Jan 2009

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Journal of
School Social Work
A National School Social Work monthly dedicated to networking of parents and teachers.
Volume V Issue 8 Contents January 2009

Page
Editorial 02
Child Protection Policy:
The Role of Childline Dr Narayana Raja P N 03
Parents’ Role in Dr Arul Kamaraj JM
Child Safety Arul Suresh J 09
Online Safety Dr Latha K S 15
Child Nutrition: The Key to
Health and safety Rajeswari M 19
Be Wary of Strangers Yashwanth S 23
Safety Against
Sexual Exploitation Bhumi Thakrar 26
W eare thankful to all the contributors and the Honorary Special
Editor Dr (Capt) D V P Raja, Founder - Director of Madurai
Institute of Social Sciences, Madurai.
Hony. Special Editor:
Dr (Capt) DVP Raja,
Founder - Director, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences, Madurai
Focus: Child Safety
Journal of School Social W ork,
8 (New 14), Sridevi Colony, Seventh Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai 600 083
Mobile: 98406 02325 E-mail: jssw.india@gmail.com
Note: Contributors’ views are not necessarily the official view of the Journal.
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK January 2009 01

Editorial Proactively Safe
Dr (Capt) D V P Raja
Hony. Special Editor,
Founder - Director,
Madurai Institue of Social Sciences, Madurai
Every child and young person has trust like teachers and clergy.
the right to grow up in a safe and Nowadays, expanding scientific
supportive family, an encouraging inventions and the gadgets that
social environment and a flood home front also pose
nourishing political system that problems. Strangers invade the
provide opportunities to reach their privacy of children through
full potential. mobiles, chat rooms, blogs and
Concepts of safety are fast internet. so, the trick is to identify
changing. We thought that the intentions of people and not to
mother’s place is home and her avoid strangers. Hence, all
avowed duty is to nurture children. stakeholders have to identify and
A child should not be at home alone promote safety resources.
without proper adult supervision. à Let us give them necessary
But, economic compulsions inputs to find the ‘enemy’
produce hundreds of thousands of masquerading as a friend.
working mothers and latchkey à Let us enable them to ‘see
children. through’ the intentions of
Strangers are to be avoided, we exploiters.
told the children. But, how can one àLet us give them the analytical
live without coming into contact with skill to identify problem; the ability
and without taking legitimate help to cope with it and the wisdom to
from strangers? Every person we seek help in a proactive way.
meet on the road is a stranger. The àLet us teach our children survival
bus conductor, postman, skills.
newspaper vendor and autodriver àLet us provide our children with
are strangers. Children are more safety nets.
often exploited not by strangers but Child safety is a matter of collective
by people who are in positions of responsibility. Isn’t it?
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK January 2009
Focus Child Protection Policy:
The Role of Childline
Narayana Raja P N*
*Dr. Narayana Raja P N, Principal, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences;
President, Boys Town Society, Thirumangalam; Hon. Director, Juvenile Guidance
Bureau, Madurai, Govt. of Tamilnadu; Coordinator – Resource centre for
Educational Counselling, Madurai.
Introduction to frame and follow child protection
In India there are several NGOs to policy in line with UN Charter on
assist or care for those who are Child Protection.
vulnerable — particularly children. Child protection
It is the responsibility of Child protection by the NGO refers
management and staff of such NGOs to all reasonable measures taken
to ensure that children are not by agencies working with children
harmed in any way. NGOs have and their families to ensure that the
legal and moral responsibility to act risks of harm to children are
prudently and take all reasonable minimized; and concerns about
steps within their power to ensure children and young people’s
the safe development of children welfare are maximized. Securing
under their care. Management and protection of children within an
staff of NGOs are expected to find organization not only promotes the
out the relevant laws, applicability welfare of children but also
to their organization and implement enhances the confidence of
wherever appropriate. Though management, staff, volunteers,
most of the NGOs are managed by parents and carers with the general
philanthropists in India, it has public.
become common now that they Benefits to NGOs
started employing professionally Protecting children is beneficial to
trained social workers to play a key an NGO in many ways:
role through professional àEnhancing its reputation.
management. Of the various work, àHelping to effectively meet its
it is the prime responsibility of social objectives.
worker in a child welfare institution àImproving its financial resources.
Vision of CIF have the right to protection from
Child line India Foundation states: abuse regardless of gender,
“Child protection is crucial to ethnicity, disability, sexuality or
ensuring that children under 18 beliefs; the policy is approved and
years of age have the rights, endorsed by the management, staff,
confidence and environment in volunteers, parents or guardians.
which they can make choices, The policy has to specify that all
express their views and concerns and allegations of abuse
communicate effectively with other will be taken seriously and
children and adults. It is a broad responded to appropriately. It
term to describe philosophies, allows children’s referral services
policies, standards, guidelines and in emergencies it utilizes the
and procedures whose aim is to service of police and the press.
protect children from both The policy should be framed
intentional and unintentional harm covering the salient features of
and from vulnerability. Child legislations and policies related to
protection incorporates both children’s safety and welfare as
prevention and care as well as follows:
recovery and rehabilitation àHealth and safety.
aspects. Children can only àAnti-bullying.
become change agents to improve àProtection of children online.
their lives and that of their families àPornography.
and communities if they are Role of social worker
safeguarded from abuse, Professional social workers have a
discrimination and harm of any strong tradition of working for social
kind, be it physical, sexual or justice, and of refusing to tolerate
emotional neglect”. unequal social structures. Social
Child protection policy work maintains this radical kernel
The child protection policy is aimed and today many social workers
to provide a commitment to have strong connections with social
safeguard children involved with an and political movements for the
NGO from harm. It is a statement of emancipation of the oppressed.
intention which states the welfare of The role of social worker in child
the child is paramount; all children protection can be viewed in two
angles: about the child’s welfare. There are
à Intervention to protect the instances where the social workers
individual child. involve the police who also have a
àIntervention to protect the child duty to investigate circumstances
in institutions. where it is believed a child has
Unlike other countries, India does been harmed.
not have statutory powers vested From carer to protector
with professional social workers Professional competence is the key
except in limited space in to protecting children, and so is
reformulated Juvenile Justice Act. confidence in the use of authority -
However, there are a number of otherwise social workers can
categories of harm that social appear weak and ineffective.
workers investigate and these can Today’s social worker in Childline
include physical, emotional, sexual services find their role changing from
abuse and/ or neglect and children child care problem enquiries to child
witnessing domestic violence. protection investigation.
Investigation “The emotional tendency to resist
Social workers (under Childline such a changing direction is very
services) who receive information strong, especially if social workers
that a child is being harmed or are see themselves as having a caring
at risk of being harmed have a duty role. Whilst much social work
to investigate the situation or combines protection with support,
circumstances that led to the referral. a child protection investigation
In such cases social workers are requires a different mindset on the
expected to undertake and part of the social worker, similar to
complete an assessment/ child that of detective work. The
protection investigation and talk to investigative role requires a
the child or young person, family greater level of emotional
members and visit the home. It is detachment and a more probing
the responsibility of Childline social approach as well as enormous
workers to contact all agencies like skills in terms of tact,
school/ tuition center/ playground perceptiveness and good
that are directly involved with the judgment”.
child and ask them for information Schools of Social Work should
realize this changing role and the environment – physical,
prepare their curriculum to meet the emotional, psychological – that
emerging skills in Child protection. prevails in the institution, welfare
Family support programmes and their influence,
The role of social worker dealing academic atmosphere, recreational
with children is to support families facilities, time table, attitude of the
and provide services for those in staff and to estimate whether
need. It has been noted in many children have suffered harm/ are
instances when the children are likely to suffer harm in future. Such
taken into police custody or to a a conference prepares a child
juvenile home, parents do not know protection plan to be taken by all
how to handle the situation and the stakeholders to meet children’s
procedure involved in it. Emotional needs and reduce the areas of risk
and psychological support to the and concern.
family has to be provided National Initiative of Child
immediately by the Childline social Protection (NICP)
workers. Sensitizing the child protection
Action oriented intervention personnel like police, nurses,
In both the institutional and school teachers, key public figures,
individual instances, social workers hostel wardens, representatives of
can organize child protection NGOs involved in child welfare
conference with aim of evolving a activities is the responsibility of
detailed plan to protect the children. professional social workers. NICP
This is a meeting attended by the supported by Government and
parents of the children, health coordinated by Childline India
professionals, staff and volunteers Foundation is a novel approach in
and all key persons involved with this direction.
the children in an organization. The Advocacy
children normally do not attend, Advocacy is the act of arguing on
however the social worker can behalf of a particular issue, idea or
speak to the children prior to the person. Advocacy in child
conference and will present their protection is a planned and
views during the conference. The organized set of actions to
aim of the conference is to discuss effectively influence public policies
related to child welfare, get them the needs in the field. For example,
implemented and bring there is a significant correlation
improvement in their lives. between domestic violence and
Professional social workers can child abuse, it is critical that
form lobby groups for advocacy. agencies that work with abused
Liaisoning with police children are trained to recognize
At the core of child protection activity signs of domestic violence and to
is the police - social worker respond appropriately. Similarly,
relationship and the notion of legal knowledge shall also be
‘working together’ to respond to given to child welfare workers.
child abuse. It has been observed Child protection procedures
that there is a tension in ‘working It is the responsibility of trained
together’. Police perceive social workers to provide step-by-
themselves as the ‘lead agency’ step guidance on what to do in
and there is a blurring of the social different circumstances and clarify
worker’s role. The reason may be roles and responsibilities of all
due to the fact that the key aspects stakeholders.
of policing have been inadequately Conclusion
examined in social work education The initiative to frame child
and training. Correctional social protection policy alone is not
work is not a popular course in enough in a large country like India,
Schools of Social work. Short term it should further percolate down to
courses for Childline workers on specific NGOs and it must be made
correctional social work may be an mandatory for all NGOs working for
answer to such a situation. the welfare of children to formulate
Training such a policy and announce to the
It is the responsibility of social public. Such a policy shall also be
workers to organize specific a material to be obtained from these
training programmes to the Child NGOs through Right to Information
welfare workers depending upon Act.
References:
Childline India Foundation (2008) Childline News letters, Mumbai.
Raja, Narayana (2006): Handbook on Child Welfare, BTS, Madurai.
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/
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Journal of School Social Work,
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Focus Parent’s Role in Child Safety
Arul Kamaraj J M*
Arul Suresh J**
*Dr Arul Kamaraj J M, Lecturer, Dept of Social Work, Loyola College, Chennai.
**Arul Suresh J, Lecturer, Dept of Commerc, Loyola College, Chennai.
Introduction appropriate body”. While this
Children are valuable national asset provision was framed to apply
but they are also most vulnerable nationally to countries ratifying the
members of society. They are the Convention on the Rights of Child,
most vulnerable group in any the principle, it expresses should
population. They are exploited, ill be equally valid at the international
treated, and directed into level, for in an era of globalization,
undesirable channels by children are increasingly affected by
unscrupulous elements in the decisions taken by international
community, all precluding the full bodies.
unfolding of their potential. Child welfare and safety
Protecting our children from fear of The safety and welfare of children -
crime and from falling as victims of child protection - is everybody’s ?
crime must be a national priority. It business. Child protection means
is in this context that international, protecting children from physical,
national, state efforts have been emotional or sexual abuse or
made to ensure their care. neglect. It also means helping
CRC stipulation children to grow up into confident,
Article 12 of United Nation’s healthy and happy adults. Child
Convention on the Rights of Child abuse hits the headlines on a
(CRC) stipulates that children shall regular basis. The adage “Child is
have the right to express their views the father of the man” is true in more
in all matters affecting them. It also senses than one. The qualities a
says that “the child shall in particular person imbibes as a child deepen
be provided the opportunity to be as he grows and appear in several
heard in any judicial and obvious and subtle ways in his
administrative proceedings conduct and character as an adult.
affecting the child, either directly or Therefore, what affects the interest
through a representative or an of the child affects the well being
of the entire group, of which the child and to protect a child from dangers.
is but one member. On their welfare Primary requirement
and satisfaction depends, not only The child cannot develop
the health and welfare of the automatically into a full blown human
community, but the claim of the being. S/he is to be provided
nation to civilization itself. In most planned care and adequate
of the advanced countries , child socialization opportunities in order
care has been accorded the highest to attain human status. S/he is
priority and only the best is good vulnerable to environment threats
enough for children. Many and so their survival and health
countries have several legislations needs and safety must be met first.
for the protection of children/s His/ Her cognitive and emotional
interest and promotion of their development have to be
welfare. strengthened with stimulating
Role of parents surrounding, love, affection, warmth
Child safety is the concern of and safety as detailed below:
parents, guardians, and adults who General safety
face constant challenges when àGo round the house regularly
trying to make children safer. and ensure that there are no sharp
Effective parenting has never been edges exposed that can hurt a
felt more important than now, to child.
shape the coming generations àKeep all medicines out of the
affecting the world around them. reach of children. Even medicines
Parenting has recently become a like iron tablets and vitamins are
very popular topic due to the dangerous.
necessity of clarifying the process àDo not give leftover medicines
of upbringing a child at home by prescribed on a previous occasion
parents as opposed to formal or for others to a child — it may be
education of a child at school. The both inappropriate and dangerous.
important role in parenting is àDo not allow children to play
providing physical security which unsupervised on balconies.
refers to safety of child’s body, àDo not allow children to play on
and life such as to provide physical the rooftop, even if supervised.
safety, shelter, clothes, nourishment à Be extremely careful around
stairs. Make a temporary safety power cords exposed — the child
gate until the child is old enough can pull these and cause an
to use the stairs without appliance to fall.
assistance. àDon’t use frayed powercords.
àDo not place chains or other à Avoid using too many
closed loop like objects around a extensions since these can
child’s neck. These can get caught overheat and cause a short circuit
on objects and strangle the child. or a fire.
àKeep agarbati and other burning àInstall an Earth Linked Circuit
objects well away from children — Breaker (ELCB) which will instantly
children sometimes try to look at shut off the supply to the home if it
the glowing tip and get burns on detects an earth leak, such as
the face. accidental electric shock.
àDo not allow children to play with à Keep all the sockets and
or handle plastic bags — these switches at a height above the
can suffocate a child if placed over reach of the average toddler.
the head. àUnplug electrical items when
à Keep a list of emergency not used. They can cause an
numbers handy including family electric shock if they fall into the
members, trusted friends and sink or bathtub while they’re
neighbours. plugged in.
à Make sure your child knows Food safety
mobile number and address. Many foods can be dangerous for
àKeep a first-aid kit in the house. small children since the air
Teach your child basic first aid. passages of a child are relatively
Electrical safety small and are easily blocked. Many
Electricity is dangerous. Children disasters can easily be avoided if:
love to stick objects into exposed àChildren are discouraged from
electrical outlets. talking/ laughing with food in their
à Use dummy plugs to cover mouth.
unused outlets — if these are not àChildren under five years are
readily available, simply buy a new NOT given hard items like
plug and insert into the outlet. murukku, seedai and hard candy.
àAvoid leaving long lengths of àNuts are dangerous.
à Popcorn (which is light) can pans on the gas stove/ ovens
easily be aspirated into the lungs. unsupervised.
Bath room safety à Ensure that the handles of
Child safety is one of the most vital saucepans or other vessels are
issues to consider during child turned away — this will make it
rearing. harder for a toddler to reach up and
àChildren can drown in very little tip the contents over himself.
water and so parent should always àKeep all knives, forks and other
stay with their child when he or she sharp objects out of reach. This
is in the bathtub. includes items like mixer blades.
àIf parent has to answer the phone Travel safety
or doorbell, take child with them. In two wheeler travel, no one should
à Always test the water before ride a scooter or motorcycle without
putting child in the tub. Young wearing a helmet. Since pediatric
children have tender skin and are helmets are not available, ideally no
easily burned if the water in the sink child should ride on a two-wheeler.
or bathtub is too hot. Children are much more prone to
àKeep all cleaning agents, such head injuries than adults because
as acids and detergents in a the size of the head is larger relative
locked cabinet. Many of these to the body and therefore children
compounds are highly corrosive fall head first. Even a very low
and can do serious damage if speed accident can cause serious
ingested. or fatal injury.
Kitchen safety àWear a helmet/ safety belt.
Many household accidents happen àMore than two people should
in kitchen. A few simple precautions never ride a two-wheeler.
can prevent many of these àUse child safety seat.
accidents. àDo not allow children to travel in
àChildren love to play with fire — the front — if the car stops
do not leave matches around suddenly, the child will be thrown
where a child can get hold of them. forward and can sustain serious
àTeach children about fire safety head injuries by hitting the
from an early age. windshield or dashboard.
à Also, do not leave pots and àDo not allow children to sit on
an adult’s lap. In the event of an safety. But it is still important to
accident, both will be thrown reiterate fire safety in the home and
forward and the adult’s weight will on the street. Time parents take
crush the child. to discuss safety with their children
General tips is time well spent.
If there are small children at home, àKeep all matches and lighters
extra care should be taken to make out of the hands of children. If
it a truly ‘safe’ place for them possible, keep these sources of
through following: fire in locked drawers. Consider
à Keep home as clean as buying only “child-proof” lighters —
possible. but be aware that no product is
àDust, mold, certain household completely child-proof.
pests, can trigger asthma attacks àEnsure your child’s fire safety
and allergies. before next purchase (of clothes)
à Protect children from lead is made.
poison. à Discourage smoking in your
àWash children’s hands before home.
they eat and often wash their toys àDemonstrate how to stop, drop
and bottles. to the ground and roll if their
àWash floors and window sills to clothes catch fire.
protect kids from dust and peeling àInstall smoke alarms (if you can
paint contaminated with lead - afford) on every level in your
especially in older homes. home. Test them periodically.
à Protect children from carbon àTeach your child how to dial “108”
monoxide (CO) poisoning. in case of an emergency.
àKeep pesticides and other toxic àTell your children to remember
chemicals away from children. not to hide under a bed or in a
Fire safety closet during a fire. Parents need
These days, children in school are to be able to find them quickly.
fortunate to have fire drills and fire Poison safety
safety events thanks to àUse child-resistant packaging.
Kumbakonam incidence. Many àKeep medicines and household
schools have firefighters come to chemicals locked up out of reach
assemblies to teach children fire and out of sight from young
children. for extended periods of time —who
àThrow away old medications. have to care for themselves.
à Never refer to medicine as àIt is our duty as parents to have
‘candy’ or another appealing name. heart to heart discussions
àTurn on a light when you prepare concerning what we expect and
medicines for children so that you listen to their views and concerns.
know you have the correct amount àParents should teach them basic
of the right medicine. home safety rule and establish
àNever leave children alone with home as a safe place.
household products or drugs. à We have to get our children
à If you are using chemical involved in their safety and assume
products or taking medicine and responsibility for their action so that
you have to do something else, they will fend for themselves when
such as answer the phone, take situation demands.
any young children with you. à Rehearsals for facing
Conclusion emergency situations like fire/
Child’s safety depends to a large earthquake/ floods can be part of
part on good communication family entertainment.
between parent and children. This àLet them know that they are a
is especially true of latchkey member of a team called ‘our
children — those who are left alone family’ and not a guest.
References:
Chandragupt S. Sanon, (1998). Working Children: A Sociological analysis. APH
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Christophersen, E. R., & Mortweet, S. L. (2003). Parenting That Works: Building
Skills that Last a Lifetime., D.C.: American Psychological Association,
Washington.
Ellis, E. M. (1996). Raising a Responsible Child. Carol Publishing Group, New
Jersey.
Paul Chowdhry (2004). Child Welfare / Development. ATMA Ram & Sons, New
Delhi.
Pillai.M.G. (2004), Child Abuse. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur
Suraj Gupta (1991). Speaking of Child Care. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
http://www.parentingforeveryone.com/
http://www.positiveparent.info
http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Jun202008/realty2008061974320.asp
Focus
Online Safety
Latha K S*
Dr Latha K S, Dept. of Psychiatry, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal University,
Manipal-576 104 email: drlathaks@yahoo.com
Introduction Statistics
Parents, guardians, and adults who Recent incidents involving Internet
care for children face constant crimes against children have been
challenges when trying to help prominent in the media.
keep children safer in today’s fast- à Approximately one in seven
paced world. The Internet is an youths (10 to 17 years)
invaluable tool, but there are serious experiences a sexual solicitation
dangers that need to be discussed. or approach while online (Janet
Risks of being on your own Kornblum 2006).
The Internet offers an array of àA survey of 10 to 17 year olds
entertainment and educational revealed 34% had posted their real
resources for children but also names, telephone numbers, home
presents some risks. Allowing kids addresses, or the names of their
to go online without supervision or schools online where anyone
guidance is like allowing villagers could see; 45% had posted their
to explore a major metropolitan city dates of birth or ages; and 18%
by themselves. The Internet offers had posted pictures of themselves
enormous benefits but also and were solicited.
presents some risks. Kids need àIn some incidents, the crimes
help to navigate this world. have involved suspects and
Advantages victims who met each other on
Browsing the Internet is like having social networking or blogging
the world’s largest library and sites.
entertainment system at your Blogs and social networking sites
fingertips. Children can read stories, are where people can meet,
tour museums, visit other countries, communicate, and interact have
play games, look at photographs, recently exploded in popularity.
shop, and do research to help with Like most new technological
homework. developments, this brings both
positive and negative implications, awareness about the risks
especially for parents and children. associated with these sites and
Hunting ground give parents, children, and
The unprecedented amount of teachers the tools they need to keep
personal information available on children and teens safer online.
blogs and social networking sites NetSmartz officially partners with 15
makes these a perfect place for states to implement its important
criminals to seek their victims and Internet safety message in the
gain their trust to lure them into a community and help prevent the
false sense of security, making online victimization of children.
them vulnerable to ‘grooming’ and Tips to parents
enticement to meet in person, both àBegin a dialogue with your kids
of which could have very serious about Internet use and supervise
consequences. Other dangers to their online activities. Discuss the
children include exposure to dangers and future repercussions
inappropriate content, cyber with your child. Set reasonable
bullying, or identity theft. rules
Children and teens are often not àEncourage your kids to go to
aware that their words, which may you when they encounter problems
have been intended for a small online.
audience, sometimes find their way à Enter into a safe-computing
to a larger one, especially if they contract with your child about his
are controversial. Some students or her use of these sites and
who have posted threatening words computer use in general.
against their school or classmates àEnable Internet filtering features
and have attracted the attention of if they are available from your
law enforcement, while those who Internet service provider.
have posted inappropriate àInstall monitoring software or
comments about school personnel keystroke capture devices on your
have also been disciplined. family computer that will help
Blog beware monitor your child’s Internet
To help stop this dangerous trend, activity.
NetSmartz has released ‘Blog à Know each of your child’s
Beware’ intended to raise the passwords, screen names, and all
account information. Encourage incognito on the Internet. People
them to choose gender-neutral on the Internet are not always who
screen names or nicknames — they appear to be.
such as their initials or a word. àKids should use webcams or
Make sure the name doesn’t post photos online only with your
include information revealing their knowledge and supervision.
identity or location. àEncourage your kids to think
àInsist your kids never give out before typing, “Is this message
personal information or arrange to hurtful or rude?” Also urge your
meet in person with someone they kids not to respond to any rude or
have met online without first annoying messages or ones
checking with you. making them feel scared,
à Make Internet use a family uncomfortable, or confused. Have
activity. Put the computer in a them show you such messages.
family area of the household and à Kids don’t need to enter a
do not permit private usage, chatroom to ‘chat’ via the Internet.
especially with peer. They can also communicate with
àMonitor what your child’s friends others on gaming sites.
are posting regarding your child’s à Choose search engines
identity. Often children and their carefully. Some are specifically
friends have accounts linked to designed for kids, and others offer
one another, so it’s not just your kid-safe options. Consider rating,
child’s profile and information you blocking, monitoring, and filtering
need to worry about. applications for your computer.
àKnow what other access your Tips to children
child has to computers and àNever post your/ your friends’
devices like cell phones and so personal information, such as cell
on. phone number, address, or the
à Report all inappropriate non- name of your school.
criminal behaviour to the site àBe aware that information you
through their reporting procedures. give out in Blogs could also put
àReport criminal behaviour to the you at risk of victimization. People
appropriate law-enforcement. looking to harm you could use the
à Remember that every day is information you post to gain your
trust. They can also deceive you careful consideration.
by pretending they know you. b. Set it so that your profile is
àNever give out your password available only to approved
to anyone other than your parent friends.
or guardian. c. Do not hesitate to remove from
àOnly add people as friends to ‘friends’ status anyone who is
your site if you know them in real rude/ inappropriate.
life. d. Do not hide from parents.
àNever meet in person anyone àDo not post your travel plans and
you ‘met’ on a social networking activities on your site
site. àRemove any information from
à Personal photos should not your blog/ profile that could put you
have revealing information, such at risk by strangers who view.
as school names or locations at Conclusion
the backgrounds of the pictures Since we use the Internet in different
that give out any identifying ways, kids and adults can learn from
information without realizing it. each other. By talking about Internet
àNever respond to harassing or use with your kids, you are opening
rude comments posted on your the door to discussing the important
profile and delete any unwanted issues of personal safety and
messages. Report these helping them engage in
comments to the networking site if responsible behaviour. Work with
they violate that site’s terms of your kids to develop reasonable
service. rules. Consider setting rules about
àCheck the privacy settings of the the time of day, length of time,
social networking sites that you people they may communicate with,
use: and appropriate areas for them to
a.Approve as friends only after visit while online.
References:
Janet Kornblum (2006): Teens Hang out at MySpace. USA Today
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-01-08-myspace-teens_x.htm?csp=34
http://www.myspace.com/ internet safety.
www.NetSmartz.org
www.cybertipline.com
www.getnetwise.org.
Focus Child Nutrition :
The Key to Health and Safety
Rajeswari M*
* Rajeswari M, full time research scholar, Madras School of Social Work,
Chennai 60008.
Introduction substandard education - are
At the outset, it may be mentioned probably linked. Anyhow, that is
that the meanings of both ‘health’ what many scientists say.
and ‘safety’ are similar. For Intellectual deficit, they aver, will
example, safety pin and safety inevitably follow poor nourishment.
match are things of their kind that This paper is an elaboration of the
do not cause injury. Similarly, health above thesis. The question of
signifies freedom from illness and children’s safety too will be looked
injury (1). Thus these two terms into.
are interchangeable, at least in a The malnutrition scenario
limited sense. This write-up is As many as 52 percent of our
entirely based on reliable children used to suffer from stunted
secondary data, most of which have growth; 53 percent had a body
been drawn from governmental weight well below normal; and, 18
documents. These go to show that percent had ‘wasted’ muscles and
progress on the nutritional front has bones (2). (These are overlapping
been painfully slow, if not totally non- categories. That is, the same child
existent. This, in spite of numerous may exhibit two or more of these
routine and special remedial features.) These figures pertain to
measures undertaken by us in the the year 1992-93. The rural scenario
past several years. Equally wanting in this regard is much worse than
has been progress on the the urban. It is really shocking that
educational front. Here too there 45 years after Independence, half
have been numerous committees, our children were suffering from
commissions and special drives, symptoms of severe malnutrition.
apparently to no avail. Therefore, On the occasion of the National
there is reason to believe that these Nutrition Week in September of
two phenomena - malnutrition and 1993, the secretary to the Union
Ministry of Human Resource obtained in a fifteen - year duration
Development informed the nation is a mere 6 percent improvement
that 43 percent of our children which may not be statistically
continued to be malnourished, and significant and which could have
that through a variety of policies and happened entirely by chance. Let
programmes, the extent of severe us now turn our attention to the
malnutrition had come down by a current scenario, namely the recent
mere 6 % between 1975 and 1990 years.
– a fifteen - year period (3). She Same old story
has further pointed out that 60,000 The official 2005-2006 data reveal
children become blind every year that 46% of India’s children are
due to deficiency of vitamin A. underweight (4).
The schemes and programmes The data pertaining to the ensuing
initiated by the government include year are not too encouraging, either.
the following: Dr. Sarada Suresh, Director of Child
1) Integrated Child Development Health Institute, Chennai speaking
Services which covers millions of at the inaugural function of the 2008
children. nutrition week, stated that according
2) Crèches \ Day care centers for \ to the latest official survey, 43
the children of working mothers. percent of our children were
3) Balwadi Nutrition programme, underweight (5). Astonishingly and
implemented through the Central dismayingly, it is the same 43
Social Welfare Board and national percent malnutrition that prevailed
level voluntary organizations. in the year 1993. And, 48 % of
4) Nutrition education and training children in India are still suffering
programmes. from stunted growth in the year
5)The programme of development 2008, the percentage point
and promotion of low-cost nutritious remaining virtually the same as in
foods. the years 1992-93 (6). Thus it is
6) Fortification and enrichment of evident that little progress has been
foods is achieved for example, by made in the past 15 years. The
lacing milk with vitamin A and degree of malnutrition has remained
adding iodine to common salt. the same. There may be several
Despite all these, the results reasons for this unfortunate inertia,
one of which could be the including the University Grants
population explosion which negates Commission and its special
and nullifies all developmental committees, various councils of
efforts. The resources are probably education, university bodies and
being dropped into a bottomless pit. quality control cells in autonomous
Safety aspects colleges.
A U.S. study on violence against Inspite of all of the above, the
children has revealed that certain performance of educational
forms of mental retardation can also institutions and of our graduates has
serve as a factor contributing to left much to be desired. The author
children’s ill-treatment (7). Thirteen of a recent write - up described the
percent of child abuse victims in this education situation as dismal,
study attended special schools or mediocre, corrupt and decadent
were in grades below their age (10).
levels. The threat to the safety of Quite recently, a former Vice -
mentally retarded girls in India is so Chancellor of Anna University
severe that most parents want bewailed the corrupt practices
hysterectomy to be legalized (8). prevailing in the academic world
It is a well-known fact that malnutrition where high posts are sought to be ‘
is a major cause of stunted growth, bought’ with suit-cases full of
both physical and mental, and is currency. The Vice - Chancellor of
detrimental to their safety and the University of Madras too was
general well-being, not to mention reported to have said that very few
scholastic achievement. among our graduates are found
The education scenario employable by those who conduct
From day one since Independence ‘campus recruitment’. The calibre of
this nation has been making most students who have acquired
Herculean efforts to tone up its degrees is abysmally low, he said
education and improve its quality, (11).
as witness the Radhakrishnan report Reason for poor showing
1948; the Mudaliar report 1952 and It was seen in the opening
The Kothari report 1964 (9). There paragraphs of this write-up that a
have been other commissions and large percentage of our children
bodies engaged in similar tasks have suffered from nutritional
deficiency year after year with hardly children are continuously being
any improvement. Turning our subjected to, is a matter of national
attention particularly to the nutritional shame and concern. This
scenario of the early 1990’s, and unfortunate lapse will certainly have
considering what might have an adverse impact on the victims’
happened in terms of intellectual intellectual growth and
development to the 1992 - 93 development. Mediocrity in the
cohorts, for example, one realizes educational scenario is a credible
that they would have pursued a index of the National losses in the
chequered academic career. In all intellectual domain as a result of our
likelihood, it is this cohort that the failure on the nutritional front. India
VC of the University of Madras has has adopted a nutritional definition
spoken of. That is, the fresh of poverty which is the inability to
graduate of 2008 is the erstwhile purchase food worth 2100 calories
child of the 1990’s. This is but per capita, per diem. This leads us
irrefutable logic. on to the inevitable corollary that
Conclusions poverty, ipso facto means
The nutritional deficiency that our deficiency and disaster.
References:
1.Reader’s Digest Great Dictionary of the English Language, 2003.
2. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development,
Statistics on Children in India- Pocket book, 1996, P.164.
3. National Nutrition week, The Indian Express, 2.9. 1993, P.13.
4. Shiva Kumar A.K, (2007): Why are Levels of Child Malnutrition High?
The Hindu, 22.06.2007, P.13.
5. Malnourishment Still a Problem: Expert, The Hindu, 2.09.2008, P.5.
6. Sujatha.R, 48% of Children below 5 in India are Stunted, The
Hindu, 09.09.2008, P.2.
7. Gil, David G, Violence Against Children, Cambridge :
Harvard University Press, 1977.
8. State Commissioner For the Disabled and Sarva Siksha Abhyan
(Date not available)
9. Gisbert, Pascual, Fundamentals of Sociology, New Delhi:
Orient Longman Limited, 1973.
10. Sanjay Kumar, Academic Underworld: Heading towards
Mediocrity, The Hindu, 02.11.2008, P.16.
11. The Hindu, 23.09.2008, P.4.
Focus Be Wary of Strangers
Yashwanth S*
*Yashwanth S, Research Scholar, Discoverer-7th Floor,Unit-1, International
Technology Park, Institute of Bioinformatics, Whitefield, Bangalore-560066.
Email: yashumgm@yahoo.com.
Introduction look bad or mean or dirty. They
Parents want to protect their children can think that if someone looks
at all costs but since they can’t nice, that person is not a stranger.
always be with their children, it’s However, many molesters know
important to teach them how to find this and purposely dress nicely so
help and keep themselves safe. they can more easily lure children
Teaching parents and children how 2.Children can become confused
to deal with strangers is essential when given rules like ‘don’t talk to
for several reasons. Strangers have strangers’ while their parents say,
been the focus of so much of our “hi” to people on the street and
concern for our children’s safety that chat with the grocery clerk. Children
most children have a pretty distorted can:
sense of who strangers are. For àThink if a person has spoken to
decades, children were taught to their parents just once, then that
stay away from ‘strangers’. But this person is not a stranger.
concept is difficult for children to àDecide that if their parents talk
grasp and often the perpetrator is to strangers, they can too.
someone the child knows. It is 3. If a child is lost or has no trusted
more beneficial to help build adult nearby, everyone is a
children’s confidence and teach stranger to that child. How is your
them to respond to a potentially child going to find help without
dangerous situation, rather than talking to strangers?
teaching them to look out for a 4. The great majority of people
particular type of person. who abduct or molest children are
A great deal of thought has been not strangers; they are already
given to these stranger warnings, known to the children they harm.
and the 4 important observations Instead of ‘don’t talk to strangers,’
are teach children to watch out for
1.Children often think ‘strangers’ dangerous adult behaviours. Teach
children these 4 simple rules. help, like store clerks and women
Dangerous adult behaviours with children.
Step way back, yell, “NO!”, run The safe child approach
away, and tell is a simple four step Instead of using fear tactics, the safe
rule in the following situations. child approach will teach children
à”If any adult or older kid offers you specific guidelines and information
anything without asking me, step to limit their vulnerability while
way back, yell, “NO!”, run away, maintaining their ability to move
and tell.” (This applies to candy, freely in their everyday lives.
pets, treats, job offers, photographs àHelp your children to understand
or rides on motorcycles) that there is no way to tell by the
à“If any adult or older kid asks for way someone looks how they are
your help without asking me first, on the inside. Talk about
step way back, yell “NO!”, run away stereotypes. They should know
and tell.” (This applies to mailing a that judging someone by their
letter, picking something up for an appearance is a mistake. Children
injured person, approaching a need to learn about strangers: not
car to give directions, doing yard any one type of stranger in
work or looking for a lost puppy) particular, but strangers in general.
à“If any adult or old kid asks you Rule # 1 There is only one
to keep a secret, step way back, person who is with you all the
yell “NO!”, run away, and tell.” time, who can be responsible for
àIf any adult or older kid touches keeping you safe, all the time.
your private parts (parts covered by That person is you.
a swim suit/undergarments) or asks Rule # 2 when children are alone,
you to touch your private parts or it is their job to take care of
somebody else’s, step way back, themselves. It is not their job to
yell “NO!”, run away and tell.” take care of the adults in the
àTry to reassure your kids that you world. If an adult needs
won’t be mad if they make a assistance, they need to get it
mistake. It’s part of the learning from another adult, not from a
process. child.
à Teach your children ways to à Do not stop on the way to
identify people they can ask for school, home, or during a school
field trip to wander alone in a mall, safety skills.
public park, forest, or on an àShow photographs of criminals
abandoned road. but not their crime in detail.
à Always inform parents or à Child has to follow the Four
relatives of any change in your Stranger Rules, if he/ she sees the
class schedule. criminal.
à Four Stranger Rules: Children àListen to your children if they
should always follow when they are come to you with scary information
not with an adult who it is taking or rumours from school
care of them are: àAcknowledge child’s fears.
1. Stay at arms reach plus away àReinforce safety skills.
from strangers. Stand up, back àTeach ‘good’ touch and ‘bad’
up and run to someone who can touch.
help you if you feel afraid. Conclusion
2. Don’t talk to strangers. Talking to strangers involves a great
3.Don’t take anything from risk, mainly during childhood or
strangers - not even your own adolescence. Children are quite
things. vulnerable to delinquents, mentally
4. Don’t go anywhere with disturbed people, and sexual
someone you don’t know. offenders. Protecting children from
Tips to talk to children offenders/ strangers is a partnership
Your child requires information and between parents and children. If
knowledge to ward off dangers. But parents teach their children about
before talking with your child strangers as positively and clearly
followthese simple rules: as they teach them to cross the
àDon’t frighten the child with too street, Children will not only have a
gory stories. healthier attitude about the world,
àBe specific, give facts and teach they will be safer too.
References:
http://www.pollyklaas.org/safe/talk-to-strangers.html
http://www.pollyklaas.org/safe/talk-to-strangers.html?gclid=CM-
j5vjxt5cCFYwh3god_ANSTA
http://www.pollyklaas.org/safe/sexoffender3-1.html
http://www. safechild.org/strangers. Htm # who are strangers offenders?
Focus Child Safety
Bhumi Thakrar*
*Bhumi Thakrar, Medical Social worker, SAL Hospital, Ahmedabad
Introduction discussing the subject at hand,
Child safety does not necessarily they may be more forthcoming. So
mean safety of toddlers and pre- parents should be open and free
schoolers alone. Don’t forget older in discussing the concerns of
children. Children aged 11 to17 are children.
equally at risk to victimization. àAll strangers are not dangerous.
Parents give older children more In fact, people known to children
freedom without ensuring that they and/or their families actually
understand important safety rules. present greater danger to children
Primary safety rules are to be taught than do ‘strangers.’
to children from the day they attend à Practice makes safety
schools procedures perfect. A practical
Primary safety rules session of coping with different
The most important rules of safety situations will help them to
are as follows: incorporate it into their daily lives.
àChildren should always check à Teach children that safety is
first with a parent, guardian, or more important than manners. In
trusted adult before going other words, it is more important
anywhere, accepting anything, or for children to get themselves out
getting into a vehicle with anyone. of a threatening situation than it is
àParents have to instruct children to be polite.
in a calm and non-threatening à Encourage children to tell
manner. Fear is counterproductive parents what happened. Never
and it can thwart the safety ridicule or make fun of when the
message, as it is paralyzing to a child attempts to tell the frightening
child. experience.
àChildren will be less likely to Reinforcing safety skills
come to parents about issues Parents should choose
enshrouded in secrecy. If they feel opportunities for ‘teachable’
that parents are comfortable moments to reinforce safety skills.
If an incident occurs in society and clients can be punished for sexual
child asks parents about it, speak activity close to a public place.
frankly but with reassurance. Brothels are illegal de jure but in
Explain to children that parents want practice they are restricted in
to discuss the safety rules with location to certain areas like
them, so that they will know what to Sonagachi in Kolkata and
do if they are ever confronted with Kamathipura in Mumbai , G.B. Road
a difficult situation. Parents have to in New Delhi, Reshampura in
organize ‘safety nets’, (a network of Gwalior and Budhwar Peth in Pune.
safe places to go to in case of Economic exploitation
emergency) so that children know In older days the child was viewed
there is always someone who can with a tender feeling and treated with
help them. warmth, mercy, and compassion.
Most vulnerable Children were spared from hard
While children are vulnerable and labour. Work as a direct fulfilment
girls more so, those who are of child’s natural abilities and
orphaned, unwanted, abandoned, creative potentialities is always
neglected and many more of such conducive to healthy growth but
children need affection, love and work when taken up as a means for
safety. When it’s lacking, they look fulfilment of some other needs
for it in wrong places resulting in becomes enslaving in character as
one of the contentious issue for it hinders, arrests, or distorts the
child safety in India, child natural growth processes and
prostitution. Many children are prevents the child from attaining full
forced into prostitution . blown personality. Child labour
Prostitution in India either endangers their health or
India is estimated to have two million safety, interferes with or prevents
female sex workers. According to education or keeps them from play
a Human Rights Watch report, Indian and other activity important to their
anti-trafficking laws are designed to development. Child labour of this
combat commercialized vice but kind is considered a social evil.
prostitution, as such, is not illegal. The problem of child labour is a
A sex worker can be punished for multi-dimensional one as the
soliciting or seducing in public while children from a large segment of the
total population. Child prostitution prominent ones are:
involving both boys and girls is very àHomelessness.
common today but female child àPoverty.
prostitution is more common than
àIntolerance of sexual orientation.
male child prostitution. Today a new
àGeneral emotional problems.
evil called ‘kid porn’ had cropped
up where children and not adults àInstable home.
are chosen for sexual exploitation. àSubstance abuse.
Dangers to Children àEducational/ vocational failure.
The dangers children face as a àRunning away from home and
result of exploitation are both lack of street smartness to survive
immediate and long-term. Most alone contributes to their need to
immediate is the physical, mental, engage in survival sex, or the
and emotional violence these exchange of sex for food, money,
children experience at the hands of shelter, drugs, or protection that
pimps, madams and customers. defines many of these young
Long-term dangers include health people’s lives.
problems, drug addictions, adverse Family communication
psychological effects, and even The key to preventing children from
death. The most tangible becoming runaways or falling victim
consequence for children involved to the manipulations of those who
in CSW is the high probability of wish to exploit them lies in parents’
suffering violent assault, forced ability to communicate with their
perversion, rape, and physical children. An open line of
abuse and beatings. Exploited communication in families is one of
children are often afraid to report the most important ways to keep
these crimes to law enforcement children from running away.
because they are embarrassed and Therefore, caregivers have to be
fearful that the charges would not be encouraged to use parenting
taken seriously or they may be classes and counselling services
arrested themselves. offered by state and local
The causes governments.
There are a host of problems that The Importance of education
lead to exploitation but the most Prevention-education programmes
focus on teaching junior- and senior- Hyderabad.
high-school students about the à Quick marriages without proper
dangers of prostitution and myths knowledge of the bridegroom’s
about sexual exploitation. It also family background leading to a
empowers them to recognize divorce initiates the gravitation of
someone who may be trying to girls to the red light area.
coerce them into a life of prostitution. à Loss of both parents.
These educational programmes à Child marriages.
should also inform children of àLure of the tinsel town.
available counselling services in àNepal has a very large female
their community. Such programmes population and majority of them are
need to be incorporated into the illiterate and are very gullible and
educational system of all schools can be lured under any pretext.
so that children can be made aware à Girls are also brought from
of the dangers of and ways to avoid Karnataka, Rajasthan and Andhra
a life of prostitution. Pradesh and are assaulted and
Causes raped till they submit to this
There are several causes of child shameful life.
prostitution but some of the most An overview
important ones are as follows: There are no accurate statistics of
àIt was estimated that in Delhi how many people are involved, but
50% of the CSWs are devdasis it is estimated that in the last 30
and in Mumbai, Pune, Solapur and years, trafficking in women and
Sangli 15% of them are devdasis. children in Asia for sexual
àGrowing poverty. exploitation alone has victimized
à Increasing urbanization and over 30 million people. Child
industrialization, migration. prostitution exists in other parts of
à Widespread unemployment. the world too in an alarming way.
à Breaking up of joint family à 60 sex salves, all from
system. impoverished Dominican
àThe influx of the affluent and not Republic were found hidden in
so affluent people from Gulf sealed containers unloaded at the
countries in India has boosted the port St. Thomas in U. S. Virgin
flesh trade in cities like Mumbai, Islands. 28 of them died and
survivors had no identity papers. àChildren on the streets are also
They work for 18 hours a day and twice as likely to have a serious
get only 20 dollars per client. mental-health problem and almost
àMillions of third world’s young twice as likely to be actively
women and children are sold. suicidal or to have previously
à Sexual slavery is becoming attempted suicide.
increasingly international and Conclusion
industrial in character”. Our society has not only turned a
àAn organization of Manila which blind eye to minor girls being
exports girls had 18 girls between exploited but also is directly
the ages of 10 yrs to 17 yrs ready responsible for the continuance in
to be exported with same sign growth of child prostitution.
tattooed on the right thigh. First the demand for virgin
àIn Thailand child prostitution is prostitutes, and secondly it abets
discrete and tolerated by police. child prostitution by failing to
Psychological effects provide adequate facilities for
Children who experience orphan and destitute children.
inappropriate sexual activity of a The IHO has been clamoring for
violent or nonviolent nature, are women police to patrol red light
psychologically impacted by a area because policemen
combination of the trauma of the themselves exploit the inhabitant
assault itself coupled with the of the Red light area.
distorted information exploiters use The Government should divert more
to justify their sexual behaviour. funds for rehabilitation and private
àThey suffer from depression, charitable institutions should also
disassociation, and post-traumatic contribute what we achieve in
shock. science and technology will be
àAbuse drugs or alcohol. wasted if one cannot protect minor
àHigher risk of substance abuse girls who are being exploited.
places children at a higher risk for The Government should severely
prostitution. punish people connected with this
àInternalized feelings of guilt may inhuman practice. It should be
lead to additional promiscuity or totally banned for the good of the
other reckless behaviours. future citizens of our country.
References:
1. Child Prostitution: SC Notice to States, 15th February 1984, Indian Express
(Bombay).
2. Forum Against Child Prostitution formed 3rd August 1985, The Times of India
(Bombay).
3. Women in Bondage, Prashant Kumar, 11th November 1984, Sunday Observer.
4. A Doctor’s Crusade Against Child Prostitution by Chaya Srivastava. 18th
June1986, Deccan Herals (Bangalore)
5. Rescue, Protect, Destroy: Sheela Barse, 10th February 1985, Statesman.
6. Miraj’s Monsoon Harvest, Anand Agashe, 8th May 1986, Indian Express
(Bombay).
7. From Nepal without Love, Shashi Menon, 7th April 1985, Indian Express.
8. Profile of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Child Prostitutes in the Red light
Areas of Bombay, V. R. Bhalerao.
9. Courtesans in the House of God, 8th September 1985. Free Press Journal.
10. Child Prostitution, 3rd August 1985. Times of India.
11. 60 Girls as Cargo to Virgin Isles, 21st April 1985, Indian Express.
12. Teenage Prostitution up in Rajasthan, 28th December 1984, The Daily.
13. 20% of the Prostitutes are Minors. V Mathews, 11th August 1985, The Daily
14. Encyclopedia Americana
15. Urbanization a Hell for Poor Kids, 2nd November 1986, The Times of India,
Bombay.
Our Gratitude
Our thanks to Dr (Capt.) DVP Raja, Founder and Director, Madurai Institute
of Social Sciences for being the honorary special editor for January
2009. We welcome new members of Dream Achievers Dr Arasu T T.
Shri Selvaraj S and Shri Narayanan R J.
We are grateful to the following subscribers:
Alumai Sirpi (3 Gift subscriptions), Rajagiri College of Social Sciences,
Annai J K K Sampoorni Ammal College of Nursing (5 years’),
Dr Nagarajaiah (5 years’), Kavya Jyotsna U(2 years’) and St Gabriel’s
Hr sec School. We had been sending three copies to the patrons with
the fond hope that the extra copies would generate more subscriptions.
As there is no determined effort from many of the patrons, only one
copy will be sent from this issue onwards.
The donation of Shri Hemanth, Bangalore is highly commendable.
Journal of School Social Work English Monthly.
Registered with Registrar of Newspapers for India underNo.TNENG/2004/14389.
Postal Registration TN/CC(S) Dn/ 47 / 09 - 11
Licensed to post under WPP No. TN/CC(S) Dn/ 34/ 09 - 11.
Our Gratitude
We are thankful to Shri Arun Kumar and Smt Malliheswari S A, Principal,
Sree Saarathy Nursery and Primary School, West Saidapet for offering
their premises for the interactive seminar of Dream Achievers on15th
Dec 2008. We are thankful to Dr Arasu T T, Correspondent of Dr T T
Arasu Matric Hr Sec School for his excellent interaction with parents and
teachers about “Latchkey Children”.
Focus for Future Issues
Feb 2009 Communication Skills Dr Vijay Durgaprasad (Vijayawada)
Mar 2009 Problem Solving Dr Prakashi Rajaram (Bangalore)
Apr 2009 Coping With Anger Dr Narayana Raja (Madurai)
May 2009 Eating Disorders Dr S Visvanathan (Chidambaram)
Articles may be sent on or before 20th day of the month prior to publication.
Articles for February 2009 issue may be sent on/ before 20th January
2009 to jssw.india@gmail.com please. ~Ed.
Bala Swarna Jwala Awards 2008-09
Journal of School Social Work annually encourages talents of school
children from standard Five to Plus Two . We have received several
nominations from schools and parents directly. We are processing the
nominations. Members of Dream Achievers requested that the Bala
Swarna Jwala Awards function be combined with the February
interactive seminar for teachers and parents as January 15, 2009 is
highly inconvenient due to festivities. We heeded to their request ~Ed.
Published and owned by P. Jayachandran Naidu. Published from

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printed by T. Rajaguru at TRK Press, 39, Saidapet Road, Vadapalani,
Chennai 600026. Editor: P. Jayachandran Naidu.
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