vector fields.)
This property is called Gauss' law for magnetism and is one
of Maxwell's Equations. It is also equivalent to the statement
that there are no magnetic monopoles (see above).
Hall effect
SQUID magnetometer
The H field
(SI units)
(cgs units),
replace with ,
Magnetic circuits
History of B and H
General
Mathematics
Applications
• Teltron Tube
Notes
1. ^ The standard graduate textbook by J. D. Jackson
"Classical Electrodynamics" specifically follows the
historical tradition, specifically, "In the presence of
magnetic materials the dipole tends to align itself in a
certain direction. That direction is by definition the
direction of the magnetic flux density, denoted by ,
provided the dipole is sufficiently small and weak that it
does not perturb the existing field". Similarly, in Section
5 of Jackson, is referred to as the magnetic field.
Hence, Edward Purcell, in Electricity and Magnetism,
McGraw-Hill, 1963, writes, Even some modern writers
who treat as the primary field feel obliged to call it
the magnetic induction because the name magnetic
field was historically preempted by H. This seems
clumsy and pedantic. If you go into the laboratory and
ask a physicist what causes the pion trajectories in his
bubble chamber to curve, he'll probably answer
"magnetic field," not "magnetic induction." You will
seldom hear a geophysicist refer to the earth's
magnetic induction, or an astrophysicist talk about the
magnetic induction of the galaxy. We propose to keep
on calling the magnetic field. As for , although other
names have been invented for it, we shall call it "the
field " or even "the magnetic field ".
2. ^ Magnetic Field Strength H
3. ^ What is magnetic field strength?
4. ^ Magnetic Field Strength Converter
5. ^ The use of iron filings to display a field presents
something of an exception to this picture: the magnetic
field is in fact much larger along the "lines" of iron, due
to the large permeability of iron relative to air.
6. ^ In special relativity this means that the electrical field
and the magnetic field must be two parts of the same
phenomenon. For a moving single charge or charges
moving together we can always shift to a reference
system in which they are not moving. In that reference
system there is no magnetic field. Yet, the physics has
to be the same in all reference systems. It turns out the
electric field changes as well which produces the same
force in the original reference frame. It is probably a
mistake, though, to say that the electric field causes
the magnetic field when relativity is accounted for,
since relativity favors no particular reference frame.
(One could just as easily say that the magnetic field
caused an electric field). More importantly it is not
always possible to move into a coordinate system in
which all of the charges are stationary. See classical
electromagnetism and special relativity for more
information.
7. ^ In practice the Biot-Savart law and other laws of
magnetostatics can often be used even when the
charge is changing in time as long as it is not changing
too quickly. This situation is known as being quasistatic.
8. ^ In the ether model the displacement current is a real
current that occurs because the electric field 'displaces'
positive charge in one direction and negative charge in
the opposite direction in the ether. A change in the
electric field will then shift these charges around
causing a current in the ether. This model can still be
useful even though it is incorrect in that it helps to give
a better understanding of the displacement field.
9. ^ Two experiments produced candidate events that
were initially interpreted as monopoles, but these are
now regarded to be inconclusive. For details and
references, see magnetic monopole.
10. ^ The Solar Dynamo, retrieved Sep 15, 2007.
11. ^ I. S. Falconer and M. I. Large (edited by I. M. Sefton),
"Magnetism: Fields and Forces" Lecture E6, The
University of Sydney, retrieved 3 Oct 2008
12. ^ Robert Sanders, "Astronomers find magnetic Slinky in
Orion", 12 January 2006 at UC Berkeley. Retrieved 3
Oct 2008
Dipole
The Earth's magnetic field, which is approximately a
magnetic dipole. However, the "N" and "S" (north and south)
poles are labeled here geographically, which is the opposite
of the convention for labeling the poles of a magnetic dipole
moment
Contents
Molecular dipoles
Atomic dipoles
Magnitude
The far-field strength, B, of a dipole magnetic field is given
by
where
r2 = z2 + ρ2
and
Vector form
B is the field;
r is the vector from the position of the dipole to the
position where the field is being measured;
r is the absolute value of r: the distance from the
dipole;
is the unit vector parallel to r;
m is the (vector) dipole moment;
μ0 is the permeability of free space;
δ3 is the three-dimensional delta function. ( =0
except at r = (0,0,0), so this term is ignored in
multipole expansion.)
where
Torque on a dipole
The resulting torque will tend to align the dipole with the
applied field, which in the case of an electric dipole, yields a
potential energy of
.
Dipole radiation