MATHEMATICS IN

EVERYDAY LIFE

Group Members: Ang Wei Chun

Chan Cheng Yow
Koid Cin Yik
IN MODERN
TECHNOLOGIES
 Mathematics and sciences both play
major roles in modern technologies.
Without them, many things are
impossible to be done. There are few
roles of Mathematics that we would like
to focus here.
 Mathematics as language
 Mathematics as security
 Mathematics as database
MATHEMATICS AS LANGUAGE IN MODERN
TEHCNOLOGIES
 Mathematics is the languages used in digital devices, in
fact computer are born in Mathematics languages.

 When we are transferring real world information like

picture and audio through digital devices, they are
converted to binary numeric.

 Binary numeric is the raw languages that can be

understand by digital devices.
WHY BINARY?
 This is because digital devices can only process the data
in binary form. The digital devices are build with
electrical circuits, which are either on or off. Just two
states to work with. So the natural number system for
use in an digital electronic device is base 2 (called the
binary number system).

 Each binary digit is called bit which can hold either 1 or

0. A string of 8 bits long data is called byte.
TEXT TO DIGITAL
 When we want to transfer text information through
computer, we will use keyboard as input device.

 Each time when we enter a text character, it will trigger

a string of 8 binary digits. As a result, computer will
search for the corresponding text character and shows
the text character on the screen.

 The system used is called the ASCII code (American

Standard Code for Information Interchange).
 When we press the button a on the
keyboard.
EXAMPLE
 The computer will detect the input ASCII Representation of Characters (just a sample)
Character Base 10 Base 2
as binary numeric which is
(return) 13 00001101
01100001.
(space) 32 00100000
! 33 00100001
 After that, processor will compute 1 49 00110001
it to base 10 which is 97. 2 50 00110010

@ 64 01000000

A 65 01000001
 By referring to ASCII chart from the B 66 01000010
system memory, the computer C 67 01000011
search for the corresponding a 97 01100001
character which is “a”. b 98 01100010

c 99 01100011

 (delete) 127 01111111

The text character of “a” will be
displayed on the screen and can be
transfer to the world with internet.
PICTURE TO DIGITAL
 If you look closely at your display screen, you can see
that the image on it is made up of lots of little spots,
called picture elements (which is more commonly
shortened to pixel).

 Each pixel in a screen image might be represented by

three bytes in the computer

 The numbers in the bytes tell the display how much red,
blue, and green light should be mixed together to make
the color of the pixel (three bytes can represent millions
of possible colors for each pixel).
MATHEMATICS AS SECURITY IN MODERN
TECHNOLOGIES
 As new technologies are emerging every day, the threat of security
had become higher. Personal private information can be easily fall
into unwanted hand if it was not handle properly.

 Mathematics play important roles in modern security system.

 Cryptography is used to make this possible. It is the practice and

study of hiding information.

 Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics,

computer science, and engineering.

 Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer

passwords, and electronic commerce.
BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
 A cryptographic algorithm, also called a cipher, is the
mathematical function used for encryption and
decryption.
 The security of a modern cryptographic algorithm is
based on a secret key. This key might be any one of a
large number of values. The range of possible key values
is called the keyspace.
 Both encryption and decryption operations are
dependent on the key K and this is denoted by the K
subscript in the functions EK(P) = C and DK(C) = P.
EXAMPLE OF TRADITIONAL CYPTOGRAPHY
 Scenario: Alice wants to send a message (plaintext p) to
Bob. The communication channel is insecure and can be
eavesdropped by Trudy. If Alice and Bob have previously
agreed on an encryption scheme (cipher), the message
can be sent encrypted (ciphertext c)

Alice Bob
p encrypt c c decrypt p

Trudy
EXAMPLE (S. SINGH, THE CODE BOOK, 1999)
 Ciphertext
 PCQ VMJYPD LBYK LYSO KBXBJXWXV BXV ZCJPO EYPD KBXBJYUXJ
LBJOO KCPK. CP LBO LBCMKXPV XPV IYJKL PYDBL, QBOP KBO BXV
OPVOV LBO LXRO CI SX'XJMI, KBO JCKO XPV EYKKOV LBO DJCMPV
ZOICJO BYS, KXUYPD: 'DJOXL EYPD, ICJ X LBCMKXPV XPV CPO PYDBLK
Y BXNO ZOOP JOACMPLYPD LC UCM LBO IXZROK CI FXKL XDOK XPV
LBO RODOPVK CI XPAYOPL EYPDK. SXU Y SXEO KC ZCRV XK LC AJXNO X
IXNCMJ CI UCMJ SXGOKLU?'
OFYRCDMO, LXROK IJCS LBO LBCMKXPV XPV CPO PYDBLK

Any Guesses???

Cryptography 12
 Code
X ZAV O I D BYG E R S PC F H J K LM N Q T U W
ABCDEFGHIJK LMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

 Plaintext Now during this time Shahrazad had borne King

Shahriyar three sons. On the thousand and first night, when she
had ended the tale of Ma'aruf, she rose and kissed the ground
before him, saying: 'Great King, for a thousand and one nights I
have been recounting to you the fables of past ages and the
legends of ancient kings. May I make so bold as to crave a favour
of your majesty?’ Epilogue, Tales from the Thousand and One Nights
13
 Traditional cryptography are simple and can be easily
cracked by third party using frequency analysis.
 Here how it is done..
 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
 Identyfying comon letters, digrams and trigrams...
 PCQ VMJYPD LBYK LYSO KBXBJXWXV BXV ZCJPO EYPD KBXBJYUXJ LBJOO KCPK. CP
LBO LBCMKXPV XPV IYJKL PYDBL, QBOP KBO BXV OPVOV LBO LXRO CI SX'XJMI, KBO
JCKO XPV EYKKOV LBO DJCMPV ZOICJO BYS, KXUYPD: 'DJOXL EYPD, X LBCMKXPV
XPV CPO PYDBLK Y BXNO ZOOP JOACMPLYPD LC UCM LBO IXZROK CI FXKL XDOK
XPV LBO RODOPVK CI XPAYOPL EYPDK. SXU Y SXEO KC ZCRV XK LC AJXNO X IXNCMJ
CI UCMJ SXGOKLU?'
OFYRCDMO, LXROK IJCS LBO LBCMKXPV XPV CPO PYDBLK
 First guess: LBO is THE

15
 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
 Assuming LBO represents THE we replace L with T, B with H, and O
with E and get
 PCQ VMJYPD THYK TYSE KHXHJXWXV HXV ZCJPE EYPD KHXHJYUXJ THJEE KCPK. CP
THE THCMKXPV XPV IYJKT PYDHT, QHEP KHO HXV EPVEV THE LXRE CI SX'XJMI, KHE
JCKE XPV EYKKOV THE DJCMPV ZEICJE HYS, KXUYPD: 'DJEXT EYPD, ICJ X LHCMKXPV
XPV CPE PYDHLK Y HXNE ZEEP JEACMPTYPD TC UCM THE
IXZREK CI FXKL XDEK XPV THE REDEPVK CI XPAYEPT EYPDK. SXU Y SXEE KC ZCRV XK
TC AJXNE X IXNCMJ CI UCMJ SXGEKTU?'
EFYRCDME, TXREK IJCS THE LHCMKXPV XPV CPE PYDBTK
 More guesses…?

16
 In modern world, the best known cryptography in use
are Public Key Cryptography which used very complex
Mathematics algorithm to avoid hacker to crack the
protected information.
MATHEMATICS AS DATABASE IN MODERN
TECHNOLOGIES
 One of the uses of Mathematics in database is the
invention of barcode system.
 A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation
of data, which shows certain data on certain products.
 There are many type of Symbology for linear barcode,
the most common in use is the EAN-13 digit barcode.
HOW TO ENCODE THE BARCODE?

 The picture shows a sample of EAN-13 barcode.

 EAN-13 barcode system contains 13 digits of number. It

divided into four areas: number system, manufacturer code,
product code, and check digit.
 000 - 019 GS1 US
030 - 039 GS1 US
060 - 139 GS1 US
300 - 379 GS1 France
400 - 440 GS1 Germany
450 - 459 & 490 - 499 GS1 Japan
460 - 469 GS1 Russia
471 GS1 Taiwan
480 GS1 Philippines
489 GS1 Hong Kong

 The number system is the 690 - 695 GS1 China

750 GS1 Mexico
first 3 digits of barcode, it 800 - 839 GS1 Italy  
880 GS1 South Korea
shows the country of the 885 GS1 Thailand
product company 888 GS1 Singapore
890 GS1 India
according to the GS1 893 GS1 Vietnam
Member Organisation 896 GS1 Pakistan
899 GS1 Indonesia
code. 955 GS1 Malaysia
958 GS1 Macau
977 Serial publications (ISSN)
978 - 979 Bookland (ISBN)
 The manufacturer and product code are unique for it's
manufacturer and product.

 The check digit is an additional digit used to verify that a bar

code has been scanned correctly.

 To check whether the barcode are scan correctly,

1) we need to sum up all the digits in the odd position which
are (7+0+0+4+3+1) =15

2) Then sum up all the digits in even position and times 3

which are (5+1+5+5+0+0)x3 = 48

3) Sum the product of both which are 15+48=63. Find 63+x

=modulo 10. Therefore x = 7
 As you can see, there is no price information encoded in a bar code.

 When the scanner at the checkout line scans a product, the cash
register sends the barcode number to the store's central POS (point
of sale) computer to look up the barcode number. The central
computer sends back the actual price of the item at that moment.

 This approach allows the store to change the price whenever it

wants, for example to reflect sale prices.

 If the price were encoded in the bar code, prices could never
change. On the other hand, not encoding a fixed price gives the
store an easy way to rip off customers. When you hear about
"scanner fraud" in the news, that is what the newsperson is talking
about. It is incredibly easy for a store to mistakenly or purposefully
overprice an item.
MATHEMATICS AS AN
ONGOING CULTURAL ACTIVITY
Golden ratio

 The Golden Ratio, roughly equal to 1.618,

was first formally introduced in text by
Greek mathematician Pythagoras
 Geometric shapes derived from the
golden ratio, such as the golden rectangle,
the golden triangle, and Kepler’s triangle
ARCHITECTURE
 Pyramids

 Golden ratio in the design of the ancient monuments.

 base edges range from 755–756
 height of the structure is 481.4 feet.
 bisector of the side of the pyramid comes out to 612 feet. If
we divide the slant height of the pyramid by half its base
length, we get a ratio of 1.619.
ART
 Mona lisa
 her face actually appears in a golden rectangle, which also
makes her face appear more beautiful to human eyes.

 Also another masterpiece, the Last Supper, contains Golden

Ratios
TESSELLATIONS

Tessellations are a combination of

math, art and fun.
Tessellations are observed in some
works of great artists like M.C. Escher.
Tessellation or tiling of the plane is a
collection of plane figures that fills
the plane with no overlaps and no
gaps.
ARCHITECTURE
 In architecture, we can always see tessellations can be
found in quilts, floor tiling, wallpaper, brick and many
things.
ART
 Paper cutting
GEOMETRY
 Art
 The Platonic solids and other polyhedral are a recurring
theme in Western art.
 Salvador Dalí's painting The Last Supper in which Christ and
his disciples are pictured inside a giant dodecahedron.
ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS
Studying contemporary mathematics can help us to
understand the world around us.
Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space,
and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns,
formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by
rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms
and definitions.
The study of mathematics also leads to the ability to
think logically and solve problems
 Mathematics is used throughout the world as an
essential tool in many fields, such as:
 Natural science

 Engineering

 Medicine

 Social sciences

 Business
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Mathematics used in:
 Accounting

 Inventory management

 Marketing

 Sales forecasting

 Financial analysis
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
 Mathematics typically used in commerce includes
elementary arithmetic, elementary algebra, statistics
and probability.
 Business management can be made more effective in
some cases by use of more advanced mathematics such
as calculus, matrix algebra and linear programming.
MATERIALS SCIENCE
 Materials science is concerned with the synthesis and
manufacture of new materials, the understanding and
prediction of material properties and evolution and
control of these properties over a time period.
 Fluid with magnetic particles or electrically charged
particles enhance the effect of brake fluid and shock
absorbers in the car. Mathematicians have developed
new tools in functional analysis have been able to
estimate or compute the effective properties of
composites.
ARMY
Mathematics in army include mathematics for materials,
security issues and future system. These are used in
energy efficiency like optimal control, information or
data mining on move and secured wireless
communication systems in the weapons.