RADIATION RESEARCH 169, 337–343 (2008)
0033-7587/08 $15.00
䉷 2008 by Radiation Research Society.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by GSM-900 Cellular
Telephones on the Circadian Patterns of Gonadal, Adrenal and
Pituitary Hormones in Men
Yasmina Djeridane,a Yvan Touitoua,1 and René de Sezeb
a
Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Service de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, INSERM U713, 75013, Paris, France; and
b
Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale et Prédictive, INERIS, Parc technologique ALATA, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
Djeridane, Y., Touitou, Y. and de Seze, R. Influence of Elec-
tromagnetic Fields Emitted by GSM-900 Cellular Telephones
on the Circadian Patterns of Gonadal, Adrenal and Pituitary
Hormones in Men. Radiat. Res. 169, 337–343 (2008).
The potential health risks of radiofrequency electromag-
netic fields (RF EMFs) emitted by mobile phones are cur-
rently of considerable public interest. The present study in-
vestigated the effect of exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofre-
quency radiation on steroid (cortisol and testosterone) and
pituitary (thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone,
prolactin and adrenocorticotropin) hormone levels in 20
healthy male volunteers. Each subject was exposed to RF
EMFs through the use of a cellular phone for 2 h/day, 5 days/
week, for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected hourly during
the night and every 3 h during the day. Four sampling sessions
were performed at 15-day intervals: before the beginning of
the exposure period, at the middle and the end of the exposure
period, and 15 days later. Parameters evaluated included the
maximum serum concentration, the time of this maximum,
and the area under the curve for hormone circadian patterns.
Each individual’s pre-exposure hormone concentration was
used as his control. All hormone concentrations remained
within normal physiological ranges. The circadian profiles of
prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin
and testosterone were not disrupted by RF EMFs emitted by
mobile phones. For growth hormone and cortisol, there were
significant decreases of about 28% and 12%, respectively, in
the maximum levels when comparing the 2-week (for growth
hormone and cortisol) and 4-week (for growth hormone) ex-
posure periods to the pre-exposure period, but no difference
persisted in the postexposure period. Our data show that the
900 MHz EMF exposure, at least under our experimental con-
ditions, does not appear to affect endocrine functions in men.䉷
2008 by Radiation Research Society
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological studies and others (1, 2) have enabled
international bodies such as the International Commission
Address for correspondence: Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie
1
Curie, Service de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, INSERM
U713, 91, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; e-mail:
touitou@ccr.jussieu.fr.
337
on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the European
Commission to establish recommendations for public ex-
posure to EMFs to ensure a high level of safety (3). The
extensive use of mobile phones has been accompanied by
public debate about possible adverse effects on human
health. However, there is experimental evidence to show
that 900 MHz EMFs do not affect levels of melatonin in
humans (4, 5) and rodents (6–9), 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in
rats (10), cortisol in humans (5, 11), and some pituitary
hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), luteotropic hor-
mone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and adre-
nocorticotropin (ACTH) in humans (7, 12). Other studies
using rats report a decrease in the levels of the pituitary
hormones TSH, LH and FSH (13, 14) as well as testoster-
one (14). The purpose of the present study was to examine
the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency (RF) EMFs emitted
by GSM mobile telephones on the circadian patterns of
steroid (cortisol and testosterone) and pituitary (TSH, GH,
PRL and ACTH) hormones in healthy men.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
Twenty healthy male volunteers who were 20–32 years old participated
in this study. Their health status was ascertained by both clinical and
routine biological examinations. The main exclusion criteria were night
or shift work, stressful work, frequent exposure to unusually high-inten-
sity electromagnetic fields at any frequency (static, extremely low-fre-
quency or RF), mobile phone use prior to entering the study and during
the study other than that prescribed by the study, diseases of the ear, nose
and throat, endocrine disorders, neuropsychiatric disease, unusual sleep
patterns, and recent transcontinental flight. The protocol was approved by
the Ethics Committee of Nı̂mes University Hospital and was performed
according to ethical guidelines dealing with research on biological
rhythms in humans (15).
Exposure Parameters
The phone tested was the Motorola 8200 cellular radiotelephone, which
operates near 900 MHz and employs the GSM system (Global System
for Mobile communication), 217 Hz modulation frequency, 1/8 duty fac-
tor, 2 W maximal peak power, corresponding to a time-averaged absorbed
power (specific absorption rate averaged over 10 g, SAR10g) in the tem-
338 DJERIDANE, TOUITOU AND de SEZE
FIG. 1. Experimental design.
poral brain of about 0.3 W/kg. For each subject, exposure was on the
same side of the head for all sessions.
Phone Exposure
Volunteers used GSM phones for 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Each
subject was exposed in our laboratory in either the 14:00–16:00 h or 16:30–
18:30 h period. All the subjects were tested within a 3-month period. Five
groups of four subjects were exposed at the same time during each session.
During the exposure sessions, the attention of the volunteers and a correct
usual listening position were maintained by TV projection of movies. Movies
were selected to avoid boring presentations, excessive suspense, dramatic
killing, exciting sexuality, or depressing morbidity. For tests, the audio signal
from the television set was distributed to four fixed telephones of the con-
ventional commuted network. This enabled each subject to call a receiving
telephone from his own GSM handset to hear the movie soundtrack. To
reproduce the same behavioral conditions on all the sampling days, a sham
exposure was also performed on the days of the first and the last blood
drawing sessions at the same times as the actual exposures. For sham ex-
posure, the radiofrequency output on these days was switched to a 50 ⍀
non-emitting load instead of the antenna. In this case, movie sound was heard
directly from the TV speakers.
Sampling Protocol
Volunteers went to the Clinical Research Center of the Hospital for the
sampling sessions. They were there for 24 h and arrived at around 18:30
h. After 15 min of rest, their blood samples were collected through an
indwelling antecubital catheter hourly between 22:00 and 10:00 h and
every 3 h between 10:00 and 22:00 h, for a total of 17 samples over 24
h. Volunteers had dinner at 20:00 h and went to bed at 22:45 h. During
the sampling sessions, volunteers were synchronized photically by a reg-
ular light pattern (on at 07:00 h, off at 23:00 h). Night samplings were
performed under moderate light (intensity less than 10 lux). Volunteers
usually remained asleep during samplings, but arousal sometimes oc-
curred depending on the depth of sleep and position of the catheterized
arm. Data acquisition occurred over four sessions. The first took place
before the beginning of the listening sessions (pre-exposure period); the
next was performed at the middle of the 1-month listening period (second
week of exposure period). The third took place at the end of the listening
period (fourth week of exposure period), and the last 15 days later eval-
uated the retentivity of any potential effect or a rebound effect (postex-
posure period).
Figure 1 shows the experimental design.
Biochemical Assays
Serum levels of cortisol, testosterone, TSH, GH, PRL and ACTH were
assayed using commercial immunofluorometry (Delphia娂, Wallac, Fin-
land). The intra-assay coefficients of variation were as follows: for cor-
tisol, 2.2% at 400 ng/ml; for testosterone, 4.5% at 4 ng/ml; for TSH,
4.5% at 1.05 ␮IU/ml; for GH, 6% at 0.40 mIU/liter; for PRL, 7.4% at
11.7 ng/ml; for ACTH, 6.2% at 20 pmol/liter.
Variables
The following variables were analyzed for each individual volunteer
and for each of the four sampling sessions: the maximum of the 24-h
serum concentrations, the time of this peak (closest integer clock time),
and the area under the curve. The area under the curve was calculated
with Prism v3.00 (GraphPad威).
Statistical Analysis
To obtain high sensitivity in view of possible wide interindividual var-
iations, subjects were their own controls, using the pre-exposure session
for reference. The means ⫾ SD for each variable (peak serum concen-
tration, time of this peak, and area under the curve) were calculated for
each session, and the 2-week, 4-week and postexposure sessions were
compared with the pre-exposure session. The non-parametric Friedman’s
test was performed to evaluate whether and to what extent exposure af-
fects hormone levels. The analysis factor was the period pre-exposure,
2-week or 4-week exposure, or postexposure; when appropriate, the post
hoc Dunn’s Multiple Comparison Test was performed for more precise
comparison between specific periods. The Friedman’s test was performed
with Prism v3.00 (GraphPad威). Reported differences are the relative dif-
ferences expressed as percentages of the mean values for the 19 volun-
teers at the time when the change was considered to the mean value of
the 19 volunteers at the indicated period. When not otherwise mentioned,
the reference period is the pre-exposure period.
 900 MHz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND CIRCADIAN HORMONE SECRETION 339

FIG. 2. Circadian patterns of ACTH, cortisol and testosterone for each session. Each point is the mean hormone
concentration ⫾ standard error of the mean of 19 subjects shown before, during and after a 4-week exposure period.

RESULTS peak. For GH, this was correlated with a decrease in the area
under the curve. No time of the peak in the serum hormone
One volunteer had to be excluded from the analysis be-
concentrations was significantly different over the 4-week
cause his hormone profile indicated that he did not adhere to
sampling period (Table 1 and Figs. 2, 3).
the normal daytime schedule. Thus the total number of vol-
unteers for the analysis was 19. All hormone profiles re-
ACTH
mained within normal physiological ranges; their circadian
profiles are presented in Figs. 2 and 3. For cortisol and GH, ACTH concentrations showed a morning peak, with the
we observed a significant decrease in the maximum of the maximum serum ACTH level occurring between 07:00 h
340 DJERIDANE, TOUITOU AND de SEZE

FIG. 3. Circadian patterns of TSH, GH and PRL for each session. Each point is the mean hormone concentration
⫾ standard error of the mean of 19 (for TSH and GH) or 18 (for PRL) subjects shown before, during and after a
4-week exposure period.

and 08:00 h (Fig. 2). The only significant difference ap-
peared in the Friedman’s test for the area under the curve
(P ⫽ 0.043), a 10.1% increase when the intraindividual
coefficient of variation is 18%. Since the post test shows
that this difference mainly affects the comparison between
the pre-exposure and the postexposure sessions, we cannot
consider this as an effect of the exposure. There was also
a nonsignificant difference in the area under the curve as
well in the peak time: 1.2 h earlier for the 4-week exposure
session compared to the pre-exposure session, when the
average intraindividual variation was 1.9 h. The largest dif-
ference in the maximum was a nonsignificant 5.6% increase
 900 MHz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND CIRCADIAN HORMONE SECRETION 341

TABLE 1
Area under the Curve, Peak Time and Peak Value Analyzed by using the Friedman’s Test over the
Pre-exposure to Postexposure Periods
Hormone Measurement Pre-exposure 2-week exposure 4-week exposure Postexposure
ACTH Area under the curve (pmol/liter ⫻ h) 441 ⫾ 191 482 ⫾ 227 470 ⫾ 195 490 ⫾ 212
Peak time (h) 7.5 ⫾ 1.7 7.1 ⫾ 1.0 6.3 ⫾ 2.0 7.7 ⫾ 2.7
Peak value (pmol/liter) 33 ⫾ 14 35 ⫾ 10 35 ⫾ 10 33 ⫾ 12
Cortisol Area under the curve (ng/ml ⫻ h) 1200 ⫾ 460 1100 ⫾ 310 1200 ⫾ 280 1200 ⫾ 330
Peak time (h) 8.1 ⫾ 1.6 7.2 ⫾ 2.4 7.5 ⫾ 1.3 8.2 ⫾ 1.4
Peak value (ng/ml) 98 ⫾ 30 88 ⫾ 24* 100 ⫾ 23 105 ⫾ 17
Testosterone Area under the curve (ng/ml ⫻ h) 123 ⫾ 36 125 ⫾ 36 125 ⫾ 35 135 ⫾ 23
Peak time (h) 3.1 ⫾ 1.2 3.1 ⫾ 1.0 3.1 ⫾ 2.1 3.1 ⫾ 1.1
Peak value (ng/ml) 4.9 ⫾ 1.4 5.0 ⫾ 1.0 5.0 ⫾ 1.2 5.2 ⫾ 0.9
TSH Area under the curve (␮IU/ml ⫻ h) 40 ⫾ 13 38 ⫾ 13 38 ⫾ 15 34 ⫾ 12
Peak time (h) 1.0 ⫾ 2.8 0.3 ⫾ 2.9 1.3 ⫾ 3.2 0.0 ⫾ 3.2
Peak value (␮IU/ml) 2.3 ⫾ 1.1 2.3 ⫾ 1.0 2.4 ⫾ 0.7 2.2 ⫾ 1.3
GH Area under the curve (mIU/liter ⫻ h) 102 ⫾ 61 84 ⫾ 60* 86 ⫾ 69 90 ⫾ 70
Peak time (h) 1.5 ⫾ 2.1 1.5 ⫾ 2.1 1.5 ⫾ 2.0 1.5 ⫾ 2.1
Peak value (m IU/liter) 29 ⫾ 14 23 ⫾ 15* 22 ⫾ 16* 25 ⫾ 17
PRL Area under the curve (ng/ml ⫻ h) 195 ⫾ 46 202 ⫾ 46 224 ⫾ 65 204 ⫾ 58
Peak time (h) 4.2 ⫾ 3.9 4.1 ⫾ 4.7 4.6 ⫾ 3.0 5.0 ⫾ 4.7
Peak value (ng/ml) 11 ⫾ 5 11 ⫾ 4 12 ⫾ 3 12 ⫾ 4
Notes. Values are shown as means ⫾ SD. Area under the curve: *P ⫽ 0.013: 2-week exposure compared to pre-exposure for GH. Peak value: *P
⫽ 0.025: 2-week exposure compared to pre-exposure for cortisol; *P ⫽ 0.003: 2-week and 4-week exposure compared to pre-exposure for GH.

for the 4-week exposure session, when the intraindividual TSH

coefficient of variation was 20%.
Cortisol
The pattern of serum cortisol paralleled that of ACTH
(Fig. 2). The largest change observed in the area under the
curve was a nonsignificant 6.2% decrease for the 2-week
exposure session. The largest difference in the average peak
time was a nonsignificant earlier peak time of ⫺0.8 h for
the 2-week exposure session compared with the average
intraindividual variation of 1.7 h. A significant difference
in the maximum secretion of cortisol was found with the
Friedman’s test (P ⫽ 0.025); the largest change was a 12%
decrease for the 2-week exposure session compared to the
pre-exposure session, but the post hoc Dunn’s Multiple
Comparison Test did not show any more significant differ-
ence between those two periods. For comparison, the intra-
individual variation was 12.8%.
Testosterone
The Friedman’s test did not indicate a statistically sig-
nificant effect of EMFs on testosterone secretion (Fig. 2).
The largest difference in the area under the curve was a
nonsignificant 1% increase for the postexposure session
compared with an average intraindividual variation of 18%.
The largest change in average peak time was a nonsignif-
icant delay of 0.5 h for the 2-week exposure session com-
pared with average intraindividual variations of 0.23 h. The
largest change in peak testosterone levels was a nonsignif-
icant 5% increase for the postexposure session, whereas the
relative intraindividual variation was 27%.
The maximum peak TSH value was observed at around
23:00 h. There was no significant difference in the area
under the curve, the time of the peak, or the maximum (Fig.
3). The largest difference in the area under the curve was
a nonsignificant decrease of 12.6% for the postexposure
session, when the intraindividual coefficient of variation
was 16%. The largest difference in the peak time was a
nonsignificant earlier time peak of ⫺1.1 h on the postex-
posure session, when the average intraindividual variation
was 2.8 h. The largest difference in the maximum was a
nonsignificant 13.1% decrease for the postexposure session,
when the intraindividual coefficient of variation was 24%.
GH
The circadian rhythm of GH concentrations was clearly
visible. The maximum serum GH level occurred during the
early night at around 01:00 h (Fig. 3). The largest differ-
ence in the area under the curve was a decrease of 17.3%
for the 2-week exposure session (P ⫽ 0.013), when the
intraindividual coefficient of variation was 31.1%. The larg-
est difference in the nocturnal peak time was a nonsignif-
icantly earlier time of 0.1 h for the 4-week exposure ses-
sion. This difference cannot be significant with such a large
average intraindividual variation of 1.84 h. Significant dif-
ferences (P ⫽ 0.003) were observed in the values of the
maximum for the 2-week exposure session (Dunn: differ-
ence in rank sum: 27; P ⬍ 0.01) as for the 4-week exposure
sessions compared to the pre-exposure session (Dunn: dif-
ference in rank sum: 24; P ⬍ 0.05). The intensity of this
decrease was about 27 to 29%, when the intraindividual
342 DJERIDANE, TOUITOU AND de SEZE
coefficient of variation was 34.8%. This decrease was cor-
related with a nonsignificant 12 to 17% decrease in the area
under the curve.
PRL
One volunteer presented with stomach spasms for the
4-week exposure session and was given metoclopramid,
which is known to cause an increased secretion of PRL.
Thus this volunteer was removed from the analysis, leaving
18 volunteers for the analysis of PRL. There were no dif-
ferences in PRL concentrations between the pre-exposed
and exposed subjects (Fig. 3). The largest difference in the
area under the curve was a nonsignificant 9.3% increase on
the 4-week exposure session, when the intraindividual co-
efficient of variation was 9%. The largest difference in the
peak time was a nonsignificant later time peak of 0.8 h in
the postexposure session, when the average of intraindivid-
ual variation was 2.8 h. The largest difference in the max-
imum was a nonsignificant 3.9% increase on the 4-week
exposure session, correlated to the increase in the area un-
der the curve, when the intraindividual coefficient of vari-
ation was 16%.
DISCUSSION
Radiofrequency-radiation exposure can be harmful be-
cause of its ability to heat biological tissue (16). We studied
the effects of 900 MHz GSM EMFs on the circadian pat-
terns of serum steroid (cortisol and testosterone) and pitu-
itary (TSH, GH, PRL, and ACTH) hormones in healthy
male subjects from exposure levels that would not heat tis-
sue. All hormones remained within the normal physiolog-
ical range throughout and after exposure of healthy men to
EMFs emitted by cellular phones 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for
4 weeks. Also, exposure did not affect the serum levels of
any of the hormones tested. The hormone concentrations
remained within normal physiological ranges (17–21). In
addition, no significant effects were found on PRL, TSH
and ACTH with respect to the dynamic characteristics of
the circadian blood level profiles. The circadian hormone
patterns were in agreement with those reported in other
studies (17–21), but we found significant decreases of about
28% and 12% in the peak secretion of GH and cortisol,
respectively. For cortisol, the decrease was significant when
comparing the 2-week exposure session to the pre-exposure
session. Such a small decrease (12%) in the circadian am-
plitude is unlikely to be indicative of a health risk. Inter-
estingly, it has been shown elsewhere that salivary and se-
rum cortisol levels in humans (5, 11) were independent of
the EMF exposure. For GH, the decrease in the maximum
level was correlated with a nonsignificant 12 to 17% de-
crease in the area under the curve. Our data on the circadian
profiles of pituitary hormone concentrations are in agree-
ment with those of de Seze et al. (12) and Mann et al. (7),
who reported that 900 MHz EMFs did not affect daytime
serum concentrations of the pituitary hormones ACTH,
TSH, GH, PRL, LH and FSH. For the small changes ob-
served in GH and cortisol, a counterbalanced exposure de-
sign with 2 weeks of exposure in each phase would allow
us to detect the extent to which the subjects acclimatized
to the exposure and whether exposure order could be a
source of variability; however, this would have decreased
the number of exposure sessions and the total exposure du-
ration, which could have led to no effect. Thus further stud-
ies are needed.
Changes that could be considered biologically relevant
are of the order of the average relative spontaneous varia-
tion of an individual’s value from one session to another.
With 19 values, as in our study, such a change is of the
order of the standard deviation of values between individ-
uals. This is also the amplitude of the difference that would
be needed to reach a power of 80% for this study. The
observed changes are far below this value, which means
that mobile phone exposure does not alter the blood con-
centrations of most of the hormones studied.
There are currently no data on the effects of RF EMFs
on reproductive function in men. In contrast to a study that
reported that 900 MHz RF EMFs induced a significant de-
crease in total serum testosterone levels in rats (14), the
present study found no difference. It is possible that the
difference in the effects observed in rodents and humans
may be because that animals detect and perceive magnetic
fields differently (22) or are not affected in the same way.
In conclusion, our data indicate that mobile phones emit-
ting 900 MHz EMFs do not induce any modification of
either hormone concentrations or circadian patterns (no
modification of the shape of the curve: neither phase ad-
vance nor phase delay), except for cortisol and GH, where
we observe a significant decrease in the maximum of the
peak when comparing the 2-week (for growth hormone and
cortisol) and 4-week (for growth hormone) exposure peri-
ods to the pre-exposure period, but no difference persisted
in the postexposure period. The results also suggest that the
900 MHz EMF exposure, at least under our experimental
conditions, does not appear to affect human endocrine func-
tions, which is in good agreement with the inconsistent re-
sults obtained in some epidemiological studies (1, 2).
Though our experiment was performed with a long duration
of exposure, it cannot be ruled out that repetitive exposures
for a year or more may have effects on humans, especially
on young teenagers who use phones for several hours per
day.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been funded by Motorola, Inc.
Received: December 8, 2006; accepted: October 9, 2007
REFERENCES
1. J. B. Burch, J. S. Reif, C. W. Noonan, T. Ichinose, A. M. Bachand,
T. L. Koleber and M. G. Yost, Melatonin metabolite excretion among
cellular telephone users. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78, 1029–1036 (2002).
 900 MHz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND CIRCADIAN HORMONE SECRETION
2. E. S. Altpeter, M. Röösli, M. Battaglia, D. Pfluger, C. E. Minder and
T. Abelin, Effect of short-wave (6–22 MHz) magnetic fields on sleep
quality and melatonin cycle in humans: the Schwarzenburg shut-
down study. Bioelectromagnetics 27, 142–150 (2006).
3. R. W. Krieger and M. E. Withey, EMF and the public health. Natural
Resources Environ. 9, 3–5 (1994).
4. R. de Seze, J. Ayoub, P. Peray, L. Miro and Y. Touitou, Evaluation
in humans of the effects of radiocellular telephones on the circadian
patterns of melatonin secretion, a chronobiological rhythm marker. J.
Pineal Res. 27, 237–242 (1999).
5. K. Radon, D. Parera, D. M. Rose, D. Jung and L. Vollrath, No effects
of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin, cor-
tisol, and selected markers of the immune system in man. Bioelec-
tromagnetics 22, 280–287 (2001).
6. L. Vollrath, R. Spessert, T. Kratzsch, M. Keiner and H. Hollmann,
No short-term effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the
mammalian pineal gland. Bioelectromagnetics 18, 376–387 (1997).
7. K. Mann, P. Wagner, G. Brunn, F. Hassan, C. Hiemke and J. Roschke,
Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neu-
roendocrine system. Neuroendocrinology 67, 139–144 (1998).
8. A. Bortkiewicz, B. Pilacik, E. Gadzicka and W. Szymczak, The ex-
cretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in healthy young men exposed
to electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phone: an experimental
study. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 23, 188–191 (2002).
9. A. Koyu, F. Ozguner, G. Cesur, O. Gokalp, H. Mollaoglu, S. Caliskan
and N. Delibas, No effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromag-
netic field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin
levels in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health 21, 27–31 (2005).
10. J. Bakos, G. Kubinyi, H. Sinay and G. Thuroczy, GSM modulated
radiofrequency radiation does not affect 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excre-
tion of rats. Bioelectromagnetics 24, 531–534 (2003).
11. S. Braune, A. Riedel, J. Schulte-Monting and J. Raczek, Influence of
a radiofrequency electromagnetic field on cardiovascular and hor-
monal parameters of the autonomic nervous system in healthy indi-
viduals. Radiat. Res. 158, 352–356 (2002).
12. R. de Seze, P. Fabbro-Peray and L. Miro, GSM radiocellular tele-
343
phones do not disturb the secretion of antepituitary hormones in hu-
mans. Bioelectromagnetics 19, 271–278 (1998).
13. A. Koyu, G. Cesur, F. Ozguner, M. Akdogan, H. Mollaoglu and S.
Ozen, Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid
hormones in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 157, 257–262 (2005).
14. M. Ozguner, A. Koyu, G. Cesur, M. Ural, F. Ozguner, A. Gokcimen
and N. Delibas, Biological and morphological effects on the repro-
ductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi
Med. J. 26, 405–410 (2005).
15. Y. Touitou, M. H. Smolensky and F. Portaluppi, Ethics, standards,
and procedures of animal and human chronobiology research. Chron-
obiol. Int. 23, 1083–1096 (2006).
16. O. P. Gandhi, Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. IEEE
Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 6, 14–58 (1987).
17. M. Azukizawa, A. E. Pekary, J. M. Hershman and D. C. Parker,
Plasma thyrotropin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine relationships in
man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43, 533–542 (1976).
18. B. Selmaoui and Y. Touitou, Reproducibility of the circadian rhythms
of serum cortisol and melatonin in healthy subjects: a study of three
different 24-h cycles over six weeks. Life Sci. 73, 3339–3349 (2003).
19. J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, M. L. Johnson and G. Lizarralde,
Amplitude, but not frequency, modulation of adrenocorticotropin se-
cretory bursts gives rise to the nyctohemeral rhythm of the cortico-
tropic axis in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71, 452–463 (1990).
20. A. G. Smals, P. W. Kloppenborg and T. J. Benraad, Diurnal plasma
testosterone rhythm and the effects of short-term ACTH administra-
tion on plasma testosterone in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38,
608–611 (1974).
21. Y. Touitou, M. Fevre, M. Lagoguey, A. Carayon, A. Bogdan, A.
Reinberg, H. Beck, F. Cesselin and C. Touitou, Age- and mental
health-related circadian rhythms of plasma levels of melatonin, pro-
lactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in man.
J. Endocrinol. 91, 467–475 (1981).
22. J. Olcese, S. Reuss and P. Semm, Geomagnetic field detection in
rodents. Life Sci. 42, 605–613 (1988).